EFUF 2014 Crossing Boundaries Urban Forests

EFUF 2014

Crossing Boundaries

Urban Forests –

Green cities

th 17 international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

3 - 7 June 2014 Lausanne, Switzerland

Abstracts www.efuf2014.org

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Organizers and National Partners

Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)

Cantonal Forest Service, General Directorate for the Environment, Canton of Vaud (DGE)

Cantonal Forest Service, General Directorate for Nature and Landscape, Canton of Geneva (DGNP)

University of Lausanne (UNIL)

Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)

University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Geneva - technology, architecture and landscape (hepia)

Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (BFH-HAFL)

University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland (FHO)

Lausanne Tourism

Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA)

Union of Forestry Engineers (Fachverein Wald)

Swiss Forest Association (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für den Wald, AfW)

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Regional Partners  Community of Lausanne  Community of Rommanel-sur-Lausanne  Community of Chavanne-près-Renens  Community of St-Sulpice  Community of Prilly

International Partners  European Forum on Urban Forestry (EFUF)  International Union of Forest Research Organizations, 6.07.00-Urban Forestry, (IUFRO)  European Forest Institute (EFI)

Organizing committee: Members  Silvio Schmid (President), Deputy Head of Section Forest Goods and Services and Forest Quality, Federal Office for the Environment FOEN  Yves Kazemi (Chair), Head of the 18th Forest District-Lausanne Region, Forest Service of the Canton of Vaud  Maren Kern, Scientific Collaborator, Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL  Beate Hasspacher, Forest Engineer ETH/SIA, Hasspacher&Iseli GmbH  Marcel Hunziker, Head of the Social Sciences in Landscape Research Group at Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL  Dominik Siegrist, Head of Institute ILF, HSR Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil  Andréa Finger-Stich, Lecture, hepia, Geneva  Brigitte Wolf, Geschäftsführerin, Arbeitsgemeinschaft für den Wald  Andreas Bernasconi (Secretariat), Forest Engineer ETH/SIA, Pan Bern AG  François Godi (Secretariat), Forest Engineer EPFZ, GG Consulting Sàrl

International Advisory Board  Arne Arnberger, Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, Department of Spatial-, Landscape-, and Infrastructure-Sciences, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria  Clive Davies, MD2 Consulting Ldt, Durham, United Kingdom  Astrid Hamm, City branching, Fürth, Germany  Hans Dieter Kasperidus, Helmholz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, Germany  Cecil C. Konijnendijk v.d. Bosch, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Demnark  Giovanni Sanesi, University di Bari, Bari, Italy  Renate Späth, Ministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Landwirtschaft, Natur- und Verbraucherschutz NRW, Düsseldorf, Germany

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Contents

Programme ...... Keynotes ...... 1 Urban development and recreation – a neglected relationship?...... 1 Greening the concrete jungle – urban forests and green infrastructure...... 3 Forest – the otherworld „Deep in the heart – there the forest rustles“ (Clemens Brentano, 1778 – 1842) ...... 5 Oral Presentation ...... 7 A - How to Define and Promote Urban Ecosystem Services? ...... 7 A1 - Ecosystem Services provided by Urban Forests and Green Spaces ...... 7 Defining social ecosystem service hotspots through stakeholder-based ecosystem service mapping ..... 7 Quantifying urban ecosystem services: Assessing the knowledge base to map service distribution in Rotterdam using high-resolution data ...... 9 Non-productive functions of urban forests in the city of Prague – their support and evaluation ...... 11 Trees and microclimate – take a walk on the shady side of the street ...... 13 A2 - Effects of Green Infrastructures on Urban Environment and Climate ...... 14 Cooling effects of different urban street tree species ...... 14 Modelling the influence of forest areas on the urban heat island effect: A case study in the urban area of Milano (Italy) ...... 16 Recent studies on the microclimatic effects of urban green spaces in a hot-arid environment ...... 18 The effect of vegetation on peri-urban cold air drainage flow ...... 20 A3 - Economic Benefits and Value of Urban Green Infrastructures ...... 22 Economic value of nature-based recreation in Sweden: A travel cost analysis...... 22 What do private urban forest owners really expect? A case study on payments for ecosystem services in urban forests of Celje, Slovenia ...... 23 Urban forest and urban development: The contribution of urban forests to increase image and appreciation value of urban areas in Leipzig / Germany ...... 24 B - How to Integrate Urban Forests and Green Infrastructures in Urban Planning .. 26 B1 - Towards Sustainable Green Cities ...... 26 From green cities to landscape cities ...... 26 Ways towards the sustainable city? Green-blue scenarios for European cities ...... 28

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

An assessment of ecosystem services in urban forests: regulation of water flow, water purification and air pollution reduction ...... 29 Planning healthy urban settings: The contribution of the PHENOTYPE Project ...... 30 B2 - Planning and Developing Urban Green Infrastructures in Cites ...... 32 Pedestrian wind comfort modelling for different tree planting plans in a city avenue ...... 32 Classification of urban tree location types considering human needs and site conditions for trees...... 33 Integrating urban tree information for urban planning policy decisions to move towards a green and sustainable city: Dublin city, Ireland ...... 34 Protecting & preserving urban trees on infrastructure projects: The critical role of the consulting arborist ...... 36 B3 - The Role of Suburban Green, Nature, Forest and Agriculture Areas ...... 38 Designing woodland scenery in Zurich ...... 38 Rougeau and breviande forest: The entrance of a territory project ...... 39 Designing peri-urban forest reserves networks using systematic conservation planning...... 40 Falkirk urban woodlands: Crossing boundaries and partnership working in practice...... 42 C – How to Plan, Manage and Monitor Green Infrastructures and Urban Forests? . 44 C1 – Enhancing Biodiversity and Naturalization of Urban Green Infrastructures ...... 44 Changes in forest distribution and connectivity (1956-2005) in Barcelona – Implications for the management of green infrastructures ...... 44 Toward naturalization of urban green space: New directions for Halifax and Charlottetown, Canada 45 Lebendige Luppe: Reporting progress and unexpected challenges in an ongoing revitalization project in Leipzig’s urban floodplain forest...... 47 Low cost managing measures to increase habitats diversity while reducing the forest burning potential. The example of Collserola Natural Park (Barcelona) ...... 48 C2 – Social Perceptions, Cultural Values and Recreational Uses of Urban Forest ...... 49 Should it be grey, green or blue? Adolescents’ preferences for restorative settings ...... 49 Equality of access and engagement with woodlands in Britain: enablers and barriers ...... 50 Assessing ecological and socio-cultural values of urban green spaces in Trikala, Greece ...... 52 Recreation indicators for urban forests ...... 54 C3 – Planning Urban Forests ...... 55 Creating a future for Amsterdam’s most valuable urban forest ...... 55 Spatial configurations of urban woodland in Denmark and Sweden – patterns for green infrastructure planning ...... 56 Social perceptions of urban forests: A case study of the town of Trento (Italy) ...... 57 Management of urban forests and woods and their integration in urban planning in the city of Fribourg ...... 58

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

C4 – Managing Urban Forests ...... 59 Bankside Urban Forest: An ecological approach to place making ...... 59 Mountains, money and mediation: Experiences in forest management in Gstaad, Bernese Oberland . 61 The urban forestry and security through three practical examples in french part of Switzerland...... 62 Identifying demands for integration of climate change adaptation in urban forest management in Belgrade ...... 63 C5 – Assessing Urban ...... 65 Inventory of urban forests in Lombardy: results of the project EMoNFUr ...... 65 Urban forestry in public areas in São Carlos (São Paulo, Brazil) ...... 67 Tree species classification using WorldView-2 and laser scanning data in a natural European urban forest ...... 69 Estimating recreational function in Sonian forest ...... 71 C6 – Ecology of Urban Trees ...... 73 Fine root biomass and morphology in an urban floodplain forest in Leipzig ...... 73 The impact of urban environment on tree growth: a case study in Milan, Italy ...... 74 Trees can get hot and bothered too! - Heatwave impacts on street tree cooling benefits ...... 76 PM mitigation by urban trees: Qualitative analysis and pollutants sources markers ...... 77 C7 – Management of Harmful Organisms ...... 79 The Swiss legal framework for pest regulation in urban forestry ...... 79 Erasing the Asian Longhorned Beetle with determined actions, but at high costs ...... 80 Monitoring health of urban trees and forests ...... 81 How to react on invasive pests on urban trees? ...... 82 C8 – Threats and Diseases Affecting Urban Trees ...... 83 Patterns of non-native plant diversity: A case-study of the urban forest of Kyiv ...... 83 Estimates of above and belowground carbon stocks in the urban forest of the floodplain ecosystem of Leipzig ...... 84 Heavy metals spatial distribution in the urban soils of the City of Ljubljana ...... 86 Video film: Passive Monitoring of Air Pollution ...... 87 D – How to Promote Social Goods in Urban Forests and Green spaces?...... 88 D1 – Effects of Urban Green Infrastructures on Social Health and Wellbeing ...... 88 The psychological benefits of exposure to high vs. low natural urban and periurban green areas ...... 88 Social and cultural values of urban forests - bridging the gap between expectations and on-site characteristics ...... 89 Greening school grounds in deprived urban neighborhoods: the effect on children’s well-being ...... 91 D2 - Social Diversity in Urban Forests ...... 93

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Perception and uses of urban forests by people with a migration background ...... 93 Do they know how to work with me? Supporting successful urban forestry by building social diversity into the forestry profession ...... 95 Immigrants are not a homogeneous group: Outdoor recreation by Turkish and Chinese immigrants and Dutch non-immigrants in the Netherlands ...... 96 E – How to Manage Multi-Stakeholder Conflicts in Urban Forests and Green Spaces? ...... 98 E1 - Monitoring and Managing Multi-Stakeholders Conflicts ...... 98 A spatial index to allocate fuel removals in wildland-urban interface ...... 98 Integrated methods for monitoring recreation conflicts and impacts: Meeting visitors and wildlife needs in a peri-urban and cross-boundary forested park East of Geneva ...... 100 Integrating multiple societal demands into urban forestry for the future using the case of Munich (Germany) ...... 101 Forest-recreation conflicts – resolvable by visitor management? Results of surveys and experiments102 E2 – Conflict Management through Participation and Capacity Building ...... 104 Green management of public open spaces in industrial parks in Taiwan: A free lunch? ...... 104 ‘Green Streets’ – an innovative partnership project designed to enhance and extend the urban forest associated with public transport routes in the Leeds City Region...... 106 The participation of local authorities in the management of urban forests, a comperative case study of Poznan (Poland) and Tallinn (Estonia) as countries in a socio economic transistion in Middle-Eastern Europe ...... 108 Mountainbiking – managing conflicts in an urban forest in Zurich ...... 110 E3 – Governance of Urban Green Spaces and Forests ...... 111 Swiss Urban NeighbourWoods - a paradigm change in urban forest management ...... 111 Conflict situations and response strategies in urban forests in Switzerland ...... 112 Participatory definition and assessment of ecosystem services provided by urban forests in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany ...... 114 F – How to Cross Boundaries: Green Cities – Urban Nature – Urban Forest ...... 115 F1 - Crossing Boundaries through Education and Training ...... 115 Ferrières, experimental forest ...... 115 "Tree top path": An example of innovative recreation, visitor management and environmental education in urban forests...... 116 F2 - Crossing Boundaries through Research and Communication ...... 118 International, Interdisciplinary, Intercultural - The role of communication and cooperation in UFUG 118 Information and communication technologies and the public spaces: reflections on exploring a new relation...... 119 Junior Foresters ...... 120

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

FEDENATUR, the European Association of Periurban Parks. When sharing is a plus...... 121 Poster presentations ...... 123 Topic A ...... 123 Urban tree canopy cover and the thermal comfort in urban environment ...... 123 Topic B ...... 125 URBMOBI: A mobile measurement device for urban environmental monitoring ...... 125 Green structure of the city of Trebinje (Bosnia and Herzegovina): City plan discourse development .. 127 A user-generated typology of urban green spaces ...... 129 Tree canopy cover in 25 cities at SÃO PAULO state, BRAZIL ...... 130 Study on the effect of different green roof substrate components on plant growth used to develop new green roof substrates and a unique online substrate selector tool as part of an industrial collaboration ...... 132 The wooded hillsides of the Meuse valley: A unbeknownst potential urban woodland? ...... 133 Topic C ...... 134 Birds monitoring in green areas of a Mediterranean city: the Bari’s case study ...... 134 Promoting and preserving biodiversity in urban green spaces in a city of Central Greece ...... 135 The forest management on the campus of the University of Lausanne - on 2014 ...... 137 Street ecohydrology: A project to study street tree water use strategies and their consequences for managing tree cooling effects ...... 138 Applicaton possibilities of selected methods for evaluating the urban trees...... 139 Challenges of tree planting at a highway underpass in Ilan, Taiwan ...... 141 Tree management through stratum diagnosis of the Ibirapuera park in Sao Paulo, Brazil ...... 142 Reuse of decontaminated river sediments for plant nursing (CLEANSED-LIFE+) ...... 144 Plant species diversity and invasibility of (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana, Slovenia ...... 145 Managing tree pests in urban areas: The case of the outbreak of Oak Processionary Moth in London, England...... 147 Removing opportunistic pathogens from Castanea sativa grafting scions with bacterial and fungal antagonists ...... 149 Relationship between pathogens and forestry structure in an urban forest ...... 150 The efficiency of pheromone traps for the execution of horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) control ...... 151 Measurements of nitrogen dioxide with passive samplers in urban forests of Ljubljana ...... 153 Urban London plane trees dieback: It is not always the canker you fear most ...... 154 Topic D ...... 155

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Aesthetics and restorativeness of urban green space evaluated from memory and in situ – A comparison ...... 155 Topic E ...... 156 How different stakeholders interact in green infrastructure and urban forestry: Knowledge transfer and collaboration ...... 156 Topic F ...... 158 Planning urban school forests to enhance multi-functional green infrastructure ...... 158 Certificate in advanced studies “Nature in the city”, ...... 160 Workshops ...... 161 A forest experience for planners, foresters and all those for whom the wellbeing of others is important ...... 161

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Abstracts in alphabetic order (name of the presenting author) Ambrose-Oji, B. Do they know how to work with me? Supporting successful urban forestry by 95 building social diversity into the forestry profession. Amorim, J. Pedestrian wind comfort modelling for different tree planting plans in a city 32 avenue. Arneberger, A. Urban development and recreation – a neglected relationship? 1 Baerlocher, B. Swiss Urban NeighbourWoods - a paradigm change in urban forest management 111 Bailly, E. From green cities to landscape cities. 26 Basnou, C. Changes in forest distribution and connectivity (1956-2005) in Barcelona – 44 Implications for the management of green infrastructures. Beirne, V. Bankside Urban Forest - An ecological approach to place making. 59 Brunner, M. How to react on invasive pests on urban trees? 82 Calvo, E. Inventory of urban forests in Lombardy: results of the project EMoNFUr. 65 Cantiani, G.M. Social perceptions of urban forests: A case study of the town of Trento (Italy). 57 Carrus, G. The psychological benefits of exposure to high vs. low natural urban and 88 periurban green areas. Cochard, B. Urban London plane trees dieback: It is not always the canker you fear most 154 Colangelo, G. Birds monitoring in green areas of a Mediterranean city: the Bari’s case study. 134 Colangelo, G. The impact of urban environment on tree growth: a case study in Milan, Italy 74 Coleman Mountains, money and mediation: Experiences in forest management in Gstaad, 61 Brantschen, E. Bernese Oberland. David, A. Street ecohydrology: A project to study street tree water use strategies and their 138 consequences for managing tree cooling effects. Davidović, J. Green structure of the city of Trebinje (Bosnia and Herzegovina): City plan 127 discourse development De Vreese, R. Defining social ecosystem service hotspots through stakeholder-based ecosystem 7 service mapping. De Vries, S. Greening school grounds in deprived urban neighborhoods: the effect on 91 children’s well-being Derkzen, M. Quantifying urban ecosystem services: Assessing the knowledge base to map 9 service distribution in Rotterdam using high-resolution data. Dobbert, L. Urban tree canopy cover and the thermal comfort in urban environment 123 Duinker, P. Toward naturalization of urban green space: New directions for Halifax and 45 Charlottetown, Canada. Ďuránová, Z. Applicaton possibilities of selected methods for evaluating the urban trees. 139 Durbano, E. Estimating recreational function in Sonian forest. 71 Durbano, E. How to best promote tourism and protect sensitive natural areas by monitoring .-. visitors Eder, R. Should it be grey, green or blue? Adolescents’ preferences for restorative settings 49 Elia, M. A spatial index to allocate fuel removals in wildland-urban interface. 98 Ezebilo, E.E. Economic value of nature-based recreation in Sweden: A travel cost analysis. 22 Faiss, J. Designing woodland scenery in Zurich 38 Finger-Stich, A. Integrated methods for monitoring recreation conflicts and impacts: Meeting 100 visitors and wildlife needs in a peri-urban and cross-boundary forested park East of Geneva. Gerstenberg, T. Aesthetics and restorativeness of urban green space evaluated from memory and 155 in situ – A comparison. Gillner, S. Cooling effects of different urban street tree species 14 Golivets, M. Patterns of non-native plant diversity: A case-study of the urban forest of Kyiv. 83 Graf, B. The forest management on the campus of the University of Lausanne - on 2014. 137 Goulouzelle, E. Rougeau and breviande forest: The entrance of a territory project 39 Goulouzelle, E. Ferrières, experimental forest 115

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Graf, B. The urban forestry and security through three practical examples in french part of 62 Switzerland. Haase, D. Ways towards the sustainable city? Green-blue scenarios for European cities. 28 Hamm, A. International, Interdisciplinary, Intercultural - The role of communication and 118 cooperation in UFUG Hartmann, T. Estimates of above and belowground carbon stocks in the urban forest of the 84 floodplain ecosystem of Leipzig. Hájek, M. Non-productive functions of urban forests of the city of prague – their support 11 and evaluation. Hegetschweiler, T. Social and cultural values of urban forests - bridging the gap between 89 expectations and on-site characteristics. Hofmann, M. A user-generated typology of urban green spaces 129 Hostnik, R. What do private urban forest owners really expect? A case study on payments for 23 ecosystem services in urban forests of Celje, Slovenia Huang, J.W. Challenges of tree planting at a highway underpass in Ilan, Taiwan. 141 Huang, J.W. Green management of public open spaces in industrial parks in Taiwan: A free 104 lunch? Hunziker, M. Forest-recreation conflicts – resolvable by visitor management? Results of 102 surveys and experiments Jay, M. Perception and uses of urban forests by people with a migration background 93 Jay, M. Participatory definition and assessment of ecosystem services provided by urban 114 forests in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Jurc, D. Monitoring health of urban trees and forests. 81 Kamm, U. Erasing the Asian Longhorned Beetle with determined actions, but at high costs. 80 Kasperidus, H. D. Lebendige Luppe: Reporting progress and unexpected challenges in an ongoing 47 revitalization project in leipzig’s urban floodplain forest. Kloek, M. Immigrants are not a homogeneous group: Outdoor recreation by Turkish and 96 Chinese immigrants and Dutch non-immigrants in the Netherlands. Korn, S. Fine root biomass and morphology in an urban floodplain forest in Leipzig. 73 Lawrence, R. Planning healthy urban settings: The contribution of the PHENOTYPE Project. 30 Leuthardt, F. The Swiss legal framework for pest regulation in urban forestry. 79 Livesley, S. Trees can get hot and bothered too! - Heatwave impacts on street tree cooling 76 benefits. Lupp, G. Integrating multiple societal demands into urban forestry for the future using the 101 case of Munich (Germany) Marinšek, A. Plant species diversity and invasibility of (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana, Slovenia 145 Marinšek, A. Heavy metals spatial distribution in the urban soils of the City of Ljubljana. 86 Martí, M. Low cost managing measures to increase habitats diversity while reducing the 48 forest burning potential. The example of Collserola Natural Park (Barcelona). Nielsen, A.B. Spatial configurations of urban woodland in Denmark and Sweden – patterns for 56 green infrastructure planning. Ningal, T. Integrating urban tree information for urban planning policy decisions to move 34 towards a green and sustainable city: Dublin city, Ireland. O’Brien, L. Equality of access and engagement with woodlands in Britain: enablers and 50 barriers. Paloniemi, R. Planning urban school forests to enhance multi-functional green infrastructure. 158 Parisi, S. Modelling the influence of forest areas on the urban heat island effect: A case 16 study in the urban area of Milano (Italy). Pasche, Removing opportunistic pathogens from Castanea sativa grafting scions with 149 bacterial and fungal antagonists Pastor, T. FEDENATUR, the European Association of Periurban Parks. When sharing is a plus. 121 Patrickson, S. Greening the concrete jungle – urban forests and green infrastructure 3 Pearlmutter, D. Recent studies on the microclimatic effects of urban green spaces in a hot-arid 18 environment.

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Pellegrino, R. A forest experience for planners, foresters and all those for whom the wellbeing 161 of others is important. Pellet, J. Designing peri-urban forest reserves networks using systematic conservation 40 planning. Plexida, S. Assessing ecological and socio-cultural values of urban green spaces in Trikala, 52 Greece Renaud, E. Certificate in advanced studies “Nature in the city”. 160 Rupel, M. Video film: Passive Monitoring of Air Pollution 87 Sachsen, T. The effect of vegetation on peri-urban cold air drainage flow. 20 Sachsen, T. URBMOBI: A mobile measurement device for urban environmental monitoring. 125 Sanusi, R. Trees and microclimate – take a walk on the shady side of the street 13 Scarpinella, G. Urban forestry in public areas in São Carlos (São Paulo, Brazil). 67 Schoop, G. Forest – the otherworld „Deep in the heart – there the forest rustles“ (Clemens 5 Brentano, 1778 – 1842) Schulze, M. Urban forest and urban development: The contribution of urban forests to 24 increase image and appreciation value of urban areas in Leipzig / Germany. Selleri, B. Relationship between pathogens and forestry structure in an urban forest 150 Sgrigna, G. PM mitigation by urban trees: Qualitative analysis and pollutants sources markers 77 Sievänen, T Recreation indicators for urban forests 54 Simson, A. ‘Green Streets’ – an innovative partnership project designed to enhance and 106 extend the urban forest associated with public transport routes in the Leeds City Region. Smaniotto Costa Information and communication technologies and the public spaces: reflections 119 C. on exploring a new relation Solomou, A. Promoting and preserving biodiversity in urban green spaces in a city of Central 135 Greece. Straigytė, L. The efficiency of pheromone traps for the execution of horse chestnut leaf miner 151 (Cameraria ohridella) control. Szanto, C. The wooded hillsides of the Meuse valley: A unbeknownst potential urban 133 woodland? Thomas, Olivier Junior Foresters 120 Tomlinson, I. Managing tree pests in urban areas: The case of the Outbreak of Oak 147 Processionary Moth in London, England. Ugolini, F. Reuse of decontaminated river sediments for plant nursing (CLEANSED-LIFE+) 144 Ugolini, F. How different stakeholders interact in green infrastructure and urban forestry: 156 Knowledge transfer and collaboration. Verlič, A. Tree species classification using WorldView-2 and laser scanning data in a natural 69 European urban forest. Viana, S.M. Tree canopy cover in 25 cities at SÃO PAULO state, BRAZIL 130 Viana, S.M. Tree management through stratum diagnosis of the Ibirapuera park in Sao Paulo, 142 Brazil. Vilhar, U. An assessment of ecosystem services in urban forests: regulation of water flow, 29 water purification and air pollution reduction. Voeten, J. Creating a future for Amsterdam’s most valuable urban forest. 55 Vogt, J. Classification of urban tree location types considering human needs and site 33 conditions for trees. Wajchman, S. The participation of local authorities in the management of urban forests, a 108 comperative case study of Poznan (Poland) and Tallinn (Estonia) as countries in a socio economic transistion in Middle-Eastern Europe. Wedderburn, G. Falkirk urban woodlands: Crossing boundaries and partnership working in 42 practice. Wiedmer, Y. Management of urban forests and woods and their integration in urban planning 58 in the city of Fribourg. Wilkes-Allemann, Conflict situations and response strategies in urban forests in Switzerland 112

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

J. Wollenmann, R.A. Mountainbiking – managing conflicts in an urban forest in Zurich. 110 Young, T. Study on the effect of different green roof substrate components on plant growth 132 used to develop new green roof substrates and a unique online substrate selector tool as part of an industrial collaboration. Zimmermann, U. "Tree top path": An example of innovative recreation, visitor management and 116 environmental education in urban forests. Živojinović, I. Identifying demands for integration of climate change adaptation in urban forest 63 management in Belgrade. Žlindra, D. Measurements of nitrogen dioxide with passive samplers in urban forests of 153 Ljubljana. Zürcher, N. & Protecting & preserving urban trees on infrastructure projects: The critical role of 36 Glaeser, C. the consulting arborist.

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Programme

EFUF 2014 in Lausanne: 3 – 7 June

Tuesday, 3rd June 2014, Preliminary Programme

Preliminary Session: University of Lausanne, Quartier Mouline, Idheap and Géopolis, Ecublens 14:00 - 18:00 FPS COST Action FP1204 - Chair: Carlo Calfapietra  Special COST Action FP1204 meeting and workshop (detailed programme in annexe) 18:00 - 19:00 Dislocation

Conference Warm Up: Centre Général Guisan, av. Général-Guisan 117-119, Pully (map in annexe) 17:00 - 21:00 Registration for EFUF participants 19:00 - 20:00 Welcome Addresses  Yves Kazemi, Chairman EFUF 2014  Dr. Carlo Calfapietra, Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, National Research Council, Italy  European Forum on Urban Forestry 20:00 - 21:00 Welcome and Networking Cocktail

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Wednesday, 4th June 2014: Conference Day 1

All Day Sessions: University of Lausanne, Quartier Mouline, IDHEAP and Géopolis, Ecublens 08:00 - 12:00 Registration 09:00 - 09:30 Opening of the Conference, Chair: Yves Kazemi  Silvio Schmid, President of the Conference, Forest Division, Federal Office for the Environment, Bern  Prof. Dr. Philippe Moreillon, Vice-Rector, University of Lausanne  Clive Davies, European Forum on Urban Forestry 09:30 - 10:30 Opening Plenary Session, Chair: Clive Davies  Dr. Carlo Calfapietra, Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, National Research Council, Italy A1 - Actual State of Work COST Action FP1204  Shela Patrickson, ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, Cities Biodiversity Centre, South Africa B2 - Greening the Concrete Jungle - Urban Forests and Green Infrastructure 10:30 - 11:00 Coffee Break 11:00 - 12:30 Parallel Sessions and Workshops (see detailed programme in annexe) Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 A1 -Ecosystem A3 - Economic D1 - Effects of D2 - Social (workshop) Services Benefits and Urban Green Diversity in B2 - Management Provided by Value of Urban Infrastructures Urban of Open Areas in Urban Forests Green on Social Health Forests Cities and and Green Infrastructures and Wellbeing Densely Spaces Urbanized Agglomerations 12:30 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:30 Plenary Session  Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Rey, Laboratory of Architecture and Sustainable Technologies, EPF, Lausanne B1 - Green Density - How much Green Do we Need in Cities?  Prof. Dr. Arne Arnberger, Institute for Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, BOKU, Vienna E1 - Urban Development and Urban Recreation - a Neglected Relationship?  Andreas Bernasconi: Introduction to Poster Forum and Open Space Debate 15:30 - 16:00 Coffee Break 16:15 - 17:45 Poster Forum and Open Space Debate  Poster Forum with short poster presentations (special programme) 18:00 -19:00 Side Events  B3 - Presentation of the Exhibition “Carott City”  B2 - Invitation to Lausanne Jardin 2014  F2 - Swiss Forum on UF Kick-Off-Event

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Thursday 5th June 2014, Conference Day 2

Morning Session: University of Lausanne, Quartier Mouline, IDHEAP and Géopolis, Ecublens 08:30 - 09:30 Plenary Session  Top 10 Results of Day 1  Prof. Nicolas Babey, Management Institute for Cities and Territory, HE ARC Management, Neuchâtel, Switzerland A3 - Green Infrastructures as an Asset to Urban Marketing 09:30-10:00 Coffee Break 10:00-11:30 Parallel Sessions and Workshops (detailed programme in annexe) Session 6 Session 7 Session 8 Session 9 Session 10 A2 - Effects of B1 - Towards (workshop) C2 - Social C1 - Enhancing Green Sustainable B2 - Integration Perceptions, Biodiversity and Infrastructures Green Cities of Cultural Naturalization on Urban Environmental Values and of Urban Green Environment and Nature Recreational Infrastructures and Climate Conservation Uses of Urban Issues in City Forests Development (f) 11:45 - 13:15 Parallel Sessions and Workshops (detailed programme in annexe) Session 11 Session 12 Session 13 Session 14 Session 15 B3 - The role of B2 - Planning C7 - (workshop) (workshop) suburban and Developing Management of D1 - A Forest C1 – Nature in Green, Nature, Urban Green Harmful Experience for the City : Forest and Infrastructures Organisms in Planners, Participatory Agriculture in Cites Urban Areas Foresters and Actions (f) Areas all Those who Care about Wellbeing

Afternoon Session: Salle polyvalente de Prazqueron, Romanel-sur-Lausanne 14:30 - 19:00 Field Exercise, Chair: Yves Kazemi (detailed programme in annexe) 14:30-15:00  Transfer by bus to Romanel-sur-Lausanne 15:30-18:00  Field Exercise: Integrated Urban, Forest and Agriculture Planning 18:00-19:00  Results of the working groups 18:00-19:00 Side Event to the Conference, Chair: Jacques Baudet and Nadia Christinet  B2 – Vernissage du Guide Environnemental du Projet d’Agglomération Lausanne- Morges (f) 19:30 - 20:00 Opening of the Gala Dinner, Chair: Silvio Schmid  Denis Favre, Municipal Councillor, Romanel-sur-Lausanne  Jean-François Métraux, Director, Cantonal Forest Service, Canton of Vaud  Josef Hess, Vice-Director, Federal Office for the Environment 20:00-22:00 Official Gala Dinner

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Friday, 6th June 2014: Conference Day 3

All Day Sessions: University of Lausanne, Quartier Mouline, IDHEAP and Géopolis, Ecublens 08:30 - 09:45 Plenary Session, Chair: Andréa Finger-Stich  Georg Schoop, Director, Division of Urban Forest Management and Ecology, Baden, Switzerland C2 - Urban Forests - the “Other World”  Laurence Roux-Moschetto, Project Manager (Parc Blandan) and Julien Lahaie, Project Manager (Espace Mazagran), Directorate for Urban Development, Grand Lyon, France E2 – Landscape Urbanism: Participatory Experiences in Designing the Parc Blandan et the Espace Mazagran 09:45-10:15 Coffee Break 10:15-11:45 Parallel Sessions and Workshops (detailed programme in annexe) Session 16 Session 17 Session 18 Session 19 Session 20 E1 - Monitoring C3 - Planning C6 - Ecology of (workshop) (excursion) and Managing Urban Forests Urban Trees C1 - City Gardens C4 – Guided Multi- and Urban Forests visit of the Stakeholders Recreational Conflicts Forest and Biodiversity Reserve of Dorigny (f) 12:00 - 13:30 Parallel Sessions and Workshops (detailed programme in annexe) Session 21 Session 22 Session 23 Session 24 Session 25 E2 - Conflict C4 - Managing C8 - Threats F2 - Crossing (workshop) Management Urban Forests and Diseases Boundaries C4 - Managing through Affecting through Research Urban Forests – Participation and Urban Trees and Practical Capacity Building Communication Experiences (f) 13:30 - 14:30 Lunch 14:30 - 16:00 Parallel Sessions and Workshops (detailed programme in annexe) Session 26 Session 27 Session 28 Session 29 Session 30 E3 - Governance C5 - Assessing F1 - Crossing (workshop) (workshop) of Urban Green Urban Forests Boundaries F2 - Challenges for C4 - Managing Spaces and through Research and Urban Forests – Forests Education and Science towards Practical Training Sustainable Green Experiences (f) Cities 16:00 - 16:30 Coffee and Goodbye Break (for the busy ones) 16:30 - 17:00 Closing of the Conference, Chair: Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch  Dr. Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch, Urban Forestry Project Award 2014 & Young Urban Forester Award 2014  Clive Davies, Summary and Main Findings of EFUF 2014  Jean Rosset, Head of the forest Conservation Unit, Cantonal Forest Service  Dr. Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch, Coordinator, European Forum on Urban Forestry 19:00 - 20:00 EFUF 2014 Final Cocktail (Tour of Sauvabelin, Lausanne)  Florence Germond, Municipal Councillor, Finance and Parks, Lausanne 20:00 - 23:00 EFUF 2014 Final Dinner (Chalet Suisse, Lausanne)

17th international conference of the European Forum on Urban Forestry

Saturday 7th June 2014: Excursion in Geneva

Host  Directorate General Nature and Landscape (DGNP), Canton of Geneva

Organisation  Patrick Fouvy, Director, Cantonal Forest Service, DGNP, Canton of Geneva

Programme From 08:45 Meeting at the railway station in Lausanne 09:00 Departure to Geneva by bus 10:00 Arrival at the Quai des Moulins de l’Ile and departure to the Dam pf Verbois by Boat 10:15 Presentation of the Directorate General Nature and Landscape (DGNP) by P. Fouvy and S. Sciacca 11:15 Arrival at Dam of Verbois 11:30 Departure to Bernex by bus through Geneva’s countryside 12:00 Arrival at the Maison du Terroir in Bernex 12:15 Presentation of the Argro-Urban Parc of Cressy Murcie and the Renaturation Project of the Aire River 12:45 Buffet lunch with local products 14:00 Bus departure to Geneva 14:30 Arrival at Geneva International Airport and Railway Station 15:30 Arrival in Lausanne (railway station)

Keynotes Urban development and recreation – a neglected relationship? Arnberger, Arne Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, Department for Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, Vienna 1190, Austria; [email protected] Key Words Recreation quality; Urban densification; Vienna; Use displacement

Summary Introduction: The majority of the world's population lives in cities, and this proportion continues to grow (WHO, 2014). Many cities are expanding, vertically and horizontally, to accommodate their new residents. Vienna is such an example of a growing city. It is the third fastest growing large city in Europe and since 2000, it has welcomed 190,000 new residents; it is forecasted that Vienna will have another 250.000 residents by 2035. To accommodate these new residents, urban sprawl and urban densification are the result. Urban densification, the compact city, is generally promoted as one sustainable way of development because of the use of existing infrastructures including green infrastructures and reduced traffic. In this presentation, I want to demonstrate some interactions between urban densification and recreation quality by presenting two examples. Examples: Effects of urban densification on the quality of the recreation experience illustrate the “Wienerberg” recreation area and the Donau-Auen National Park. During the past decades, intensive densification processes surrounding these areas have taken place, resulting in a significant increase of the local population living within a few minutes walking distance. Seeing that distance is one important predictor in green-space use, this results in the areas being visited by more people. Surveys among visitors showed that at least 50% of them have perceived an increase in visitor numbers during the past years and perceived the Sundays/holidays as crowded. In particular, visitors, who had used the area over many years, were more likely to perceive this increase. Coping behaviors due to high use levels were employed by many of them (Arnberger, 2012; Arnberger et al., 2013). Conclusions: The increased pressure on urban green spaces does not only degrade the quality of the recreation experience of long-term and frequent visitors. Visitors react and displace to other areas thereby increasing traffic volumes. Use displacement has also effects on the ecological quality of the area. Serious conflicts between recreation use and nature conservation management can arise because users may displace to areas of high ecological value and, thereby, potentially reduce undisturbed zones and times for wildlife. Therefore, additional green spaces in the city are required. Several recreational scenarios for the Donau-Auen National Park, for example, were developed to test the capability of potential buffer-areas to reduce the increasing visitor use pressure and found that these buffer areas can only absorb up to 30% of the future recreation use pressure. Therefore, the City of Vienna has recently decided to establish a new Vienna Wood in that city region. While sustainable city planning often relies on urban densification, its effects on perceived recreation quality of green space visitors are often neglected. However, knowledge of recreation quality indicators, coupled with information on visitor numbers, provides useful information for sustainable urban development in dealing with the social and ecological carrying capacities of green spaces.

Key References Arnberger, A. (2012). Urban densification and recreational quality of public green spaces - A Viennese case study. Sustainability, 4, 703-720. Arnberger, A., Eder, E., Taczanowska, K., Deussner, R., Stanzer, G., Hein, T., Preiner, S., Kempter, I., Nopp- Mayr, U., Reiter, K., Wagner, K., Jochem, R. (2013). Urban sprawl and protected areas: How effective

are buffer zones in reducing recreation impacts on an urban national park? In: Salzburger Nationalparkfonds, 5th Symposium for Research in Protected Areas - Conference Proceedings, p. 21- 26.

Greening the concrete jungle – urban forests and green infrastructure Patrickson, Shela ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, Cities Biodiversity Center, Manager

Summary ICLEI is an international organisation of cities and local governments that are dedicated to sustainable development. Through supporting local governments, and networks of local authorities, to engage in global campaigns, participate in performance-based programs and inspire change through sharing of lessons and exchange of knowledge, local actions on the ground will have a global impact. ICLEI is global movement towards sustainable development and resilience, and ICLEI’s extensive network connects leaders from all corners of the globe, providing strategic alliances and a platform for the voices of local governments to be heard. ICLEI provides knowledge and training, developing innovative methods and tools, implementing radical solutions, serving as the gateway to solutions for cities into the future. ICLEI has eight agendas, one of which is BiodiverCities. The ICLEI Cities Biodiversity Center is ICLEI’s global biodiversity office, coordinating all biodiversity work for the organisation around the world. The ICLEI Cities Biodiversity Center runs ICLEI’s flagship Local Action for Biodiversity (LAB) Programme, in which leading biodiversity cities have been guided and supported through the Programme’s 5 steps: 1. Assessing local biodiversity and its management; 2. Politically committing to biodiversity in the city; 3. Developing a Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (LBSAP); 4. Politically approving the LBSAP; and 5. Implementing biodiversity projects on the ground. The ICLEI Cities Biodiversity Center runs many other projects, many in partnership with regional ICLEI offices, as well as other international partners.

Cities depend on a healthy and functioning natural environment for the provision of ecosystem services, and are the foundation for sustainable cities. Most of a city’s activities rely directly or indirectly on biodiversity, including economic and social activities. In order to safeguard these natural resources, biodiversity and forests need to be considered and incorporated into decision-making at the local level. Not only will this integration of biodiversity and ecosystem services into city planning and management protect these systems upon which cities rely, but this approach will also assist in revealing the true value of forests (and other ecosystems), it will also highlight the opportunities and trade-offs between policy planning proposals and infrastructure choices, which ultimately will result in better informed decisions. In addition, by considering biodiversity in decision-making this will save on municipal costs, boost local economies, enhance the quality of life of citizens, and secure livelihoods. This critical role of ecosystems, and forests in particular, is often taken for granted, but failure to understand this could mean the loss of essential ecosystem services that the city relies on to improve service delivery and the quality of lives.

Urban forest ecosystems provide many services for a city, across many of the local government departments, these are referred to in a variety of ways, such as: ecosystem services, ecological infrastructure, green infrastructure or sometimes natural capital. Examples of ecosystem services that urban forests can provide to a city include: purification of air and removal of pollutants, filtration and purification of water and soils (which contributes to disease control and soil functioning), storm water management and flooding reduction, prevention of soil erosion, temperature regulation, carbon sequestration, habitat provision (for example for pollinators), recreation opportunities, as well as raw materials. By maintaining these ecosystems, the benefits that they provide will be maintained. If these systems are allowed to become degraded, their value and provision of ecosystem services will be reduced or even lost, and restoration or replacement with alternative infrastructure is timely, expensive and sometimes impossible. This presentation will consider the value of urban forests to cities in particular, both the social and the economic value, as well as the role of urban forests in green or ecological infrastructure. The sharing of case studies from cities around the world will provide information on how other local governments have

3 incorporated forests into their planning and management processes. The exploration of the following questions will structure the investigation in more depth within each case study:

 Value of the forest ecosystems for the city: What is the value of forests for the city, especially as green infrastructure within the urban setting? What are the known or perceived ecosystem services, as well as the economic and social values of forests?  Governance and management: How did the city incorporate protected areas and integrate forests into decision-making? What information and knowledge was instrumental in recognition by the decision- makers of the importance and value of the forest? What legislation or policies exist to facilitate the integration of forests into decision-making structures? What tools are used to improve forest management? How is the forest integrated into city planning?  Tools and resources: What tools and resources have been used by the city with regards to forests, biodiversity and/or greening in the urban context?

The Forest of Soignes in the Brussels Capital Region (Belgium) is an important recreation area and core component of the green infrastructure for the region. The Forest provides an essential area for connectivity, with significant ecoduct projects. Studies on the ecosystem services that the Forest provides for the region, in addition to its importance for recreation, aesthetic value, as well as archaeological and cultural value, are planned for the future. The details of this resource and how it is incorporated into the urban infrastructure will be explored in the presentation. The City of Edmonton (Canada) studied the economic value of the benefits of their urban forest, which included air filtration and purification, carbon sequestration and a reduction of the impacts of storm water. It was estimated that the 12.8 million trees had an average benefit of USD $74.73 per tree, when the costs of caring for each tree was subtracted, the net benefit value from each tree was estimated at USD $56.35. This information was used to communicate the value of forests and biodiversity to the council and decision-makers, and was therefore a hugely useful tool for “making the case”. The City of Montreal (Canada) has a unique advantage when it comes to integrating forests and trees into urban infrastructure, in an agreement between the city and a local university, a professor is also an employee of the city. This has resulted in intensive and rigorous scientific studies being conducted on local conditions and species, and the ability to adapt frameworks and decision-making based on the results. These studies include examining how best to manage the impacts of climate change, especially storm water management through design of tree pits and artificial sidewalks. There are extensive forested areas within the City of Bonn (Germany), covering about 28% of the City’s surface areas, and one of the City’s objectives is to utilise this resource sustainably. The area’s large forests and diverse stands of trees play an important role in improving air quality and the local climate (temperature, humidity), and serve as water reservoirs and wood storehouses. Some examples of the value of the forest include, an annual yield from the sustainably managed Stadtwald forest of 2,200 cubic metres of roundwood, with an income of about € 80,000; water-retention services that provide significant flood protection is of economic importance; and in addition, an estimated 1.5 million visitors enjoy the forest each year. In conclusion, urban forests provide extremely valuable green infrastructure for cities, and there are many good examples of how local authorities have tapped into and benefitted from these natural resources. All the cities explored above have approached the issue of valuing and protecting their urban forests in a different way, either through locally derived scientific knowledge, emphasis on social value, or calculation of the economic value. This knowledge, tailored to local conditions and needs, has been incorporated into decision-making through policy and plans, and often used as the impetus to integrate biodiversity into governance structures.

Forest – the otherworld „Deep in the heart – there the forest rustles“ (Clemens Brentano, 1778 – 1842) Schoop, Georg

Director of Urban Forest Management and Ecology of Baden, Roter Turm, Rathausgasse 5 CH-5401 Baden, Schweiz; [email protected] Summary Forest-human relationships existsince human beings exist. Human beingsalways and everywhere have managed forests under the primacy of human ideology. The development of our civilisation leads to a point at which the benefit of forests for the human beings in many – especially urban – regions of the world consists in helping the people to feel and develop the connection to their roots in biological creation. The forest incarnates and represents a real otherworld.

It is ...... real It is ...... natural It is ...... local

It functions ...... without money It functions ...... without time of day It functions ...... without laws

...... but instead with the living and mobile time of biological processes. Therefore it is a counter-proposal to the civilised society and to a formed landscape and park. For many cultures, the forest is a refuge of

 myths, fairy tales  the origin of life  religion  and much more ...

The importance of this otherworld forest will continue to increase in the future. The following reasons support this hypothesis:

 Societyevolved from production and services towards information and knowledge .  Society in central europe are becoming increasingly urban.  Through virtualising many things, alienation from nature increases.  As consequence of globalisation and the financial and ecomonic crisis, the need for „true values on site“ increases.  Forests provide an inexhaustible potential to develop new, customised products with a – in comparison – optimal price/performance ratio.

The more natural, the more original, the less traces of human activity, the stronger the effect of the otherworld forest on humans. Forests in the densely populated areas of Europe have been used for centuries by people in many ways. In future, too, manifold human interventions are necessary to provide the desired ecosystem services and goods from forests. It is important not to forget that the strongest effect of the forest on the highly

5 civilized urban human being starts from it being different (which is noticeable with all the senses) compared to the civilized landscape. In the Forestry Office of the City of Baden (Switzerland) this path is pursued consistently since 1986. The framework for this activity is a binding products / customer matrix with the product groups wood, nature conservation, recreation / leisure and services. As planning instruments a very detailed "Richtplanung (Structural/ regional planning) nature and landscape" was used for the entire city territory as well as a "forest management plan". From a variety of products, some are exemplary presented including their funding:

 Forest as a recreational area  Forest as a sports arena  Forest as a natural area  Forest as an educational facility  Forest and nature in conversation.

Many of these new products are financially mixed, which meansthe public institutions (Canton, city, forest owners) are involved together with the private sector (companies, individuals, foundations). With the instrument of ecosponsoring employed in Baden since 1997, it was possible not only to develop and implement many new products, but also (thanks to joint events with partners from industry and commerce) to inspire people with nature and the forest. This optimally supports, as a multiplicator, society’s long-term work ofurban forest management and ecology of the city of Baden. The forests on the outskirts of the city are not just a big park, rather an otherworld to the civilized world. In order to mentally and physically tap the potential of this space for the people, creative management services are required in all forms – a wonderful job!

Oral Presentation A - How to Define and Promote Urban Ecosystem Services? A1 - Ecosystem Services provided by Urban Forests and Green Spaces Defining social ecosystem service hotspots through stakeholder-based ecosystem service mapping De Vreese, Rik1; Fontaine, Corentin M.2 1Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Human Ecology Department and Medical Sociology Department, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette (Brussel), Belgium, [email protected] 2 Department of Geography, Namur Interdisciplinary Research Group for Sustainability, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium, [email protected]

Key Words Participatory mapping, social assessment, hotspot mapping, social mapping, integrated ecosystem service assessment

Summary Ecosystem services (ES) mapping is traditionally based on biophysical assessments and modelling. We argue this approach is not fully reflecting the philosophy of ecosystem services, namely providing benefits supplied to humans: cultural ES such as aesthetic experiences or educational opportunities are not included in biophysical mapping and modelling exercises. With the aim of mapping perceived ES, we opted for a stakeholder-based ES mapping, in a wooded peri-urban landscape in central Belgium. This paper will demonstrate the potential use of stakeholder-based mapping for planning and management of ecosystems and their services. During semi-structured interviews, respondents scored the – to them – local importance of 32 ecosystem services and sketched the location of the most important ES. The respondents also indicated conflicting and synergizing ES. After digitizing and intersecting polygons drafted by the stakeholders, we described the distribution of ES with indicators traditionally applied in landscape ecology (abundance, diversity, dominance, rarity, richness). A PCA correlated these indicators with individual ES, resulting in ES bundles of co-occurring services. We delineated social ES hotspots, and areas of conflicting ES. Finally we compared the location of ecological hotspots with the stakeholder-derived (social) ES hotspots.

The PCA resulted in two relevant axes. Most ES show high contributions to the first axis. Based on their loadings on the second axis, we consider three ES bundles along the first axis. Group A (positive loadings on the second axis) contains air purification, carbon sequestration, climate regulation, erosion control, protection against noise, pollination, wood production, creating a sense of place, and providing historical landscapes. Group B (factor loadings between -1 and 1 on the second axis) covers berry picking, education, and recreation. Group C (negative factor loadings) contains aesthetic experiences, opportunities for research, opportunities for therapeutic recovery, habitat provision, and local species. The second PCA-axis loads on water-related ES (flood protection and water purification). The ecosystem services food production, employment in agriculture, employment in nature and landscape management, hunting, providing regional products, and providing opportunities for social relations show no significant correlations with the first two axes. The abundance and richness indices highly contribute to the first PCA- axis, and can be considered as relevant indicators for planning and managing ecosystems and their services. Conflicting ES include food production and employment in agriculture versus habitat provision, the negative impact of urbanization on providing ESS, and recreation versus habitat. The risk indicator gives insight into the location of conflict zones. Results of comparing the locations of social hotspots with

7 ecological hotspots are not available at the moment, but will be available and discussed during the presentation. Our approach contributes to improved and integrated ES mapping, by integrating social values and intangible ES such as aesthetic experiences and other cultural ES into ES mapping processes. The approach provides opportunities to include perceived ES distribution into planning and management of natural resources, and to include perceived ES distribution and social values into integrated ecosystem service assessments, eventually leading to better insights into the set of ES provided. Key References Alessa, Lilian (Naia), Andrew (Anaru) Kliskey, and Gregory Brown. 2008. “Social–ecological Hotspots Mapping: A Spatial Approach for Identifying Coupled Social–ecological Space.” Landscape and Urban Planning 85 (1): 27–39. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.09.007. Brown, Greg, Jessica M. Montag, and Katie Lyon. 2012. “Public Participation GIS: A Method for Identifying Ecosystem Services.” Society & Natural Resources 25 (7): 633–51. doi:10.1080/08941920.2011.621511. Brown, Gregory Gordon, and Pat Reed. 2012. “Social Landscape Metrics: Measures for Understanding Place Values from Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS).” Landscape Research 37 (1): 73–90. doi:10.1080/01426397.2011.591487. Bryan, Brett Anthony, Christopher Mark Raymond, Neville David Crossman, and Darran King. 2011. “Comparing Spatially Explicit Ecological and Social Values for Natural Areas to Identify Effective Conservation Strategies.” Conservation Biology 25 (1): 172–81. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01560.x. Fontaine, Corentin M., Rik De Vreese, Ingrid Jacquemin, Allyson Marek, Dieter Mortelmans, Nicolas Dendoncker, Guenaël Devillet, Louis François, and Ann Van Herzele. 2012. “Valuation Of Terrestrial Ecosystem Services In A Multifunctional Peri-Urban Space (The VOTES Project)”. Final Report. Brussels: Belgian Science Policy (BelSpo).

Quantifying urban ecosystem services: Assessing the knowledge base to map service distribution in Rotterdam using high-resolution data Derkzen, Marthe1; van Teeffelen, Astrid1; Verburg, Peter1

1Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Key Words Green Infrastructure; Urban Ecology; Spatial Planning Summary The ecosystem services (ES) concept continues to gain attention but the urban dimension remains underexposed. The importance of ES for human well-being is nowhere as evident as in cities where problems such as air pollution, noise, and heat can be moderated by urban green space (UGS) (Bowler et al. 2010; Gómez-Baggethun & Barton 2012). Among those studies undertaken in cities very few consider the full bundle of ES required for human well-being, go beyond the use of arbitrary classifications and coarse land cover data, or apply methods that allow to spatially link ES supply with demand (Seppelt et al. 2011). This study aims to address these research gaps by demonstrating a method to map the supply of multiple ES for Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Objectives are to (i) develop indicators for a bundle of urban ES, (ii) quantify the ES supplied by UGS by applying indicators to high-resolution data, (iii) determine ES distribution by mapping them on the city scale, and (iv) identify synergies and tradeoffs. Six ES are under consideration: air purification, carbon storage, noise reduction, storm water runoff retention, cooling, and recreation. For Rotterdam, high-resolution land cover data were available and reclassified to eight categories: tree, woodland, tall shrub, short shrub, herbaceous vegetation, garden, water, and other. We first perform a thorough review of relevant ES and non-ES literature to identify the empirical evidence base for each ES and a range of UGS types. Furthermore, we take stock of available quantification methods (indicators). Based on the review findings we compile a method to quantify and map individual ES and ES bundles for Rotterdam. ES supply is calculated per unit of land cover (m2) for each UGS type on vector level and then aggregated to neighborhood (n=81) level. Cluster analysis is performed to discover ES supply patterns across the city. The literature review indicates that empirical evidence on ES supply by specific UGS types is often lacking. Straightforward indicators are unavailable, making it necessary to adapt and combine quantification methods from different research contexts (ES, non-ES, urban, non-urban) to fit the data available. Mapping results for Rotterdam show spatial variation of ES supply which can be explained by green space composition and configuration. ES supply generally increases with increasing distance from the city center. Woodlands are good carbon sinks, trees contribute most to cooling and clean air, tall shrubs are best for reducing traffic noise, and recreation is best provided by a mixture of UGS types. A principal component analysis found only positive correlations among the ES, indicating synergies rather than tradeoffs. Yet, by grouping neighborhoods into five clusters that represent specific ES-bundle types, cluster analysis shows that certain ES (e.g. runoff retention) can be supplied independently of other services, while other ES are supplied in combination. This study demonstrates how UGS configuration and composition relates to ES in an urban context. We add to the existing literature by compiling and adapting quantification methods from different research contexts to enable detailed ES supply mapping. Hereby we account for the typical small scale green elements, assess a bundle of six ES relevant in cities, and specify eight UGS categories. Other studies mostly focus on one ES, e.g., cooling (Davies et al. 2011) and UGS, e.g., trees (McDonald et al. 2007).

A policy relevant outcome is a user-friendly matrix that shows the degree to which UGS types supply different ES. Together with the ES-bundle typology, this tool can support urban planners in choosing a suitable green space design.

Key References Bowler, D.E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T.M. & Pullin, A.S. (2010) Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97, 147–155. Davies, Z.G., Edmondson, J.L., Heinemeyer, A., Leake, J.R. & Gaston, K.J. (2011) Mapping an urban ecosystem service: quantifying above-ground carbon storage at a city-wide scale. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 1125–1134. Gómez-Baggethun, E. & Barton, D.N. (2012) Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Economics. McDonald, a. G., Bealey, W.J., Fowler, D., Dragosits, U., Skiba, U., Smith, R.I., Donovan, R.G., Brett, H.E., Hewitt, C.N. & Nemitz, E. (2007) Quantifying the effect of urban tree planting on concentrations and depositions of PM10 in two UK conurbations. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 8455–8467. Seppelt, R., Dormann, C.F., Eppink, F. V., Lautenbach, S. & Schmidt, S. (2011) A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies: approaches, shortcomings and the road ahead. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 630–636.

Non-productive functions of urban forests in the city of Prague – their support and evaluation Krchov, Vladimír1; Hájek, Miroslav2; Lípa, Jan2

1 Forests of the City of Prague, Práčská 1885, 106 00 Praha 10, E-mail: kroutil@lesy- praha.cz 2Czech University Of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 1176, 165 21 Praha 6; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Key Words Valuation of ecosystem services, forest management, recreational function, visitors to forests, reporting. Summary Forests in the City of Prague are included in the category of special purpose forests; suburban forests with an increased recreational role. There are about 4,950 hectares of forests within the administrative territory of the City. A total of 2,696 hectares of forest are owned by the City of Prague. These forests are mainly deciduous and dominated by oak, linden and hornbeam. The primary objective of forest management in forests owned by the City of Prague is to ensure a high level of recreational function combined with other high priority functions; cultural-educational and hydrological and water management. Responsibility for the management of these forests is delegated to an organization called Forests of the City of Prague. The aim of this paper is to assess the current level of organization and funding of forest management, estimate the value of forest functions and contribute to improvements in annual reporting by Forests of the City of Prague. Results of the valuation could potentially be used for the improvement of decision making processes. The organizational structure (Centre of Forests, Watercourses and Reservoirs, Ornamental Nursery Management and Environmental Education) has been effective in delivering sustainable forest management in the City In addition, since May 2007, the City of Prague has had its forest management independently certified under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) International Standard.

The paper is based on the methodological approaches of the Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, to the valuation of ecosystem services that are based on societal demand for forest functions. Valuation processes use direct relationships, i.e. costs and revenues in the case of market functions, and, in the case of indirect market functions, prevention and compensation cost are also used. Valuations of non-market functions use expert procedures which are specific in comparison with methods used in other countries based on consumer surplus or willingness to pay. Valuation of recreational and cultural educational functions was used. Recreational functions of forests managed by Forests of the City of Prague represents an annual value of EUR 741 thousand, capitalized value of EUR 37,000 thousand and annual costs EUR 653 thousand in 2013. Furthermore, the value of the recreational function is influenced by the number of visits to forests. Numbers of visitors to Prague’s forests are very high, especially in locations that are easily accessible to the public. For example, in 2004, Hvězda preserve was visited by more than half a million visitors and Kunratický forest even higher at 670,000 visitors. The cultural educational function of the forest represents an annual value of EUR 675 thousand, capitalized value of EUR 27,615 thousand and annual costs EUR 120 thousand. The value of this function is influenced by numerous protected areas contained within the forests and environmental education activities organized by Forests of the City of Prague. The quantification of non-productive functions is important both in terms of decision making in the management of Prague’s forests, and also in providing information for the public. It is therefore proposed that the data on the value of non-productive functions of the forests will be included in the annual report prepared every year by the Forests of the City of Prague. We expect that this extension of annual reporting will make a positive contribution to sustainable development in the City of Prague.

Key References Blum, A., 2004: Social and collaborative forestry. In: Burley, F. Encyclopedia of forest science. Elsevier Academic Press. Amsterdam p. 1121-1131. Šišák, L. 2006: Forest services valuation system applied to Forest Plant Židlochovice of the Forests of the Czech Republic, state enterprise, p. 186-197. In: Managerial economics and accounting in an evolving paradigm of forest management. Proceedings of the International Symposium organized by the IUFRO Group 4.05.00 in May 17-20, 2006. Schriftenreihe der Hochschule für Forstwirtschaft Rottenburg. Band Nr.22. Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany, s. 376, ISSN 0940-3698. Hájek M., Pulkrab K., Hyršlová J. 2012: Forestry Externalities in the Environmental Management Accounting System. Problems of Management in the 21st Century, vol. 5, Scientific Methodical Center "Scientia Educologica", Lithuania, p. 280-285, ISSN 2029-6932. .

Trees and microclimate – take a walk on the shady side of the street Sanusi, R.1,2; Johnstone, D.1; May, P.1; Livesley, S. J.1 1Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Australia 2Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Key Words Street trees, microclimate cooling, street orientations, human thermal comfort

Summary The combination of the urban heat island effect and climate change is leading to more intense heat waves in cities. Maintaining human thermal comfort is essential for pedestrians as people outside are more vulnerable to heat stress and heat stroke. Microclimatic modification by dense street tree canopies can be important to pedestrians, but how beneficial and under what circumstance is not clear. On sunny summer days, microclimatic measures were made in residential streets in Melbourne, Australia, with and without Platanus x acerifolia canopies in streets of both East-West and North-South orientations. Repeated full-day measures (n =3) of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and mean radiant temperature were made on both sides of the street between dawn and late afternoon. Physiological Equivalent Temperature was calculated to indicate human thermal comfort throughout the day. In streets with a dense canopy, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and mean radiant temperature were significantly less than in streets without. The air temperature reduction from Platanus x acerifolia canopies was double for streets in East-West orientation than North-South. However, for trees in a North- South orientation, air temperature, mean radiant temperature and solar radiation were greatest on the east pavement in the early morning and greatest on the west pavement in the late afternoon. Air temperature, relative humidity and mean radiant temperature strongly determine Physiological Equivalent Temperature however Platanus x acerifolia canopies had the greatest effect on air temperature and mean radiant temperature change. These results emphasised that treed streets are important to mitigate heat as reported in previous studies. However, street trees efficiency in mitigation human thermal stress depends greatly on the orientation of the street and which side of the street the pedestrian walks on. This research will be applicable to many professionals involved in designing street tree landscapes for optimal human thermal comfort in summer.

A2 - Effects of Green Infrastructures on Urban Environment and Climate Cooling effects of different urban street tree species Gillner, Sten1; Vogt, Juliane2; Tharang, Andreas2; Dettmann, Sebastian1

1TU Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Pienner Straße 7, 01737 Tharandt Germany, [email protected], [email protected] 2TU Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Pienner Straße 8, 01737 Tharandt Germany, [email protected], [email protected] Key Words Tree species, surface temperature, air temperature, relative humidity

Summary Higher temperatures negatively affect human health and well-being particularly in periods of heat during summer months (Stafoggia et al., 2008; Tomlinson et al., 2011). The predicted climate change will increase intensity and frequency of heat waves and thus amplify biophysical load. Several studies have proved mitigation effects of urban trees on air temperatures, humidity or surface temperatures, but mostly regardless of trees species attributes such as growth or physiological characteristics. This study extended research on different tree species with diverging attributes.

This study has therefore two main aims: a.) the identification of microclimatic benefits of street trees and b.) the investigation of relationships between characteristics of leaf-gas exchange and LAD and microclimatic effects of trees. Based on the results of these aims a classification of five species regarding their potential on cooling effects should be achieved. Five species (Corylus corluna, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron tulipifera, Tilia cordata, Ulmus x hollandica) were selected growing at street tree sites in a residential area of the city of Dresden, Germany. To be able to assess the effects of street trees on micro-climate, we focus on measurements of relative humidity and air temperature in tree canopies as well as on road surface temperature in the summer months of 2013. Different time-horizons were regarded, since cooling effects can differ considerable in periods of cold and hot weather conditions as well as in day- and night-time (Armson et al., 2012; Bowler et al., 2010). Ibuttons (Maxim integrated, San Jose, USA) recording air temperatures and relative humidity in hourly intervals were installed on five streets in the crowns of trees and additionally on an unshaded, full sun exposed reference site. Surface temperatures of shaded and full sun exposed (unshaded) areas at the street tree sites were compared with thermo images taken on three sunny, hot and cloudless days. In addition growth characteristics were collected allowing predictions of the microclimatic effects.

Air temperatures and relative humidity within the crowns of the trees show significant differences from the reference site. For the whole period from June to September during day time mean air temperatures in the crowns of the trees are - 0.77 to - 2.22 K lower and mean relative humidity 1.11 to 6.48 % higher compared with the reference site. In hot, cloudless summer days the differences in air temperatures are more pronounced whereas the differences in relative humidity are lower. Surface temperatures on asphalt areas of the tree shade are up to 15.4 K lower compared with the full sun-exposed asphalt areas.

Comparing the growth parameter, only LAI and transpiration show a significant influence on surface temperatures. This means the higher the LAI and the higher transpiration, the higher the cooling effects of the trees. For the five investigated species this means that Gingko biloba has the smallest cooling effects and Corylus colurna, and Tilia cordata, respectively the highest. For practical application, the identification of most important parameter influencing microclimate can help to find suitable species for sites with different request to microclimate. Specifically, for the five species of this study, Tilia and Corylus should be planted at sites with high heat load and a high demand to cooling

effects e.g. southern exposed buildings whereas Gingko and Liriodendron are more suitable at sites with lower demands at heat reductions. Key References Armson D, Stringer P, Ennos AR 2012: The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 11:245-255. Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali L, Knight TM, Pullin AS 2010: Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning 97:147-155 Stafoggia M, Forastiere F, Agostini D, Caranci N, de'Donato F, Demaria M, Michelozzi P, Miglio R, Rognoni M, Russo A, Perucci CA 2008: Factors affecting in-hospital heat-related mortality: a multicity case- crossover analysis. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 62:209-215. Tomlinson CJ, Chapman L, Thornes JE, Baker CJ 2011: Including the urban heat island in spatial heat risk assessment strategies: a case study for Birmingham, UK. International Journal of Health Geographics 10:42.

Modelling the influence of forest areas on the urban heat island effect: A case study in the urban area of Milano (Italy) Mariani, Luigi1; Parisi, Simone Gabriele2; Cola, Gabriele3; Craveri, Lorenzo4; Colangelo, Giuseppe5; Lafortezza, Raffaele6; Sanesi, Giovanni7 1 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milano, via Giovanni Celoria 2 - 20133 Milano, [email protected] 2 DISAA, [email protected] 3 DISAA, [email protected] 4 ARPA, Via Rosellini, 17 - 20124 Milano, [email protected] 5 Department of Agricultural-Environmental and Landscape Planning Sciences (DISAAT), University of Bari, [email protected] 6 DISAAT, [email protected] 7 DISAAT, [email protected] Key Words UHI mitigation, urban forestry, surface energy balance, soil water balance

Summary Each town is characterized by a specific urban pattern UP which is the way how different functions and elements of the settlement form (building curtains and related canyons, paved surfaces, parks, street tree rows, etc.) are distributed and mixed together spatially. The collection of microclimates that characterize a specific town is the result of the interaction of the UP with the climatic factors and is often summarized in the concept of UHI Urban Heat Island (UHI). The quantitative study of UHI and its space and time evolution in function of UP is relevant for urban planning and urban management policies. This study can be carried out following of the surface energy balance variables (fluxes of net radiation, sensible heat H, latent heat LE and ground heat G) which in their turn are strictly related to air temperature and relative humidity.

The aim of this work is to calibrate a surface energy balance model for selected sites (rural, urban park, sites located in canyons of the urban plateau and urban peak) that represent some peculiar microclimates of Milano in order to obtain a tool able to describe the space and time evolution of UHI and to evaluate the effects of changes in the Milano UP. For our work is crucial to highlight the effects of vegetation on sensible heat flux and on solar radiation reaching the most visited areas of urban parks.

The model calibration and validation was carried out on the base of weekly infrared data from the Landsat 7 & 8 satellites (2013) and hourly soil moisture measurements (2012-2013). The calibrated model was applied to specific meteorological time series, describing how peculiar urban patterns interact with different micro-meteorological conditions. The selected meteorological stations belong to the ARPA Lombardia network (the four stations of Parco Nord, Milano-Marche, Milano-Zavattari, Milano-Brera) and to the Italian Air Force (station of Milano- Linate). Data gathering, standardization and gap filling were addressed to obtain a long time series (1981 – 2013). This long time series is useful to follow the evolution of the UHI through the climate change that affected Europe at the end of the ’80s as a result of an abrupt change of the Atlantic circulation (strengthening of the Westerlies) that brought about a temperature increase of approximately 1.5°C. The final meteorological dataset adopted for the Milano UHI analysis includes the most significant variables (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, global solar radiation and precipitation). Unavailable temperature data were reconstructed by means of multiple correlation with other weather stations, and precipitation data were reconstructed using a weighted mean with weight inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Unavailable data on global solar radiation and relative humidity

were respectively reconstructed by means of the Hargreaves model and constancy of the mixing ratio method. The most important micrometeorological effects of vegetation on suitability of park areas that are quantitatively appreciated by means of the surface energy balance are (i) the reduction of H in favor of LE in presence of a suitable water supply and (ii) the shadowing effect provided by trees. The effects on H and LE are ruled by the soil water supply for vegetation, while the trees shadowing effects reduce the sensible heat flux from soil surface, so approaching surface temperature to air temperature. (In this way the tree canopy acts like as thermometer solar shield). Results referred to the whole time series show that, on average, in the urban and suburban areas of Milano the H term prevails over LE term from July to August due to the shortage in water supply for vegetation (trees, shrubs and grass). On the other hand, the marked inter-yearly variability of the summer Bowen ratio (H/LE) noticed for Parco Nord highlights the variability in water stress conditions and by consequence in Park suitability. Thereafter analyses are referred to July (the most extreme month in term of H/LE ratio). In order to classify the suitability of park usability by citizens, it has been taken into consideration the percent of H respect to the sum of H and LE over daytime period in July.

 H<40% denotes an high suitability level, and it has been verified in: 1981-1988-1992-1997-1998-2008- 2009.  7080% express extremely low suitability conditions in years: 1991-2003-2007.

The quantitative evaluation of these effects show that the modelling approach based on the surface energy balance is useful not only for irrigation management but also for providing information to park visitors and for climatic risk analysis related to very unfavorable conditions of park usability by citizens. Key References Stull R.B., 1997. An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 670 pp. Mihalakakou G., Santamouris M., Papanikolaou N., Cartalis C., Tsangrassoulis A., 2004. Simulation of the Urban Heat Island Phenomenon in Mediterranean Climates, Pure appl. geophys. 161: 429–451 Solecki W. D., Rosenzweig C., Parshall L., Pope G., Clark M., Cox J., Wiencke M., 2005. Mitigation of the heat island effect in urban New Jersey, Environmental Hazards 6: 39–49 Vidrih B., Medved S., 2013. Multiparametric model of urban park cooling island, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 12 issue 2: 220-229. Hamada, S.; Tanaka, T.; Ohta, T., 2013. Impacts of land use and topography on the cooling effect of green areas on surrounding urban areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening vol. 12 issue 4: 426-434

Recent studies on the microclimatic effects of urban green spaces in a hot-arid environment Pearlmutter, David 1 1Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, [email protected]

Key Words urban microclimate, green infrastructure, thermal stress Summary The urban population of the world's arid regions is increasing rapidly, due both to rural in-migration and creeping desertification. Climatically harsh conditions, intensified by local heat islands and compounded by regional and global changes, make pedestrian activity thermally stressful and deepen residents' reliance on energy-intensive air conditioning in buildings and vehicles. In this context, urban trees and green infrastructure are vital for climatic moderation – but at the same time, water scarcity together with difficult urban growing conditions highlight the need for "efficient" solutions that provide maximal environmental benefit with minimal natural resources. A series of studies in the Negev desert of Israel were conducted with the objective of evaluating the efficiency of strategies for the design of urban green spaces, in terms of both the efficiency of water use and the potential for moderating pedestrian thermal stress. The 'oasis effect' resulting from evapotranspiration over vegetated terrain was first analyzed at the urban scale using the Open-Air Scaled Urban Surface (OASUS) model of Pearlmutter et al. (2009). It was found that the latent heat flux component in the surface energy balance is determined by the availability of moisture relative not only to the horizontal surface area, but to the three-dimensional surface area of the urban fabric. This finding has important implications for urban cooling through strategically distributed green elements such as parks. At the microclimatic scale, the combined effect of shade trees and vegetative ground cover on human thermal stress in urban spaces was observed in controlled outdoor experiments (Shashua-Bar et al. 2009; 2011). Measurements were made in semi-enclosed courtyards with various combinations of mature trees, artificial shading, grass and paving. For each landscape configuration, the Index of Thermal Stress was calculated from measured data to evaluate thermal comfort based on radiative and convective pedestrian- environment energy exchanges and sweat efficiency, and expressed on a thermal sensation scale. The "cooling efficiency" was gauged by comparing the total evapotranspiration with the reduction in thermal stress, both expressed in terms of their equivalent energy. While conditions in a paved, unshaded courtyard were found to be uncomfortable throughout the summer daytime hours, each of the landscape treatments made a clear contribution to improved thermal comfort. Shading reduced the duration of discomfort by over half and limited its maximum severity, and when combined with grass yielded comfortable conditions at all hours. The effect of trees was more pronounced than that of the artificial mesh, due to the latter's elevated radiative surface temperature. It was found that a combination of locally adapted shade trees and irrigated ground cover not only creates thermally comfortable conditions in otherwise stressful outdoor environments, but requires less water for irrigation than exposed grass alone. Given the exorbitant water requirements of grass, a further experimental study investigated the potential of succulent plants for use as an alternative in urban landscaping (Snir et al. 2013). Small plots planted with a total of six species were used to compare the characteristic albedo and radiant surface temperature, as well as the water requirements, of different types of ground-cover vegetation. It was found that while the succulent varieties maintained slightly higher surface temperatures than grass, their reduced water loss under conditions of limited irrigation endowed them with a higher cooling efficiency. It was also found that a high price in terms of thermal stress is imposed by bare soil (due to its high albedo and intense reflected radiation) and artificial turf (due to its low albedo and high radiant surface temperature, exceeding 70oC).

When taken together, the findings of these studies lead to the conclusion that the effective use of urban vegetation for reducing thermal stress in hot-arid cities requires a holistic planning approach, which considers the geometry of the built urban fabric, the combination of shade trees with vegetative ground cover, and the integration of drought-resistant plant species. Key References Pearlmutter, D., Krüger, E.L. and Berliner, P., 2009. The role of evaporation in the energy balance of an open-air scaled urban surface. International Journal of Climatology, 29: 911-920. Shashua-Bar, L., Erell, E. and Pearlmutter, D., 2009. The cooling efficiency of urban landscape strategies in a hot dry climate. Landscape and Urban Planning, 92(3-4):179-186. Shashua-Bar, L., Pearlmutter, D. and Erell, E., 2011. The influence of trees and grass on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot-arid environment. International Journal of Climatology, 31:1498-1506. Snir, K., Pearlmutter, D. and Erell, E., 2013. The Moderating Effect of Desert Ground Cover Plants on Pedestrian Thermal Sensation. PLEA2013 – Sustainable Architecture for a Renewable Future, Munich, Germany, 10-12 September 2013.

The effect of vegetation on peri-urban cold air drainage flow Sachsen, Timo; Ketzler, Gunnar; Schneider, Christoph RWTH Aachen University, Department of Geography, Physical Geography and Climatology Group, Wüllnerstr. 5b, D – 52062 Aachen, [email protected] Key Words Cold air drainage, urban ventilation, urban climate, vegetation structures, urban planning

Summary Due to e.g. reduced wind speed, increased surface sealing rate, specific building materials and reduced areas of green space, cities are exposed to higher air temperatures compared to rural areas. This effect, known as the urban heat island, is investigated since several decades [1, 2]. Due to anthropogenic climate change, an increase of air temperature can be expected for the future [3, 4]. Especially extreme weather situations as heat haves with limited ventilation may occur with a higher frequency and with negative effects on human health [5, 6]. Combined, Europe can expect enhanced thermal stress and higher levels of air pollution. Therefore, the question of how to supply cities with cool and fresh air will be of practical importance in the near future.

One possibility to supply mid-latitude cities in complex terrain with fresh air are nighttime cold air drainage flows [7]. In calm and clear nights cold air drainage occurs over non-sealed surfaces, induced by a negative radiation balance. The cold air streams downhill following orographic conditions and ventilation pathways. These pathways are nowadays often well-known to city planners and administration as valuable urban landscapes with regard to an improvement of urban climate. Therefore, they are mostly protected against intensive utilization and especially against further building development. Very often the pathways are locations of urban forest incorporating spaces with bushes and trees. While the effects of buildings on cold air drainage are well known, influences on cold air flow resulting from vegetation are less investigated. To investigate the effects of bushes and trees on cold air drainage, three weather stations were set up in a suburban valley in the city of Aachen. Throughout a two year measurement period the vegetation structure around the weather stations was modified. Halfway through the measurement period six alders (Alnus glutinosa) were extracted from the valley site to obtain two comparable data sets. Besides the weather stations, additional data was collected by tethered balloon measurements, cross valley section measurements and air quality measurements. A detailed mapping of vegetation of about 1500 trees and bushes was carried out with regard to their height and diameter. The present cold air drainage flow was modeled using all of these data. This also allows to run projections of possible future structures of vegetation and their impact on cold air drainage flow. The measurements show a considerable effect of trees on cold air drainage, differing for each vegetation structure and atmospheric variable. The wind speed is reduced and influenced by the density and diameter of the vegetation. Increased surface roughness, e.g. caused by hedges or trees, also reduces wind speed. Large expanses of dense vegetation can block and deviate cold air which can even result in an overflow into surrounding valleys. A good match between modeled and measured data was achieved by calibrating the cold air drainage flow model with high-resolution land use data and mapped vegetation structures. This allows the results to be transferred to other (forested) valleys. At a small scale it was proved, that even vegetation with the highest density is permeable to cold air drainage to some extent. A critical review on height and density of vegetation within suburban valleys can be helpful to city planners or local authorities, especially in light of rising urban temperatures due to climate change. A deliberate treatment of vegetation structures within ventilation pathways can lead to optimized airflow. Depending on the specific requirements both an enhanced or reduced airflow can be eligible. Nevertheless, suburban valleys cannot be characterized solely by their influence on micro-climates. An interdisciplinary assessment in consideration of all eco-system services provided by vegetation such as their contribution to biodiversity, local recreation potential, and local climate impact is advisable.

Key References 1. Stewart, I. D. (2011): A systematic rewiew and scientific critique of methodology in modern urban heat island literature; International Journal of Climatology; 31; S. 200-217. 2. Oke, T. R. (2006a): Boundary layer climates; London. 3. Della-Marta, P. M., Haylock, M. R., Luterbacher, J., Wanner, H. (2007): Doubled length of Western European summer heat waves since 1880; Journal of Geophysical Research; 112; online. 4. Wilby, R. L. (2008): Constructing climate change scenarios of urban heat island intensity and air quality; Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design; 35; S. 902-919. 5. Li, B., Sain, S., Mearns, L. O., Anderson, H. A., Kovats, S., Ebi, K. L., Bekkedal, M. Y. V., Kanarek, M. S., Patz, J. A. (2012): The impact of extreme heat on morbidity in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Climatic Change; 110; S. 959-976. 6. Robine, J. M., Cheung, S. L., Le Roy, S., Van Oyen, H., Griffiths, C., Michel, J. P., Herrmann, F. R. (2008): Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003; Comptes Rendus Biologies; 331(2); S. 171-178. 7. Bigg, G. R., Wise, S. M., Mansell, E. H. D., Bryant, R. G., Howard, A. (2012): Synoptic climatology of cold air drainage in the Derwent Valley, Peak District, UK; Meteorological Applications; online.

A3 - Economic Benefits and Value of Urban Green Infrastructures Economic value of nature-based recreation in Sweden: A travel cost analysis Ezebilo, Eugene E. Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 49, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; Tel: +46-40415197, E-mail: [email protected] Key Words amenities; demand; distance; outdoor recreation; travel cost Summary Outdoor recreation activities have the potential to promote public health by encouraging physical and mental well-being. Sweden has the policy of “Right of Public Access” to nature areas for recreation. This provides people free access to private and public lands and gives them the opportunity to roam freely. This policy is aimed at promoting people’s participation in recreational activities (Emmelin et al. 2010). Although people have free access to nature areas for recreation in Sweden the provision of amenities for recreation has often focused on the supply side and less effort has been made to understand the demand side (Fredman et al. 2012). The Knowledge of people’s preferences and demand for nature will help outdoor recreation authorities in the design and provision of nature areas that meet societal needs. This paper reports on a study, which explored the frequency of visits to nature areas for recreation and the influence of travel cost, recreational activities and socioeconomic factors on these visits using the travel cost method. The data were collected from a mail questionnaire that involved Swedish residents who were randomly selected from a national register. Because this study focuses on outdoor recreation close to home the length of stay at recreation site was restricted to ≤24 hours and the distance of ≤80 km of home to the site in order to exclude tourism. It is important to differentiate outdoor recreation close to home from tourism because they often compete for the same resources such as money and time. In Sweden people travel to nature area by different means such as car, bicycle and on foot. This implies that estimating travel cost by using actual fuel price incurred in relation to the travel it will exclude people who have not travelled by fuel-powered transport means from the estimation. This leads to underestimation of the economic value of outdoor recreation. To remedy this weakness, distance from home to nature area (travel distance) and price of quantity of fuel that can be used to cover the travel distance was used in the estimation of travel cost. A negative binomial regression model was used to account for the factors influencing frequency of visits to nature areas. The results showed that the respondents had average visits of approximately 80 times each year. Multiplying the travel distance by fuel price gave an average travel cost of 22 Swedish Kronor (SEK, i.e. 3 US$) for each visit. The consumer surplus for all the respondents was 77 SEK (11 US$) for each visit, 117 SEK (16 US$) for those who lived in urban areas and 47 SEK (6 US$) for the respondents who lived in rural areas. The frequency of visits was influenced by travel cost, time spent at recreation site, location of home, type of recreation activity and dog ownership. The results suggest that people who live in urban areas would be willing to pay more money for outdoor recreation than people in rural areas, which implies that people in urban areas have a lesser access to nature areas. Thus it is important to provide more nature areas in urban areas to provide people who live there with more opportunities for recreation. The results will contribute to land use planning process by considering societal demand for recreation. If the strategy is to increase the frequency of visits to nature areas for recreation, it is important to provide amenities that make nature areas more accessible to people and their demand should be integrated into the provision and management of the amenities. Key References Emmelin, L., Fredman, P., Sandell, K. & Lisber, J.E., 2010. Planera för Friluftsliv: Natur, Samhälle, Upplevelser [Plan for Outdoor Recreation: Nature, Society, Experinces]. Carlsson bokförlag, Stockholm, Sweden. Fredman, P., Romild, U., Yuan, M. & Wolf-Watz., D., 2012. Latent Demand and Time Contextual Constraints to Outdoor Recreation in Sweden. Forests 3, 1-21.

What do private urban forest owners really expect? A case study on payments for ecosystem services in urban forests of Celje, Slovenia Hostnik, Robert 1

1 Slovenia Forest Service, Ljubljanska 13, 3000 Celje, Slovenia, [email protected] Key Words private forest owners, payments for ecosystem services, urban forests of Celje.

Summary During the last two decades the concept of the urban forest governance based on close co-operation between the local unit of the Slovenia Forest Service and the municipality of Celje has evolved. Its results are manifested in the new recreational infrastructure, new areas of public urban forests, long-term oriented and prompt forest management for reasonable costs and established monitoring system. The activities were mainly focused on urban forests on the city’s southern fringe.

In recent years the urban development and demands towards forests have increased. The northern urban forest area around the Šmartinsko Lake has become especially attractive for recreation. Due to predominant private ownership in the area and regardless to the Forest Act, which provides a free access to all the forests, conflicts between different forest users and private owners are becoming more prevalent. Therefore, the Forest Service has started a project to (1) explore the options for directing the increased recreational use in order to protect forest stands and (2) to examine the willingness of private forest owners to allow the recreational infrastructure on their property in exchange for a certain amount of regular payment by the municipality. The long-term goal of the project is to establish a system of payments for the ecosystem services (PES) that would prevent conflicts over land use between public and private owners. In the first phase two pilot areas have been selected in the northern urban forests of Celje which are characterized by highly fragmented private property. The economic expectations of private urban forest owners were examined through detailed personal interviews with 112 forest owners in the area of four previously designated potential footpaths and mountain bike tracks with a total length of 13.6 km. The questionnaire included the socio-economic characteristics of the forest owners, their perception of forest values and their own forest and the relationship to the visitors. The amount of payment that would satisfy the owners for allowing a recreational infrastructure in their forest was examined with the use of the contingent valuation method.

Some of preliminary results show that more than half of the interviewed forest owners agree that wood production in urban forests is less important than in other forests. Forty-two per cent of them disagree with the statutory free access to the forests. Seventy per cent of the interviewed forest owners say that there are many visitors in their forests and 47% of the interviewed claim that they are doing damage. The presentation highlights and discusses specific economic expectations of forest owners for allowing an organized recreational service in their forests.

Key References Green Book on payments for environmental services from Mediterranean forests. 2013. EU SylvaMED project report. Simončič, T., Matjašić, D. (ed.). Ljubljana: Slovenia Forest Service, 108 p.

Urban forest and urban development: The contribution of urban forests to increase image and appreciation value of urban areas in Leipzig / Germany Schulze, Michael

HSR Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil, GTLA Institut für Geschichte und Theorie der Landschaftsarchitektur, Oberseestrasse 10, CH-8640 Rapperswil, E-Mail: [email protected] Key Words urban forest, urban development, urban redevelopment Summary Urban redevelopment in structurally weak regions imposes new requirements on the planning, layout and design of inner city green spaces and open areas. In Leipzig large fallow areas became continuously available in the course of transformation processes particularly after the social and political changes during the German reunification in 1989. In the context of urban land use management the establishment of forest and forest-like structures can contribute to improve the quality of an area . This study was conducted in the framework of the pilot project "Ecological urban renewal through investment in urban forest areas on urban areas in the course of land use change" in Leipzig. Therefore a total of ten fallows were planned to reforest from 2009-2016. This research paper aimed technically and scientifically support that development project. In contrast to the previous discussions, such as were held in the Ruhr area in Germany, this project want to establish forest-like structures within the historically grown town. In the course of this development new possibilities for design as well as "Urban Forest" as a new area category are needed. These new area categories complement the conventional urban green and open areas such as forest, historic parks, constructed green spaces and municipal parks. In the study "Importance of open spaces and green areas to the value of land and property" Gruehn et al. (2006) identified a value-enhancing effect based on public and private green spaces. In connection with the urban redevelopment in Leipzig it should be clarified if urban forest increases image and appreciation of land and property. This question was answered using different urban model areas and the main indicator “stores” and the examination criteria "main street effect", "stops effect" and "green and open area effect".

Due to investing in and design of urban forests the urban redevelopment process may be fostered, particularly in depressed areas. The main findings were:

 The location within the urban district as well as within the city as a whole is crucial for the performance of the urban forest.  Only attractively designed and barrier free constructed transitions can successfully link urban forests to existing residential structures.  Within the urban forest, a minimum level of design and infrastructure is required.

In the course of the establishment and design of urban forests the high value of urban planning aspects was confirmed. The findings in the study complement the results recently presented by Burkhardt et al. (2008).

Positive ecological, socio-cultural and economic effects urge to use urban forests as a tool for urban redevelopment as alternative to constructions needing intensive maintenance. The implementation of such projects requires a constructive dialogue and close cooperation between urban planning, landscape architecture, forestry and science. Further, it increases demands on aesthetics, acceptance, usability and economic feasibility on the developing green structures.

Key References Burkhardt, Irene.; Dietrich, R.; Hoffmann, H.; Leschner, J.; Lohmann, K.; Schoder, F. und Schultz, A. 2008: Urbane Wälder. Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN), Bonn - Bad Godesberg. Eng.: "Urban forests." Gruehn, Dietwald; Luther, Mike; Kenneweg, Hartmut . 2006: Die Bedeutung von Freiräumen und Grünflächen für den Wert von Grundstücken und Immobilien. Berlin. Eng.: "Importance of open spaces and green areas to the value of land and property."

B - How to Integrate Urban Forests and Green Infrastructures in Urban Planning B1 - Towards Sustainable Green Cities From green cities to landscape cities Bailly, Emeline

Chercheur en urbanisme ; Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Pôle Scientifique et Téchnique Descartes – Université Paris Est, Bâtiment « Le Bienvenüe » - Plot A – 5ème étage ; 14 bd Isaac Newton – 77420 CHAMPS SUR MARNE ; Tél : + 33 1 58 64 87 36 ; Secrétariat : + 33 1 40 50 29 27 ; Fax : + 33 1 40 50 29 10 ; E-mail : [email protected] Key Words landscape, green space, urban forest, urbanization

Summary The notion of landscape is more and more valued in urban projects in France as it is in the United States. With both metropolization and environmental preoccupation, this " landscape urbanism" seems to express an ideal of " green city ", through the development of collective / public natural spaces, with the capacity of bringing urbanity, in a sense of citizenship (political life), citadinity (urban life) and civility (social life). Landscape, green spaces and forest contribute then to a new idea of sustainable urbanism. But what means this new green ideal for urbanization and for quality of life. The presentation will be based on a research, L’enjeu du paysage commun (2013). Based on a multidimensional definition, landscape is the expression just as much of a political, geographical, social and urban reality as of sensory perceptions and experiences of a given environment. This research compares the evolution of two suburbs where new green urban projects are developed: one in Paris (Ile-St-Denis) and another one in New York (Bronx). Our hypothesis were that urban landscapes, forests and green infrastructures could change urban environment, but need to be linked with the reality of the perception and the sense of the residents. Also, we have compared the conception of urban spaces from the planners (analysis of the urban projects in the two contexts) and the conception of what landscapes and green spaces is for residents and users. The analysis show that urban landscape is often reduced to its natural dimension. Parks, forest, and other green open spaces are supposed to structure and beautify towns and cities and enhance their “sustainable” image. In urban projects, landscape is also supposed to improve quality of life and natural spaces are intended to generate spontaneous urban sociability. But if they are frequented, these natural spaces generate a diffuse sociability, promoting self-segregation instead of public spaces linked to a political sphere that no longer seems able to foster citizenship (Delbaere 2011). However, landscape cannot be reduced to landscaped natural spaces. The ways in which they will be appropriated and become a medium for the expression of identity and urbanity for those who live or use them must be considered.

This research shows the green city ideal of planners. It seems designed, "pictorialized", according to professionals’ points of reference without considering how it would be received by inhabitants or users. At the same time, natural spaces appear to be developed in substitution of peripheral urban spaces unable to create placemaking and public space. This condemnation of peripheral urban spaces by planners seems also in contradiction with the perceptions and spatial investment of the residents. This urban reclamation through landscaping seems aimed above all at the transformation of the urban image and not of people’s relationships to places. How the creation of urban landscapes, forests or green infrastructures, can transform not just the city’s image but also people’s relationship with their environment and in particular their mental perception of places. In this perspective, we propose to reconsider the composition of the urban landscapes, capable of

reconciling the designed spaces with perceived, lived and imagined spaces by inhabitants and transforming the urban life and the urbanity of new public spaces.

Ways towards the sustainable city? Green-blue scenarios for European cities Haase, Dagmar Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Germany, email: [email protected] Key Words sustainable city, land use scenarios, green infrastructure, ecosystem services

Summary An increasing number of people live in cities. The share of urban population in 2050 is estimated to reach 75%. Thus, cities become “the” environment for the world population and, respectively, their environments have been becoming crucial for the quality of life of large parts of the world population. One the one hand, cities are places of heavy air pollution, traffic noise and industrial emissions. But on the other, urban environments offer a lot of ecosystem services through their ecosystems: air filtration, cooling, fresh water supply and physical and mental recreation, to name some most important. This paper shows (change) patterns of land uses and green-blue infrastructure such as wetlands, forests, parks, alloment gardens etc. providing ecosystem services across a range of European cities over a 20-years time span. The paper further discusses scenarios of enhancing green-blue infrastructure for selected European cities and shows a way of implementing them. Methodically, the paper uses scenario techniques and a GIS- based land use change modelling. The results of the study clearly show that there is a bias in green-blue infrastructure development in “urban Europe”: Western European green spaces grow whereas Eastern and Southern European cities lose green infrastructre and all services it provides. This development is not necessarily coupled to pure population growth. The scenario modelling results provide evidence that there are options of ecosystem services enhancement—in form of classic green spaces such as parks but also new forms of green-blue infrastructure like interim uses, agua ponts, multistorey greenhouses and green roof gardens—also in growing cities such as Berlin or Stockholm when considering synergies between different ecosystem services and ways of land sharing. Key References Haase D, Kabisch N, Haase A 2013 Endless Urban Growth? On the Mismatch of Population, Household and Urban Land Area Growth and Its Effects on the Urban Debate. PLoS ONE 8(6): e66531. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.006653. Kabisch N, Haase D 2012. Green space of European cities revisited for 1990-2006. Landscape and Urban Planning 110, 113-122. Kabisch N, Haase D 2014. Just green or justice of green? Provision of urban green spaces in Berlin, Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning. In press. Larondelle N, Haase D 2013. Urban ecosystem services assessment along a rural-urban gradient: a cross- analysis of European cities. Ecological Indicators 29, 179–190.

An assessment of ecosystem services in urban forests: regulation of water flow, water purification and air pollution reduction Vilhar, Urša; Kobal, Milan ; Žlindra, Daniel; Verlič Andrej; Japelj, Anže Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Key Words urban ecosystems, indicators, water holding capacity, air quality, Slovenia Summary In the recent years there has been an increasing focus on ecosystem services provided by urban forests, such as flood regulation, moderation of the urban climate and air pollution reduction. Relative to natural ecosystems, urban ecosystems seem to possess similar climate, soils, vegetation, soil dynamics, and flows of energy as a result of natural ecological patterns and processes. However, urban ecosystems differ from natural ecosystems in importance, and prevalence of certain disturbances. A large amount of environmental monitoring and evaluation data is collected in various formats throughout the research community, which has the potential to support practice, decision-making and policy. However, information about the extent of how urban forests fulfill their ecosystem services, is limited (Vilhar and Simončič 2012). This study presents quantitative and qualitative indicators for selected ecosystem services of urban forests and other land uses in the City of Ljubljana, related to regulation of water flow, water purification and air pollution reduction. We focused on main land cover classes: forests, cropland, grassland / pastures, wetlands, swamps / floodplains, lakes / rivers and urban areas. In cases of missing values for certain land cover class, an estimated values from regional investigations were used. Rainfall interception (% annual precipitation) and soil water holding capacity (g cm-3) were selected indicators for regulation of water flow. Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater of Ljubljana aquifer (max NO3 l-1), soil bulk density (g cm-3) and C/N ratio were selected indicators for water purification. And finally, annual concentration of NO2(μg m-3), annual concentration of PM10 (μg m-3) and number of days with exceeded PM10 concentration threshold 50 μg m-3 were selected indicators for air pollution. We standardized the obtained values on a relative scale: from 0 – no relevant contribution; to 100 – maximum possible contribution of land cover class to provision of an ecosystem service (Koschke et al. 2012). The highest capacity to provide water flow regulation was shown for wetlands (55 scores) and mixed forests (53 scores). For the wetlands extremely high soil water holding capacity contributed to the importance of this ecosystem service whereas for the mixed forest high rainfall interception was important. The lowest capacity was indicated for urban areas (0 scores). The highest capacity to provide water purification services was shown for mixed (83 scores) and coniferous forests (82 scores), compared to urban areas with lowest capacity (3 scores). For the forests the values of all three selected indicators for water purification were higher compared to other land classes. The lowest capacity for the air pollution reduction was indicated for urban areas (15 scores), followed by cropland (52 scores), whereas other land classes had scores higher than 80. The highest capacity to provide air pollution reduction was shown for forests with 100 scores. Results of this study could help to link the decision making incorporated in urban planning system with the relevant scientific knowledge and environmental information, models and data, e.g. water protection areas, human health exposure and risk by air pollutants, ecosystem exposure to exceedance of critical levels and loads, etc. Key References Koschke L, Fürst C, Frank S, Makeschin F (2012) A multi-criteria approach for an integrated land-cover- based assessment of ecosystem services provision to support landscape planning. Ecological Indicators 21. 54-66 Vilhar U, Simončič P (2012) Identification of Key Indicators for Drinking Water Protection Services in the Urban Forests of Ljubljana. SEEFOR South-east European Forestry 3. 103-113

Planning healthy urban settings: The contribution of the PHENOTYPE Project Lawrence, Roderick; Zufferey, Joris Human Ecology Group, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 7 route de Drize, CH- 1227 Carouge, Switzerland [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Green space, health and well-being, transdisciplinary, human ecology Summary Introduction: Urbanisation influences both positively and negatively human health and well-being. For this reason, it constitutes “a major determinant of public health in the 21st century” (WHO, 2008: 4). The negative health impacts of urbanisation are multiple. They can be related to numerous kinds of factors. Furthermore, several European key challenges have been identified (including the aging of the population, global change and socio-economic inequalities) (Lawrence, 2012) while the development of obesity, noncommunicable diseases and mental illnesses are increasing. In this context, how can urban environments, especially access to green spaces including urban forests, contribute to the improvement of the health and well-being of urban residents? Methodology: The EU FP7 project PHENOTYPE (Positive Health Effects of the Natural Outdoor environment in TYpical Populations of different regions of Europe) is a European research project funded for four years, which started in 2012. It investigates the interrelations between natural environments, human behaviour and positive health effects. Three work packages are dedicated to field research with three different methodologies that are applied to random samples of the resident population in four European cities. The empirical research comprises:

 Mechanism Assessment (medium size cross-sectional study using a questionnaire survey and a cell- phone body sensor “calfit” developed by the University of California, Berkeley to collect information) (n= 1000 in each city);  Epidemiological Studies (large epidemiological studies using existing cohorts and registry with good health outcomes data) (n= 24’000);  Therapeutic Studies (small experimental studies using photography and lab experiences) (n=20-40 in each city).

Main results: The presentation will focus on:

 A holistic conceptual framework that integrates the natural environments, human behaviour and human health and well-being and that is composed of two models: first, an explanatory model for scientists on processes and pathways (physical activity, social contact, restoration of stress, ecosystem services); second, a model for decision makers (the modified sDPSEEA model) founded on the systemic principles of human ecology.  A series of variables that characterise the attractiveness of green and blue spaces for health promoting behaviours. With the aim to develop indicators, eight categories have been identified and each of these will be analysed and measured by quantitative and qualitative measures.

Conclusion: The empirical validation of the two conceptual models will be achieved after fieldwork has been completed in the four European cities and the database has been analysed. The translation of empirical results into recommendations and guidelines in 2015 will constitute a main deliverable, with the idea to bring more health and nature based considerations into professional practices.

Key References Lawrence, R. (2012). Urban health challenges in Europe. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 90 supplement 1, pp.523-536. Lawrence, R. & Zufferey, J. (2013). A conceptual framework of the complexity of the positive interrelations between human behaviour, health and natural environments [forthcoming]. World Health Organization (2008). Our cities, our health, our future. A synopsis of the Report of the Knowledge Network on Urban Settings to the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. WHO Centre for Health Development: Kobe City.

B2 - Planning and Developing Urban Green Infrastructures in Cites Pedestrian wind comfort modelling for different tree planting plans in a city avenue Amorim, J.H. 1; Freitas, S. 2; Moura e Sá, F. 1; Valente, J. 1; Miranda, A.I. 1; Carvalho, J. 2; Borrego, C. 1

1CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Green urban planning; green infrastructures; CFD modelling; urban microclimate; human comfort Summary The interrelations between microclimate and urban form are key elements driving the comfort of pedestrians in a city, which is a particularly relevant aspect when planning or intervening in outdoor public spaces. The goal of this work is to evaluate the extent to which the wind comfort conditions are affected by urban greenspace design, and how this benefit can be optimized by knowledge-based decisions. The study is focused on the main avenue of Aveiro (small-medium town in Portugal) and was developed in the framework of a project for its qualification. Consequently, the discussion of a new tree planting plan was promoted by the local authorities aiming to tackle critical structural issues identified in the old trees while stimulating the sustainable mobility and improving the usability of this area for outdoor activities. For this purpose, three distinct tree planting typologies that differ in the dimensions and location of sidewalks and trees were proposed, with all the configurations leading to a significant increase in the available space for pedestrians (as a result of a 50% reduction of the traffic lanes and volume). Information on wind behavior becomes essential, especially because it seeks to enhance the function and the pedestrian experience on the main avenue of a city that is very marked by the permanent presence and action of the wind (with 15% of the time, in average, characterized by winds exceeding the threshold of 5 m.s-1). The effect of each planning alternative on wind flow behaviour was simulated with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model Fluent [Amorim et al. 2013, Martins et al. 2009], accounting for the symbiotic effects of urban microclimate, building configurations and the specific characteristics of the trees’ species. The model was applied for the baseline situation (avenue with no trees) and the three scenarios defined. Typical meteorological conditions, obtained from the statistical analysis of local weather observations, were used in the definition of the initial conditions for the model. Wind comfort was classified by comparing the CFD outputs with the international human comfort criterion proposed by Willemsen and Wisse [2007], which takes into account the wind intensity at a given spot and the corresponding time frequency. Results indicate distinct comfort conditions for the different planting plans, but also within the different sections of the avenue, showing that some zones are more adequate for outdoor activities than others. For the zones that do not meet the comfort criteria adopted in this study, in particular the eastern section of the avenue close to the railway station, a set of measures for mitigating the wind speed (namely, the installation of natural or artificial windbreakers) is proposed. It was concluded that studies integrating innovative urban planning solutions (that necessarily include green infrastructures) and advanced atmospheric models are able to provide new insights towards the sustainable city of the future. Key References Amorim J.H., Rodrigues V., Tavares R., Valente J., Borrego C., 2013. CFD Modelling of the Aerodynamic Effect of Trees on Urban Air Pollution Dispersion. Science of the Total Environment 461-462, 541-551. Martins A., Cerqueira M., Ferreira F., Borrego C., Amorim J.H., 2009. Lisbon air quality - evaluating traffic hot-spots. International Journal of Environment and Pollution (IJEP) 39(3/4), 306-320. Willemsen E. and Wisse J.A., 2007. Design for wind comfort in The Netherlads: Procedures, criteria and open research Issues. Journal of Wind Engineering and Ind. Aerodynamics 95, 1541-1550.

Classification of urban tree location types considering human needs and site conditions for trees. Vogt, Juliane1, Gillner, Sten2, van de Riet, Keith3

1 Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Pienner Straße 8, 01737 Tharandt Germany, [email protected] 2 Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Pienner Straße 7, 01737 Tharandt Germany, [email protected] 3 Florida Atlantic University, School of Architecture, 111 East Las Olas Boulevard, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33301 USA, email [email protected]

Key Words Urban green, urban structure types, decision matrix Summary Effects of urban green can be differentiated into positive influences e.g. the improving of microclimate and their function as recreational areas, and negative influences e.g. damage on properties caused by limb breakage or penetrating roots leading to lower acceptance of the inhabitants (e.g. Saeboe et al. 2003, Bowler et al. 2010, Kirkpatrick et al. 2013). Urban sites can be characterized as very variable according to the user entitlement and the wide variety of growth conditions. Therefore, the selection of planted tree species has to incorporate these location-specific factors. Based on urban structure data, human demands and tree needs, we developed a decision matrix aimed at classification of specific locations for urban woody plants thus providing planting guidelines. To achieve this: first, urban structure types which are composed of usage and construction characteristics were listed and described especially for urban green aspects. Second, human demands on urban trees including specific needs for sensitive demographic groups were structured and visualized including aspects of aesthetics, risks, interferences, economic, nature experience and nature conservation. Third, tree- specific needs were considered and divided into microclimatic and soil site conditions and further subdivided into the description of their properties and stress factors each. Furthermore the tolerances for certain management strategies were listed.

Our results suggest that there are tree selection criteria such as soil conditions and light availability, which are independent of urban structure types. Some criteria can be categorized in relation to usage within e.g. urban structure types. The latter were classified in urban tree location types combining human demands and tree growth conditions separating specific characteristics of e.g. heavily built-up areas including traffic areas or industrial and commercial areas, as well as more natural habitats such as urban forests and renaturation areas. Specific needs of some demographic groups such as children and elderly people were separately classified. A decision matrix was referred to the developed tree location types and categorized in a priority list for tree selection having: first, generally considered fixed linkages of highest priorities; second, highlighted priorities but not necessarily always linked and third, no special priorities. This matrix is useful to prevent mistakes in planning causing high ecological and economical costs and further to increase acceptance of habitants for urban trees. Choosing the right species for the right location increases the biodiversity within tree planting related to given. Key References Bowler, D.E.; Buyung-Ali, L.; Knight, T.M.; Pullin, A.S.; 2010. Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape & Urban Planning 97 (3), 147-155. Kirkpatrick, J.B.; Davison, A.; Daniels, G. D.;2013. Sinners, scapegoats or fashion victims? Understanding the deaths of trees in the green city. Geoforum 48, 165-176. Saebo, A.; Benedikz, T.; Randrup, T. B.; 2003. Selection of trees for urban forestry in the Nordic countries. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2, 101-114.

Integrating urban tree information for urban planning policy decisions to move towards a green and sustainable city: Dublin city, Ireland Ningal, Tine; Mills, Gerald; Brennan, Michael

University College Dublin, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy (GPEP), Dublin 4, Ireland [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Key Words Urban trees inventory, environmental quality, pedestrian friendly, urban policy and planning, urban tree database, green infrastructure

Summary The continued increase in urbanization and corresponding degradation of urban environmental quality requires adopting new approaches that move towards meeting urban ecological balance and the demands of urban population. In such situations, information on urban vegetation and trees is critical for informing policy decisions by local authorities. Two complementary methods of capturing data on Dublin’s urban trees was employed: a top-down approach capturing trees data from remote sensing satellite images using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and a bottom-up procedure comprising ground-truthing fieldwork. The field inventory involved systematically documenting street trees to create the first urban trees GIS database for Ireland.

The results captured the spatial distribution of Dublin’s trees as well as species compositions and physical structures (diameter at breast height – DBH, tree height, crown size, tree condition, etc.). Over 10,000 trees were digitized, of which 25% (2552) comprised street trees. Overall, 41 different species of street trees were recorded during field inventory of which four species (London Plane, Lime, Maple and Hornbeam) were predominant, comprising 84% of the total street tree population. In order to measure the carbon stock of Dublin’s street trees, the carbon storage and sequestration were estimated using allometric equations and i-Tree model by US Forest Service. Traffic data was additionally computed to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) emission as a measure of air pollution. The correlation between sequestration by street trees and emission from traffic was overlaid with the pedestrian walkability routes which showed traffic density, street tree distributions and pedestrian density. Results indicated it will take 575 years for the current stock of Dublin’s street trees to sequester traffic CO2 emission produced in one year. This reveals a clear disparity between emission and sequestration which can have negative consequences on the quality of human life and the environment. It also highlights the need for applying technologies such as GIS to help inform the strategic planting of trees to maximize their benefits at affordable costs.

Given the multiple benefits provided by urban trees, such as the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, knowledge of their current stock and integrating them into the city’s development plans and climate change policies would be an effective strategy. This is in line with the green infrastructure (GI) theme promoted by many cities globally in recent times to improve urban environments through the use of vegetation. This presentation will report an examination on the correspondence between carbon sequestration of street trees and CO2 emission from automobiles in Dublin City Centre and its integration in informing policy and planning by local authorities for a greener and healthier city. Key References McPherson, E. G., Simpson, J. R., Xiao, Q. & Wu, C. 2011. Million trees Los Angeles canopy cover and benefit assessment. Landscape and Urban Planning, 99, 40-50. Muthulingam, U. & Thangavel, S. 2012. Density, diversity and richness of woody plants in urban green spaces: A case study in Chennai metropolitan city. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11, 450-459.

Roy, S., Byrne, J. & Pickering, C. 2012. A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11, 351-363. Sjöman, H., Östberg, J. & Bühler, O. 2012. Diversity and distribution of the urban tree population in ten major Nordic cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11, 31-39. Strohbach, M. W. & Haase, D. 2012. Above-ground carbon storage by urban trees in Leipzig, Germany: Analysis of patterns in a European city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 104, 95-104. Sunderland, T., Rogers, K. & Coish, N. 2012. What proportion of the costs of urban trees can be justified by the carbon sequestration and air-quality benefits they provide? Arboricultural Journal, 34, 62-82. Young, R. F. 2010. Managing municipal green space for ecosystem services. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 9, 313-321.

Protecting & preserving urban trees on infrastructure projects: The critical role of the consulting arborist Glaeser, Carsten W. 1; Zürcher, Naomi2

1 Glaeser Horticultural Consulting Inc. 47-36 156th Street, Flushing New York 11355 United States, [email protected] 2Naomi Zurcher, Arbor Aegis, Hünenbergstrasse 74, 6006 Luzern, Switzerland; [email protected]

Key Words Urban trees, arboriculture, tree protection and preservation, landscape design. Summary Initially, trees were introduced into urban centers for purposes of beautification or property demarcation1. As our understanding of such trees, now urbanized, increased, Urban Forestry has become something other than an oxymoron. Urban forests, like all forests left to their own resources, would develop, change and evolve slowly, over time. Invariably, however, the context within which the public’s urban forest exists – population demands and development at human speed - imposes a dynamic on our urban trees that challenges the planning and management of this vital resource. It is now recognized that the established, mature urban tree and its large canopy has significant importance within the urban landscape as a whole. The mature urban tree has become a critical element in the cost-effective mitigation of many of urban development’s environmental impacts. As critical as the urban tree is, the “human dynamic” challenges are evidenced by recent research findings reporting an increase in the decline of tree canopy across a variety of landscapes, including urban areas 7, 8 Methods: At the top of the list of known negative impacts to urban trees stands the Infrastructure Project. While constructing and maintaining infrastructure is an absolute necessity, preserving and protecting the mature urban tree resource is equally essential. The objective to ensuring the protection and preservation of urban trees amid such challenges is initiated during a Project’s planning and design phase. Mindful of the need to preserve healthy, structurally sound trees, the best case scenario for tree protection and preservation must include the Consulting Arborist (CA) or equivalent Urban Tree Expert as a partner. Beginning with the Project design phase, carried through into the Project build phase, the CA, by his/her experiences as an arboricultural practitioner, knowledgable in tree biology, soil sciences, etc., both develops and implements the varied Best Management Practices strategies for Tree and Landscape Protection. The CA plays a dual roll by 1. informing the Landscape Architect’s design and specifications with tree-friendly building and protection procedures and 2. in translating those tree-friendly building and protection procedures into oversight and direction during the Build phase. With the CA always seated at the “building WITH trees” table, a Project can be delivered AND accommodate maximum tree retention and protection. Results: Construction impacts to trees and the landscape they populate tend to be highly variable depending on the Design team’s forsight and the Build team’s ability to implement the tools provided by the Design. A CA’s presence during both Project phases can provide the essential tools and strategies for a much-needed informed approach to preserving and protecting our Urban Trees. This Practitioner presentation portrays the CA on the Design Team and the CA on the Build Team of the Avenue V Pumping Station Force Mains Upgrade, a 10 year Infrastructure Project spanning 5+ miles (8+ Kilometers) of Parkway and public streets containing over 1,000 publically-owned urban trees. Cited are field examples from this large-scale Infrastructure project of easily duplicated tree protection and preservation strategies that may be implemented during tree-populated Infrastructure Projects within municipalities the world over. Key References T. J. Campanella. 2003. Republic of Shade. New England and the American Elm. Yale University Press, CT. PlaNYC 2030. A Greener, Greater New York. The City of New York.

Dwyer, J.F., Nowak, D.J., Noble, M.H., Sisinni, S.M. 2000. Connecting People With Ecosystems in the 21st Century: An Assessment of Our Nation’s Urban Forests.USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- GTR-490. 2. Nowak, D.J., S. Hirabayashi, A. Bodine, R. Hoehna. 2013. Modeled PM2.5 removal by trees in ten U.S. cities and associated health effects. Environmental Pollution 178. 395-402. Nowak D.L., G. M. Heisler. 2010. Air Quality Effects of Urban Trees and Parks. Research Series. National Recreation and Park Association. Donovan, G. H. et al. 2013. The Relationship Between Trees and Human Health. American J Preventive Med. 44(2): 139 –145. Lindenmayer, D.B., W.F. Laurance, J.F. Franklin. 2012. Global decline in large old trees. Science 338. 1305- 1306. Nowak D.J., E. J. Greenfield. 2012. Trees and impervious cover change in U.S. cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening (11). 21–30.

B3 - The Role of Suburban Green, Nature, Forest and Agriculture Areas Designing woodland scenery in Zurich Maurer, Philipp1; Wollenmann, Regina2; Faiss, Jürgen3

Zurich City Municipality, Office of Parks and Open Spaces, Beatenplatz 2, 8001 Zürich 1Head Division Undertakings; [email protected] | 2Urban Forest, Chairwoman; [email protected] | 3Open Space Planning, Project Manager; [email protected]

Key Words Open space planning, recreational forest, woodland scenery, woodland park, integral planning. Summary Since the early 19th century, the city forest has had considerable value as a recreational area in Zurich and regarding the ongoing population-growth, its significance is still increasing. For some time now, the city forest is established as an important part of urban life. This is for ecological and mental counterbalance as well as for recreational activities and social interaction in a close to nature ambience. Urban forests serve recreational needs that cannot be sufficiently accomplished within the city. They act as a counterpart to the limited and highly frequented urban green spaces. In Zurich, the woodlands are - beside the lake and the rivers - the strong backbone of the green system. The connections between urban green space and forests, and also important recreational sites within the forests, are now to be enhanced and more consciously shaped. At selected locations it is planned to develop woodlands with a park-like appearance that stand out against the backdrop of the predominant “Dauerwald”-forestry. Several agencies of the Office of Parks and Open Spaces team up in this interdisciplinary project to unite silvicultural, landscape design and biological know- how. The first step was to explore which design approaches or aesthetic impulses can be discovered in forest management, historical garden design and contemporary landscape architecture, as well as in the artistic depiction of forest beauty. Subsequently a series of locations were analysed for their suitability and strategic options. The sites were selected either due to a need for action or due to their key location within the green system. Three sites were selected as pilot projects. Experience thereout will be implemented in further projects on other sites. Opening the forest to landscape design and its subsequent integration into Zurich’s Open Space conception was a success. Apart from the prevalent nature conservation concerns and the provision of recreational infrastructure, the creation of spatial ideas is of essential interest. The challenge is to carve out the hidden qualities of a certain place. Detailed landscaping drafts are to combine silvicultural and landscaping methods, covering well known and rather unknown techniques as well as experimental approaches. All this will be tested over several years in situ. Certainly the field tests will lead to valuable insights in this area of expertise. Key References Gustavsson, Roland. Exploring woodland design: designing with complexity and dynamics – woodland types, their dynamic architecture and establishment. In: Hitchmough, James / Dunnet, Nigel (pub.). The Dynamic Landscape. p 184-214. London and New York 2004 Herzog, Rainer. Die Eichen im Schlosspark Nymphenburg. Bedeutung-Verwendung-Erhaltung. In: Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft: Schlosspark Nymphenburg. Waldpflege als Denkmalpflege und Biotopschutz. LWF Wissen 68, S. 9-22. München 2012 Rippl, Helmut. Grundzüge der Pücklerschen Gestaltungsart in seinen Landschaftsparken. In: Rippl Helmut (Hg.): Der Parkschöpfer Pückler-Muskau. Weimar 1995. Schneider, Ellen. Der Waldpark. Ideen und Erscheinungsformen in Deutschland zwischen 1880 und 1935 (Diss.). Remagen-Oberwinter 2011 Schneider, Ernst. Erziehung und Pflege des Schönheitswaldes. Mit Rücksicht auf die in der Nähe der Städte zu schaffenden und zu erhaltenden Stadtwälder. Die Gartenkunst XV 17, S. 249-262. 1913

Rougeau and breviande forest: The entrance of a territory project Goulouzelle, Eric Agence des Espaces Verts de la region Ile-de-France, 99, rue de l’abbé Groult, 75015 Paris

Key Words Urban planning, dialogue forest-city Summary The large forests of Rougeau and Bréviande (3400 ha), own by AEV, are old forest and situated close to one of the New Towns around Paris, called Sénart. This is a concept from the 60’s, when forest were considered as a nice scenery for leisure.

Now the frame of the town is evolving and we did a big study (environment, landscape, agronomy, forestry, urban planning) not only on the AEV property but on the territory included the town and agriculture zones, to definite the new relation between the town, the forest and agriculture.

This was a long process with many partners (30) to result in a territory project and we hope a territory charter where each partner commits to do his part of the global project. And finally, we hope that the project will be integrated in the local master plan (which is the strongest document).

So before the step, the method consists in negotiation and coordination. We would present the process and the main results (for example, the decision to protect the agricultural landscape around a future vegetal monument, the sequoia alley, instead of construction – or the project of green belt around the main town.)

Designing peri-urban forest reserves networks using systematic conservation planning Pellet, Jérôme1; Sonnay, Vincent2 1n+p, Avenue Ramuz 94, CH-1009 Pully, [email protected] 2A. Maibach Sàrl, CP 99, Chemin de la Poya 10, CH-1610 Oron-la-Ville, [email protected] Key Words Systematic conservation planning, conservation features, decision support tool

Summary Current public policies promote networks of forest reserves that are set-aside from conventional forestry. Designing a network of old-growth woodland is a challenging task for forest managers trying to balance ecological benefits and economical/social costs over large spatial and temporal scales. This was precisely the situation facing foresters trying to design a Nature discovery park in the largest uninterrupted stand of forest on the Swiss Plateau situated just north of Lausanne (40 km2). The objective was to identify forest surfaces maximizing the biological potential for old-growth reserves, while minimizing the surface to 10% of the total area under scrutiny (400 ha). We applied systematic conservation planning (SCP), an optimizing method that is widely used in conservation biology (Margules & Sarkar 2007; Margules & Pressey 2000; Moilanen et al. 2009). Our study area was composed of 4000 one-ha planning units. Each planning unit was characterized by seven conservation features describing forest structure (average tree diameter, proportion of indigenous trees, stand structural diversity), composition (vegetation alliance, presence of endangered species, occurrence of protected habitats) and function (position in the ecological network). Both the selection and the weighting of all 7 conservation features were compiled in agreement with public administrations responsible for both forest and nature management. The algorithmic approach (Marxan) was designed in order to simultaneously maximize the values of the seven conservation features using only 10% of the study area.

The product of this approach is an irreplaceability value that is attributed to each planning unit, and reflects how important a given hectare is to achieving the conservation goals. This value was then used to create a heat map (Figure 1) locating 14 core areas of high value for old-growth reserves. Because these areas (indicated in green in Figure 1) are relatively small (median: 24 ha) and disjoint, they do not allow for the emergence of large scale ecological processes. The heat map was then used to delineate five larger patches (median: 101 ha) concentrated on core areas while expanding towards areas of lower irreplaceability but allowing the appearance of large-scale ecological processes. Because of small scale heterogeneity, the independent mapping of each conservation feature does not reveal any obvious pattern and doesn't allow for a visual identification of areas where conservation features are simultaneously maximized. The use of systematic conservation planning algorithms allows for the emergence of a general pattern where none is apparent. Systematic conservation planning is a rigorous decision support tool that requires wide acceptance by all stakeholders, especially in peri-urban areas: the implication of a large spectrum of representatives is therefore of utmost importance during all stages of the process. The product (a heat map of irreplaceability values) proved an efficient communication tool and provided the basis for community-wide workshops on the design of a peri-urban forest reserve network. Key References Margules C. & Sarkar S. 2007. Systematic Conservation Planning. Ecology, biodiversity and conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Margules C. R. & Pressey R. L. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405: 243-253. Moilanen A., Wilson K. A. & Possingham H. 2009 Spatial conservation prioritization. Quantitative methods and computational tools. Oxford University Press, New York.

Figure 1: A reserve network heat map used as decision support tool.

Falkirk urban woodlands: Crossing boundaries and partnership working in practice Wedderburn, Guy CM Solutions, The East Office, Slamannan Road, GB-FK1 5LX Falkirk, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Key Words Strategy, Delivery, Economy, Social, Environment Summary Falkirk is a medium sized industrial town in central Scotland with a population of 150,000. In 2006 Guy Wedderburn the Falkirk Urban Woodland Strategy at the EFUF conference in Florence and outlined how it was intended that the strategy would act as the catalyst for urban woodland regeneration. Though partnership working £815,000 was secured in 2005 to upgrade pathways; improve degraded landscapes; build better awareness of the woodland resource and encourage the use of woodland as an outdoor classroom.

The strategy was the start of a major urban greenspace regeneration initiative which was recognised in 2012 by acheiving the overall winner in the Scottish Awards for Quality in Planning. This paper explores how through the focus on the delivery of the strategy the partners have achieved a multi-functional woodland that crosses the boundaries between private and public; commercial and social; urban and rural and the economy and the environment. In 2005 the woodlands in and around Falkirk were largely neglected and a little use resource with fragmented access provision, little timber production and no community engagement. An investment in the physical infrastructure contributed to the renascence of the areas urban woodlands. However it is the focus on the broader objectives of the Strategy, the cross border links between landowners, public agencies and community that has driven the greatest change and offers the greatest opportunity for last and sustainable urban woodlands. Developments and initiatives include:

 The startup of a biomass supply company adding value to lower grades of timber sourced from urban woodlands to create local renewable energy and the creation of one FTE job  Diversification of an existing farm business making and selling ice cream from home produced milk to serve the increasing number of visitors to the woodland path network and creating 15 full time and part time jobs  Development of a café and bike hire hub to serve the visitors to the area and in particular the local mountain bike community creating 14 new jobs.  Startup of a Community Company with one full time employee and an enthusiastic volunteer board which, since 2011; - Run weekly path and trail maintenance days and environmental activities - Organised sporting and family events using the urban woodland recourse - Set up a skills training initiative in partnership with the local council providing training for 16 unemployed young people - Developed proposals for a community owned renewable energy project which if approved will provide sustainable income for 20 years - Investigated the feasibility for a community biochar and firewood enterprise.  Developed an outdoor healthy lifestyle programme using urban woodlands adjacent to a major hospital which is now being replicated elsewhere in Scotland.  Developed a programme of school activities aimed at delivering curriculum objectives including national recognition such as the Youth Achievement Award and the John Muir Award.  Developed links with Brno University, providing work experience for two students in their final year of Masters Forestry course.

The paper explores the challenges overcome, lessons learned and plans for the future.

Key References http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/WIATfalkirk.pdf/$file/WIATfalkirk.pdf www.callendarestate.co.uk www.bespokefalkirk.co.uk

C – How to Plan, Manage and Monitor Green Infrastructures and Urban Forests?

C1 – Enhancing Biodiversity and Naturalization of Urban Green Infrastructures Changes in forest distribution and connectivity (1956-2005) in Barcelona – Implications for the management of green infrastructures Basnou, Corina ; Pino, Joan ; Isern, Rosó ; Vicente, Paloma ; Alvarez, Enrique CREAF, Edifici C, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona. Spain; [email protected]

Key Words Landscape changes, historical maps, landscape scale, urbanization Summary Introduction and Research Questions:Many regions of Europe are immersed in an ongoing period of widespread and rapid landscape changes of human origin. Especially interesting is the case of highly urbanized regions in the Mediterranean, where forests are especially affected by land use change, with consequences upon ecosystem support services.Therefore, there is an urgent need for studies to determine how land cover changes may result on important threats and opportunities for the green areas. Our study focuses on the Province of Barcelona and asks the following questions: (1) Which are the main landscape changes? (2) Which factors drive the distribution of the recent forests in the area? and (3) Which are the main changes in forest ecological connectivity? Methods: We generated a land-cover map for the time period, which was reclassified into the following landscape changes: forestation, deforestation, crop abandonment, and urbanization (Basnou et al. 2013). We then explored their association with a set of physical factors using redundancy analysis. Using the historical and recent land cover maps, we evaluated the differences in forest connectivity in pre-existing (present in 1956) and recent (subsequently appeared) forests in the study area. We defined the Connectivity Index, previously developed by CREAF and we calculated it using the rasters of forest maps. We selected various sampling points, distributed each 250 m over each of the two historical maps.

Results: Urbanization and forestation were the main landscape changes, followed by crop abandonment and deforestation. The new forests cover 74595 ha in the Province of Barcelona, while the pre-existing forests are distributed over 242167 ha. Most of the recent forests are situated at the edge of the pre- existing forests and close to urban areas. Forestation and deforestation are concentrated in remote mountain areas, urbanization mainly occurs in lowlands and especially on the coast, and close to previous urban centres and roads. Unchanged areas are concentrated in rainy and relatively remote mountain areas. Both historical forest types have similar connectivity indexes (4.55 the pre-existing forests and 4.54 the recent forests). Conclusions: Mediterranean landscapes lost the traditional landscape gradient in the last 50 years. Changes in forest connectivity are of special interest, especially for the green infrastructure networks from the region. Our findings provide support for local authorities responsible for spatial planning decisions and cover crucial principles describing green infrastructure (highlighted by the EC, 2012).

Key references Basnou, C., Álvarez, E., Bagaria, G., Guardiola, M., Isern, R., Vicente, P., & Pino, J. (2013). Spatial Patterns of Land Use Changes Across a Mediterranean Metropolitan Landscape: Implications for Biodiversity Management. Environmental management, 52(4), 971-980. European Commission, D. G. Environment (2012). Science for Environment Policy. In-depth report on ‘The Multifunctionality of Green Infrastructure. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/Green_Infrastructure.pdf

Toward naturalization of urban green space: New directions for Halifax and Charlottetown, Canada Duinker, Peter1; Steenberg, James2; Leblanc, Rob3; Charles, John4; Cushing, Stephen5

1School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 6100 University Ave., Halifax, Canada B3H 4R2 ([email protected]) 2Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada ([email protected]) 3Ekistics Planning and Design, Dartmouth, Canada ([email protected]) 4Halifax Regional Municipality, Halifax, Canada ([email protected]) 5School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada ([email protected]) Key Words Urban green space, naturalization, eastern Canada, native species

Summary There is an increasing desire on the part of citizens and urban-forest stakeholders in eastern Canada to move to a more-natural vegetative condition in many urban green spaces. The co-authors have experience together in developing and implementing a suite of plans for green-space naturalization in Charlottetown (Victoria Park and Upton Farm) and Halifax (Point Pleasant Park, the Dalhousie University campus, and the Urban Forest Master Plan). All five plans, at various stages of implementation, call for: (a) reductions in the populations of alien species, particularly those considered invasive; and (b) a move away from mown grass toward native tree cover with associated understories of native plants. The objective of the presentation is to reveal each plan’s objectives and methods of naturalization, showing how the approaches have both common and unique elements. Each plan was prepared using a balanced combination of technical expertise and public input. Victoria Park, Charlottetown - This 16-ha urban park is about 40% wooded. Native tree species dominate, but alien species, particularly Norway maple, are ubiquitous. The plan calls for expansion of the woodland overall, gradual removal of the alien tree species, and overall restoration of a climax Acadian forest. American beech is excluded at this time because of the pervasive beech-bark disease. Upton Farm, Charlottetown - Upton Farm is a 56-ha former farm on the edge of the City of Charlottetown in the Province of Prince Edward Island. The Upton Farm Trust, owner of the property, aims to obtain designation of the land as a natural area under PEI’s Natural Areas Protection Act. The new master plan for the property calls for a long-term naturalization of the existing forest and many of the meadows.

Point Pleasant Park, Halifax - The objective is to re-naturalize the forest canopy of this 70-ha wooded park following the damage inflicted in 2003 by Hurricane Juan. Except for European beech, regeneration of alien species will be periodically removed from the forest. Over a hundred thousand seedlings were planted in 2007-2008, all of species native to Nova Scotia except for three species native to New Brunswick. Urban Forest, Halifax - the Urban Forest Master Plan adopts the principle of planting native species where possible, and alien species only where advisable. The street-tree planting program for spring/summer 2013, with over a thousand caliper trees planted, strongly favoured native species such as American basswood, American elm, and red maple. Dalhousie University Campus – The three Halifax campuses of Dalhousie University, spread over 32 ha, are home to nearly one thousand trees (almost all planted) of various sizes, ages, and species. Approximately 22% of the trees on the campuses are invasive species, primarily Norway maple. There are plans to phase out invasive species as they decline naturally. Naturalization will occur through widespread planting of native tree species as well as natural regeneration in some select small groves.

In the presentation, we elaborate on each of these initiatives and discuss prospects for and problems with implementation. Naturalization projects take decades to show their true results. Obtaining good survival rates for planted native stock and effective control of non-native species requires significant ongoing efforts. Improvements in the provision of ecosystem services, both ecological and social, that result from the naturalization efforts are substantial.

Lebendige Luppe: Reporting progress and unexpected challenges in an ongoing revitalization project in Leipzig’s urban floodplain forest. Kasperidus, Hans Dieter1; Seele, Caroline2; Hartmann, Timo1; Herkelrath, Anna3; Krüger, Anett3; Heinrich Jürgen 3; Wirth, Christian2; Scholz, Mathias1 1Helmholz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Department Conservation Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Universität Leipzig, Institut für Biologie, AG Spezielle Botanik & Funktionelle Biodiversität, Johannisallee 21 – 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] 3Universität Leipzig, Institut für Geographie, Abteilung für Physische Geographie, Johannisallee 19a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Urban Floodplain Forest, River Revitalization, Ecosystem Service, Monitoring and Planning Obstacles

Summary The revitalization project “Lebendige Luppe” started in 2012 with the plan to revitalize more than 20 km of a former river course in Leipzig’s northern floodplain ecosystems. One of the main objectives is to improve the quality of the biological and physical structures of riparian habitats for plants and animals, and to maintain its ecosystem functions for the people. The project team responsible for the scientific monitoring of the revitalization measure implemented a BACI (Before-After Control-Impact) study design. This is a system of field plots to detect and monitor changes in ecological parameters and ecosystem services that may be the result of the project. However, unexpected events like the flood event of June 2013 inundated the study area and showed the potential of the former river dynamics in the active floodplain forest. Furthermore, considerations about the possibility to implement a modified course of the river challenge the current implementation of monitoring plots. The presentation reports the progress in establishing the scientific monitoring concept and the options for modification. First results of the field campaign in 2013 describe the current status of the main ecological factors of the area. On 36 randomly selected plots the vegetation was analysed in spring and summer. About 131 herbaceous species were identified where the species composition is mainly differentiated by the ground water level and availability of light. The soil samples on the same plots revealed the specific hydromorphic features which show the long-term effects of hydrological changes caused by former flood control measures and open-cast mining within the urban regional context. However, due to the variety of the micro relief of the floodplain forest there is still a diversity of locations with different moisture conditions. Also, the first results of the chemical analyses of soil samples and groundwater samples approved the diverse geo-chemical conditions. These results give a first systematic glimpse about the current ecological status in the study area. Further measurements are necessary to get a better understanding of reasons or factors causing the current biological and geo- chemical variations. Thus, the first cornerstone of the scientific monitoring program is established. Even if a new stream course will require a redesign of the monitoring plot scheme, the work and collected data are still valuable in the context of the BACI design. The 2013 flood event provided valuable on-site information about the actual hydro-morphological conditions. First observations in the field have shown the potentials of the area to fulfill their functions as a real floodplain forest and floodwater retention area. Also, the needs for connectivity measures, like the new water course or for increasing the floodplain dynamics become obvious. Furthermore the event fueled the public awareness and debate about the role of an urban floodplain forest as a multifunctional ecosystem. From this point of view the question how the project can improve the ecological conditions in an urban floodplain forest gained additional and unexpected momentum. The project duration is from 05.2012 – 12.2018 and further information can be obtained from the project website: www.lebendige-luppe.de.

Low cost managing measures to increase habitats diversity while reducing the forest burning potential. The example of Collserola Natural Park (Barcelona) Cabañeros, Lluis1; Pastor, Teresa2, Vilamú, Joan1; Martí, Marià1

1Consorci Parc de Collserola, Carretera de l’Església, 92 08017 Barcelona [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2FEDENATUR, Carretera de l’Església, 92 08017 Barcelona, [email protected]

Key Words biomass, herbivores, farming, biodiversity, fire prevention. Summary Managers of periurban forest parks – especially those located in the Mediterranean zone- are faced with several challenges: fire risk prevention, loss of biodiversity, lack of economic resources. During the last 70 years, intense urban development has been coupled with progressive abandonment of agricultural activities and cessation of forest exploitation. These changes in land-use are responsible for the expansion of forests, which in populated areas becomes a synonym of fire risk increase. It also causes a loss of habitats diversity which, in turn, hastens the loss of biodiversity. This situation is particularly intense in the Parc of Collserola - a Mediterranean forest park of more than 8.000 ha located in the center of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area and surrounded by more than 3 M inhabitants. How to revert this situation in a context of low economic resources? The managing entity of Collserola natural park has undertaken 3 complementary measures: (i) forest clearance, (ii) reintroduction of herbivores and (iii) promotion of local farming.

Forest clearance is a way to reduce inflammable material while promoting species competition and reducing hydric stress. However, it is an expensive activity for the machinery and human resources needed. Thus, in low Mediterranean productive forests, this activity is almost inexistent. Yet, with the recent increase in the use of biomass for energy production, reducing forest stocks could become profit- earning. For this reason, Collserola has taken actions to promote it. In 2013, the first forest clearances were carried out by biomass firms, without extra costs for the Park. The use of animals to clear fire protection fringes -instead of machinery- is another way to reduce costs while favouring an increase of biodiversity. The first viability study of herbivores reintroduction was carried out already in 1998. But the first remarkable action was the construction of a farm with capacity for 500 reproductive sheeps, in 2011. Since then, the Park has been planning and building water points and closets for shepherd’s usage. It has also helped them to sell the meat in ecological markets, backing them up with a guarantee mark issued by the Park. The park of Collserola is now mainly covered by forest. The low productivity of the crops and the low profit obtained forced owners to gradually abandon farming activities. As a means to increase habitats diversity, the Park has promoted the recovery of dry farming. Since 1999, the Park has put in contact land owners with active farmers from other areas that are willing to farm in the Park. The aim is to fully recover 400 ha for farming activities. In conclusion, with these three low cost forest managing measures, the Park of Collserola is increasing its habitats diversity while successfully reducing the burning potential of the forest, one of the main dangers of urban forests located in highly populated Mediterranean areas, such as Barcelona. Key References Espelta, J.M. & Javierre, M. 1998. Basis for establishing in Collserola Park a network of fire protection strips held with domestic herds. CREAF, Barcelona Autonomous University. Available on demand (in catalan). Collserola Park Annual Reports. Available (in catalan) at the website www.parcnaturalcollserola.cat

C2 – Social Perceptions, Cultural Values and Recreational Uses of Urban Forest Should it be grey, green or blue? Adolescents’ preferences for restorative settings Eder, Renate; Allex, Brigitte; Stummer, Romana; Griesbach, Andrea; Ebenberger, Martin; Arnberger, Arne

Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, Department of Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Peter Jordan- Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria, Tel. ++43-1-47654 7205 [email protected], [email protected], www.boku.ac.at Key Words Urban green spaces, restorative needs, adolescents, face to face interviews, Vienna

Summary Several studies which have focused on adults identified a range of positive effects of urban green spaces on human well-being and health. However, the restorative needs of adolescents have so far received only little attention in research. The question arises of whether young people prefer the same types of recreation areas for satisfying their restorative needs as adults. Which areas do they prefer for cognitive restoration, to reduce their stress levels or to satisfy their social needs? Which settings and recreational infrastructures do they prefer for the three mentioned needs? This study investigated the restorative preferences of Viennese pupils and students for different urban grey, blue and green spaces. In summer 2013, 207 face to face interviews were carried out in eleven Viennese recreation areas. The respondents were between 12 and 26 years old and 48% were female. Most of the respondents were pupils or students. The response rate was 65%. Based on the three different questions (1) “Which setting do you prefer to meet friends?” (2) “Which setting do you prefer to reduce your stress level?” (3) “Which setting do you prefer to renew your concentrativeness?” respondents were asked to rank images of different types of grey, green and blue spaces from most to least preferred. The images depicted a small urban square (“grey”), different park settings and urban forests (“green”) and two water dominated areas (“blue”). First analysis shows that respondents differently ranked the images depending on the needs of “meeting friends”, “cognitive restoration” and “stress reduction”. Respondents favoured open and wide areas with facilities for resting and doing sports (e.g. sunbathing lawns, benches, basketball/volleyball places) when they want to meet friends. They disliked densely wooded areas without infrastructure as meeting place. Natural areas without recreational infrastructure, water bodies and forests were more important for stress reduction and cognitive restoration than the urban square. Analyses also pointed out that there were differences in the ranking between age (students and pupils) and gender. The sample site didn’t influence the preferences of the young people.

These results document that there are various demands for restorative places based on wellbeing needs, age and gender. The management of public spaces maybe challenged to provide different types of recreation settings within the urban fabric based on these specific needs.

This study was funded by the Austrian research programme “Sparkling Science” (www.sparklingscience.at) of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research. Special thanks go to Nora Artner, Clara Höbart, Josephine Jungel, Wolfram Walenta and Alexander Wöginger for collecting the data during their university internship in summer 2013.

Equality of access and engagement with woodlands in Britain: enablers and barriers O’Brien, Liz; Morris, Jake Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH [email protected] and [email protected] Key Words Intervention, barriers to access, well-being, hard to reach groups

Summary Public surveys analysing engagement with the natural environment in Britain illustrate that those least likely to visit natural spaces include black and minority ethnic groups, urban deprived populations, those of lower socio-economic status, people with a disability and those aged over 65 years (Natural England, 2013) Surveys covering access to woodlands illustrate similar patterns; at a population level those who are White British, of higher socio-economic status and those aged 35-64 are more likely to access woodlands. A meta-synthesis of existing studies has identified the social distribution of barriers that prevent access to woodland (Morris et al. 2011). This work has presented a conceptual typology of barriers, categorised under: 1) physical and structural barriers such as information, signage, transport and facilities; and 2) socio-cultural and personal barriers including feelings of confidence, concerns about safety, social/cultural norms of use for different groups. The work also shows how these barriers are unequally distributed across social groups.

A meta-synthesis of the well-being benefits gained from engaging with woodlands and a review of existing literature on public access to woodlands, have shown how targeted interventions can be used to encourage access amongst so called ‘hard-to-reach’ groups (Molteno et al. 2012; O’Brien and Morris, 2012). This paper will illustrate some of the interventions that have been successfully applied to encourage public access and enhance well-being in Britain. We review evidence from evaluations of these interventions to identify lessons concerning effective mechanisms for enabling more socially diverse groups to access woodlands. There are limitations to this evaluative evidence as the majority of studies are focused on the Public Forest Estate or where the Forestry Commission is working in partnership with local authorities and third sector organisations. At present there is little evaluative evidence of interventions on privately owned woodlands. Interventions include programmes such as Forest School targeted at children with special needs (O’Brien, 2009), Active England an intervention to encourage greater physical activity, and conservation volunteering targeting those who are disadvantaged (Morris and O’Brien, 2011; O’Brien et al. 2011). Our research results highlight specific obstacles to running successful interventions, including: a lack of funding, the resource intensive nature of targeting specific groups; organisation and staff time; lack of understanding of how to target specific groups. Successful mechanisms for encouraging hard-to-reach groups to access woodlands included: led and supported activity; welcoming spaces; regular activity; embedding it as part of everyday life; and activities that provide new experiences. The research identifies that some groups require relatively intensive levels of support and the provision of free or low cost activities is especially important for deprived groups. We conclude that led and supported activities, and specifically designed and targeted projects can be useful approaches in engaging hard-to-reach audiences. These types of interventions will often require organisations to adopt an adaptive approach to policy and management, requiring them to work in greater partnership with other organisations who may have more experience and skill in working with specific groups. Investing in training, new skills and knowledge amongst existing staff will also be important. Key References Natural England NECR122 edition 1 - Monitor of Engagement with the Natural Environment: The national survey on people and the natural environment: Annual report from the 2012 - 2013 survey.

Molteno, S. Morris, J and O’Brien, L. 2012. Public access to woodlands and forests: a rapid evidence review. Forest Research, Farnham. Morris, J and O'Brien, L. 2011. Encouraging healthy activity amongst under-represented groups: An evaluation of the Active England woodland projects. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 10, 323-333. Morris, J., O’Brien, L., Ambrose-Oji, B., Lawrence, A. and Carter, C. 2011. Access for all? Barriers to accessing woodlands and forests in Britain. Local Environment. 16: 375-396. O'Brien, L., Burls, A., Townsend, M. and Ebden, M. 2011. Volunteering with nature as a way of enabling people to re-integrate into society. Perspectives in Public Health, 131: 71-81. O’Brien, E. 2009. Learning outdoors: the Forest School approach. Education 3-13, 37: 45-60.

Assessing ecological and socio-cultural values of urban green spaces in Trikala, Greece Plexida, Sofia1; Papadouli, Katerina2; Solomou, Alexandra1; Kostopoulos, Athanasios3; Akrivou, Evaggelia4 1 Laboratory of Ecosystem and Biodiversity Management, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., Ν. Ionia, 384 46 Volos, Greece, Tel: +30 2421093281, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2Department of Agricultural Development, Municipality of Trikala, Asklipiou 18, 42100,Trikala, Greece, Tel: +30 2431351229, e-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Urban Planning, Municipality of Trikala, Asklipiou 18, 42100,Trikala, Greece, Tel: +30 2431351222, e-mail: [email protected] 4Department of Special Education of University of Thessaly, Argonafton & Filellinon Str., 382 21 Volos, Greece, e-mail: [email protected] Key Words Biodiversity; urban ecosystems; questionnaire; social involvement; visitor preferences. Summary Urban areas are made up of complex combinations of heterogeneous social–ecological patches (Cadenasso et al., 2007). In urban green spaces, mutual dependence exists between social communities and ecological processes with interactions and feedbacks affecting each other over time (Holling, 2001; Folke, 2006). Objectives of this comparative study on the biodiversity and visitor’s use of 30 piazzas (extent >0.1ha) were to: (1) record biodiversity aspects (tree and shrub richness and abundance) harboring to cultural ecosystem services, (2) analyze piazza characteristics (area, % land cover type, adjacent land use type in 100m width buffers) relating them to plant richness and visitor preference, and (3) investigate any correlations between social and biodiversity benefits in urban green spaces. Herbaceous plants were not recorded because of regularly mowing in the piazzas. To estimate habitat variables, we digitized all spaces from http://www.e-trikala.gr and Google Earth. The sociological survey with questionnaires (N=190) was set up after a small pilot study. We recorded in total 96 plant species, 38 trees and 58 shrubs, from 77 genera and 38 families. Most represented families were Rosaceae (18.18%), Cupressaceae (14.28%) and Fabaceae (6.49%). Regarding vegetation, the most diverse piazza, with an extent of 0.1ha, hosted 31 species whereas the less diverse one, with an extent of 0.2ha, hosted 5 species. The most frequent species were Platanus orientalis and Thuja orientalis with a percentage of 60. Significant negative correlations were found between herb cover (%) and plant richness (Pearson Chi-square=-0.365, p=0.05), whereas moderate correlations were found between herb cover and paved cover (Pearson Chi-square=-0.665, p=0.01). No significant correlations were found between piazza extent and land cover type or species richness. It is important that the most favorite piazzas (19.5%, 8.40%, 6.30% and 5.80%) were surrounded by households and not central functions or shops of the city, revealing the visitor scopes and use. The sample size was prevalently constituted by female (57.4%). Most of the participants were in the age- group 31–40 (34.7%) and performance of chi square test showed that visitor’s satisfaction was highly related to their age (χ2=48.417, p=0.003). This study also highlighted that the participant’s former social involvement was inexistent showing that a percentage of 95.8% had not been asked before for the piazza situation. Regarding the relationships between the biodiversity benefits of green spaces and the visitor survey, only 11.6% considered most important the presence of wildlife, whereas 44.2% did not answer. Plant diversity was considered most important (40.5%), whereas 2.6% was not considered important. Recreation and relaxation offered by the piazzas were considered most important (45.8%). But only 26.8% considered the aesthetic view of piazzas important. Nevertheless, reliability analysis showed a high level (Cronbach's alpha=0.726) of internal consistency for these questions.

Results suggest that a combined social–ecological approach to urban green spaces yields new tools for monitoring and stacking ecosystem services. A potential practical application for this research may be of

interest to policy makers and municipal technical staff in sustainable planning and designing of piazzas yielding to the well-being of citizens in regional cities like Trikala. Key References Cadenasso, M.L., Pickett, S.T.A., Schwarz, K. 2007. Spatial heterogeneity in urban ecosystems: reconceptualizing land cover and a framework for classification. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(2):80–88. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1890/1540–9295 Folke, C. 2006. Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3):253–267. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002 Holling, C.S. 2001. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems, 4(5):390–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-00 Peterson, G. 2000. Political ecology and ecological resilience: an integration of human and ecological dynamics. Ecological Economics, 35:323–336.

Recreation indicators for urban forests Sievänen, Tuija1; Fredman, Peter2; Jensen, Frank Søndergaard3; Vistad, Odd Inge4; Edwards, David5 1Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), PL 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland, [email protected] 2 Mid-Sweden University / Etour, 831 25 Östersund, Sweden, [email protected] 3Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, [email protected] 4Norwegian institute for nature Research (NINA), Human dimension department, Fakkelgården, NO-2624 Lillehammer, Norway, [email protected] 5Social and Economic Research Group, Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SY Scotland, [email protected] Key Words recreation, social indicators, sustainable forest management, urban forest

Summary Sustainable development is a long-term goal for most natural resource related policies. The sustainability concept itself is based upon the principle that current resource uses need to be in balance so that future uses are not threatened, and that future generations have the same opportunities to use and benefit from natural resources as the present generations have. The state of balance should be known and possible to define, and when agreed upon, development and changes over time should be monitored. These goals apply to use and management of urban forests, which are the most important resource for outdoor recreation of urban populations. Monitoring of recreational use is an essential part of sustainable use and management of urban forests. For monitoring, there is a need for efficient measures (indicators) to describe the state of sustainability, the phenomena in question and associated changes. This paper presents results of a review study made in nine North European countries. The project (Social indicators in forestry – further development in the North European context – SOSIN) was initiated in 2012 in order to assess suitable indicators for sustainable recreational use of forests and other natural resources. The objective of the review study was to gather information about existing processes and reporting of social indicators for recreation and nature tourism in each participating country, and to evaluate the status of indicators and monitoring. The summary of eight country reports presents recreation indicators used or indicators which are suggested to take in use. Also the report includes information of different statistics and other data sources for monitoring those indicators. The results of the study reveal that most countries in North Europe do not monitor recreational use in urban forest and other recreational areas systematically over time. Most countries were unable to provide information on indicators or monitoring systems for evaluation and assessment of recreation. In some countries, recreation indicators for urban forest recreation consider the accessibility aspect but not intensity of use or any qualitative dimensions of recreational use. Indicators related to urban forests are such as ‘amount of green spaces in urban areas’, ‘proportion of population with short distance to local green areas’ and ‘number of visits to parks’. The results show a relatively poor level of monitoring particularly in urban forest areas. Some countries do, however, report good progress in their efforts to monitor recreational use of forests in general, and particularly in protected areas. In conclusion, the project identified a need for better indicators and development of systematic and long term monitoring of sustainability in recreational use of forests, also in urban areas, among Northern European countries, and across Europe as a whole. Key References Sievänen T., Edwards, D., Fredman P., Jensen, F.S. & Vistad, O.I. (eds.) 2013.Social Indicators in the Forest Sector in Northern Europe. A Review focusing on Nature-based Recreation and Tourism. TemaNord 2013:584

C3 – Planning Urban Forests Creating a future for Amsterdam’s most valuable urban forest Voeten, Joris G.W.F.

SHFT – Smart Innovative Solutions, Berkelseweg 10, 5056 HZ, Berkel-Enschot, The Netherlands, [email protected] Key Words Amsterdam, growing site construction, ground water, infrastructure, trees Summary The historic city center of Amsterdam is known for its canals, which have been gracefully lined for centuries now with, elsewhere more and more rare, mature elm trees. Having healthy trees along the canals in the historic City Centre of Amsterdam is not only desired by the city, its inhabitants and revenue generating visitors, but also required by UNESCO, as the entire City Centre is designated a World Heritage Site. Besides being an integral part of the look-and-feel and history of the area, these trees provide much needed shade on warm days, when tourists flock the streets and canals the most. The changing landscape below ground, being increased compaction due to heavier traffic, an increase in paved surfaces and rapid growth of below-ground utilities, has created root damage to the point of failure of trees, costly conflicts between roots and utilities and health decline of these elms. Now, with necessary reconstruction of old and sometimes unstable canal walls and their foundations, a perfect opportunity arises to reinvent this urban growing site, aiming at 70 years of successful growth of healthy trees without the mentioned conflicts or decline. A multidisciplinary team had to overcome a huge challenge, not only just to cooperate, but also to create sufficient and suitable underground growing space, considering the very high ground water tables, high intensity use of above-ground urban space, high density of underground infrastructure, high frequency of change in the urban environment and high quality standards set by both UNESCO and the City of Amsterdam.

Through meetings and workshops with arborists, urban planners, experienced contractors, construction engineers, city project managers and hydrologists a new growing site was developed. This growing site permanently separates underground infrastructure from roots, allows ground water to move freely while supplying trees with water, eliminates root damage to pavement, prevents compaction of the root-zone whilst cars park on it, and allows cables to pass through the root zone even providing extra stability for the tree-roots to anchor against. The entire construction is invisible from the canals or the streets, and yet remains attainable for any unforeseen but necessary changes to the above, or below ground situation. The result is that with only a 6,7% increase in initial investment of the canal-wall reconstruction a carefully estimated reduction of tree-maintenance costs of 45% is attainable, while creating a healthy, functional and conflict-free urban forest along the canals in the heart of Amsterdam. The elms along the canals are one of the most important urban forest structures in the historic city center of Amsterdam. With the necessary reconstruction of canal-walls and their foundations, a perfect opportunity arises to reinvent this highly urbanized tree growing site, aiming at eliminating tree instability, diminished tree health, conflicts with underground infrastructure and root damage to the pavement. The multidisciplinary approach lead to an innovative growing site design, not only tackling all of the existing problems, but also reducing annual tree maintenance costs at only a small increase in initial investment.

Spatial configurations of urban woodland in Denmark and Sweden – patterns for green infrastructure planning Nielsen, Anders Busse1,2; Hedblom, Marcus3; Olafsson, Anton Stahl2; Wiström, Björn1

1 Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 66, SE 23053 Alnarp, Sweden. ([email protected], [email protected]) 2 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Section for Landscape Architecture and Planning, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark ([email protected]) 3 Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE 75007 Uppsala, Sweden. ([email protected])

Key Words green infrastructure; pocket woods; sustainable urban development, urban forestry, urban-rural gradient Summary Woodland patches of varying size are integral parts of the cityscape in sprawling European cities where they play a key role for ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing. However, little is known about the interrelationship of the enormous variations in woodland provision between cities. We used GIS analysis to quantify coverage and spatial configurations (patch size and frequency) of woodland resources in all Danish and Swedish cities with >10,000 inhabitants (n=176). Denmark and Sweden were chosen because of the distinct differences in regional landscape type, with cities located in a) some of the most densely forested regions in Europe, through b) regions with mosaics of forest and small-scale farming to c) sparsely forested regions dominated by large-scale agriculture. Applying general linear modelling, we investigated the interrelationship of urban woodland cover and spatial configurations with:

 The functional urban area and its gradient from inside city boundaries through the urban fringe (0.2-2 km from city border) to the urban periphery (2-5 km from city border).  Regional landscape type  Population size in 2010, density and trends during 1960-2010.

Population figures had no significant impact on woodland cover and spatial configuration. Rather, regional landscape type determined woodland cover in the functional urban area, increasing significantly from cities in large-scale agricultural regions of Denmark (mean 9.9%) and Sweden (mean 13.2%) to mosaic regions of Sweden (mean 35.5%), and further to forest-dominated regions of Sweden (40.8%). Notably, however, urban processes outweighed regional landscape context in determining the spatial configuration of urban woodland resources in that:

 The spatial distribution followed the same pattern, with woodland coverage being lowest in the urban area but peaking at the urban fringe rather than the urban periphery.  Woodland patches had an exponential size distribution, with patches <2 ha in size accounting for more than 50% in all three urban zones.

The results can guide integration of woodland resources into green infrastructure (GI) planning strategies that have replicable value beyond individual cities. In particular, three patterns can be emphasised. Firstly, the high woodland coverage in cities in mosaic and forest regions of Sweden demonstrates the potential of woodlands to form the core element of GI. The markedly lower and more fragmented woodland cover in Danish cities and cities in regions of Sweden with large-scale agriculture suggests GI strategies where woodlands are integrated as important connectors. Secondly, the peak in woodland cover at the urban fringe demonstrates the potential of woodland to provide the hub for GI across urban and peri-urban areas. Accepting further urban expansion, woodlands can even help articulate and structure fragmented urban fringe landscapes. Thirdly, the finding that woodlands <2 ha account for 50% of all patches makes a strong case for proactive promotion of ‘pocket woods’ as important, yet largely untapped, social and ecological stepping stones in the urban environment.

Social perceptions of urban forests: A case study of the town of Trento (Italy) Cantiani, Maria Giulia1; Ciolli, Marco1; De Meo, Isabella2; Maino, Federica3; Tamanini, Sara4; Wiesinger, Helen1

1Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering. University of Trento, I-38123 Trento Italy. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 3Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura – Agrobiology and Pedology Centre (CRA-ABP) P. D’azeglio 30, 50121 Florence Italy; [email protected] 4European Academy of Bolzano-Institute for Regional Development and Local Management. V Druso 1, I- 39100 Bolzano Italy; [email protected] 5Municipality of Trento, Parks and Gardens Service, I-38100 Trento Italy; [email protected] Key Words Social perceptions, urban forestry, Trento

Summary Today knowledge of people’s values and perceptions regarding forests is an important prerequisite in forest management and policy in order to fulfill social and environmental sustainability requirements (Cantiani et al. 2013). As far as urban forestry is concerned, the issue is particularly relevant and the question arises as to suitable methods for eliciting social perceptions. Trento municipality, in the northeastern Italian Alps, was chosen as a study area because it reflects the situation of other towns in mountainous and forested European regions. The urban development and recent socio-economic changes have altered the traditional relationship between humans and forest, entailing a different order of priority in values expressed by the population. The aim of the research was to investigate the connection between people and territory, their cultural identity, knowledge of their own forests and priority of needs and values with regard (Paletto et al. 2013). A self-reporting questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 1,000 household heads. The sample was stratified according to the 12 administrative districts of the town; 6 located on the valley floor and 6 on the adjacent mountain slopes. The response rate was about 35%. After a descriptive analysis, responses were processed by means of the Multiple Components Analysis and Clustering Analysis. A certain number of themes dealt with in the survey were analysed, keeping data related to the valley floor districts separate from those related to the hilly districts, in order to investigate whether people’s perceptions may somehow be affected by their proximity to the forest and hence by the urbanization process. The results show that a strong bond between population and territory still exists. People appreciate the forested landscape surrounding their town and are knowledgeable about the woods in the area and their management. We were able to highlight three groups of respondents, each distinguished by the different main functions attributed to the forest. The first group, mainly males, is particularly concerned with forestry production; a second larger group, with a lower average age, is mainly interested in recreation. This second group is characterized by a lesser knowledge of forest ecosystem functioning and by lesser time spent in the forest. The third group focuses on nature conservation. Some interesting differences have also been observed between respondents living in the districts on the mountain slopes and those living in the town centre. The research proved to be effective in highlighting people’s needs and values attributed to the forests. A survey of this type may help in opening up dialogue between community and administrator, and is a useful tool in the hands of those responsible for the protection and management of urban forests. Key References Cantiani MG, De Meo I, Paletto A, 2013. What do Human Values and Emotions Suggest about Forest Planning? An International Review Focusing on the Alpine Region. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6 (1):228-243. Paletto A, De Meo I, Cantiani MG, Maino F, 2013. Social Perceptions and Forest Management Strategies in an Italian Alpine Community. Mountain Research and Development 33 (2):152-160.

Management of urban forests and woods and their integration in urban planning in the city of Fribourg Wiedmer, Yves

Bureau Nouvelle Forêt sàrl., Route de la Fonderie 8c, 1700 Fribourg, 026 422 12 70 e-mail: [email protected] Key Words Urban forest – planning – management - communication Summary Forests and natural woodlands of the city of Fribourg have a surface area of 159 ha. These forests are an additional asset for the city. To coordinate the management of forests and woodlands, the city a management plan has been worked out. This plan defines types of management for each stand. Based on the management plan, projects have been developed to identify opportunities for development for three urban forests. A communication concept about urban forests has been drafted to increase understanding between stakeholders and users. The management plan has been established for all forests and woodlands on the territory of the city of Fribourg, regardless of ownership issues. Isolated trees have not been taken into account. Depending on the characteristics of woodlands, management types have been assigned. Three urban forests were then analyzed more in detail. In these urban forests, a diagnosis was made about the forest condition, landscape appearance and their relationship to the built elements and their use. On this basis, a management and development project has been established. These projects have been developed for the Department of town planning and architecture of the city of Fribourg, in collaboration with the Forest Service. Urban forests are one of the management types defined in the management plan. They are spread over the entire territory of the city and have a total area of 34 ha. These forests allow for example to improve them as a recreational space, enhance the landscape of the city or contribute to town planning objectives. The first urban forests have been analyzed and have management and development projects in connection with the development of the city.

The other forest management types are areas for ecological function, wood production and forest management to maintain the safety of forest users. In addition, 14 viewpoints for which an opening is maintained in the canopy were determined.

A communication concept in relation to forests and their management has been proposed. It provides general information about the forests of the city in some media and also information in urban forests. The information in the forest is supplemented by information on the website of the city. During forestry work, the reason thereof and their objectives are explained on the website of the city. After the management plan and detailed planning for some urban forests, the concept of communication is being implemented and the citizen will have the opportunity to know more about forests on the territory of the city, the planning that was done and the forestry interventions taking place in these forests. Key References Colson V, Granet A, Vanwijnsberghe S (2012) Loisirs en forêt et gestion durable: Les pressses agronomiques de Gembloux. 303 p.

C4 – Managing Urban Forests Bankside Urban Forest: An ecological approach to place making Beirne, Valerie

Bankside Urban Forest Manager: Better Bankside, 18 Great Guildford Street, London SE1 0FD [email protected] Key Words Bankside Urban Forest placemaking regeneration Summary In an historic and urban neighbourhood how can urban forests and green infrastructure be incorporated into regneration and renewal strategies? The regeneration of London’s Bankside neighbourhood, most famous for Tate Modern and Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre is being accompanied by a public space strategy with an ecological approach.

This presentation will outline how Bankside Urban Forest, a long term public space strategy for coordinating investments to transform the network of streets and public spaces across this area works with a range of public, private and voluntary sector partners who collectively and individually implement projects that increase green infrastructure and improve the quality of the environment in the neighbourhood. The project imagines Bankside’s streets and public spaces as an urban forest rather than an urban park. The term 'forest' is an imaginative name for describing the project and the area. Bankside has a rich network of streets and open spaces. The character of these small clearings of pocket parks, within Bankside's medieval street pattern, evokes the idea of a forest. The strategy is not literally to turn the area into a forest, although it does create opportunities for greening, using trees, planted walls, and other means. Although the strategy introduces elements associated with green infrastructure and resilience of the city, there are also important social and economic imperatives in the project. By adopting an ecological approach to designing and investing in the public spaces and streets in the area, there are greater opportunities to support local economies and conserve historic street patterns and connectivities.

Bankside Urban Forest demonstrates how having a strong vision and partnership apporach to designing public spaces can help galvanise a range of different agencies and stakeholders to work bring positive change at a local level.

Through the Bankside Urban Forest partnership, resources and expertise are pooled, and the long term vision helps ensure that new developments and investments in the public spaces across the area knit into the existing urban fabric.

Since Bankside Urban Forest was launched in 2007, a number of large and small-scale, temporary and permanent projects have been commissioned and implemented in partnership throughout the area. The presentation will outline a number of these actions including:

 Capital Schemes: The presentation will describe a range of projects recently implemented or being designed including at Redcross Way, Flat Iron Square, Great Suffolk Street, Riverside Accessibility, Voices in the Urban Forest - all projects permanently transforming streets and public spaces throughout the area by widening pavements, reclaiming under-used spaces, incorporating tree planting, green walls, green roofs and rain gardens. Economic and social outocmes include increased footfall, and uptake of commercial premises.  Temporary and creative schemes: The Union Street Urban Orchard, The Urban Physic Garden, Market Hall, Skirt of the Black Mouth, Nestworks all illustrate how smaller scale, creative and sometimes

temporary projects can also help raise ambition in relation to the design of public spaces thoughout Bankside Urban Forest.  Spatial planning: Bankside Urban Forest gives guiding principles to new developments underway in the area.

Bankside Urban Forest demonstrates how an ecological approach to placemaking can help manage and inform change in an urban area undergoing regeneration. It highlights how a partnership approach and common vision can result in a greener and more connected neighbourhood in an urban context.

Key References Bankside Urban Forest website - http://www.betterbankside.co.uk/buf Bankside Urban Forest Report - https://app.box.com/s/3u2q32kta8l74qn848yt Bankside Urban Forest projects - http://www.betterbankside.co.uk/buf/projects

Mountains, money and mediation: Experiences in forest management in Gstaad, Bernese Oberland Coleman Brantschen, Evelyn

Head of Forest Division 2, Frutigen-Obersimmental/Saanen, Forestry Service Canton Berne Key Words Urban forest management, mountain regions, public-private partnerships

Summary The village of Gstaad (Saanen) is a typical traditional mountain village in many ways, with a strong farming community managing the 6’900ha of agricultural land and 3,600ha of forest.

The municipality counts 7,500 inhabitants. In the winter and summer tourist seasons however, this number increases to 30,000. The village of Gstaad in particular is the meeting point for the international jet set, seeing it, as acting legend Julie Andrews once said, as : "The last paradise in a crazy world".

Managing the forests in and around Gstaad thus becomes a balance between traditional farming forest and land-use patterns, the protection function of forests against natural hazards, and the further development of tourist infrastructure, while at the same time maintaining “paradise”.

Managing the forest areas within the village of Gstaad has thus far been the greatest challenge, trying to meet the needs of guests and locals, for – simultaneously – privacy (with trees), unimpeded views of the mountains (without trees), untouched nature and safety. The approach has been to develop a management scheme attempting to meet these needs, consisting of elements closer to town park management than traditional forestry. This scheme is being implemented by voluntary agreements with forest owners, as part of felling permissions.

Experience shows that a lot of negotiation is needed: Ideas and cultures can clash, many guests being foreign to forestry and Swiss forest legislation. When dealing with Hotel owners or other tourism professionals seek to satisfy their guest’s wishes and ensure tourism development, and see strict Swiss forest legislation as a hindrance. There is an abundance of money in Gstaad. This may seem an ideal setting for implementing public-private partnerships for forest-related projects. There have been two sponsored forestry projects so far - but there have been setbacks. In the first project, sponsors financed the replanting of an area devastated by storm and bark beetle. They were exceedingly generous, but also somewhat impatient when measured in forestry terms. The time scale of forestry projects in the mountains is decades rather than months or years. The project has been discontinued. The second is also a reforestation project. Negotiations here were more about the choice of tree species: The interest of the sponsors was to (again rapidly) see beautiful trees as a backdrop to their hotel. This forest however has a protection function against natural hazards, so the choice of trees needed to be adapted to that. The project is in progress, we will be monitoring its success in the years to come.

Based on these experiences, the forest service will not be playing an active role in launching such projects, but will attempt to mediate, coordinate and help where such sponsoring proposals are made.

The urban forestry and security through three practical examples in french part of Switzerland. Graf, Bernard

Rue des Acacias 9, CH-1400 Yverdon-les-Bains. ++41 79 309 27 09. [email protected] Key Words Urban forestry, security, forestry management.

Summary Introduction: The forest can protect us against the negative effects of natural dangers. However, in case of fall of trees or branches, the forest can also represent a risk for the security of the people, the goods or the infrastructures. In a landscape as well densely urbanized as ours, where lots of forests are nearby immediate houses or roads, the forest management is clearly orientated to the security. However, this security should not be made to the detriment of the social, biological and landscaped interests. Theory/conceptual framework: Bernard Graf, forest engineer in Yverdon-les-Bains - Switzerland, leads projects for several years about the urban forest management with security characteristics. It is suggested to present three practical forestry management approches with three examples, under the security aspects and their other functions. The 3 examples are:

 The security management of the forest of the University of Lausanne and its social function.  The security management of the alluvial forests in Yverdon-les-Bains (30’000 people) and its biodiversity function.  The security management of forests along the highway Lausanne – Bern (near Yverdon-les-Bains) and its protection against the natural dangers and landscaped functions.

Major Results: A comparison of the processes of analysis and control is proposed: it will include forestry objectives, protocol of analysis, actors, frequency and technical control, forestry works, controlling and visa. These three projects show different situations and their respective characteristics. We understand that the answers regarding forest management differ fairly from a case in the other one and there is no unique answer to this security subject. Conclusions: Today, for a sustainable management of our urban forests, the theme of security must be simultaneously approached with the différents functions of the forest (wood production, protection, social, biodiversity and landscape). If this is not considered, problems will increase, what will bring us to manage the urban forest in a radical way, against biodiversity and landscape. Key References Plan de gestion de la forêt de Dorigny, Bernard Graf: Ingénieur forestier EPF/SIA et Yves Kazemi, Inspecteur forestier, mai 2011 Fiche de contrôle sécuritaire de la forêt de Dorigny, ILEX ingénierie forestière, juillet 2012 Plan de gestion des forêts sécuritaires de l’autoroute appartenant à la Confédération - Secteur A1 Yverdon – Arrissoules. Objectifs et mesures de gestion pour la période, 2013 – 2022 Bernard Graf: Ingénieur forestier EPF/SIA et Pierre Cherbuin Inspecteur forestier, novembre 2013 Plan de gestion des forêts du triage Yverdon-Yvonand T081. Objectifs et mesures de gestion pour la période 2011-2020. Bernard Graf: Ingénieur forestier EPF/SIA et Pierre Cherbuin Inspecteur forestier, janvier 2014.

Identifying demands for integration of climate change adaptation in urban forest management in Belgrade Živojinović, Ivana; Wolfslehner, Bernhard

European Forest Institute Central-East and South-East European Regional Office (EFICEEC-EFISEE), c/o University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Feistmantelstr. 4, A-1180 Vienna, Austria, e-mail: E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Key Words climate change, urban forests, awareness, institutions, Serbia Summary Urban and peri-urban forests (UPF)play an important role for improving contemporary environmental issues in cities and hence life quality of citizens. The role of urban forests to mitigate climate change is strongly recognized (Lawrence et al., 2011; Nowak, D., 2000), in contrast to weak evidence on the potential to contribute to adaptation process (Ordóñez et al., 2010). Indeed, the adaptation capacity to climate change consists of both adaptive capacity of urban forests and of socio-economic factors (Adger et al., 2007; Ordóñez et al., 2010). For adequate planning of adaptation processes in UPF, the understanding of decision-makers’ perspectives is very important as it reflects the state of social/institutional adaptive capacity, which is argued as an integral part of socio-ecological system resilience (Folke et al., 2002, Hobson and Niemeyer, 2011). Therefore, actions are needed to address current urban forest vulnerabilities to climate change and to build and adopt new management approaches at the city level. Belgrade is the capital and the biggest city in Serbia, which faced all described trends in the past decades. Against this background, this paper analyses the current state-of-the-art of urban forestry management regarding climate change adaptation in the city of Belgrade. We analysed urban forestry policy and management documents, and conducted in-depth interviews and a Q-methodology questionnaire with urban forest managers and decision-makers.

The analysis of urban forestry documents has shown very weak integration of climate change issues, which points out that a comprehensive and systematic approach to this challenge does not exist so far. Results obtained by Q-methodology offered insights on deliberation and governance of climate change issues, and particular on climate change adaptation in UPF of Belgrade. Three perspectives in relation to this issue have been extracted: (i) sceptics, (ii) management-oriented perspective, (iii) general-awareness perspective. These three prerspectives combined with the information obtained during the in-depth interviews showed that the main constraints of urban forest management regarding the climate change adaptation are the ongoing applications of old practices and slow process of adopting new measures. Thus, most of the undertaken management actions in this regards are reactive in their nature. Lack of research and missing data on the potential local impact of climate change, as well as lack of coordinated actions and communication have caused low awareness of urban forestry actors. Therefore, institutional and human capacities should be improved in order to adequately respond to urban forest management challenges caused by climate change. Examples are given on the most relevant gaps in climate change adaptation implementation and on possible pathways to improve the situation. Key References Adger, W.N., Agrawala, S., Mirza, M.M.Q., Conde, C., O’Brien, K., Pulhin, J., Pulwarty, R., Smit, B., Takahashi, K., (2007) Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. In: Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., and Hanson, C.E. (eds.) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; pp. 717-743.

Folke, C., S. Carpenter, T. Elmqvist, L. Gunderson, C.S. Holling and B. Walker., 2002. Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations. Ambio 31 (5), 437-440. Hobson, K., Niemeyer, S., 2011. Public Responses to Climate Change: The Role of Deliberation in Building Capacity for Adaptive Action. Global Environmental Change 21, 957-971. Lawrence, A., Johnston, M., Konijnendijk, C.C., Vreese, R.D., (2011) Briefing paper 3: The governance of (peri-) urban forestry in Europe. Presented at Workshop on sharing experiences on urban and periurban forestry, Brussels, 28th January 2011. Nowak, D., Walton, J., (2005) Projected urban growth (2000–2050) and its estimated Impact on the US forest resource. Journal of Forestry 103 (8), 383–389. Nowak, D., (2000) The interaction between urban forests and global climate change. In: Abdollahi, K.K., Ning, Z.H., Appeaning, A. (eds.) Global climate change & the urban forest. Franklin Press Inc. and GCRCC, Baton Rouge,31-44. Ordóñez, C., Duinker, P.N., Steenberg, J., (2010) Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Urban Forests: A Framework for Sustainable Forest Management, paper presented at the 18th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Edinburgh, June-July 2010, 14 p.

C5 – Assessing Urban Inventory of urban forests in Lombardy: results of the project EMoNFUr Calvo, Enrico ; Barbante, Elisa ; Cappa, Veronica ; Dentamaro, Ivana

ERSAF Ente regionale per i servizi all’agricoltura e alle foreste (The Regional Agency for Agricultural and Forest Services), via Pola 12, Milan, Italy. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Inventory, urban forestry, cadastre

Summary The realization of the Inventory of urban forests in Lombardy region was a main objective of the Life project Emonfur (LIFE + 10 ENV/IT/399).

This paper aims to describe the final results of the inventory and the activation of the regional urban forests cadaster. At present, this inventory is the first case in Italy of definition and representation of the urban forests.

The regional inventory and the cadastre of urban forests are important tools for land use planning, management and valorization of urban forests. They are, furthermore, a detailed representation and dissemination of the urban forestation activities results occurred in the last 35 years.

The inventory identified and classified all the forest areas recognized within the urban area that were defined according to the Moland method mod. (JRC, 2004; Calvo et alii, 2013). This model describes the main forest features and spatial characteristics of this area.

The cadaster, however, is a database that collects all the data related to the urban forests, dividing them into different description sheets and making them available for everyone with the support of WebGIS. Overall, the inventory classified 21% regional areas as urban forests, which concern 714 municipalities (46% of the total) and over 8 million of inhabitants. The 19.3% of urban forests is in the plains, 50.8% in the hills and the remaining 29.9% in the mountains. The cadaster of urban forests and plain woods was created in addition to the inventory activities. It consists in the compilation of seven description sheets for each forest planted since the 80’s. Collected data are related to several aspects such as general and local information, forest and management plans, financial and public fruition.

The Cadastre is completed online by the forest owners and managers, public and private technicians, environmental organizations and farmers. This participation is an important occasion to involve the several stakeholders into a “community” which would become an useful place were to compare and discuss problems and solutions about the management of the urban forests. This tool enables to assess and monitor continuously the urban forests giving the opportunity to know them through a WebGIS visualization hosted on the regional websites. With the inventory and the Cadastre, Lombardy Region adopted useful tools for the planning and monitoring of urban forests which play an important role in improving the environmental quality of the regional densely urbanized populated area.

At the same time, these tools allow to manage and disseminate information which is necessary for participation of the different stakeholders in a participatory management of these forests. Key References JRC, 2004. The MOLAND model for urban and regional growth forecast - A tool for the definition of sustainable development paths - Technical Report EUR 21480 EN. Calvo, E, Barbante, E, Cappa, V, & Noris, M, 2013. “EMoNFUr Project (LIFE+ 10/ENV/IT/399): inventory of artificial and natural urban and periurban forest in Lombardy Region”, Proceedings of the 16th European Forum on Urban Forestry Conference, Milan, 7-11 May 2013. Available from: [30 January 2014]. Calvo, E, Barbante, E, Cappa, V & Dentamaro, I, 2014. “Inventory of artificial and natural urban and periurban forest in Lombardy Region. Final Report”. Available from: [31 January 2014].

Urban forestry in public areas in São Carlos (São Paulo, Brazil) Scarpinella, Gustavo D’Almeida; Silva, Ricardo Siloto da; Caiche, Daniel Tonelli Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, SP 310, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, SP E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Urban forestry, green infrastructure, watershed, public areas, São Carlos. Summary This article reports the research findings in order to identify areas likely to receive native urban forestry in São Carlos, Brazil. A qualitative and quantitative diagnosis was performed of the institutional and recreational public areas of a sub-basin located in a central area with high soil impermeability. This resulted in a proposal to plant shrubs and trees of different species and sizes to increase the vegetation cover in order to establish vegetated connection corridors between them. Introduction: Cities have become the major generators of high-magnitude and intensity-occurrence environmental impacts on the natural resources. The objective of this study is to promote mitigating the impacts by constructing a quality man-made environment. Urban forestry is an important element of green infrastructure system that can provide many environmental benefits (increased permeability and stormwater runoff time, reduced soil erosion risks, microclimate regulation, increased relative humidity, local shading, oxygen production, shelter for local avifauna), social benefits (sound attenuation, general welfare of the population, city beautification, increased self-esteem of citizens) and economic benefits (soil recovery). It was considered that there is a greater intervention possibility in public areas, both in the institutional areas, those intended for “the installation of community public facilities and/or buildings” as well as in the recreational areas, those with low construction coefficient and intended for areas destined to sports, culture and recreational activities (São Carlos, 2005).

Theory/conceptual framework, applying methods and/or approaches: An urban sub-basin was selected (Tijuco Preto) located in São Carlos, a medium-sized city (of approximately 220,000 inhabitants). The institutional and public recreational areas were delineated and their areas calculated with the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and satellite imagery with 0.60 m spatial resolution (dated 2008). Additionally, the possibility to implement vegetated corridors between them was also determined. The information was mapped and organized into a table, and the function of each space was correlated (recreational or institutional) in terms of its characterization, its area and the need for implementing (or not) improved afforestation. Major Results: The sub-basin of Tijuco Preto has an area of 2.6 km2, 22 public areas, of which 14 are recreational areas (ranging from 197m2 to 7219 m2) and 8 institutional areas (ranging from 656 m2 to 12.694 m2). Altogether, the public areas of this basin total 56.849,8 m2. Of the 14 recreational areas analyzed, 6 are in need of improvement, such as pruning and enrichment planting. As for the institutional areas analyzed, none was selected as an area to be improved. Conclusions: The analysis of these public areas demonstrates the real dimension of how afforestation has been viewed by the local government. Although essential for urban welfare, in the public areas studied afforestation shows to be underused. This underutilization of the spaces in question, devoid of trees, besides reducing the possibilities to improve the quality of life of the city’s residents, directly contributes to aggravating the problems, namely floods and heat islands, among other problems.

Key References Benedict, Mark A., and McMahon, Edward T. 2002. “Green Infrastructure: SmartConservation for the 21st Century.” Renewable ResourcesJournal.20:12-17.

Environmental Protection Agency. 2013. “Green Infrastructure.” Accessed Jan2014. http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm#Principles_of_Green_Infrastructur e. SÃO Carlos. 2005. “Plano Diretor de São Carlos - Lei nº 13.691/05. Anexo 12 – Glossário.” Accessed Jan 22. http://www.saocarlos.sp.gov.br/index.php/utilidade-publica/plano-diretor.html.

Tree species classification using WorldView-2 and laser scanning data in a natural European urban forest Verlič, Andrej1,2; Simončič, Primož2; Oštir, Krištof3

1Tisa, Cesta v prod 84, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, [email protected] 2Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, [email protected] 3Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, [email protected] Key Words green infrastructure, ground truth data, spectral signature, tree species mapping, forest monitoring

Summary Introduction: Tree species inventory is one of the key forest management tasks. Specifically, for a close-to- nature managed urban forest, detailed information on tree species diversity and distribution is needed to sustainably manage this aspect of biodiversity. This study explored whether a straightforward method of object-based image analysis (OBIA) with a combination of high-resolution WorldView-2 8-band multispectral satellite (WV2) imagery and laser scanning (LiDAR) data allows successful segmentation and classification of individual tree crowns of different tree species in a natural, mixed, heterogeneous urban forest in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Materials and methods: The tree data for the species classification (training data) were obtained from a systematic grid of plots in the forest. At each of 332 plots two trees and their basic parameters were recorded in the field. Altogether 574 trees were selected for the analysis - 304 coniferous trees and 270 deciduous trees. Those were Norway spruce, Scots pine, European beech, sessile and pedunculate oak (combined) and sweet chestnut. The sample for each of those species consisted of at least 30 individual units. The data consisted of a WV2 image with 8 spectral bands, Red-Edge NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index calculated from Red-Edge and Red band) band and Digital Canopy Model (DCM). The spatial resolution of imagery for analysis was 1 m. The classification was performed in Exelis ENVI 5 software by applying maximum likelihood algorithm. A post-classification was performed by calculating a confusion matrix to evaluate the accuracy of the classification output by comparing the classification result with the training data. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed as well, indicating that the highest variability (approx. 85 %) was explained by Red-Edge (705-745 nm), Near IR – 1 (770-895 nm) and Near IR – 2 (860-1040 nm) spectral bands of WV2, respectively. Results: The overall accuracy of the classification was 63 % and Kappa Coefficient was 0.524. For each class (tree species) the producer’s (per cent of correctly classified pixels with regard to all pixels of that training data) and user’s accuracies (per cent of correctly classified pixels with regard to all pixels classified as this class in the classified image) were calculated. Except for the sweet chestnut, the producer’s and user’s accuracies were higher than 50 %. The highest accuracy was for Norway spruce, where producer’s accuracy was 70 % and user’s accuracy was 82 %. Conclusions: The methods used in this study showed promising applicability of fused WV2 imagery and laser scanning data for dense, tree species rich, highly heterogeneous natural urban forest stands. It provided good estimate of the composition of main tree species that formed the stand canopy. The tree species and their composition in a forest are basic information for forest management. The application of remote sensing data offer opportunity to reduce the time of assessment and reduction for the related costs. Therefore, we recommend further research that would provide more evidence on the optimal combination of spectral and spatial resolution of the data to achieve the optimal cost – benefit ratio.

Key References Alvey, A.A., Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2006, 5, 195-201. Hladnik, D.; Pirnat, J., Urban forestry—linking naturalness and amenity: The case of ljubljana, slovenia. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2011, 10, 105-112. Blaschke, T.; Johansen, K.; Tiede, D.; Weng, Q., Object-based image analysis for vegetation mapping and monitoring. Advances in Environmental Remote Sensing: Sensors, Algorithms, and Applications. Taylor & Francis, London 2011, 241-271. Nagendra, H., Using remote sensing to assess biodiversity. Int J Remote Sens 2001, 22, 2377-2400. DigitalGlobe, I., Whitepaper: The benefits of the 8 spectral bands of worldview-2. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved 2010, 8, 2011. Pu, R.; Landry, S., A comparative analysis of high spatial resolution ikonos and worldview-2 imagery for mapping urban tree species. Remote Sensing of Environment 2012, 124, 516-533. Carter, N. An assessment of worldview-2 imagery for the classification of a mixed deciduous forest. College of Science, 2013. Latif, Z.A.; Zamri, I.; Omar, H. In Determination of tree species using worldview-2 data, Signal Processing and its Applications (CSPA), 2012 IEEE 8th International Colloquium on, 2012; IEEE: pp 383-387. Immitzer, M.; Atzberger, C.; Koukal, T., Tree species classification with random forest using very high spatial resolution 8-band worldview-2 satellite data. Remote Sensing 2012, 4, 2661-2693. Breiman, L., Random forests. Machine learning 2001, 45, 5-32. Ali, S.; Dare, P.; Jones, S., Fusion of remotely sensed multispectral imagery and lidar data for forest structure assessment at the tree level. ISPRS Proceedings, Beijing 2008. Zhang, Z.; Liu, X.; Wright, W. In Object-based image analysis for forest species classification using worldview-2 satellite imagery and airborne lidar data, Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Remote Sensing (ISRS 2012), 2012; University of Southern Queensland. Leckie, D.; Gougeon, F.; Hill, D.; Quinn, R.; Armstrong, L.; Shreenan, R., Combined high-density lidar and multispectral imagery for individual tree crown analysis. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 2003, 29, 633-649. Blaschke, T., Object based image analysis for remote sensing. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing 2010, 65, 2-16. Odlok, Odlok o razglasitvi gozdov s posebnim namenom (decree on forests with a special purpose). Uradni list RS 2010, 60/2010, 9090-9098. Odlok, Odlok o razglasitvi tivolija, rožnika in šišenskega hriba za naravno znamenitost (ordinance declaring tivoli, rožnik and šišenski hrib a natural landmark). Uradni list SRS 1984, 21/1984, 1246-1272. Smrekar, A.; Erhartič, B.; Hribar Šmid, M., Krajinski park tivoli, rožnik in šišenski hrib (landscape park tivoli, rožnik, šišenski hrib). Založba ZRC: Ljubljana, 2011; Vol. 16, p 134. Ljubljana, G., Gozdnogospodarski nacrt gozdnogospodarske enote ljubljana 2005-2014. Uradni list RS 2007, 109/07, 203. Đurić, N. Objektno usmerjena klasifikacija za določanje drevesnih vrst in zaznavanje japonskega dresnika. Univerza v Ljubljani, 2011. Kobler, A.; Pfeifer, N.; Ogrinc, P.; Todorovski, L.; Oštir, K.; Džeroski, S., Repetitive interpolation: A robust algorithm for dtm generation from aerial laser scanner data in forested terrain. Remote Sensing of Environment 2007, 108, 9-23. Exelis Calculate confusion matrices. http://www.exelisvis.com/docs/CalculatingConfusionMatrices.html#confusion_matrix_example (2013/12/12), Exelis Principal components analysis. http://www.exelisvis.com/docs/PrincipalComponentAnalysis.html (2013/12/12),

Estimating recreational function in Sonian forest Doidi, Laure ; Colson, Vincent ; Durbano, E. 4, rue Charles Bourseul, 22300 Lannion [email protected] Summary Brussels Institute for Management of the Environment (IBGE-BIM) - the public administration responsible for environment and energy in Brussels Capital Region - wanted to estimate recreational function in Sonian forest. The Sonian Forest is an area of 84 hectares in the suburbs of Brussels, mostly used for recreational purposes by local people: jogging, dog walking, health walking are the practices mostly spread in this area. To answer this need, a pilot study on assessing visitors’ attitude and estimating their number in a defined area of the forest has been carried out by Ressources Naturelles Developpement (a Belgian ONG specialized in forest development) and Eco-Counter, with the collaboration of Sonian forest agents and rangers. The 18 automatic counters, installed at each entrance of the study area, consisted of posts including a PYRO-sensor and counting system. The sensor used passive infrared technology with high-precision lens detecting changes in temperature when a person entered its range. The counter detected people’s direction of movement, differentiating people entering from those leaving the area. The data was analyzed to study temporal variations and to observe which entrance visitors were using and when. A field survey was carried out by BE-IBGE staff. Data was collected by track logs through given GPS devices to visitors and face to face questionnaires at the main entrances of the area. These devices stored geographical position at regular time interval, which enabled to analyze visitor movements in the area and the duration of their activities. To better understand the behavior, the questionnaire gathered data on group size, age…

Each GPS track was linked to a questionnaire. Relational database management and GIS were used for data storage and analyses. It was thus possible to segregate data to analyze visitors’ behaviors according to defined criteria.

For one year, the counters estimated 700,000 visitors in this area. The typical profile of the visitor was a person alone (36%) or couple (16%), mostly in their 40-50s. The main activities were walking (45%), dog walking (33%) and jogging (15%). 78% of the visitors came in forest at least once per week.

The analysis highlighted temporal variations:

 Twice more visitors on Sundays  More visitors in spring and autumn, often mentioned in surveys carried out in peri-urban forests [COLSON V. 2009]

This information is useful for forest managers as they know the periods when wildlife is mostly affected by recreation, which help them deploy staff appropriately.

Analysis of the GPS tracks on GIS provided a great understanding on how the forest is used. They enabled to:

 Identify the duration of visit: the average time of a visit was 1.14 h and only 13% of visitors spent more than 2 hours in the forest. No difference was noticed between winter time and summer time.  The length of the visit: 88% of the visitors walked/ran less than 8km.  Visualize the specific paths people used and illustrate spatial distribution of visits.

The database containing the information from questionnaires was linked to the GPS tracks, which enabled to compare behaviors according to visitor features. It resulted that visitors use a smaller part of the area during the weekdays whereas the duration of visit is equivalent whatever the day of visit.

Visitor flows were mapped on GIS and overlaid with the protected area layer to analyze effects of visitor pressure on the ecology: in these areas, visitors are allowed to walk on the hiking trails and the dogs have to be on laze. The study shows only 10% of visitors with the dog penetrate in these zones and IBGE decided not to reinforce security in those areas. The implementation of such a monitoring represents a successful long-term management tool that aims to evaluate the recreational zoning of the forest, and improve it if needed.

Key references Bell S., SImpson M., Tyrväinen L., Sievänen T., Pröbstl U. (Eds) (2009). European forest recreation and tourism. A Handbook. Taylor and Francis, London, p.237. Chilman K., WadzinskI L., West A. (2008). A new recreation visitor inventory that parallels other resource inventories. In RASCHI A., TRAMPETTI S. (2008). Management for Protection and Sustainable Development. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected areas. Montecatini Terme, Italy, 14-19 October 2008. 301- 304. Colas S. (2008). Enquêtes de fréquentation : l’intérêt de coupler GPS et questionnaires, illustré en forêt de Fontainebleau. Rendez-Vous Techniques 21, pp 56-62. Colson V. (2009). La fonction récréative des massifs forestiers wallons: analyses et évaluation dans le cadre d’une politique forestière intégrée. Thèse de doctorat, Gembloux, Faculté universitaire des Sciences agronomique, p.277. Colson V., Granet A.-M., VanWijnsberghe S. (2012). Loisirs en forêt et gestion durable: l'aménagement récréatif et touristique intégré des forêts et des espaces naturels. Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, p.303. Colson V., Braun M., Doidi L., Van de Velde W., Schoonbroodt O., VanWijnsberghe S. (2012). L’estimation de la fréquentation et l’analyse des flux de visiteurs en forêt de Soignes. Résultats d’une étude exploratoire. Forêt Wallonne 117, p.13-26.

C6 – Ecology of Urban Trees Fine root biomass and morphology in an urban floodplain forest in Leipzig Korn, Sandra; Roloff, Andreas

TU Dresden, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Chair of Forest Botany, Pienner Straße 7, 01737 Tharandt, [email protected]

Key Words Belowground biomass, biodiversity, root species determination Summary This study is attached to the “Lebendige Luppe”-project in Leipzig (e.g. Kasperdius 2013). One of the overall goals is the assessment of floodplain forests functions and biodiversity against the background of future sustainable management and maintaining ecosystem services. It addresses the belowground part of this floodplain forest: the fine roots. Fine roots play a major role in ecosystem function by providing water, nutrients and contribute to the overall biomass and therefore carbon stock. So the presented research is a first step to assess the fine root biomass and the belowground diversity of the Leipzig ‘Luppe-Aue’, using a subset of the selected plots along a hydrological gradient differing in groundwater level (wet: GWL≤1m; medium: GWL 1-2m, dry: GWL≥2m). Three plots of each moisture category were selected. Soil samples in 0-10cm and 10-30cm soil depth were taken randomly along transects with a soil corer. Samples were washed out on a sieve and root segments >10mm were picked out. Different tree species were distinguished based on identification keys developed by Hölscher et al. (2002), Korn (2004), modified for local species. The sorted roots were dried to determine fine root bio- and necromass. For a subsample of every tree species the root surface area was measured using the scanning software WinRhizo to calculate RAI (root-area-index). Total fine root biomass showed significant lower values at the wet sites (146.4816.49gm-2) than dry (185.9716.75gm-2) and medium sites (217.1718.98gm-2). The total fine root biomass decreased strongly with soil depth at all sites. Roots of 13 tree or shrub species were found in the soil samples, differing widely in their percentage of total biomass and between the sites. Only at wet sites samples without any roots at all were collected while at dry sites a maximum of 6 species concurrent were found. F. excelsior roots were found in nearly all samples at the medium sites (93.3%) and more than half of the samples at the other sites (dry: 87.8%, wet: 64.7%). Consequently F. excelsior makes the largest proportion of fine root biomass at all sites in the upper 10 cm of the soil. In the 20 cm below no dominant species could be found. The next abundant species are A. pseudoplatanus at medium/dry sites (in 3/4 of samples), Tilia spec. at wet sites (in half of samples). Further C. betulus plays an important role in the belowground diversity at medium/dry sites while Alnus spec. at wet sites. RAI values showed no significant differences between the species and sites. So the first results show differences between the 3 different plot categories concerning current species composition in the rooting area as well as below-ground diversity. Further studies especially during and after flooding events will show any changes in these relations. Key References Hölscher, D., Hertel, D., Leuschner, C., Hottkowitz, M. (2002): Tree species diversity and soil patchiness in a temperate broad-leaved forest with limited rooting space. Flora 197:118-125 Kasperdius, H. (2013): Lebendige Luppe and the challenge to detect and monitor changes in ecological processes and ecosystem services in Leipzig’s urban floodplain forest. EFUF 2013, Milano Korn, S. (2004): Experimentelle Untersuchung der Wasseraufnahme und der hydraulischen Eigenschaften des Wurzelsystems von sechs heimischen Baumarten. PhD thesis, University of Göttingen

The impact of urban environment on tree growth: a case study in Milan, Italy Colangelo, Giuseppe1; Cherubini Paolo2; Lafortezza, Raffaele1; Sanesi Giovanni1 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Bari A. Moro, Via Amendola 165/A 70126 Bari, Italy; E-mail: [email protected] 2 WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]

Key Words Dendrochronology, Urban forest, Isotopes Summary Urban green areas, and trees in particular, play a crucial role in limiting the negative impact related to environmental and climatic characteristics in the urban context. On the other hand, typically urban factors such as air quality, rising and persistent temperatures (heat island effect), and anthropogenic activities affect urban vegetation. Trees are often affected by exposure to adverse growing conditions, such as pest or disease, water stress and air pollution. In addition, many urban areas are characterized by site-specific conditions (above and below ground) that can influence the rate of tree growth, such as anthropic activities, poor soil or excessive heat. Tree growth patterns usually reflect environmental conditions. Although these aspects are important to understand the relationships existing within the urban environment, there is a lack of knowledge concerning urban trees due to the complexity of this research topic. Analysis of urban tree growth must be related to a very large number of factors that can have either a positive or negative effect on the rate of tree growth. Many authors describe the advantages of using trees as a passive sampler in biomonitoring of the urban environment, which is useful to describe the interactions of urban trees with their immediate environment. In this perspective, this study aimed to provide preliminary evidence that urban tree growth can effectively represent urban environmental conditions and variations. The study area consists of an urban park located in the northern part of the metropolitan area of Milan. Field data collection was performed in Parco Nord over three areas within a transect from the outer to inner zones of the park. Each area is located at an increasing distance (respectively 10, 350 and 700 m ) from a heavily polluted urban road. Three cores were treated to be dated and measured from bark to pith. The ring-width measurements of each sample were compared with the others to obtain averaged series. Cores were used for chemical analysis of heavy metals, 13C and 14C isotope concentrations. Statistical analysis shows that all sampled trees crossdated well, indicating an homogeneous common influence of environmental factors on tree growth. The chronologies, for example, show the effect that silvicoltural treatments have on tree growth. The stable isotopes and ring-width analyses investigated the trees responses in terms of physiology and growth. Isotope ratios represent a sensitive tool for understanding the trees’ physiological adaptations to environmental changes. Moreover the analysis of heavy metals contribute to determine the impact of traffic pollution on tree growth. Key References Battipaglia G., Marzaioli F., Lubritto C., Altieri S., Strumia S., Cherubini P., Cotrufo M.F., (2010). Traffic pollution affects tree-ring width and isotopic composition of Pinus pinea. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 586-593. Guerrieri M.R., Siegwolf R.T.W., Saurer M., Jaggi M., Cherubini P., Ripullone F., Borghetti M., (2009). Impact of different nitrogen emission sources on tree physiology as assessed by a triple stable isotope approach. Atmospheric Environment, vol. 43, p. 410-418.

Leonelli G., Pelfini M., Battipaglia G., Cherubini P., (2009). Site-aspect influence on climate sensitivity over time of a high-altitude Pinus cembra tree-ring network. Climatic Change, 96, 185-201. McCarroll D., Loader NJ., (2004). Stable isotopes in tree rings. Quat. Sci. Rev. 23:771–801.

Trees can get hot and bothered too! - Heatwave impacts on street tree cooling benefits Livesley, Stephen1; Sanusi, Ruzana1,2 1Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. [email protected] 2Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Key Words Heat wave, Platanus, microclimate cooling, leaf senescence, vulnerability Summary Urban street trees provide many important ecosystem services, such as atmospheric pollution reduction, biodiversity habitat, mental health and well-being and cooling and shading of walkways. Urban tree species are diverse which leads to a wide range in capacity to provide those ecosystem services. Under a situation of urban heat island, global warming and increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, the microclimatic cooling benefits that street trees provide to pedestrians is increasingly important, but information as to the comparative benefit and resilience of different tree species is uncertain. A summer heatwave can rapidly impact vulnerable tree canopies leading to leaf wilt and senescence, which directly affects the microclimatic benefits those street trees can provide pedestrians. In Melbourne, Australia, under canopy microclimate was measured this summer (2014) in three north- south residential streets planted with Platanus x acerifolia, Ulmus procera and Eucalyptus camaldulensis; differing in phenology and leaf/tree form. Measurements were made continuously during daylight hours with fixed weather stations under and away (control) from tree canopies on both side of the street between sunrise and sunset. Air temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and tree canopy density were measured on three warm, sunny days during the month before a heat wave, during the heat wave (3 days > 41°C), and on three days in the month after the heat wave.

Before the heat wave Platanus x acerifolia provided the greatest cooling benefit in comparison to the control without canopy. However, Platanus x acerifolia was vulnerable to heat stress and dropped canopy foliage within days of the heatwave, reducing plant canopy index from 4.55 to 1.99, whereas Ulmus procera and Eucalyptus camaldulensis remained unchanged. The microclimatic cooling benefits of Platanus x acerifolia were reduced considerably, such that air temperatures reached 42.8 °C and Physiological Equivalent Temperature reached 48.6 °C (extreme heat stress).

Platanus x acerifolia is a common broadleaf deciduous tree in urban centers but the vulnerability to heat induced canopy loss reduces its capacity to intercept solar radiation and supply microclimate cooling (and other ecosystem services) throughout the rest of summer. Selection of tree species for future climate conditions must weigh up the capacity to provide ecosystem service when healthy with vulnerability/resilience to extreme climate events. These findings have wide applicability to urban landscape managers to make strategic decision for future urban forest planning.

PM mitigation by urban trees: Qualitative analysis and pollutants sources markers Sgrigna, Gregorio1,2; Esposito, Raffaela1,; Baldacchini, Chiara1,; Calfapietra Carlo1,. 1 Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF) National Research Council (CNR), via Marconi 2 Porano (TR), 2 University of Molise Dpt of Biosciences and Territory (DiBT), C.da Fonte Lappone Pesche di Isernia (IS) [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words PM; Quercus ilex; S.E.M. qualitative analysis, pollutants mitigation

Summary Urban forest is an important living ecosystem in urban environments. It actively interacts with environmental dynamics of the city as air fluxes and pollutants cycles. Particulate Matter (PM) is one of the most dangerous air pollutants and it is highly diffused in urban areas (WHO 2005, Pope and Dockery, 2006), since it is usually generated by the most common human activities (Dore et al. 2005). Many studies evidenced the effectiveness of air pollutants uptake by urban trees, especially for PM (Beckett et al. 1998, Hewitt et al. 2003; Bealey et al. 2006). To enhance trees capability in PM removal it is necessary to identify the main pollutants sources in a city. The present case study is being developed in the city of Terni, a small steel-industrial city in the centre of Italy. Quercus ilex leaves have been sampled in four districts. A quantitative analysis has been carried out through washing/filtering technique. The aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation between sampling area and metal contents into PM10 and PM2.5 through the correlation between quantitative and qualitative analysis results.

In order to identify the main elements as markers of a specific zone, qualitative analysis through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM Phenom Pro X, Netherlands) has been applied on filters deriving from quantitative analysis. Data have been gathered by assessing elements composition of PM trapped on cellulose filters. Filters have been clustered in three groups: street trees, park trees and industrial-area trees. Results evidenced significant differences in metals distribution among three clusters. The most diffused PM in all clusters are characterized by elements as Ca, Al, Si and Fe. Industrial areas and traffic roads samples evidenced increasing levels of metals as Cd, Ni, Cu and Ti. First evidences showed a significant presence of heavy metals in trees included into the mix area of traffic- road and industrial-area clusters. Metals as Ni, Cd and Ti have been identified as pollutants markers deriving from steel production industrial activity. The identification of pollutant sources and PM compounds in an urban area could be an important tool for local Administration to enhance specific mitigation actions directly on main sources. Furthermore Green Infrastructures, as Urban Forest, could be managed in order to mitigate dangerous pollutants concentration in high population density areas. Key References Bealey, W.J., McDonald, A.G., Nemitz, E., Donovan, R., Dragosits, U., Duffy, T.R., Fowler, D., 2006. Estimating the reduction of urban PM10 concentrations by trees within an environmental information system for planners. Journal of Environmental Management 85, 44–58. Beckett KP, Freer-Smith P, Taylor G. 1998. Urban woodlands: Their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution. Environ Pollut. 99(3):347–360. Beckett, K.P., Freer-Smith, P.H., Taylor, G., 2000. Particulate pollution capture by urban trees: effect of species and windspeed. Global Change Biology 6, 995–1003. Dore, C.J., Watterson, J.D., Murrels, T.P., Passant, N.R., Hobson, M.M., Baggott, S.L., Thistlethwaite, G., Goodwin, J.W.L., King, K.R., Adams, M., Walker, C., Downes, M.K., Coleman, P.J., Stewart, R.A., Wagner, A., Sturman, J., Conolly, C., Lawrence, H., Cumine, P.R., 2005. UK Emissions of Air Pollutants 1970 to 2003. AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre, UK.

Dzierżanowski K, Popek R, Gawrońska H, Sæbø A, Gawroński SW. Deposition of particulate matter of different size fractions on leaf surfaces and in waxes of urban forest species. Int J Phytoremediation 2011;13(10):1037–46. Hewitt, N., 2003. Trees are city cleaners. Sylva/Tree News, 1–2. Nowak DJ, Crane DE, Stevens JC. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban For Urban Green 2006;4(3–4):115–23. Pope, C. A.,&Dockery, D.W. (2006). Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. Journal of the Air andWasteManagement Association, 56, 709–742. World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. Particulate matter air pollution: how it harms health. Fact sheet EURO/04/05. Berlin, Copenhagen, Rome:WHO.

C7 – Management of Harmful Organisms The Swiss legal framework for pest regulation in urban forestry Leuthardt, Florine

Federal Office for the Environment, 3003 Berne, [email protected] Key Words Anoplophora glabripennis, Ailanthus altissima, plant protection, prevention, eradication.

Summary Trade of forest plants, wood and wood products can provide a pathway for the introduction of invasive species. Pests and disease travel as unwanted stowaways in import and export consignments. In this regard, Switzerland has a number of regulations on imports, exports and inland production. Additionally, a wider framework of laws and policy recommendations covers the eventuality of an outbreak of an invasive species, including prevention, containment and eradication measures.

The presentation will focus on two prominent cases of invasive species outbreaks in Switzerland and highlight the framework of pest regulations in both urban and non-urban forests. The Asian Longhorn Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis, whose larvae feed on the wood of living trees, has the potential to severely damage European forests. It is introduced with wood packaging material. Therefore, the most important prevention measures are phytosanitary regulations and controls on imports. Restrictions apply for forest plants, including Christmas trees and bonsai plants, as well as for wood, wood products and wood packaging. The import of certain goods is prohibited, others may be imported but must meet plant protection requirements. Outbreaks of the Asian Longhorn Beetle are usually witnessed in construction sites and must imperatively be prevented from reaching natural forests. In case of an outbreak, the Plant Protection Ordinance of 27 October 2010 foresees a strict protocol of containment and eradication measures. These include preventive felling of trees and shrubs in the contaminated area.

Other species such as the Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima were planted in urban areas in Switzerland long before it was identified as a threat to the forest ecosystem. The trade of this species is not forbidden in Switzerland, but it has been strongly reduced thanks to an effective information campaign within the horticultural sector advising its members not to sell it anymore. Despite this action, the great number of Trees of Heaven growing in urban areas, on roadsides, along railroad tracks and in waste deposits are a serious threat to natural forests, especially with regard to climate change. The eradication of Ailanthus- populations is costly and long winded because of prolific root sucker resprouting. The Release Ordinance of 10 September 2008 regulates such invasive species threatening the natural ecosystems. In Switzerland, a complete set of regulations acts on pests, ranging from the Federal Constitution to organism-specific protocols. The actions, interactions and consequences of the addressed laws will be presented in a step-by-step approach.

Erasing the Asian Longhorned Beetle with determined actions, but at high costs Schwendener, Severin1; Kamm, Urs 2; Hochstrasser, Markus 3 1 AWEL Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft, Sektion Biosicherheit (SBS); Walcheplatz 2, Postfach, 8090 Zürich; [email protected] 2 ALN, Abteilung Wald, Forstdienst, Weinbergstrasse 15, Postfach, 8090 Zürich; [email protected] 3 Strickhof, Fachstelle Pflanzenschutz, Eschikon 21, Postfach, 8315 Lindau; [email protected] Key Words infestation, zone, focus, buffer, transport, monitoring, elimination, resources

Summary In 2012, an infestation of Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) was detected in Winterthur (Canton ZH, Switzerland). With more than 140 adult beetles and several hundred eggs and larvae, the infestation was by far the most extensive in Switzerland. Based on long-term experiences made in Braunau (Austria), where the first ALB infestation in Europe occurred, the beetle was fought with extensive actions: removal of all infested trees, preventive removal of potential host trees and installation of a focus- and a buffer zone. Transport of plant material out of these zones was banned and a close monitoring regime including specialised dogs put in place. As a result of these efforts, there were no adult beetles and only a few living larvae detected 2013. However, costs are high: 700‘000 Swiss francs were spent in 2012 alone, not including hundreds of working hours spent by employees of the Canton Zurich. The previewed monitoring programme is estimated to cost another 2.8 million Swiss francs, if no more living beetles are detected. The experiences from Winterthur thus show that eradication of a relatively small ALB infestation with determined actions is likely possible in short time. However, the high costs demonstrate the need for strong boarder controls or alternative packaging materials for imports from infested regions (China). In addition, a concept for small communities with limited resources is needed.

Monitoring health of urban trees and forests Jurc, Dušan; Ogris, Nikica; Hauptman, Tine; de Groot, Maarten Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words forest health, diseases, pests, monitoring

Summary In urban environments, trees are subjected to harmful biotic and abiotic factors. These factors may make the trees dangerous to their immediate surroundings and reduce their aesthetic value. Evaluation and monitoring of tree health are the necessary first two steps towards the development of efficient methods for the preservation of urban tree and forest health. Nowadays, methods used for evaluating tree health and their possible threats, are laborious, time consuming and thus expensive. Our goal is to develop a reliable, economically feasible, and user-friendly monitoring method for use in urban tree and forest management. We compared two methods: the first method was performed following the rules of Intensive Site Monitoring (ISM) developed by ICP- Forests (Eichhorn et al. 2010); the second method was developed in frame of EMoNFUr project (hence Urban Forest Management Oriented method (UFMO)). The UFMO uses a transect (two meters wide area on each side of the path) on which we collected GPS located and selected data on tree health. Both methods were carried out during July and August 2013 on the same area of the urban forest Rožnik in Ljubljana. Data analysis was focused on comparison of the performance between ISM and UFMO method. Performance was measured by time used to asses certain area (time/area), number of damaging agents determined, number of trees assessed, relevant dead trees recorded, number of management options given. We assessed the crown condition and damaging agents on 15 ISM plots. Approximately 92.0 are was assessed in 1,640 minutes. In comparison, we covered 518.1 are within 1,700 minutes with the UFMO method. In total 20 paths with a length of 12.95 km were assessed. The effort used for the ISM method was 17.8 minutes/are and for the UFMO method was 3.28 minutes/are. The UFMO method performed 5.4 times better then ISM method according to time/area performance measure. Using the UFMO method, we found 1.55 times more damaging agents, assessed 2.8 times more trees, recorded 13.9 times more dead relevant trees, and gave 7.2 times more management options than with the ISM method. Therefore, overall performance of UFMO method exceeded ISM method by all chosen performance measures. The results clearly show that present tree and forest inventories could be improved and cheapened. Key References Eichhorn J, Roskams P, Ferretti M, Mues V, Szepesi A, Durrant D, 2010: Visual Assessment of Crown Condition and Damaging Agents. 49 pp. Manual Part IV. In: Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. UNECE ICP Forests Programme Co-ordinating Centre, Hamburg.

How to react on invasive pests on urban trees? Brunner, Matthias; Nussbaumer, Matthias Matthias Brunner AG, Bionstrasse 4, CH-8006 Zurich; [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Invasive pests on urban trees, Asian Longhorned Beetle, Oak/Pine Processionary Moth, Leaf Miners, Tree Micro Injection (TMI) Summary Attendant circumstances of globalization and international commerce are an increasing threat to urban trees because pests and insects are spread all over the world and introduced to other ecosystems where they reproduce unhindered. Invasive insects (e.g. Leaf Miner, Asian Longhorned Beetle, Oak/Pine Processionary Moth, Emerald Ash Borer etc.) concern the public in Europe and overseas. Town authorities, companies, private tree owners and urban civilisation are seeking strategies which safe the trees in an environmentally friendly manner. We aim to encourage the participiants to discuss politics, strategies, personal experience as well as effective methods to prevent urban trees from damages caused by invasive insects and pests. One of the working treatment methods is Tree Micro Injection. Known for decades in the U.S. and Japan, this method is becoming more and more commercially important also in Europe. The Swiss registration for the product against Leaf Miners on horse-chestnut has been established 2012. More than 1000 trees have been treated successfully in Switzerland. The xylem is opened 2-3cm deep with a sharp wood auger bit. The injection is made through a biodegradable plug with a pressure of 2-3 bar. A horse-chestnut of 50cm diameter at breast height needs 10 injections of 5ml each. The amount of active ingredient (Emamection benzoate) is not more than 2g (half a sugar cube). It protects the horse chestnut for at least 3 years from the insect. The degree of efficacy exceeds easily 80% in a year with high infestation. There exist registered products as well in Portugal against Pine Wood Nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and in France against Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus). Several requests for product registrations in the European Community are currently running. Trials abroad have shown the effectivness of TMI-treatments against pine processionary moth and other insects already. We explain the last edition of the Tree Micro Injection equipment, show the degree of efficacy, present results and ultrasound studies of stems at the level of the injections years after the treatment.

Key References Stadtgärtnerei Winterthur, Peter Hirsiger.

C8 – Threats and Diseases Affecting Urban Trees Patterns of non-native plant diversity: A case-study of the urban forest of Kyiv Golivets, Marina

Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lebedeva Str., 37, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine, e-mail: [email protected] Key Words Non-native plant species, plant diversity, urban forest Summary Today’s urban woodlands are exposed to the constant flow of newly introduced exotic plant species. The introduction of potential invaders is the most serious threat to urban biodiversity, apart from land-use change and fragmentation. The understanding of plant invasion process in urban forests is a crucial element of the urban ecosystem health maintaining framework. The present study aimed at exploring patterns of alien plant species diversity in urban woodlands by documenting abundance, frequency and species-area relationships (SARs) for both native and non-native plants. The inventory of 50 patches within the urban forest of Kyiv was carried out between April–June 2012–2013 using the Whittaker’s plant diversity sampling method [Shmida, 1984]. The records were made at four spatial scales (1, 10, 100, and 1000 m2), what enabled me to apply the spatial distribution analysis to the data. In order to prove/reject the presence of influence of exotics on native plant communities, I scaled both total species and native species numbers with area using a log-log transformed SAR log(S)=log(c)+z*log(A), which had been gotten from original S=c*Az, where S – species number, А – spatial scale, c and z – constants [Arrhenius, 1921]. In total, 201 plant species from 148 genera and 69 families were observed. Among those, 46 (23%) species were non-indigenous. The most wide-spread alien species were Impatiens parviflora DC., Acer negundo L., Phalacroloma annum (L.) Dumort., and Quercus rubra L. The total number of species per 1000-m2 plot ranged between 20 and 57 with the mean of 38,1±6,1. The mean species richness at smaller spatial scales was as follows: 1 m2 – 8,3±1,7; 10 m2 – 14,4±2,8; 100 m2 – 22,8±4,0. The share of non-indigenous species gradually decreased from small spatial scales (16,8% at 1 m2) to larger ones (10,8% at 1000 m2) with the average of 12,9%. The comparison of the two log-log SAR expressions has revealed a decrease of the intercept (c) and a slight increase of the slope (z), suggesting a greater influence of alien plants on native plant richness at smaller spatial scales than at larger ones. The most frequent and abundant species was I. parviflora. Other highly frequent species were native Acer platanoides L., Carpinus betulus L., Euonymus europaea L., and Quercus robur L. The forest weedy species Galium aparine L., Geum urbanum L., and Geranium robertianum L. were frequent as well. The mean abundance of native species was two and more times lower than that of I. parviflora. A significant correlation (R=0,12, p=0,008) has been found between the abundance of I. parviflora and the abundance of other species at 1-m2 scale. A significant correlation has been also detected between the dominance index of I. parviflora and the number of other species in 1-m2 plots (R=0,28, p=0,000). The evidence of spatial-dependent effects of alien plants on native plant diversity within the urban woodlands suggests for the need to develop a multiple-scale biodiversity monitoring approach, which would let detect early changes in the vegetation structure occurring at small scales, like 1 and 10 m2, and at the same time would consider alien species pool over large areas as to prevent further spread of these species. Key References Shmida, A. 1984. Whittaker's plant diversity sampling method. Israel Journal of Botany 33: 41-46. Arrhenius, O. 1921. Species and area. Journal of Ecology 9: 95-99.

Estimates of above and belowground carbon stocks in the urban forest of the floodplain ecosystem of Leipzig Hartmann, Timo; Kasperidus; Hans Dieter; Scholz, Mathias

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Conservation biology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Key Words Carbon sequestration, ecosystem services, urban forests, floodplains Summary The ecosystems of floodplain forests are characterized by a special structure and species richness, which is designed by nature and man. They represent a significant part of the European natural heritage and deserve therefore much attention in terms of scientific research into the history, environmental conditions and state of preservation, the protection and revitalization. With its central location in the river catchment they form a complex linkage of terrestrial with aquatic ecosystems (Pinay et al., 1992). They have, in addition to the mires, an enormous carbon storage capacity in biomass and soil, which is an important ecosystem service beside many other services floodplain forests provide. Therefore they take an important position in the context of carbon sequestration to avoid unfavorable climate change conditions. The Study was carried out in the urban forest of Leipzig, which is considered as the largest urban hardwood forest in Central Europe and the backbone for the Green Infrastructure of the City. Fieldwork of site- specific characteristics of vegetation and soil were made on 37 randomly selected sample plots. The central object of investigation was the organic carbon stock in dependence of the environmental compartments as well as the location criteria of dominant main tree species, stand age and hydrological regime. The aboveground compartments were living biomass that only contents trees (circumference ≥ 15 cm) and shrub layer, and large woody debris (circumference ≥ 30 cm). The belowground compartment encompassed the Total organic carbon (TOC) of the fine-grained soil fraction, subdivided in soil horizons up to a depth of one meter. While carbon content of aboveground biomass was estimated using allometric formulas, the soil organic carbon content was calculated by elemental analysis in the laboratory.

For the urban floodplain forest of Leipzig it turned out averaged very high carbon stocks (566 t ha-1), both in aboveground biomass (299 t ha-1) and in fine-grained soil fraction (267 t ha-1). With an averaged stock of 772 t C ha-1, whereof 473 t ha-1 are bound in biomass and 299 t ha-1 in fine-grained soil, the old hardwood stocks store most of the organic carbon compared to the middle-aged forest (Total: 509 t C ha-1, biomass: 223 t ha-1, soil: 286 t ha-1) and the young stands (310 t C ha-1, biomass: 83 t ha-1, soil: 227 t ha-1). The values are quite comparable with those from dynamic floodplain areas, such as the Middle Elbe and Danube River and even exceed these in part. Due to the applied descriptive statistical methods it can be testified that the carbon stocks vary with the vegetation and management units. Quercus robur- dominant units stand out clearly, whereas Acer pseudoplatanus stocks with drier site conditions have lower carbon values. The inventory age has the strongest influence on the carbon storage of aboveground biomass, whereas soil carbon storage is most influenced by groundwater dynamics or the hydrological regime. The CO2 sequestration potential in the floodplain forest is enormous, that is designed both by highly productive young afforestation, especially in the southern region, and by many older stands that have not yet reached the climax and continue building up biomass. Despite the absence of flooding the gleyic soils store high amounts of organic carbon, a mean value of 335 t ha-1. Therefrom 84 t ha-1 are stored in the first humus layer and 118 t ha-1 in the groundwater horizon, whereas the remaining carbon is stored in the middle layer marked by erosion and sedimentation of holocene solum. Higher situated locations in the small-scale relief that are marked by brunification are sized by noticeable lower values (Total: 239 t ha-1, Ah-horizon: 58 t ha-1, groundwater horizon: 41 t ha-1. C

storage is coupled to the hydrodynamics. Under reducing soil conditions the carbon mineralization takes place slower. Key references Cierjacks A., Kleinschmit B., Babinsky M., Kleinschroth F., Markert A., Menzel M., Ziechmann U., Schiller T., Graf M., Lang F. (2010): Carbon stocks of soil and vegetation on Danubian floodplains. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 173: 644 - 653. Cierjacks A., Kleinschmit B., Kowarik I., Graf M., Lang F. (2010): Organic Matter Distribution in floodplains can be predicted using spatial and vegetation structure. River Research and Applications. Wiley InterScience. Pinay G., Fabre A., Vervier Ph., Gazelle F. (1992): Control of C, N, P distribution in soils of riparian forests. Landscape Ecology vol. 6 no. 3: 121-132.

Heavy metals spatial distribution in the urban soils of the City of Ljubljana Kobal, Milan 1; Marinšek, Aleksander 1; Grčman, Helena 2; Žlindra, Daniel 1; Vilhar, Urša1 1Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Biotehnical faculty, Jamkarjev [email protected] a 101, 1000 Ljubljana [email protected]

Key Words Urban soil, soil contamination, heavy metals, Ljubljana, Slovenia Summary According to Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection in Europe, soils have many different functions for the social and economic development of humankind, which can be distinguished into more ecological functions and others, directly linked to human activities defined as technical, industrial and socio-economic functions. Urban soils provide numerous ecosystem services by virtue of their unique physical, chemical and biological characteristics and are the growth medium for urban forests and vegetation including parks, playgrounds, gardens and urban agricultural land. Soil conditions directly greatly influence tree growth and vigor of trees. Soil provides trees with water, oxygen, nutrients and support for the root system. Roots need a healthy soil environment to grow in, and strong root development directly influences growth of the above-ground parts of the tree. Also the ecosystem services, related to drinking water protection are crucial in urban areas. Urban soils are recipients of urban contaminants, including heavy metals from traffic, industrial chemicals, and human and animal waste. Many activities in urban areas change the soil’s physical, chemical, or biological characteristics, but only few processes of soil degradation, such as contamination by biodegradable organics or by small amounts of heavy metals can be regarded as reversible. In order to analyze spatial distribution of heavy metals in the urban soils of the City of Ljubljana soil contamination data for nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) from forests and other land uses were collected. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to determine the degree of contamination with heavy metals and identify areas where pollution exceeds the permissible limits. Sampling locations with different land use (35 in parks, 50 in kindergarten and school playgrounds, 32 in urban forests, 25 at the roadsides, 13 at riverbanks and 7 in urban agriculture areas) were selected with the combination of systematic and expert judgement strategy. Forest soil samples were collected in year 2013 in the frame of EMoNFUr Life+ project at 500 × 500 m sampling grid of the Landscape Park Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib. Soil contamination data for other land uses (e.g. ornamental gardens, parks and open spaces, riverbanks, roadsides, school playing ﬁelds and urban agricultural land) were obtained from project Urbsoil in 2006 and used in the interpolation process. In total, more than 160 sampled locations in the depth of 0 – 10 cm were used in the study. A universal kriging interpolation methods were used to interpolate soil contamination. Soils in Ljubljana are moderately polluted mainly with lead. The main source of lead is traffic from the time of leaded fuel. Limit (85 mg/kg) / warning (100 mg/kg) values were exceeded in 52 / 44 soil samples respectively. But in none of the case the critical value was exceeded (530 mg/kg). Lead concentration in the soil varied from 11 to 387 mg/kg; with median value 68 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were measured in soils of roadsides from the central part of the city. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd varied from 63 to 446 mg/kg, 15 to 123 mg/kg, 12 to 165 mg/kg, 14 to 38 mg/kg and 0,1 to 4,5 mg/kg respectively. In the forest area only one location had soil concentrations for lead (Pb) above warning limit, located on the landscape park edge and serves as a parking place for park visitors. Based on our results we conclude that some urban soils of the City of Ljubljana with exceeded heavy metals concentration exist. Those areas are now well identified and located. Therefore actions toward reducing soil contamination level should be taken in the future, such as providing better public transport and reducing the individual motorized traffic within the natural parks.

Video film: Passive Monitoring of Air Pollution Rupel, Matej1; Špenko, Magda1; Žlindra, Daniel1; Rotar, Marjan2 1Slovenian Forestry Institute, Department of Forest Ecology, Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2KZ Metlika, Radovljica, Slovenia Key Words passive monitoring, air pollution & air quality, passive samplers, Slovenia. Summary Passive tropospheric ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and ammonia samplers are presented in a 15 minutes long educational documentary film. Monitoring those gases is of high importance to a wider public due to the environment pollution and impacts on the forest vegetation they cause. The whole process, from preparation of the reagent solutions and analytical filters, packaging and shipping was done at the Laboratory of Forest Ecology of the Slovenian Forestry Institute. Furthermore, the procedures for quality assurance at the field work are presented, followed by the procedures in the laboratory - preparation of the samples and analysis procedures, done as well at the Slovenian Forestry Institute. The last part shows the analysis followed by the evaluation of measurements and graphical presentation of results that can be used for various reports. Ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and ammonia are sampled using passive samplers according to instructions and procedures which are the result of more than 10 years of experience with passive sampling of air pollution. Slovenian Forestry Institute performs measurements of air quality in and around forests. The main research objects are Level II intensive monitoring plots within ICP-Forests international monitoring network. Moreover, in last two years intense research is ongoing on the plots in urban and peri-urban forests in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Script, camera, directing: Matej Rupel,

Text: Magda Špenko, Daniel Žlindra, Matej Rupel Editing: Marjan Rotar, Matej Rupel.

D – How to Promote Social Goods in Urban Forests and Green spaces? D1 – Effects of Urban Green Infrastructures on Social Health and Wellbeing The psychological benefits of exposure to high vs. low natural urban and periurban green areas Carrus, Giuseppe 1; Scopelliti, Massimiliano 2; Sanesi, Giovanni 3; Colangelo, Giuseppe 3; Lafortezza, Raffaele 3; Ferrini, Francesco 4; Salbitano, Fabio 4; Agrimi, Mariagrazia 5; Semenzato, Paolo 6 1 University of Roma Tre, Italy Department of Education. Via Milazzo 11B, 00185 Rome, [email protected] 2 Libera Università Maria Ss. Assunta (LUMSA), Italy 3 University of Bari, Italy 4 University of Florence, Italy 5 Tuscia University, Italy 6 University of Padua, Italy Key Words: psychological benefits, perceived restorativeness, naturalness Summary This paper investigate the positive outcomes of contact with urban and periurban natural settings, and how these positive outcomes vary as a function of the naturalness of the green settings. A field study assessed the self reported benefits and wellbeing after visiting four different typologies of green spaces, according to a 2 x 2 factorial design. The level of naturalness (low vs. high) was crossed with the location (urban vs. periurban) of the settings: urban plazas with green elements, urban parks, pinewood forest plantations, and peri-urban natural protected areas. A questionnaire including measures of length and frequency of visits, perceived restorativeness and affective qualities, and self-reported benefits of the visit to the different green spaces was administered in situ to N = 696 residents from the cities of Bari, Florence, Rome and Padua, in Italy. Results showed a positive role of naturalness upon the perceived restorative properties, affective qualities, and self-reported benefits, for urban and not for periurban settings. In accordance with the hypotheses, factors such as perceived restorativeness and affective qualities of the settings function as mediators of the relation between experience of natural settings and self-reported benefits. The design and management implications of the findings are discussed.

Key References Berman, M.G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S.,2008. The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science, 19, 1207-1212. Carrus, G., Lafortezza, R. Colangelo, R., Dentamaro, I., Scopelliti, M. & Sanesi, G., 2014. Relations between naturalness and perceived restorativeness of different urban green spaces. Psyecology, 4, 227-244. Hartig, T., 2004. Restorative environments. In C. Spielberger (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Applied Psychology, Vol. 3 (pp.273–278). San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Press. Lafortezza, R., Carrus, G., Sanesi, G., & Davies, C., 2009. Benefits and well-being perceived by people visiting green spaces in periods of heat stress. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 8, 97–108. Staats, H. & Hartig, T., 2004. Alone or with a friend: A social context for psychological restoration and environmental preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(2), 199-211.

Social and cultural values of urban forests - bridging the gap between expectations and on- site characteristics Hegetschweiler, Tessa; Buchecker, Matthias; Hunziker, Marcel

1Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Forest visitors, perception, survey, physical forest characteristics, mapping potential for recreation Summary Urban forests fulfill important functions in terms of ecosystem services and are greatly appreciated by the public for their social and cultural services. In order to manage and maintain them as attractive recreation areas it is crucial to gain insights on the population's expectations regarding these services and relate the results to on-site forest characteristics. The aim of our research is to investigate the relationship of the population with the forest and to examine whether the residents really prefer forest areas that provide the services they expect. To reach this aim we have conducted three studies so far: (1) In a nation-wide household survey we assessed the population's expectations and attitudes regarding Switzerland's forests. (2) An on-site forest visitor survey aimed at visitors using fire places provided information on people's preferences concerning infrastructure and the surrounding forest. (3) To develop a model predicting the use of green spaces for outdoor recreation, postal surveys were used to gather information about the population's recreation preferences and behaviour in four towns. Respondents were asked to indicate their favourite geographical locations for nearby recreation on topographic maps. Inhabitants’ declared recreation use was then related to georeferenced objective landscape properties. In a next step we plan to combine household and forest visitor surveys with the assessment of forest characteristics in urban forests and other selected recreation areas with the aim of creating a model to localise forests providing relevant social, cultural and ecological services. All three studies revealed similar results concerning visitor preferences: heterogeneous landscapes, diverse forests, overviews, open spaces and recreational infrastructure such as benches, footpaths and fire places were appreciated by most respondents. The GIS model based on people's declared recreation use and its relationship to area properties has proved to be a useful tool for predicting suitability of natural areas for recreation.

While these studies give a good overview of the urban public's expectations and preferences, they completely rely on respondents' statements. They provide no information on the type of forest the respondents actually visited and whether they found what they were seeking for. In an on-going project we are examining the relationship between the social and cultural values the urban population expects of the surrounding forests and their on-site characteristics (e.g. tree type, forest structure, small structures like trees for climbing, shady and sunny spots, narrow trails, etc.). A set of predictor variables in a model should help localise forests providing relevant social, cultural and ecological services. Existing research has provided useful information on the population's expectations concerning urban forests. Including on-site forest characteristics will significantly contribute to managing forests to meet the needs of the urban public. Key References Hunziker, M.; von Lindern, E.; Bauer, N.; Frick, J., 2012: Das Verhältnis der Schweizer Bevölkerung zum Wald. Waldmonitoring soziokulturell: Weiterentwicklung und zweite Erhebung - WaMos 2. Birmensdorf, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 180 S.

Hegetschweiler, K.T.; Rusterholz, H.-P.; Baur, B., 2007: Fire place preferences of forest visitors in northwestern Switzerland: Implications for the management of picnic sites. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 6: 73-81 Kienast, F.; Degenhardt, B.; Weilenmann, B.; Wäger, Y.; Buchecker, M., 2012: GIS-assisted mapping of landscape suitability for nearby recreation. Landscape and Urban Planning 105: 385-399

Greening school grounds in deprived urban neighborhoods: the effect on children’s well- being De Vries, Sjerp1; Langers, Fransje2; Donders, Josine2; Van den Berg, Agnes4

1Alterra/Cultural Geography, Wageningen University & Research centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] 2 Alterra, Wageningen University & Research centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected]; [email protected] 3Dept. of Cultural Geography, University of Groningen, Landleven 1, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands. [email protected]

Key Words school ground, green redevelopment, intervention, bullying, well-being Summary Introduction: In the city of Rotterdam several schools in deprived neighborhoods had their grounds redeveloped, with more natural elements and materials. This redevelopment was expected to have several positive effects, among other things on the social climate on the school ground and on the well-being of the children in general. The ministry of Economic Affairs and the municipality of Rotterdam subsidized the redevelopment and commissioned Alterra to investigate whether the anticipated effects did indeed show up. Alterra was not involved in the redevelopment process, which differed by school.

Method: In the autumn of 2010 pre-measurements were conducted at five primary schools, four of which subsequently had their school ground redeveloped. Three groups per school participated, predominantly levels 3 to 5 (6 to 8 years of age). In the first (spring 2012) and second post-measurement (spring 2013) the same group levels were selected for participation. We dropped one experimental school, because of limited redevelopment. The individually conducted measurements consisted of a concentration test and a structured questionnaire. Questions were asked on emotional state at the moment, the evaluation of the school ground, children’s attitude towards nature, well-being in general, perceived competences and self-image. About 300 children participated in each measurement. To test the hypotheses, analyses of covariance were conducted, with group level as covariate. Interactions between ‘School’ and ‘Measurement period’ indicate an effect of the redevelopment. Major results: Only two of the four redevelopments were successful, in that children evaluated the new school ground more positively than the old one. If this was the case, the trend in social climate on the school ground was more positive than that at the control school: children being nicer to each other and fewer arguments taking place. Comparison of the second post-measurement with the pre-measurement showed that the trend in children’s well-being at these two schools was significantly more positive than at the other two schools (control and unsuccessful redevelopment). Since not all redevelopments were successful (and children evaluated their school ground differently), also correlational analyses were conducted. These showed the evaluation of the school ground to be positively related to its perceived social climate, and either or both of these to ability to concentrate, momentary emotional state, well-being in general, perceived competences, and attitude towards nature.

Conclusions: The redevelopment had significant positive effects on social climate and well-being, but only if it could be considered successful. Correlational analyses supported the importance of how attractive the school ground is to a child. Likely reasons for redevelopments being unsuccessful are: created expectations not being met, popular play activities no longer being possible, natural elements on the school ground not being able to survive the play pressure, and/or rules to protect such elements diminishing the play opportunities offered.

Key Reference De Vries, S., Langers, F., Donders, J.L.M., Willeboer, M.T., Van den Berg, A.E. (2013). Meer groen op het schoolplein: een interventiestudie; de effecten van het groen herinrichten van schoolpleinen op de ontwikkeling, het welzijn en de natuurhouding van het kind. Alterra-rapport 2474. Wageningen: Alterra.

D2 - Social Diversity in Urban Forests Perception and uses of urban forests by people with a migration background Jay, Marion; Schraml, Ulrich

Professur für Forst- und Umweltpolitik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Urban forests; migration background; recreation; qualitative research; narratives Summary The city is since decades the living place and reality of the majority of the earth' population. Today more than 70% of Germany's population live in urban regions. In and around cities, green areas and forests provide open spaces for physical activity, regeneration and recreation of the citizen. At the same time, the city’s population is becoming more and more multi-ethnic and multicultural. How do people from different cultural or ethnic backgrounds use and perceive urban forests? In this presentation we outline results of a case study on the attitudes of migrants towards urban forests. While research on outdoor leisure patterns of migrants or ethnic groups is heterogeneous, common critiques of this field are a lack of attention given to subjective views on recreation, an unreflected use of ethnicity categories and insufficient consideration of the inner-heterogeneity of migrant groups. This study addresses these critiques and investigates the subjective meanings and uses of urban forests by people with and without a migration background with a qualitative methodology. It asks how a migration background can influence recreation patterns and meanings of forests of individuals or groups. Theoretically grounded in a symbolic interactionist and constructivist approach, it considers migration background as a social construct and meanings of outdoor recreation as created through interaction processes. The results build on 42 qualitative face-to-face interviews with people with a Turkish, a Russian-German and no migration background in Stuttgart and Berlin, Germany. The analysis brings to light subjective views on urban forests that are common to small sets of respondents. In order to understand how a migration background may influence recreation in urban forests, five narratives were built based on these views. Each narrative regroups respondents who share a similar perspective on a specific theme. The results show how the personal life context and its interlinkages with migration influence individual's recreational uses and perspectives on urban forests. They demonstrate how lifestyle and gender shape recreational practices independently from a migration background. Urban forests are open spaces that aloud individual regeneration for migrants and non-migrants. But they are also social spaces where collective identity construction takes place, e.g. through the attribution of certain recreational patterns to a particular cultural group. This insight contributes to draw attention to issues of social cohesion and access to resources such as nature for various groups. While stakeholders in the field of urban greening have a crucial impact on policies and planning instruments, we argue for more consideration of diversity in their work, including cultural and ethnic diversity but also individuality in a broader way. This implies to go beyond pre-defined categories of “users” toward the participative integration of the population concerned with green space /urban forest policy and planning. Key References Jay, M., Schraml, U. 2013. Diversity in mind: Towards a differentiated understanding of recreational practices of migrants and non migrants. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. In Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.10.001

Jay, M., Peters, K., Buijs, A.E., Gentin, S., Kloek, M.E., O’Brien, L. 2012. Towards access for all? Policy and research on access of ethnic minority groups to natural areas in four European countries. Forest Policy and Economics 19, pp.4-11.

Do they know how to work with me? Supporting successful urban forestry by building social diversity into the forestry profession Ambrose-Oji, Bianca1; Marzano, Mariella2

1Forest Research, Gwydr Uchaf, Conwy, LL26 0PN Wales, [email protected] 2Forest Research, Roslin, Scotland EH25 9SY, [email protected] Key Words Social diversity, employment, forestry profession Summary Introduction: As urban and peri-urban populations in the UK become increasingly diverse, one of many issues facing urban forestry is how to engage with people from very different socio-economic backgrounds. In the UK, the Equality Act 2010 places a responsibility on public (government) agencies to ensure that diversity is considered in everything they do. This means overcoming barriers to accessing the goods and services they provide, as well as considering diversity within their workforce. Whilst there has been a significant effort to understand and overcome the barriers to access experienced by different kinds of urban forests users (Ambrose-Oji, 2009; Morris et al., 2011), much less work has been done around diversity amongst forestry professionals and employees (Ambrose- Oji, 2010). This is an important issue for two main reasons. Firstly, urban forestry is multifunctional forestry, and as such requires more than the traditional set of productive forestry skills and perspectives. Secondly, since urban forestry relies on understanding and engaging diverse populations, a workforce that reflects the population that it is serving is likely to overcome barriers more effectively. Research Issue and Method: This paper presents recent research into forestry careers, education and employee recruitment which has started to explore how best to recruit people from diverse backgrounds to take up employment in the forestry sector. The specific focus is with gender (men and women), ethnicity (people from minority ethnic backgrounds) and disability (physical, sensory and mental). The research looked at employment in forestry roles relevant to urban forestry, such as planning, communication and marketing, science, public engagement, education services, and partnership networking. Between 2010 and 2014 a series of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 75 respondents actively looking for work, showed that even though they may have the right skill sets for these roles, and a strong set of working values focused on public or community service, urban forestry was not something they considered. Results: A major barrier to all social groups was the perception of forestry as traditional productive work, rural, dirty, wet, difficult, and unglamorous. A second barrier was uncertainty about what they could offer urban forestry and what urban forestry would offer them in terms of job satisfaction, integration into the workforce, and career progression. A third barrier was recruitment practice which was not reaching them as potential candidates for the roles on offer. A social marketing approach was used to identify mechanisms to overcome these barriers. Some of these approaches were implemented and tested. The results were mixed. Conclusion: A discussion of how best to address structural changes to the diversity of urban forestry workers identifies some of the key learning and action points. These include: the need for urban forestry employers to clearly communicate their diversity policies, working with partner organisations able to “rebrand” urban forestry, and maintaining focus on local community benefits from urban forestry. Key References Ambrose- Oji, B., 2010. Social Diversity in the Forestry Profession, Research Report. Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge Farnham, Surrey. Ambrose-Oji, B., 2009. Equality and Inclusion of Social Diversity with respect to Woods and Forests in the UK: An Evidence Review. Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, p. 55. Morris, J., O'Brien, E., Ambrose-Oji, B., Lawrence, A., Carter, C., Peace, A., 2011. Access for all? Barriers to accessing woodlands and forests in Britain. Local Environment 16, 375-396.

Immigrants are not a homogeneous group: Outdoor recreation by Turkish and Chinese immigrants and Dutch non-immigrants in the Netherlands Kloek, Marjolein E.1; Buijs, Arjen E.2,3; Boersema, Jan4; Schouten, Matthijs G.C.1

1 Wageningen University, Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Wageningen University, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, [email protected] 3 Alterra Green World Research, Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands 4 Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected] Key Words Outdoor recreation, ethnicity, immigration, social integration

Summary Lately, governments and nature conservation organisations in various countries have noted an under- representation of immigrants or ethnic minorities in the recreational use of greenspace. This perceived under-representation may be linked to issues like social integration, equality of access and public support for nature conservation. However, the assumption of under-representation is hardly based on solid and representative quantitative research among ethnic groups; at least in the Netherlands and also in various other European countries (Kloek et al., 2013). Furthermore, immigrants are often treated as a homogeneous group, and a thorough reflection of the diversity of immigrant practices is lacking. This study aims to describe outdoor recreational practices of three ethnic groups in the Netherlands, by means of a face-to-face questionnaire with quota sampling design. In a quota sampling design, the number of people that participate per socio-demographic category is predetermined, in order to obtain a sample representative of the population. Respondents were of Turkish, Chinese or non-immigrant Dutch background. Turkish immigrants form the largest group of non- western immigrants in the Netherlands, while the number of immigrants from China is increasing. For every ethnic group, we set quotas on gender, age and education, based on national data. 1057 respondents participated in the study, of whom 350 Chinese and 350 Turkish immigrants and 357 natives. We included only young adults between 18-35 years old. Respondents were recruited in various ways and places, such as at the street; at places where groups gather such as in sport associations, religious buildings and restaurants; and at homes. Interviews were conducted at quiet places, preferably with only the interviewer and respondent present. The quotas were reached as set. Questionnaire topics included participation in various outdoor recreation activities, participation in urban and non-urban outdoor recreation, motives, constraints and group size. Results showed that there are indeed significant differences between ethnic groups in outdoor recreational behaviour, and that immigrants cannot be seen as a homogeneous group. For example, Turkish respondents more often visited urban green in groups than native Dutch, while Chinese respondents more often visited urban green alone or in couples than native Dutch (Cramer’s V=0,19, p<0,001). Another example: while barbecuing, an activity often described as typical for immigrants, was indeed popular among Turkish respondents, Chinese respondents participated far less in these activities in comparison with both Turkish and native Dutch respondents (Cramer’s V=0,27, p<0,001). Constraints to outdoor recreation were fairly the same for immigrants and non-immigrants, while motivations differed considerably between ethnicities. We therefore argue that seeing immigrants as a homogeneous group hides the more diverse and ambiguous practice of outdoor recreation and runs the risk of providing a rather shallow description of immigrants’ outdoor recreational behaviour. Nature organizations trying to increase public support and participation of immigrants, should be aware of the extent to which their attempts are based on limited

and stereotyped ideas. We think outreach programs are needed in which multiple identities are at the core - working with immigrants or ethnic minorities separately where that need is identified, but also basing positive action on other identities or cross-cultural themes that enable people to participate in outdoor recreation. Key References Kloek, M.E., Buijs, A., Boersema, J.J., Schouten, M.G.C., 2013. Crossing borders: review of concepts and approaches in research on greenspace, immigration and society in North-West European countries. Landscape Research 38 (1), 117-140.

E – How to Manage Multi-Stakeholder Conflicts in Urban Forests and Green Spaces? E1 - Monitoring and Managing Multi-Stakeholders Conflicts A spatial index to allocate fuel removals in wildland-urban interface Elia, Mario; Lafortezza, Raffaele; Colangelo, Giuseppe; Sanesi, Giovanni

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A 70126 Bari, ITALY; [email protected] Keywords: Wildland-urban interface (WUI), Wildland fire, Landscape management, Fuel treatment, spatial index Summary Wildfires are increasingly impinging upon human populations because of anthropogenic changes to the global fire cycle. The last decade has witnessed an increasing occurrence of wildfires in wildland-urban interfaces, defined as zones where infrastructures and other man-made systems interact with undeveloped areas, such as periurban forests. Wildland-urban interfaces create an environment in which fire can easily move from forest fuels to human settlements. In this context there is a need to prevent fire spreading by determining the sound allocation of fuel treatment (fuel removal). To this end, we proposed a Spatial Allocation Index as a streamlined method to detect where and what type of forest areas may be eligible for fuel removal in terms of wildfire prevention. In our case we consider “fuel treatment” as the removal of a certain amount of fine dead fuel including needles, litter, and fine dead stems <0.6 cm in diameter. This type of fuel is the primary carrier of surface fire and is commonly designated as 1-hour fuel load because it reaches ignition temperatures in approximately 1 hour under hot and dry weather conditions. Forest landscapes, located in the province of Taranto, in the Apulia region (southern Italy) was used as a case study example. By using geostatistical techniques, we scaled up 210 plot-level data of 1- hour fuel load and developed maps for different forest types. These spatial predictions were combined with other landscape-level variables in relation to population density, urban density and road density. Through our modelling approach we were able to provide a more efficient allocation of fuel interventions over a large area and at a large scale using precise data from fuel sampling and land-cover maps. Based on the SAI frequency distribution (see Fig.4), we analyzed those portions of WUI (i.e., fuel types) whose SAI value exceeds given thresholds (the upper 85th, 90th and 95th).These thresholds specified a limit beyond which WUI areas require treatment. The areas in the map where the Spatial Allocation Index reaches its maximum value are those having the highest priority in terms of fuel removal; i.e., highest number of people, houses and roads benefitting from wildfire suppression. Our findings indicate that the amount of hectares likely to be treated decreased according to threshold; however, the proportion of fuel types requiring treatment remained similar across the thresholds with a predominance of the “maquis” fuel type. The results suggest that predominant forest typology found to require treatment in the study area is the Mediterranean maquis (shrub-land) covering 44% of the wildland-urban interface landscape. The index identifies areas where, as a result of considerable biomass accumulation, wildland fires might affect dwellings adjacent to urban areas and roads. Understanding where and what type wildland are more likely to be treated provides the basis for appropriately assessing wildfire prevention activity. Adopting this approach offers forest decision makers a fast and effective tool to improve efforts in terms of landscape management and budgeting of financial resources. Key References Bar-Massada A, Radeloff VC, Stewart SI (2011) Allocating fuel breaks to optimally protect structures in the wildland-urban interface. Int J Wildland Fire 20: 59-68. Lampin-Maillet C, Jappiot M, Long M, Bouillon C, Morge D, Ferrier JP (2010). Mapping wildland–urban interfaces at large scales integrating housing density and vegetation aggregation for ﬁre prevention in the South of France. J Environ Manage 91: 732–741.

Lein JK, Stump NI (2009) Assessing wildfire potential within the wildland–urban interface: A southeastern Ohio example. Appl Geogr 29: 21-34. Platt RV, Veblen TT, Sherriff RL (2008) Spatial model of forest management strategies and outcomes in the wildland-urban interface. Nat Hazard Review 9: 199-208.

Integrated methods for monitoring recreation conflicts and impacts: Meeting visitors and wildlife needs in a peri-urban and cross-boundary forested park East of Geneva Finger-Stich, Andréa; Haesler, Sandra hepia, rte de Presinge 150, CH 1257 Jussy [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words recreation monitoring, conflict management, urban forest planning Summary Introduction: Recreation monitoring is often considered as a costly and marginal activity by agencies in charge of forest and nature management, however, for urban parks it is an essential activity if they are to be effective at satisfying visitors demands and conserving natural habitats. The research is based on a one yearlong visitors’ flow-monitoring project, concerning a forested area called “Prés de Villette” of 65 hectares, central to a larger cross-boundary forest of about 1000 hectares lying East of Geneva and reaching into Haute-Savoie (France). The forest constitutes an important biological corridor between the lower Prealpine range and the lake Léman, amidst one of Europe’s fastest urbanizing regions. Local authorities are in the process to value this “green lung” and to create a peri-urban or agglomeration park (Juillerat, 2012). Methods for monitoring recreation conflicts and impacts: The monitoring integrated quantitative and qualitative methods, started with the installation of six eco-counters, complemented then with six camera traps placed nearby (installed towards the ground for preventing face recognition). The study draws on a selection of data across the four seasons (Fall 2012-December 2013). Further, in the context of training, qualitative interviews have been conducted with visitors of various user groups. Main results: Counting passages shows a great variation according to weekdays, weather conditions and to location (from 3 to 200 persons per eco-counter per day). This methods allows to spot not only places where conflicts and impacts are highest, but where it is best to install infrastructures, such as information boards, and when and where forest guards should intervene. Photographical monitoring indicates substantial impacts of walkers with dogs on wildlife, by day and by night. Only few hours of respite are left to the forest (between 24:00 and 4:00 in the early morning). Qualitative interviews indicate visitors’ perceptions of use conflicts, their demands and willingness to take part in minimizing negative impacts. Most dog walkers showed little awareness of restrictions concerning dogs and of their pet’s disturbance on fauna and other visitors, including joggers, bikers, horseback riders. Results also indicate relative satisfaction and tolerance among the various user groups and their interest in maintaining the place “unchanged” and “natural”.

Conclusions: The methods presented show why it is useful to integrate a set of diverse quantitative and qualitative methods for monitoring recreation conflicts and assessing impacts on wildlife. The presentation will further show how the results of such integrated monitoring contribute to managing conflicts between recreation uses and biodiversity conservation, and to planning periurban and cross-boundary forested parks that include nature reserves and quiet zones for effective biological corridors. Key References Juillerat, Orianne. 2012. Potentiels de mise en valeur du patrimoine naturel et culturel de la forêt de Jussy- Douvaine, poumon du bassin de vie franco-valdo-genevois. Thèse de Bachelor, hepia, HES-SO Genève Finger-Stich, A, Hausser, Y., Galland, Haesler, S (enseignants). 2013. Etude de fréquentation du Pré de Villette, travail pratique de la Filière Gestion de la nature (GN3), hepia, Genève (yet unpublished). Fischer, Claude (2002) et Albert Samuel (2005). Impact des chiens dans la nature et sur la faune en particulier », Service des forêts, de la protection de la nature et du paysage.

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Integrating multiple societal demands into urban forestry for the future using the case of Munich (Germany) Lupp, Gerd; Weber, Günther; Pauleit, Stephan

Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, TU Munich [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Forest recreation, preferences, lifestyles, climate change, forest management Summary Introduction: Socio-cultural ecosystem services (ES) like aesthetic enjoyment or suitability for outdoor recreation are considered to be extremely important in urban forests (Tyrväinen et al. 2005). Adaptive management strategies strive to secure important provisioning (e.g. timber) and regulating (e.g. filtration, lowering temperatures) ES. Consequences of these management actions like shortening rotation periods or conversion of conifer stands towards structured multilayer stands containing different broadleaf and conifer species might have effects on these socio-cultural ES. Also a diversification of lifestyles with its corresponding attitudes, values and communication channels is visible. The project work started in December 2013. Methods: First, recreation patterns, forest landscape perception and preferences are analyzed and trends were assessed by comparing the findings with studies dating from the 1980ies and 1990ies. It is also analyzed, how different groups of society participate in forest recreation by using lifestyle concepts (Lupp & Konold 2008). Participatory scenarios using the framework described in Starick et al. (in print/available online) is carried out to analyze possible future developments of urban proximate forests in Munich. Based on the evaluation of the scenarios, strategies are developed, how forest authorities can react to these demands and better communicate with different users.

First results: By March 2014, first interview results (Weitmann & Korny 2014) indicate that using a bike for both accessing urban forests and for recreation purposes significantly increased over the decades and is nowadays the most important activity (33% in 1979; 58.3% in 2013) compared to hiking (68.5% down to 53.7%) 30 years ago in the surveyed urban proximate forests. Also a shift towards toward older groups of society can be observed. Persons with a migratory background seldom use urban forests for recreation. The currently favored forest management strategy of the forest authorities focusing on mixed forests seems to enhance socio-cultural ES like recreation demands and scenic preferences quite well. Acknowledgements: We thank the Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry for funding our work.

Key References Lupp G, Konold W (2008) Landscape preferences and perception of both residents and tourists: A case study in the Müritz National Park (Germany). In: Siegrist D, Clivaz C, Hunziker M, Iten S (Ed) Visitor Management in Nature-based Tourism – Strategies and Success Factors for Parks and Recreational Areas, Series of the Institute for Landscape and Open Space. HSR University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil 2, Rapperswil, pp 47–58. Starick A, Syrbe RU, Lupp G, Matzdorf B, Zander P (in print, available online): Scenarios of bioenergy provision - technological developments in a landscape context and their social effects. Environment, Development and Sustainability Tyrväinen L, Pauleit S, Seeland K, de Vries S (2005) Benefits and uses of urban forests and trees: A European perspective. Chapter 4 in: Konijnendijk CC, Nilsson K, Randrup TB, Schipperijn J (ed). Urban Forests and Trees in Europe – A Reference Book. Springer-Verlag, Springer-Verlag, pp 81-114. Weitmann V, Korny D (2014) Die Erholungseignung des Auwaldes – Untersuchung der Besucher-Aktivitäten und Bewertung von unterschiedlichen Waldbildern in den Isar-Auwäldern nördlich von München - Project report, 71 p. + supplements

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Forest-recreation conflicts – resolvable by visitor management? Results of surveys and experiments Hunziker, Marcel & Freuler, Benjamin

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf [email protected] Key Words attitudes, behaviour, perception, biking, biking Summary Recreation activities in the forests, in particular in urban forests, are very popular and growing constantly. This often leads to conflicts between different activities. Efforts of visitor management try to resolve such conflicts by active steering through information and infrastructure. The aims of our investigations were therefore to answer the following questions:

1) What is the actual development of perceived recreational conflicts in Swiss urban forests? 2) Do visitor-management measures actually succeed in resolving such conflicts? To answer these questions we conducted two studies:

1) To assess the actual development of perceived recreational conflicts in forests we conducted a nationwide representative telephone and internet survey (N=3022, response rate = 32%) in the whole of Switzerland. As about 80% of the Swiss population lives in urban and sub-/peri-urban areas, this survey primarily dealt with urban-forest matters. The survey was part of the Swiss socio-cultural forest monitoring (WaMos) that was conducted first in 1997 and now revised and repeated in 2010. This monitoring approach allowed to assess the development of the perceived conflicts over time. 2) We exemplarily evaluated the effect of visitor-management efforts that aimed at reducing social conflicts between downhill bikers and other recreationists such as hikers etc. To this end, we conducted a first survey among visitors of an urban forest (close to Zurich) just before the beginning of the interventions (installation of a separate bike-trail, sign posts, media communication and interdiction of bike transport by train) to investigate the perceived conflicts. The second survey was conducted 15 months later by sending questionnaires to the same people of the first survey in order to measure the effect of the intervention and the perception of the effect. The results of the nation-wide survey showed that (primarily urban!) forest-visit frequency in Switzerland is on a very high level but did not increase since 1997. However, the amount of people feeling themselves disturbed by other forest visitors increased significantly (from 18% to 27%) and the amount of perceived conflict-reasons actually doubled since 1997. These developments might be the result of the increasing number of people living in (peri-/sub-)urban areas and by the number of recreation activities that are conducted in the forests, in particular in the urban forests. But the conflicts did neither reduce the overall satisfaction with the forest visits nor the perceived restoration by them. They are both rated on a very high level.

The results of the evaluation of visitor-management measures show that the chosen measures were well accepted by all parties and did actually reduce the number of bikers using illegal or multi-use trails for downhill-biking. This effect was perceived as an improvement by forest visitors and, thus, reduced conflicts between hikers and bikers significantly. In addition, the reduction of the biker-hiker conflict affected also other conflicts in a positive way. The two studies reveal that perceived conflicts in (urban) forest that are caused by recreational activities actually did increase over time, but that such conflicts can be reduced or even resolved. Although the perceived conflicts seemed not yet to reduce the recreational value of forest visits it is uncertain whether

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this might remain in the long run. Thus, it is highly recommended to continue developing visitor- management measures to be prepared for further developments. Key References Freuler, Benjamin, 2008: Management von Freizeitaktivitäten: Interventionen zur Beeinflussung von sozialen und ökologischen Nutzungskonflikten im Outdoorbereich. Dissertation, Psychologisches Institut, Universität Zürich. Hunziker, M.; von Lindern, E.; Bauer, N.; Frick, J., 2012: Das Verhältnis der Schweizer Bevölkerung zum Wald. Waldmonitoring soziokulturell: Weiterentwicklung und zweite Erhebung - WaMos 2. Birmensdorf, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL. 180 S.

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E2 – Conflict Management through Participation and Capacity Building Green management of public open spaces in industrial parks in Taiwan: A free lunch? Huang, Ji-Wei; Lee, Chung-Chi

Dept of Horticulture, no.1, sec.1, Shen-Nong rd. Ilan city 260, Taiwan [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Landscape quality, industrial park, green management, free, Taiwan Summary Industrial landscape in Taiwan was notorious for its poor visual quality and eco-service particularly rough management on trees but neither government nor industries are willing to pay the cost of better professional service. The government department in charge was expected to have factory owners involved a deeper level of green commitment. Since very little regulation was in force to demand factories partake management of public open space in industrial parks where is basically exclusive. Few communities/volunteer groups are willing to join. A 5-year project was thus launched and aimed to improve the condition and convince factory owners to oversee the management of industrial park themselves, including those costs for green management. There are total of 11,794 factories with 524,996 workers in 61 industrial parks that cover 9,319 hectares with US$133.3 billion in output about one-third (⅓) of Taiwan’s total manufacturing industrial income, but only occupies 2.59% of the land area of Taiwan. This suggests that there is intensive land use in industrial parks in Taiwan. For instance, building coverage and building volume rates were quite high at 70% and 140–300%, respectively; while green open space use was comparatively low. The budget deficiencies for green management are well below the total costs for public services at industrial parks, which was over US$181 million in 2002. These funds were mainly used for the general management of industrial parks with only a small portion used for green management. The reason for this was due to a low management charges for factory owners (US$12.6/100 m2).

Various measures were launched systematically. The first measure was to identify barriers for landscape improvements and to suggest solutions to these barriers. Measures included factory landscaping competitions; incentives proposed for voluntarily looking after public spaces; a website that offered free counseling on landscape improvements; onsite experts were made available for free advice and consultation; subsidies were provided for improvements of factory entrances and fences; free short courses and landscaping handbooks were offered; and questionnaires and studies were undertaken to find better promotional methods for factory participation in green management. After five-years efforts, 1,276 factories take part in volunteer management plan to care for 530,264 m2 of green public areas (51.08% of total green space) and 60,459 trees (61.48% of total trees in open space of industrial parks) at industrial parks in Taiwan. The questionnaires indicated that the majority of factory owner motivation was based on the following: 1. Company image; 2. improved surroundings; and 3. factory owners undertook it as a hobby. The incentives that effectively persuaded newly joined and current partaking factory owners to become involved with green landscape management are ranked as follows: 1. public recognition; 2. reduced taxation; 3. Positive publicity; and 4. free counseling and guidance. The main reasons for companies that are unwilling to partake are as follows: 1. cost; 2. expertise; and 3. compensation clauses and green landscape management are too complicated. The measures that could change these companies to partake are ranked as follows: 1. reduction of taxes (16%); 2. monetary award (13%); 3. free counseling on green landscape management (13%); 4. public recognition; and 5. A carbon tax link and honor roll further indicating participation. Further suggestions proposed by factory owners were more relevant, such as: 1. observational and learning tours; 2. collective outsourcing of maintenance; and 3. stricter demands for responsibility in legislation.

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There is no short cut to improve industrial landscape overnight without more input into management, but who will offer? One of key factors is resource generated by various ways including volunteer labor force. The factories owners’ awareness of visual environmental quality suggested strongest motivation to take the initiative in green management. The chain reaction was demonstrated by those who were awarded honors for demonstrated green landscape management generated interest and competition in the industrial park community. Further, all prizewinning companies felt no increased financial burden and all were successful businesses. Therefore, to wake up the consciousness of industrial community environment may be the first step to save taxpayers’ money and improve the landscape of industrial parks. Key References Chen, YF. 2006. A study on management regime and satisfaction of industrial park, MS Thesis. Chen Chi University, Taipei. Zhan, S., Lin, SW., and Bian, TM. 2005. A study of appraisal on public service value of industrial park in Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Land Research. Vol. 8: No. 2, pp. 49–71.

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‘Green Streets’ – an innovative partnership project designed to enhance and extend the urban forest associated with public transport routes in the Leeds City Region. Simson, Alan

Leeds Metropolitan University, Broadcasting Place, Woodhouse Lane, GB-LS2 9EN Leeds,United Kingdom, [email protected] Key Words Green Streets, public transport, benefits from urban forestry, public realm. Summary Introduction: Cities today are in fierce competition to attract and retain residents, businesses, visitors and tourists, and a vibrant and well-designed public realm, including the urban forest, is a critical aspect of projecting an attractive image of a city. Public transport routes are a critical dimension of this image. ‘Green Streets’ is a collaborative 10 year project between the White Rose Forest, the Community Forest Trust, the Yorkshire Integrated Transport Authority and Leeds Metropolitan University to enhance and extend the urban forest associated with public transport routes in the Leeds City Region. Theory/concept: The Green Streets Project aims to use urban forestry/urban greening interventions to link up communities, new business developments and town centres, and to secure added value from such interventions to support public transport and wider environmental, social and traffic benefits in the public realm. These benefits would include an increase in inward investment, more sustainable retention of such inward investment, reduced urban flood risk, reduced energy costs and improved community health and well-being. The project will target both retro-fitting areas of existing urban communities and development, as well as new proposals.

Initial concepts and design are primarily carried out by the Local Authorities involved and Leeds Metropolitan University, with subsequent and detailed design carried out by consultants. Funding will come from the UK Government, the Local Enterprise Partnership, the EU Regional Development Fund, the EU Structural and Investment Fund and the Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive. Major results: Green Streets is about delivering high quality, well-designed urban forestry / urban greening projects, bespoke to the area in which they are being delivered. This will include street trees , other tree groupings and communities, urban orchards, rain gardens, green roofs and walls, ‘natural’ habitats, and green ways , defined as ‘non-motorised routes to promote healthy activity and behavioural change’. The delivery and management of the Green Streets urban forest / urban greening along the public transport routes offers the communities affected to be involved in skills training and apprenticeship opportunities. Over 30 projects have been identified so far, but the presentation will focus specifically on two – the Leeds NGT [New Generation Transport] Trolleybus Project, which will be subject to a Public Enquiry in April 2014 and Sovereign Square, Leeds - the first public space associated with the concept of Green Streets, due to start construction on 01 August 2014, and which will contain the largest rain garden in the UK. Conclusions: There are many examples of where urban forestry / urban greening projects have not realised their full potential due to poor design, the use of sub-standard materials or subsequent inadequate management. The Green Streets project is about implementing the latest thinking in design, informed by good practise and research, and using quality materials to ensure sustainability and high visual impact. Green Streets is also about innovation and opportunity, delivering bespoke projects to meet individual circumstances and finding unique solutions to delivering urban forestry / urban greening in difficult circumstances.

Key References Hiemstra, J A, Schoenmaker-van der Bijl, E, & Tonneijck, A E G, [2008] Trees – Relief for the City. Plant Publicity Holland. All-round Communications, Boskoop, The Netherlands.

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Simson, AJ, [2008] The Place of Trees in the City of the Future. Arboricultural Journal. Vol 31, pp.97-108. ISSN 0307-1375. http://www.redroseforest.co.uk/web/content/view/43/143 http://whiteroseforest.org.uk http://www.leedscityregion.gov.uk http://www.ngtmetro.com

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The participation of local authorities in the management of urban forests, a comperative case study of Poznan (Poland) and Tallinn (Estonia) as countries in a socio economic transistion in Middle-Eastern Europe Wajchman, Sandra1; Niin, Gloria2 ; Jaszczak, Roman3 ; Bell, Simon4 1 Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego st. 71 C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland, [email protected] 2 Department of Landscape Architecture, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 58/3, 51014 Tartu, Estonia, [email protected] 3Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Poznan University of Life Sciences Wojska Polskiego st. 71 C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland, [email protected] 4 Department of Landscape Architecture, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 58/3, 51014 Tartu, Estonia, [email protected]

Key Words urban forestry, forest management, urban planning, Poland, Estonia Summary Poland and Estonia both belong to the countries of Eastern Europe and their socio-economic situation is in the process of transformation. The changes apply to all economy sectors including forestry. In the context of the growing recreational needs of urban dwellers and concern for quality of life, means that special attention should be paid also to urban forestry. The objective is to see whether urban forestry in Eastern Europe countries with recent economic transmission is facing similar problems. For that two cities with large amount of forest where selected resulting with Poznan and Tallinn. Then forestry data what was available in both of the cities where collected and compared. Aspects compared concerned forest management, recreational development, silviculture and protection.

Poznan in Poland is leading with the largest amount of forest land. The forest area within city borders exceeds 4000 ha, where municipal forests cover 2576 ha. All the forests are stated as protective forests, dominating habitat type is a fresh mixed broadleaf forest where the average age of the forest stand is 55 years. Poznan is an example where specific recommendations are found in the “Guidelines regarding the management of communal forests of the City of Poznan”. Tallinn has the largest amount of urban forests in Estonia. There are about 3120 ha of forest and the municipality owns only 158 ha of the woodlands. This is due to the unfinished land restitution process. Forests in Tallinn are often under nature protection, they are mostly stands dominated by Pinus sylvestris and the average age of the stand is often reaching up to 100 years. Even if Tallinn has set the common regulations for green area management, these requirements aren’t used extensively. The management of forest areas is insufficient and fragmented between different offices. One of the common urban forestry weaknesses is insufficient funding. The disadvantage for Poznan woodlands is not fully adapted pathways for disabled people. The woodland threats are public pressure, littering, aggressive urban development areas in the vicinity of forests. Both in Poznan and in Tallin coniferous domination enhances the possibility of a fire. Another problem is how to adapt woodlands to the social needs and protect them at the same time. Well qualified employees (foresters) in the Poznan City Forest Enterprise are for sure a strength, there is also a good background documentation. In Tallin there was an intention to appoint a city forester but at the same time there was news that city government is going to reduce the amount of the vacancies so the initiative failed.

In Tallinn the main problem is unfinished land restitution. Due to the lack of funding the recreational infrastructure is worn out. In Estonia the everyman’s law allows to use forests freely, this is why many popular woodlands are overexploited. Positive is that the issues with urban forests have become a topic in the last years, and municipal forests finally had a forest management plan in 2012/2013. No management

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is both a strength and weakness, the natural processes can evolve freely, resulting in a rich biodiversity but uncontrolled human activities are threatening natural ecosystems. Summarizing both cities are stuggling with the lack of funding, plans and regulations are made but they are not fully follwed thorugh. Urban forestry in Tallin is not so developed and documented as in Poznan. Both cities protect the forests but don’t take enough measurements to protect the nature and improve the recreational possibilities. Selecting the areas of concern allowed to make a comparative research that characterizes cities separately and in relation to each other, it introduces new knowledge and allows to search for examples of good practice.

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Mountainbiking – managing conflicts in an urban forest in Zurich Wollenmann, Regina Andrea1, Wyttenbach, Martin2; Rupf, Reto 2 1Grün Stadt Zürich, Beatenplatz 2, 8001 Zürich, Switzerland; [email protected] 2Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, ZHAW - Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Schloss Wädenswil, Postfach, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Mountainbiking, conflict management, pressure on urban recreational space Summary There is a trend to offer more infrastructure to attract mountainbikers in the mountain regions of Switzerland. As a consequence, bicycling has become one of the most favored outdoor sports of urban citizens, with the forest serving as the main sports arena in the city of Zurich. Nevertheless, running and hiking are also important leisure activities, which led to conflicts between the different user groups.

To meet these challenges, a user concept was developed in 2005 for the Uetliberg, one of the forest areas in Zurich. The objective was to detangle biking and hiking. The Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) acted as scientific advisor during the process (Freuler 2008), where the data collected by counting devices was used to de-emotionalize the discussion. Further data on usage was measured and path analyzes conducted at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) to evaluate the development of mountain biking in Zurich (Wyttenbach 2012).

Since the founding of the mountain biking association “Züritrails” in 2010 a discussion partner exists. During the co-operation with Züritrails the need to define a clear strategy and respective roles became obvious, which led to a joint analysis of the current situation. The participatory process resulted in the baseline report on mountain biking in the city of Zurich (GSZ, 2013) and establishes both the target status and important rules. Thus, it defines the room to negotiate for any biking activity in the Zurich forests. Freuler (2008) and Wyttenbach (2012) demonstrate in their research, that the share of bikers as part of all Uetliberg visitors grew from 10% in 2006 to 20 – 25% in 2012. Grün Stadt Zürich succeeded in easing the existing conflicts between different users. Today, the illegal activities such as use of footpaths and self- erected constructions in sensitive wild life habitats are the most problematic conflicts.

The baseline report (GSZ, 2013) did not yet manage to establish a satisfactory co-operation between Grün Stadt Zürich and Züritrails. The newly created infrastructures are not seen as sufficient by Züritrails. Different views on the issue of bike trails infrastructure currently exist: For Grün Stadt Zürich they are a low-level recreation proposition. For Züritrails, they constitute a sports facility with intensive maintenance needs. However, it is rather difficult to define and actually run bike trails as sports facilities in forests as this has implications under current forest law. Also, it would draw in bikers from other regions and increase the pressure on urban recreational space in Zürich. Further alternatives need to be evaluated. Key References Freuler, Benjamin, 2008: Management von Freizeitaktivitäten: Interventionen zur Beeinflussung von sozialen und ökologischen Nutzungskonflikten im Outdoorbereich. Dissertation, Psychologisches Institut, Universität Zürich. Wyttenbach, Martin, 2012: Modellierung der Erholungseignung von Wegabschnitten für Wanderer, Untersuchungsgebiet Uetliberg., Masterarbeit Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW. Bericht zur Planung, Realisierung und zum Unterhalt von Infrastrukturen für Erholungssuchende mit Mountainbike auf städtischem Gebiet. Grün Stadt Zürich, 2013 (internes Arbeitspapier, unveröffentlicht).

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E3 – Governance of Urban Green Spaces and Forests Swiss Urban NeighbourWoods - a paradigm change in urban forest management Baerlocher, Bianca

School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences – Länggasse 85, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland, [email protected]

Key Words: social value, long-term partnerships, sustainable city development Summary: The Forest Division of the School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences in Berne has recently launched its “Forest and Society” major for its BSc programme in Forest Science with the aim to develop more appropriate methods, including social science perspectives, for research and forest science education. Therefore the focus on Urban Forestry is an important research field within the major ‘Forest and Society’. Urban Forestry research mostly deals with problems and challenges stemming from need of urban inhabitants towards their urban and peri-urban woodlands, which are as a consequence characterized by high social value and maximum urban pressures as well as conflicts between different forest user groups, forest managers and authorities. Our main project in this area, “Swiss Urban NeighbourWoods (SUNWoods) - Needs-oriented management of urban forests” is an intervention research project aimed at reconciling different forest users’ interests through long-term involvement and partnerships in forest management. In the first project phase with focus on stakeholder analysis we are establishing a local working group, known as SUNgroup, in the Swiss city of Baden. This SUNgroup will function as platform for experience exchange and the articulation of needs, and will enable a new type of participation towards sustainable city development in which also gender and diversity aspects will be included.

In the initial phase of the project we could already observe a high interest of forest institutions and urban population seeking recreation to mutual exchange existing needs. Further results and experiences will be gain during the next months.

My presentation will present the results of our current research including stakeholder analysis, integrative methods and results of management and governance principles relating to our first SUNGroup in the city of Baden.

Additionally, I hope to highlight how important changes of perspectives among stakeholders are and how this can lead to proactive cooperation and long-term partnerships (governance regimes). Successful methods and practices resulting from this project will be published as guidelines for different contexts. The SUNgroups are intended to be the pillars of a national network facilitating the mutual transfer of knowledge across sectoral, disciplinary, political and linguistic boundaries currently existing in Switzerland. Further information project Swiss Urban NeighbourWoods:

Duration of the project: April 2013 - April 2015 Financed by Gebert-Rüf-Stiftung: http://www.grstiftung.ch/de/portfolio/projekte/alle/y_2012/GRS-049-12.html

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Conflict situations and response strategies in urban forests in Switzerland Wilkes-Allemann, Jerylee1; Pütz, Marco1; Hirschi, Christian2; Fischer, Christoph1 1Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zürich, [email protected] Key Words Forest recreation, conflict situation, urban forest, response strategy, forest governance, Institutional Analysis and Development Framework Summary Introduction: In urban areas, conflicts between forest recreation users and between forest functions have in the last decade increased. New and growing societal demands for forest recreation are the reasons for this development. Conflicts are expected to accentuate even more in the future, posing new challenges to both forest policy makers and forest managers. Analyzing the dynamics and mechanisms of forest recreation governance is, therefore, crucial to better address societal demands, to maintain or enhance the provision of different forest services, and to manage forest conflicts. The aim of this paper is 1) to identify conflict situations in forest recreation, 2) to systemize and understand conflict situations in terms of the relevant forest functions and stakeholders, and 3) to identify response strategies for managing conflict situations.

Theory/Methods: This is done using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework developed by Ostrom (1990). It is best suited to analyse open-resources, such as forest recreation (Article 699 of Civil Code, 1907). To do so, case studies were selected based on the criteria biophysical world (intensity of recreational use of forests among others), community attributes (population growth, ownership) and rules-in-use (Cantonal Forest Development Plan). The research draws on several empirical sources including national forest inventory data, national statistics, semi-structured interviews (May, 2001) and peer-reviewed papers. Major Results: The findings distinguish between conflict situations within forest recreation and between forest recreation and other forest functions. Within forest recreation, the conflict situations traditional vs. new forms of forest recreation, construction of illegal recreation infrastructure, hunting, and demands on forests owners were identified. Reasons are: differing points of view, noise, space, crowded areas, disturbances, lack of respect, differing interests, lack of consensus, mismanagement and non-coordination. Conflict situations between forest recreation and other forest functions include: nature conservation and timber production. Reasons are: misinformation, miscommunication, lack of steering mechanisms and mistrust.

Several response strategies were identified. Each comes into action depending on the action situation taking place. Some include: retrospective compulsory registration form, coordination, monitoring, steering and planning mechanism, prohibitions, clearly defined areas (e.g. nature conservation), rules-in-use definition and improvement, environmental education, information (e.g. roundtables, blackboards in the forest), optimisation and concentration of recreation infrastructures. Conclusion: To conclude, conflict situations in Swiss urban forests stem from divergent forest recreation activities, growing population in agglomeration zones, demographic changes and lack of communication. Therefore, identifying conflict situations is crucial in order to address the action situations and to reduce the interactions in agglomeration zones. To avoid conflict situations, new or improved response strategies are needed. These have to be developed according to the local circumstances and involving all relevant stakeholders. Therefore, having insights from other parts of Switzerland – or the world, would be very helpful to improve the management of conflict situations in urban forests. Subsequently, a better understanding of governance structures and arrangements might help to improve the cross-sectoral and multi-level management and planning of forests – not only in urban areas, but also in other forest areas.

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Key References Civil Code. (1907). Schweizerisches Zivilgesetzbuch vom 10. Dezember 1907. SR 210. Stand 21. Dezember 2004. May, T. 2001. Social Research: Issues, Methods and Processes. 3rd edition. OU Press, Buckingham. Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, New York.

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Participatory definition and assessment of ecosystem services provided by urban forests in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Jay, Marion1; Selter, Andy1; Kretschmer, Judith2; Schraml, Ulrich1; Späth, Renate2

1Professur für Forst- und Umweltpolitik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, D-79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Ministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Landwirtschaft, Natur- und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Referat III-3, Schwannstr. 3, D-40476 Düsseldorf, [email protected]; [email protected]

Key Words Urban forests; North Rhine-Westphalia; participatory approach; ecosystem services Summary In densely populated regions such as North Rhine-Westphalia, with almost 18 million inhabitants and the third most important urban centre in Europe, communal foresters have to deal with increasing and diversifying uses of forests on the one hand and shrinking public budget as well as lack of awareness for the various ecosystem services provided by forests on the other. Innovative urban forestry concepts are required to enable a better consideration of all aspects of forest use, including social aspects and protective functions (e.g. clean water or local climate), in decision making processes. At the same time such concepts have to be jointly developed, accepted and supported by urban dwellers and policy makers. In this context, powerful indicators for ecosystem services are necessary that can be both used in practice and as a communication tool with the public.

We want to present the concept of a project that addresses this issue in North Rhine-Westphalia. It will be conducted in 2014 and 2015 and aims for developing indicators for ecosystem services as well as methods for a better integration of such indicators into forest management and urban planning tools such as forest function mapping at a regional scale. The focus is on water, climate protection, health and recreation. The project concept follows a participatory approach grounded in the TEEB-methodology (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity). In a first step, experts of various fields define together the local relevance of the various ecosystem services and develop suitable indicators. This participatory process is conducted in four case studies, situated in the cities of Bochum, Essen, Remscheid and Köln. Based on the indicators, the ecosystem services will be assessed and displayed in a geographic information system. In a second step, the experts of the four cities compare each other's results and discuss together with regional urban forestry actors on how to enhance the promotion and integration of urban forests' services in management tools.

The expected outputs are indicators for urban forest services that are broadly accepted in forest management practice and can be easily communicated to urban dwellers and policy makers. In addition, a visual representation of the various services in a map (according to outdated forest function mapping) should support local forest management and communication. Finally, a guideline will resume the whole process and show ways for a stronger consideration of all forest uses in urban forest management in North Rhine-Westphalia. This practice-oriented project contributes to exemplary demonstrate how ecosystem services can be defined and assessed in urban forests. In addition, it will enhance the communication on and promotion of ecosystem services in an urban context. Key References Jay, M., Schraml, U. (2013): Managing city forests for or in spite of recreation? The perspective of forest managers. European Journal of Forest Research 132(1), pp. 93-105. Naturkapital Deutschland – TEEB DE (2012): Der Wert der Natur für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft – Eine Einführung. München, ifuplan. Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung – UFZ. Bonn, Bundesamt für Naturschutz.

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F – How to Cross Boundaries: Green Cities – Urban Nature – Urban Forest F1 - Crossing Boundaries through Education and Training Ferrières, experimental forest Goulouzelle, Eric

Agence des Espaces Verts de la region Ile-de-France, 99, rue de l’abbé Groult, 75015 Paris Key Words Innovation, experimentation, protection of environment, social benefits

Summary The Agence des Espaces Verts has been created by the law in 1976 to protect nature around Paris and to improve the social functions of forest.

So, AEV has always been close to the population demand. This demand always moves. Today, we ask each other what is an urban forest for actual population and state of Nature, trying to correspond to future needs.

That’s why we choose the biggest urban forest we own, Ferrières (3000 ha), to get the Experimental Forest label. It will be the forest where we will experiment the actions that has been tried elsewhere or that we will invent here. There are actions to provide population, to improve the quality of Nature, to increase the forest economy. For example, we will try to reopen a sand quarry in the forest, in order to do the forest alleys instead of exporting materials from other regions which is also the solution to make the bank swallow coming back. The method consisted in a group of colleagues for brain-storming add to bench-marking to invent the specific program of Ferrières. It will be a list of actions. We realize some of them each year.

We would present this program.

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"Tree top path": An example of innovative recreation, visitor management and environmental education in urban forests. Zimmermann, Ulf

Institute for Landscape and Open Space, HSR Hochschule für Technik, CH – 8640 Rapperswil E-Mail: [email protected] Key Words Peri-urban forestry, improving social health, recreation, visitor management, nature-based tourism, environmental education Summary The need for recreation and tranquility in an unspoilt environment is of great importance for the periurban population. Numerous studies illustrate the favorable effect on health and psychological well-being of the people due to a stay in landscape. With the help of an innovative offer and new approach to forest and nature – the "tree top path Neckertal" – the region tries to use this potential and combine recreation, landscape aesthetics, health, environmental education and added value in the context of a nature-based tourism project.

A tree top path (other terms are “treetopwalk” and in German “Waldwipfelweg”, “Baumwipfelpfad”) is a construction established over wooden platforms and bridges in the canopy of a forest. It should create a link between classic trail elements such as panels and experience-oriented/educational sections to foster understanding for the ecology of a forest. Walking along the path will provide a different sense of the forest. Instead of looking up at the trees from the ground, people will be strolling near the leaves, making their way between the branches.

Tree top paths are often realised in protected areas or next to other well-known and attractive places in nature or in urban areas, such as lakesides or botanical gardens. Examples are the national parks Bavarian Forest, Kellerwald-Edersee and Hainich in Germany, the Royal Botanic Garden, London (England) or the Kadriorg Park, Tallin (Estonia). The combination of recreation, nature experience, environmental education and some adventure attracts a large number of people. A yearly amount of more than 100'000 visitors is easily reachable for such infrastructure.

Based on the positive experiences in Germany and Austria, the region of Neckertal in the canton of St Gallen decided to realize the first tree top path in Switzerland. The region of Neckertal is a peri-urban rural region in Eastern Switzerland, in the commuter belt of the intensely used tourism region of Toggenburg and close to the agglomerations of St Gallen and Zurich. In cooperation with the future regional nature park Neckertal, which was nominated as a candidate in 2013, local authorities expect an increasing added value for the region.

A suitable location was found on the basis of a feasibility study. The location resulted from an analysis of visibility maps and an evaluation process in the region. The evaluation criteria encompassed e.g. the attractiveness and character of the forest, a possible panoramic view, existing infrastructure, the impact on the natural environment, mobility etc. A possible design of the planned trail was developed, which accounts for the requirements of the architectural construction of the path itself, the special geomorphologic situation and the character of the forest. Target groups of this new tree top path are families, fifty plus / golden agers, as well as schools, clubs and handicapped people. The tree top path Neckertal constitutes an innovative combination of nature-based tourism, health promotion and recreation in the peri-urban space. By using an aesthetic forest landscape, offering a completely new and unusual perspectives and perceptions of the forest is promoted the well-being of the visitor. At the same time guests gain a new connection to nature and a new emotional attachment to the forest.

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Key References Bundesamt für umwelt, wald und landschaft (Hrsg.) (1999). Ansprüche an den Schweizer Wald- Meinungsumfrage (Vol. 309). Bundesamt für Umwelt Wald und Landschaft. Bern. Condrau, V. et al. (2012) Neue Green Care Erholungsangebote in der Landwirtschaft. Ein Projekt im Rahmen der COST Action 866 „Green Care in Agriculture“. Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Landschaft und Freiraum der HSR Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil, Nr. 7. Rapperswil: ilf. Hartig, T.; Book, A.; Garvill, J. ; Olsson, T.; Garling, T. (1996). Environmental influences on psychological restoration. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 37(4), p.378-393. Kaplan, R.; Austin, M. E. (2004). Out in the country: sprawl and the quest for nature nearby. Landscape and Urban Planning 69(2-3), p.235-243. Pretty, J. ; Peacock, J.; Sellens, M.; Griffin M. (2005). The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise. International Journal Of Environmental Health Research 15(5), p.319-337.

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F2 - Crossing Boundaries through Research and Communication International, Interdisciplinary, Intercultural - The role of communication and cooperation in UFUG Hamm, Astrid Consultant Urban Forestry, Arboriculture and Urban Greening 'Citybranchings', Konrad-Miller-Str. 4, 88213 Ravensburg, Germany, Tel. +49 (0)15124281924, [email protected], www.citybranchings.com

Key Words Professional communication, human interaction, common understanding Summary This paper will examine the need for those of us working in Urban Forestry to ensure that we are skilled not only in interdisciplinary communication, but also in multicultural and multi-social levels of communication. The presenter’s own experience in the field of urban forestry and her understanding of current published research in the field of interpersonal communication will form the basis of recommendations as to how best to apply such skills in the field. Professional communication research of the 21st century, such as the work of Sam Roy (2008) 'The psychology of communication' and Kenneth Kong, W. Cheng (2009) 'Communication between Academics and Practitioners' has shown the growing importance and value of communication as one of the foremost professional tools in all human interactions and professional disciplines. Multi-disciplinary communication and cooperation are among the key strategies Urban Forestry & Urban Greening can use to maintain, save, and develop recreational green space in the urban environment of the 21st century. The role of communication in urban forestry is to communicate expert knowledge between different professional stakeholders, as well as to communicate collected professionals’ knowledge to the community and all other stakeholders involved. Yet, often conflicts arise in Urban Forestry and Urban Greening due to a breakdown in communication. This may happen on a communal level (examples are presented from Nuremberg and Ravensburg, Germany) as well as in the management of urban green space as part of large building projects, such as in the “Stuttgart 21” project in Germany. Planning authorities and politicians often create their own plans, without sufficient two-way communication with professional stakeholders as well as the general public. This missing part of communication can lead to extensive protests. Case examples will be given to demonstrate how different interpretations of facts may lead to misunderstandings, and how emotional involvement can impede the management of urban forests. Effective communication in UFUG starts ‘at grass root level' when we are working and communicating with colleagues from various cultural, socio-economic and educational backgrounds. To avoid communication breakdowns, we need to develop and implement communication strategies to achieve a better understanding between stakeholders, for example between professional Horticulturists, Arborists or Foresters and Landscape Architects, Planners and Engineers. Strategies that could be used for a better common understanding amongst a wide range of stakeholders within UFUG, focussing on professional stakeholders in the first place, will be discussed, based on professional experiences and reviews of current research in the field of communication between and amongst professional stakeholders. Results generated from conversation analysis research will be evaluated and their potential application in UFUG will be examined. In particular the personal experience of practitioners and the assessment of communication mechanisms for successful professional alliances in UFUG will be explored.

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Information and communication technologies and the public spaces: reflections on exploring a new relation Smaniotto Costa, Carlos1; Šuklje Erjavec, Ina2

1Department of Urban Planning, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal, [email protected] 2Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia, [email protected]

Key Words Mobile technology & open public space, public space users, social networks and urban environment, urban games, user groups, wireless local area network Summary In this presentation we discuss the relationship between digital media technologies (smart phones, tablets, wi-fi connections) and their use in public open spaces (parks, gardens, squares, plazas, etc.). The consequences of this relationship are not yet fully investigated; long-term experiences and analyses do not yet exist. This fact accompanied by rapid development and increasing application possibilities, challenges ICT experts, urban designers and social scientists. The discussion raises questions about the production and use of public spaces under the light of new digital media technologies. The leading questions are twofold: first, how do ICTs affect the use of public open space, what are the risks and how the uses fit into the concept of a virtual society. Hence, what is the contribution of ICT to transform our cities into more social environments, rather than just more high-tech? Second, how can ICT provide support for those involved in the production and design of public spaces, and what opportunities ICTs offer to better understand the way people use these spaces? The discussion is based on a first analysis carried out for preparing a proposal for the project "CyberPark - Fostering knowledge about the relationship between Information and Communication Technologies and Public Spaces, and strategies to improve the use and attractiveness of open public spaces", which will be financed under the COST-Programme from 2014 for four years. For preparing this proposal we collected and analysed several aspects of the relationship of ICT with public spaces and urban design. This first analysis shows that ICTs cause and enable innovative outdoor social practices which could challenge spatial and social experts to use them in policies, methodologies, design and research in order to produce responsive and inclusive urban places. Therefore, aspects as entertainment, leisure and recreation, social media and the use of public spaces for meetings, flash mobs or demonstrations, ICT and new elements of street furniture will be explored and discussed on the basis of examples already implemented in different cities across the world. Also the project CyberPark, its planned structure and scientific approach will be considered in the presentation. Then despite significant spread and use of ICT-based devises in public spaces and for their production, there is a lack of coordinated and interdisciplinary exchange of knowledge between researchers and experts from different scientific domains, a gap that the project intends to bridge.

Key References Cerveny, B. 2009. 'Civic Information System'. Accessed 15/01/2013. http://www.vurb.eu/2009/07/29/city- modeling. Enjolras B., Steen-Johnsen, K., Wollebæk, D. 'How do social media change the conditions for civic and political mobilization?'. Acessed 24/04/2013. http://www.academia.edu/1353639. Firmino, R. J; Duarte, F. & Moreira, T. 2008. 'Pervasive Technologies and Urban Planning in the Augmented City'. Journal of Urban Technology, 15 (2): 77-93. Hampton, K.; Livio, O.; Sessions, L. 2009. 'The Social Life of Wireless Urban Spaces - Internet Use, Social Networks, and the Public Realm'. Journal of Communication, 60 (4): 701–722. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460- 2466.2010.01510.x. Smaniotto Costa, Carlos (in print) 'IT-Technologies and the public spaces - Exploring a new relationship'. Journal of Urban Planning and Development

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Junior Foresters Thomas, Olivier Agence des Espaces Verts de la region Ile-de-France, 99, rue de l’abbé Groult, 75015 Paris

Key Words Innovation, education, emotion, protection Summary Human being is becoming an urban species. Nowadays we see a new generation to whom the parents didn’t relay the knowledge of Nature things and worse, the emotion in the contact of nature.

Without emotion and knowledge, people don’t respect Nature. That’s why, AEV (Agence des Espaces Verts) decided, 20 years ago, to set up an ambitious program of environment education called Junior Foresters. It aimed to replace the parents in this objective of transmission. The originality of this concept, organized with the collaboration of the French Ministry of Education, consist in developing a program during five years from 6 to 10 years old and at the end the pupil receive a certificate. For example, we go with them in forest to connect them to the animals, the plants, the plants we can eat, the forestry development…

Now, we train 6000 children a year. We would present this program and its new form (we still work on it) for more sensitive learning in which the particular moment will be two days an two nights for children in total immersion in the forest.

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FEDENATUR, the European Association of Periurban Parks. When sharing is a plus. Pastor, Teresa1 ; Martí, Marià2 1FEDENATUR, Carretera de l’Església, 92 08017 Barcelona ; [email protected] 2Consorci Parc de Collserola, Carretera de l’Església, 92 08017 Barcelona ; [email protected] Key Words Periurban parks, green cities, ecosystem services, managing policies

Summary Despite the intense urban development registered during last 70 years, most European agglomerations still have natural spaces on the limits of the urban fabric. These appear under different forms (forests, agricultural plains, wetlands, fluvial parks, green rings), size and state of conservation. But all play a critical role in providing a myriad of ecosystem services to the city they are bordering (Fedenatur report (2004) for the European Commission; Ecosystems LTD report (2006) for the Bruxelles Environnement - IBGE). In general, periurban parks, as we call them, regardless of their degree of naturality, are spaces protected from urbanization, dedicated to the preservation of biodiversity and to receiving public. In these parks, environmental protection, recreational, cultural, educational, and economic and development related functions can coexist. However, due to their proximity to cities, periurban parks are submitted to high specific pressures (excess of people affecting biodiversity, conflicts of usages, urban pressure) that managers have to deal with. Hence, in 1995, the European Association of Periurban Parks “FEDENATUR” was born, with two main aims: to spread and highlight the role of periurban parks and to promote exchanges among managers to share good practices and solutions to the problems mentioned above. For this, two different approaches – a technical and a more political - were followed.

The technical approach consists in the organisation of annual technical meetings - coupled with study visits- focused on very diverse topics related with management (periurban agriculture, vegetation management, environmental education, equipments, communication, biodiversity, social use, economics, water management, etc.). To date, 25 meetings have been organised. Besides, FEDENATUR has promoted and participated in 3 European Interreg projects as a means of encouraging technical exchanges and raising awareness on the concept of Periurban Parks.

Furthermore, FEDENATUR has also conducted two surveys. The first (in 2004) to identify periurban parks and list their functions (environmental, social, economic). The second one (2009 -2012) to analyse more deeply the characteristics of different periuban parks regarding management, social use and equipment.

The political approach started a bit later, when FEDENATUR members realised that many of their problems could not be solved without policy or legislation changes. Hence FEDENATUR joined in 2005 the European Habitats Forum EHF, which assembles leading European nature conservation organisations to provide advice on the implementation and future development of EU biodiversity policy. In 2008, FEDENATUR promoted a Recommendation – that was approved- at the IUCN World Congress in favour of protecting periurban natural areas around cities and metropolitan areas. FEDENATUR is currently giving input through different documents and mechanisms into the current EC Green Infrastructure Strategy.

Regarding its functioning, FEDENATUR is self- sustained (by quotas of members and own generated projects) and works with very limited staff. It has experienced a slow but steady growth (from 3 founding

121 members to 26 current members) and a recent geographical expansion (from Spain, France, Italy, and Belgium to Greece, Poland and Czech Republic). In conclusion, we consider that with the joining efforts of members and other institutions and networks, FEDENATUR has contributed to arise awareness in Europe on the need to protect and include natural areas in spatial planning of cities and to consolidate the concept of periurban park (whatever its denomination). Key References Fedenatur report (2004) for the European Commission Ecosystems LTD report (2006) for the Bruxelles Environnement – IBGE IUCN Recommandation nb. 4128 (2008) Setting up networks of protected urban and periurban natural areas Public use of metropolitan and periurban natural spaces (2010) - FEDENATUR’s 1st report Nature & Countryside within the Urban Fringe. European Periurban areas: characterisation & management recommendations (2012) - Published by JUNTA DE ANDALUCÍA in collaboration with FEDENATUR within the INTERREG IVC Periurban Parks project

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Poster presentations Topic A Urban tree canopy cover and the thermal comfort in urban environment Dobbert, Léa1; Viana, Sabrina Mieko 2; Silva Filho, Demóstenes3 1 University of São Paulo/ESALQ/USP- Piracicaba/SP-Brazil, [email protected] 2 Federal University of São Carlos- São Carlos /SP-Brazil, [email protected] 3 University of São Paulo/ESALQ/USP- Piracicaba/SP-Brazil, [email protected] Key Words tree canopy, thermal comfort, urban environment Summary Some consequences of urbanization cause problems to urban environment. The high demographic density, the soil sealing, the reduction of vegetation can be harmful to the quality of life. The anthropogenic heat changes the temperature increasing the heat islands which effects may reflect directly on energy and human health (Olgyay, 1963). Several authors highlight the importance of vegetation to mitigate the effects of heat islands (Shashua-Bar and Hoffman, 2000). Green infrastructure is very important in the cities as it improves air quality, thermal comfort and well being for its users (Oke,1982), mainly reducing consequences of summer heat periods (Spagnolo and de Dier, 2003; Matzarakis et al, 2009).There is a lack of empirical thermal comfort studies and models directly relevant to outdoor situations, which have not had the required attention. Therefore more studies are necessary to advance this field research. Given this, the present study has analyzed two neighborhoods (one of them well wooded and the other one not) in Campinas city/ São Paulo/ Brazil. The Ray Man program developed by Matzarakis et. al (2007) allows to calculate the PET index (Phisiologically Equilavent Temperature - based on the human energy balance) on the analyzed areas. The urban tree canopy cover was quantified in order to verify the interference of it on Urban Thermal Comfort. A high resolution multispectral image of Word View-2 combined with remote sensing and GIS technics enabled to view the amount of tree canopy cover on the study areas.

The neighborhood Jardim das Paineiras presented higher density of trees (tree canopy cover = 31%) than the downtown (tree canopy cover = 6%). The PET on the study areas were: Jardim das Paineiras (PET max.= 27.00 ˚C ) and downtown (PET max.= 33.30 ˚C), which reflects the inferior thermal conditions in downtown. The average of relative humidity had significant difference (Jardim das Paineiras, Rh= 55,45%) and downtown, Rh=46,83%). The average of air temperature in Jardim das Paineiras was 22,10 ˚C and downtown was 23,44 ˚C. Urban tree canopy cover can help to satisfy the minimum needs of the human by giving the cities a bit of the natural environment, providing welfare to its users. The results show us that the neighborhood without trees has lower air humidity, higher temperature and PET index. We can conclude that the interference of urban tree canopy cover is significant by changing the microclimate and improving the thermal comfort of the citizens. Some design strategies increase significantly the urban thermal comfort (Yang et al, 2013). Therefore, what should be highlighted is that more attention must be given to this subject when designing cities. An implementation of a good Urban Forestry Plan is suggested in order to have a better management of the street trees, aiming to improve the urban quality of life. Thereby the landscaping can be a key to the quality of the city's urban design. Key References Matzarakis, A., De Rocco, M., Najjar, G., 2009. Thermal bioclimate in Strasbourg – the 2003 heat wave. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 98, p. 209–220. Oke, T.R., 1982. The energetic bases of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorology Society, vol. 108, n. 445, p.1-24.

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Olgyay, V.,1963. Arquitectura y clima: manual de diseño bioclimático para arquitectos y urbanistas. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili. 203 p. Shashua-bar, L.; Hoffman, M.E., 2000. Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street An empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees, Energy and Buildings, Washington D.C., v. 31, p. 221–235. Spagnolo, J.; de Dear, R., 2003. A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia, Building and Environment v.38 p. 721 – 738, www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv. Yang, W.; Wong, N. H.; Jusuf, S. K., 2013. Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in Singapore, Building and Environment 59 , p.426-435

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Topic B URBMOBI: A mobile measurement device for urban environmental monitoring Sachsen, Timo1, Ketzler, Gunnar1, Maras, Isabell2 & Schneider, Christoph1

1RWTH Aachen University, Department of Geography, Physical Geography and Climatology Group, Wüllnerstr. 5b, D – 52062 Aachen 2RWTH Aachen University, HumTec, Urban Future Outline, Theaterplatz 14, 52062 Aachen [email protected] Key Words Urban climate, measurement device, mobile measurements, urban structure, environmental monitoring

Summary Due to anthropogenic climate change the urban population is exposed to increasing air temperatures and reduced air quality. To plan adequate adaption and mitigation measures, detailed knowledge of thermal and air quality hot spots is required. Therefore, in different fields of urban research and administration - such as urban planning - spatially and temporally high resolution environmental data are of outstanding importance. Usually, data of fixed stations is interpolated and downscaled to show e.g. the structure of the urban heat island, not taking into consideration that environmental data within a city usually show high spatial and temporal variability at the micro-scale. The variability is determined by different factors, such as the surface types and land use in the vicinity including buildings, infrastructure and urban vegetation. To face the challenge of small-scale and temporal variability different designs for mobile measurement concepts have been investigated including measurements using bicycles or trams [1, 2, 3]. These measurements were nevertheless strongly limited either in space or in time.

Within the URBMOBI research project a novel mobile measurement unit is developed. This unit is able to map a spatially and temporally highly distributed data set. The Urbmobi measurement unit is based on a mobile air temperature sensor operated in the City of Aachen on public buses in 2010 and 2011. Within this measurement campaign the thermal benefits of urban green spaces compared to sealed or built-up areas could be clearly pointed out [4, 5]. The future URBMOBI system will provide a novel product that integrates state-of-the-art sensors for environmental variables embedded in a system that allows mobile usage and easy data handling based on geo-location technology and data transmission by telecommunication networks. In its first version measurements will include air temperature, relative humidity and incoming solar radiation. Sensors might be operated on vehicles of public transport systems like buses, trams, taxis or other private or public operated vehicles cruising urban areas. The instrument fulfills the need for monitoring various locations without the large costs for deploying a large number of fixed meteorological stations. Integration of the data into real-time climate and air quality models will provide climate services and environmental data for a wide range of applications. URBMOBI is a project of the European Institute of Technology (EIT) Climate Knowledge and Innovation Centre (KIC). Within Climate-KIC the URBMOBI consortia is constituted by several European research institutions and companies. Involved are the Department of Geography at RWTH Aachen University (Germany), Technical University of Budapest (Hungary), Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek (TNO, The Netherlands), ARIA Technologies (Paris, France) and Meteorological and Environmental Earth Observation (MEEO, Ferrara, Italy). Key References 1. Klemm, O. & Müskens, A. (2006): Wärmeinsel der Stadt Münster im Rekordsommer 2003. Geographische Rundschau, 58(2), 57-65. 2. Heusinkveld, B. G., van Hove, L. W. A., Jacobs, C. M. J., Steeneveld, G. J., Elbers, J. A., Moors, E. J. & Holtslag, A. A. M. (2010): Use of a mobile platform for assessing urban heat stress in Rotterdam; Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Biometeorology - Berichte des Meteorologischen Instituts der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg 20, Freiburg.

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3. Yamashita, S. (1996): Detailed structure of heat island phenomena from moving observations from electric tram-cars in Metropolitan Tokyo; Atmospheric Environment, 33(3), 429-435. 4. Buttstädt, M., Sachsen, T., Ketzler, G., Merbitz, H. & Schneider, C. (2010): Innerstädtische Temperaturverteilung in Aachen. - Aachener Geographische Arbeiten - Sonderausgabe zum 30- jährigen Bestehen der Klimamessstation Aachen Hörn, 47, 60-68; Aachen. 5. Buttstädt, M., T. Sachsen, G. Ketzler, H. Merbitz & C. Schneider (2011): A new approach for highly resolved air temperature measurements in cities. - Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussion, 4, 1001-1019.

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Green structure of the city of Trebinje (Bosnia and Herzegovina): City plan discourse development Došenović, Ljiljana1; Sekulić, Mirjana2; Davidović, Jelena3

1University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Forestry, Bul. vojvode Stepe Stepanovića 75a, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected] 2University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia, [email protected] 3University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agronomy, Bul. vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]

Key Words planning, urban matrix, conservation, green structures Summary Trebinje is the southernmost city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which the latest stage of urban development was heavily influenced by socio-political changes that moved it in completely different context of spatial and functional relations, by establishment of interstate borders with Croatia. The city based its development on the unity of natural and created context, in specific environmental bond of the Mediterranean and its hinterland. The aim of this paper is to question significance, place and role of green structures in Trebinje's development and to define criteria for their evaluation. The mutual dependence of two systems - urban and natural - and the possibility of their harmonization was defined, with final objective of optimal urban and green development that is adjusted to residential needs and natural capacities of the area.

The theoretical part of the research was carried out through methods of structural, functional and causal analysis of relevant data from the professional, scientific literature and relevant planning and policy documents.

The empirical part of the research included: measurement of green structure elements in order to acquire data about their components which are expressed in physical, biological and socio-economic values; evaluation of specific elements and the whole area; analysis of the acquired data in order to establish the relations and key bonds between variables of the system and criteria for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the green system effectiveness. Since the making of the first city-planning document for Trebinje (Program for general city plan, 1958) until now, many efforts have been made for creating urban greenery consistent with contemporary city planning concepts. However, these were fulfilled only partially and with great difficulty, mainly because of specific socio-economical patterns and individual interests that were enforced contrary to law codes. This is especially evident in city centre construction and river bank management. Also, there is no unique system of urban and suburban green structures in the city. The need for protective green belt around the city was recognised long time ago in City planing scheme (1974) in order to minimize extreme weather conditions. These plans were never carried out, on top of which many forest fires devastated significant forest areas around the city and in that way decreased the possibility of establishing protective green belt around the city. Total area of green structures in city's core still does not comply with standards (landscape architecture objects occupy only 5,4 ha). Even in 1980 Trebinje had 5,5 m2 of green space per capita, and this was marked as insufficient for that time. Total area of apartment block greenery is 2,4 ha, which is insufficient for 8.300 residents that live in this type of housing. The level of planned greening for Trebinje is 27%, which means that it is not within the limits of adopted optimal values (40-45%). Recreational effectivnes ratio is 7,6 m2 per capita, which means that it is too low in relation to life conditions and need for greenery, and it is recomended that this value should be increased to 14 m2 per capita.

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Also there is a lack of public green spaces, because individual residential objects were built with gardens that satisfied needs for green environment. On top of that, the size of central park is insufficient for the number of people living in Trebinje. Also tree alleys show reduced vitality and ask for reconstruction and adequate phytopatological protection. The green structure system in Trebinje should optimally represent a model of combined outside protective belt with mosaically distributed green structures and several radial massifs that would deeply penetrate the city tissue. The river Trebišnjica should represent backbone of the greenery system, especially because it is the only water surface in the greater area. Landscape design of water fronts, conservation and reconstruction of existing water front green structures should be imperative for the city and a way of connecting city to the river. Authentic and recognizable design in the scope of new construction and landscape design regulation should be consistent with present characteristics and landscape identity in order to integrate recreational function with esthetic and ecological functions of urban greenery. Above mentioned functions of the green structures should be incorporated in a way that would emphasize conservation of valuable potentials for the future, and thereby enrich city's views, as well as contribute to the development of Trebinje's urban matrix.

Key References Došenović, Lj. (2009) Place and function of landscape architecture objects in the process of urbanisation and development of the towns in the Republic of Srpska. PhD Thesis. University of Banja Luka. National Institute for the Protection of Cultural-Hystoric and Natural Heritage of the Republic of Srpska (2002) Evaluation of natural heritage of the municipality of Trebinje. Banja Luka: NIPCHNH. Tošković, D. (2000) Urban design. Banja Luka: Institute for Urbanism of the Republic of Srpska.

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A user-generated typology of urban green spaces Hofmann, Mathias; Gerstenberg, Tina TU Dresden, ZIT, 01062 Dresden, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words greenspaces, urban planning, design, environment, classification

Summary Introduction: For urban green space design to be successful, it must consider the needs and wants of the potential users. These are very diverse, and – correspondingly – a multitude of different types of green spaces exist. Currently, a number of different, arbitrary typologies of urban green spaces are being used by practitioners. Objectives: We aimed at developing a typology of urban green spaces which is relevant from the users’ perspective and which has a solid empirical foundation. Method: Names and descriptions for urban green spaces were extracted from urban planning literature. After eliminating clear synonyms, 51 different green space labels remained. Participants were asked to sort these labels according to perceived similarity. Hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling analyses were used to analyse the data. Clusters and dimensions were labeled in accordance to sorting criteria that had been generated and recorded by the participants.

Results: The most important distinction was made according to privacy: green spaces permitting private use (e. g., private gardens, green rooftops, courtyards) were distinguished from public green spaces (e. g., parks, playgrounds, cemeteries, river banks). The public green spaces were again subdivided by their function, discriminating recreational green spaces (e. g., parks, historical gardens) from non-recreational green spaces (e. g., roadside verges, playgrounds). Discussion: The degree of privacy was the most relevant distinction. By comparison, planning-oriented typologies more commonly discriminate according to function or form. From a psychological perspective, we argue that the most important distinction made by the users (degree of privacy) may be an expression of a strong desire for personal freedom and individual control over one’s individual environment. For planners, the typology may be useful because it facilitates inferences made as to which role a certain type of green space plays in the eyes of the users. Key References Hofmann, M., Westermann, J. R., Kowarik, I. & van der Meer, E. (2012). Perceptions of parks and urban derelict land by landscape planners and residents. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 11 (3), 303– 312. doi: 10/fz95ch. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370– 396. doi: 10/b268mf. Grawe, K. (2004). Neuropsychotherapy. New York, London: Psychology Press. Gälzer, R. (2001). Grünplanung für Städte: Planung, Entwurf, Bau und Erhaltung. Stuttgart: Ulmer.

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Tree canopy cover in 25 cities at SÃO PAULO state, BRAZIL Viana, Sabrina Mieko1; Polizel, Jefferson Lordello2; Silva, Ricardo Siloto3; Silva Filho, Demóstenes Ferreira4 1 Federal University of São Carlos, Via Washington Luiz, km 235 – São Carlos, SP - Brazil, [email protected] 2 University of São Paulo, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture – ESALQ - Av. Pádua Dias, 11 CP 09 – Piracicaba, SP - Brazil, [email protected] 3 Federal University of São Carlos, Via Washington Luiz, km 235 – São Carlos, SP - Brazil, [email protected] 4 University of São Paulo, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture – ESALQ - Av. Pádua Dias, 11 CP 09 – Piracicaba, SP - Brazil, [email protected] Key Words remote sensing, distribution, Brazil, São Paulo State, tree canopy goal

Summary Trees play an important role in the environmental balance of the cities and also provides several environmental services and benefits (NOWAK et al., 1996). In order to plan and set goals for each city, it’s relevant to know the amount and also understand the distribution of the tree canopy cover. In Brazil, the interest on this kind of research has raised in the last few years, based on the concerns about the environmental quality in the cities and also due to the incentive of public policies, like the program “Município Verde Azul”, applied in São Paulo State since 2008 (SILVA FILHO et al, 2005, GIRÃO, 2013). The main objective of this study was the survey of tree canopy cover in 25 cities in São Paulo State and its distribution inside the urban areas, as a way to help the cities set its goals and evaluate it in a comprehensively and quick way. The tree canopy cover (TCC) was quantified in terms of percentage, obtained by a supervised classification of NIR aerial images and WorldView2 sattelite images, using the ECHO algorithm in the software MultiSpec (BIEHL and LANDGREBE, 2002). Error matrices and kappa were estimated for the accuracy assessment of each classifications results. To analize the distribution, the cities’ urban areas were divided in nine quadrants: northeast, north, northwest, east, center, west, southwest, south and southeast.

The classifications accuracy were considered as very good, with a Kappa coefficient equal to or above 90%. The average TCC ranges from lower values of 3,09% for São José do Rio Preto to 35,97% for Vinhedo. Nine cities had less than 10% of TCC, while just four cities had percentages above 20%. The distribution between the quadrants varied from city to city and it was defined by factors like the kind of the district (low, medium or high income) and also the history of occupation of each site. Permeable areas, like grass lands and bare ground, are potential places to improve the TCC, but in some cases, densely occupied cities, like São Paulo - with less than 2% of grass or bare ground areas – we suggest to use the potencial shading of asphalted areas by the tree canopies, as a way to set goals, specially for the public roads. For this, we used a ratio of 80 square meters canopy per asphalted areas.

We concluded that the most of the analized cities has an uneven distribution and TCC percentages below 20%. There was also a tendency of higher values in middle and upper class districts. Although the analysis based on quadrants has provided an easy way to understanding the distribution of the tree cover, we suggest further studies also considering the connectivity between green areas and parks, as well a developement of other indexes for a better approach on distribution analysis. Future studies with a greater amount of cities in São Paulo State can also be helpful to the development of technical patterns for the definition of goals in agreement to the reality of these cities. Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge FAPESP (São Paulo Research Fundation) for the financial support (Research project: Certificação em Silvicultura Urbana como instrumento de políticas públicas - proc. # 2009/53931- 6).

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Key References BIEHL, L.; LANDGREBE, D. MultiSpec—a tool for multispectral–hyperspectral image data analysis. Computers & Geosciences, v. 28, n. 10, p. 1153-1159, 2002 GIRÃO, R.J. O programa Município VerdeAzul e sua influência na gestão ambiental municipal no estado de São Paulo. (Master thesis) Piracicaba: University of São Paulo - “Luiz de Queiroz” - Agriculture College. 2012 NOWAK, D. J.; ROWNTREE, R.A.; MCPHERSON, E.G.; SISINNI, S.; KERKMANN, E.R.; STEVENS, J.C. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 36, n.1, p.39-47, 1996 SILVA FILHO, D.F., PIVETTA, K.F.L., COUTO, H.T.Z., POLIZEL, J. Indicadores de floresta urbana a partir de imagens aéreas multiespectrais de alta resolução. Scientia Forestalis, n.67, p. 88-100, 2005

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Study on the effect of different green roof substrate components on plant growth used to develop new green roof substrates and a unique online substrate selector tool as part of an industrial collaboration Young, Thomas M.1; Cameron, Duncan D.1; Sorrill, Jeff2; Edwards, Tim3; Phoenix, Gareth K.1 1 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Green Roof Centre, Department of Landscape, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. Email: [email protected] 3 Boningale Limited, Holyhead Rd, Albrighton, Wolverhampton, WV7 3AT, UK. Email: [email protected] Key Words Industrial collaboration, substrate, components, optimisation

Summary Green roofs are becoming increasingly common in urban areas due to the many services that they can provide. The substrate is arguably the most important element of a green roof, providing water, nutrients and physical support to plants. Despite this there has been a lack of empirical research into understanding how substrates and the individual components within them can affect green roof plant growth or physiological health and therefore also the services provided by a green roof.

This poster will discuss the research partnership as part of a PhD set up between the University of Sheffield and Boningale Ltd, a UK green roof substrate and plant provider. The aim of the partnership was to assess the effect of a number of green roof substrate components on green roof plant growth and physiological performance and to ultimately develop a new range of green roof substrates tailored for specific climates and client requirements. A phytometer species (Lolium perenne) was grown for three months in a controlled greenhouse environment with a fully balanced factorial design in composition of (i) small or large crushed brick particle size, (ii) conifer bark or green waste compost organic matter, and (iii) presence/absence of polyacrylamide water absorbent gel (‘SwellGel™’) to give a total of eight substrates.

We found that large brick substrates had a lower water holding capacity than small brick (-35%), which led to decreased shoot growth (-17%) and increased root:shoot ratio (+16%). Green waste compost increased shoot and root growth (+32% and +13%) shoot nitrogen concentration and chlorophyll content (20% and 57%), and decreased root:shoot ratio (-15%) compared to bark. The addition of swell gel increased substrate water holding capacity (+24%), which increased shoot growth (+8%). Total evapotranspiration (a proxy for potential cooling) was increased by small brick, green waste organic matter and SwellGel by 14%, 7% and 4% respectively due to greater shoot biomass and substrate water holding capacity caused by these factors. Overall, this study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of the relative importance of commonly used green roof substrate components. It is clear that substrate composition should be considered carefully when designing green roofs, and substrate composition can be tailored for green roof service provision.

A new line of substrates has recently been launched as a result of this collaboration and the results of this trial have directly influenced the development of a new online substrate selector tool which has since won Best Business Innovation at the 2014 UK Growers Awards. The tool is designed to assist clients building or designing a green roof with substrate choice and planting density which encourages clients to understand why they want a green roof and for what green roof services.

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The wooded hillsides of the Meuse valley: A unbeknownst potential urban woodland? Szanto, Catherine ; Occhiuto, Rita Unité de recherche LaboVTP, Faculté d’Architecture, Université de Liège, Rue Courtois 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Liege, Meuse River, young forest, landscape architecture, landscape laboratory Summary The location and urban morphology of the city of Liège in the Meuse (Maas) valley, later the development of its industries and its port, were all conditioned by the natural geography of its site. Yet today the site itself and its natural characteristics are seldom perceptible from within the city. The drastic transformations of the site itself during the 19th century (the diversion and canalization of the river Meuse), the development of the infrastructures that along the valley and across the very center of the city (railways in the 19th century, highways in the 20th century), make the site difficult to perceive and to read. Overall, while the city is located in a beautiful site – as is well shown on early engraving and in written descriptions – the first impression of many visitors today is that of chaos and meaninglessness. However, there are a few rare areas within the city and in its close surroundings where the landscape that surrounds the city can be embraced in one glance – with the canalized river in the center, lined with infrastructure, industry and housing, copped on both side by wooded hills. Indeed it is today the view of these wooded hills that defines the valley and makes its geomorphology understandable. But the woods are recent: 18th and 19th century maps, and even postcards from the beginning of the century show most of the hillsides to be agricultural fields, interspersed with some stone quarries. The woods therefore are young, the result of the recent abandoning of agricultural practice. Read as “abandonment”, as places of “no care”, they are today psychologically invisible, not thought of as part do the urban landscape.

Yet woods give a strong added value to an urban environment: the importance of wood for recreation and biodiversity is well known. The wooded hillsides of the Meuse valley could therefore become a strong asset for the city of Liège. The question then is: how to make these woods “visible”? What landscape architectural (design) tools to invent and to use in order to integrate them into the urban landscape as “urban forests”? – indeed, how to use them as a means to recreate a vision of Liège and the Meuse valley as “that quality that we call landscape” (Zagari)?

This paper doesn’t present “measurable” results. Rather, it presents a design-led thought experiment, as a prerequisite for actual experiments to be conducted in the spirit of R. Gustavsson’s “landscape laboratory” in Alnarp (Sweden).

Key References Gustavsson (Roland), “Landscape laboratory as a Scandinavian concept – Concepts and experiences based on twenty-five years of experimental work”, in: KONIJNENDIJK (Cecil C.), JÓHANNESDÓTTIR (Hrefna), Forestry serving urban societies in the North-Atlantic region, Copenhagen, TemaNord, 2010, pp. 131- 162. Occhiuto (Rita), « Paysage tactile : l’arbre dans le projet du territoire », Territoire(s) wallon(s), Séminaire de l’Académie de Louvain, n°3, pp. 39-54, 2008. Rackham (Oliver), Woodlands, London, Collins, 2010 (2006). Vogt (Günther), Miniature and Panorama. Vogt Landscape Architects. Projects 2000-2012, Zürich, Lars Müller Publishers, 2012.

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Topic C Birds monitoring in green areas of a Mediterranean city: the Bari’s case study Schioppa Padoa, Emilio1; Canedola, Claudia1; Colangelo, Giuseppe2; Lafortezza, Raffaele2; Sanesi, Giovanni2

1University of Milano-Bicocca – Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 2 Department of Agricultural-Environmental and Landscape Planning Sciences (DISAAT), University of Bari, [email protected] Key Words Birds monitoring – Greenspaces – Disturbance – Species richness - Ecosystem services

Summary Monitoring is an essential part of policy for biodiversity conservation, even in urban areas. Nevertheless often monitoring programs are neglected, and not considered in cities and urban spaces despite those areas suffer drastically for habitat changes (increase of urbanization). Bari is a Mediterranean town with a population 316,000 inhabitants. Public greenspaces cover a surface of 1.13 km2 with 3.4 m2 of green spaces per capita (ISTAT, 2005).

During breeding seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2012 we collected data on bird presence, by means of repeated point count (6 times for season), in three urban and periurban green areas: a central square of the town (piazza Umberto 1°), a square in outskirts (piazza 2 giugno) and a semi natural fringe area (Lama Balice) . In particular Piazza Umberto 1° is an historical urban green area (plaza) with artificial structures and surface; the area is mainly covered by conifers, palms and evergreen broadleaves; Largo 2 Giugno: is an urban green area (urban park) with a prevalent natural surface, the forest composition is constituted by conifers and broadleaves; Lama Balice is a dried up river valley close to urban settlements. The lama features some area dedicated to agriculture and sections where the natural vegetation is characterized by typical Mediterranean species (oaks, pine and shrubs); outskirts.

Aim of our work is to discuss the persistence or less of some bird species in green areas of a town, and to link changes in planning and management of green areas in providing different level of biodiversity (i.e. ecosystem services). In particular we would like to answer to following questions:

 Is there an area/center distance effect on species richness?  Are there some species of conservation interest?  Is there a significant change in species richness and populations consistence during the years?  If there are changes can we link those change to disturbance and management actions?

Species detected were divided into two groups: residential (species detected at least three time in the same green during a season) and accidental.

The number of regular species remains constant for each park during the years in each park (more in the largest one –Lama Balice-, less in the more central park). Accidental species decrease sharply in Lama Balice area from 2005 to 2006 and again in 2012 (21 species in 2005, 15 in 2006 and 13 in 2012).

Residential species are species can be considered “urban” species (such as Italian Sparrow, Serin or Starling). Some species can be also considered of conservation interest for urban areas (Italian Sparrow and Greenfinch).

The changes in the number of species can be explained by the disturbance regime (increase of urbanization and fires in Lama Balice park). For residential birds we can also evaluate the changes in abundance. Again we detect a decrease of abundance when habitat is affected by fires or changes.

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Promoting and preserving biodiversity in urban green spaces in a city of Central Greece Solomou, Alexandra1; Papadouli, Katerina2; Plexida, Sofia1; Kostopoulos, Athanasios3; Akrivou, Evaggelia4 1 Laboratory of Ecosystem and Biodiversity Management, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., Ν. Ionia, 384 46 Volos, Greece, Tel: +30 2421093281, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2Department of Agricultural Development, Municipality of Trikala, Asklipiou 18, 42100,Trikala, Greece, Tel: +30 2431351229, e-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Urban Planning, Municipality of Trikala, Asklipiou 18, 42100,Trikala, Greece, Tel: +30 2431351222, e-mail: [email protected] 4Department of Special Education of University of Thessaly, Argonafton & Filellinon Str., 382 21 Volos, Greece, e-mail: [email protected] Key Words Ecosystem services; vegetation; humanity; Mediterranean Summary Biodiversity conservation in urban areas has become extremely important because of increasing human population in urban centers and it is one of the innovative ways to conserve biodiversity as suggested by several global environmental conventions. Efforts at lightening global biodiversity loss have often focused on preserving large, inviolate natural habitats (Satterthwaite, 2002; CBD, 2009; Khera et al., 2009).

The landscape of Trikala city consists of a wide spectrum of environments ranging from the natural aquatic ecosystem of Lithaios river, which is a tributary of Pineios river, to highly modiﬁed artiﬁcial landscapes in certain athletic parks. Objectives of the present study were to: (1) assess the composition, structure and alpha diversity of woody vegetation in 30 squares of extent > 0.1ha at least, (2) detect compositional differences of separate squares using beta diversity concerning woody plants, and (3) investigate any relationship between visitor’s satisfaction and square planting with the aid of a questionnaire. In total, in the studied squares 96 species of woody plants (56 alien ornamental species, 22 indigenous tree species and 18 indigenous shrubs species), belonging to 38 families, were recorded. In ″Vissarionas″ and ″Tzami″ piazzas, species richness (31 woody plant species) was notably higher than in other ones. The most frequently occurring and abundant woody species were Platanus orientalis and Thuja orientalis (60%), and Ligustrum japonicum (N=588) and Thuja orientalis (N=258), respectively. The results of Cluster Analysis gave generally good support to the classification of these 30 green spaces based on similarity of woody plant species composition. Concerning the alpha diversity of woody plants, significant statistical differences (p<0.05) of the species richness, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Evenness (Pielou J) indexes were found among the thirty squares. Specifically, ″Vissarionas″ and ″Tzami″ exhibited the highest values of species richness, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson, and the Evenness (Pielou J). Considering all square combinations, the highest beta diversity of woody plants was revealed between ″Philosophon″ and ″Tel″. More specifically, the dendrogram showed similarity in woody plant community composition between the below squares: ″Koutsomilia″ and ″Α΄ Gymnasiou″, ″Ote″ and ″Dikastirion″, ″Pouliou″, ″Ktel″ and ″Metaxa″, ″Tel″ and ″Philosophon″. Regarding visitor’s satisfaction from squares in general and from squares planting, it was observed that 15.8 and 14.7% were not satisfied, while only 8.9 and 7.4% of visitors were satisfied, respectively. According to Pearson’s Chi-Square (χ2=158.52) tests, significant interaction (p<0.001) between the satisfaction of visitors regarding the squares and their planting was detected. We conclude that the different alpha diversity of the squares is essential not only for the aesthetic view of the city, but also for the wellbeing of the citizens. Key factors influencing urban green are the selection of plants and the possible inspirational, educational and cultural services they serve. Conclusions drawn from this study should be used in the maintenance and improvement of a functional network of urban green spaces for the ecological dimension of a sustainable urban landscape.

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Key References CBD (Convention of Biological Diversity). 2009. 2010 Biodiversity Target. /http://www.cbd.int/2010- target/S. Khera, N., Mehta, V., Sabata, B.C. 2009. Interrelationship of birds and habitat features in urban greenspaces in Delhi, India. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 8:187–196. Satterthwaite, D. 2002. Coping with Rapid Urban Growth. Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, London.

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The forest management on the campus of the University of Lausanne - on 2014 Graf, Bernard Rue des Acacias 9, CH-1400 Yverdon-les-Bains. ++41 79 309 27 09. [email protected]

Key Words University campus of Lausanne, biodiversity, security Summary Introduction: The campus of the University of Lausanne contains 11 ha of forest. This urban forest, situated at the heart of the campus of the university, is essentially constituted by old trees. This forest is interesting in many respects:

 An interest for the biodiversity. The presence of old wood is very interesting for the fauna (bats, woodpecker, beaver) and for a diversified forest flora.  The activities and the infrastructures in forest: the forest paths are used to transit on the campus for the collaborators and the students of the university, or for leisure activities (walkers, joggers, mountain bike).  The teaching and the research: the forest is used for teaching and scientific studies for the faculty of biology.

Theory/conceptual framework: The University of Lausanne, in association with departments of the Etat de Vaud and B. Graf, forest engineer, has developed in 2012, a forest management which objectives and measures until 2025.

The long-term vocation of the forest of Dorigny is defined as a major ecological and social heritage for the biological diversity of the urban area of Lausanne and the quality of life on the university campus. The challenges consist in making live divergent interests on an urban forest of small surface: preservation of the biodiversity on one side, security and social function of other one. Major Results: It is suggested presenting the whole process set up, of the planning and the forest management

 general strategy  operational objectives  new management tools adopted  general reorganization and the detail of the works made between 2013 and 2014  problems which we met  controlling and future perspectives

Conclusions: The reorganization of the university forest of Dorigny shows us that it is extremely difficult but possible to make live divergent interests. However, this cohabitation requires rethinking globally the urban forest so that it does not become an urban park, without forgetting the financial aspects.

Key References Plan de gestion de la forêt de Dorigny, Bernard Graf: Ingénieur forestier EPF/SIA et Yves Kazemi, Inspecteur forestier, mai 2011 Fiche de contrôle sécuritaire de la forêt de Dorigny, ILEX ingénierie forestière, juillet 2012 Plan des aménagements paysagers, 2013

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Street ecohydrology: A project to study street tree water use strategies and their consequences for managing tree cooling effects David, Ambre1; Rankovic, Aleksandar1; Bariac, Thierry2; Richard, Patricia2; Bagard, Matthieu3; Lata, Jean- Christophe1; Barot, Sébastien4; Ngao, Jérôme5; Damesin, Claire6; Abbadie, Luc1 1UPMC, iEES-Paris, ENS, 46 rue d’Ulm 75005 Paris ; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2CNRS, iEES-Paris, AgroParisTech-INRA, Bât. EGER 78850 Thiverval-Grignon ; [email protected]; [email protected] 3UPEC, iEES-Paris, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, 61 avenue du Général De Gaulle 94010 Créteil cedex, [email protected] 4IRD, iEES-Paris, ENS, 46 rue d’Ulm 75005 Paris, [email protected] 5INRA, PIAF, site de Crouël, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, [email protected] 6UP-Sud, ESE, Bâtimebt 362, 91405 Orsay Cedex, [email protected] Key Words Urban trees - Isotopes - Water stress - Cooling effect - Acoustic tomography. Summary Water availability is widely recognized as being an essential factor for tree survival, growth and for maximizing their ability in mitigating urban heat islands (UHI) through evapotranspiration. In areas where urban trees are not regularly irrigated and impervious surfaces reduce precipitation infiltration in soils, trees may face an increased water stress. It is also generally predicted that trees in urban sites have higher water losses than trees in natural forests due to increased evapotranspiration . As there have been few studies on transpiration of urban trees, there is currently insufficient data to generalize the physiological responses of trees to the complex urban environment, especially water stress and its effects on tree health, and their consequences on ecosystem services such as UHI mitigation. To further investigate these issues, we are implementing a project that will span from December 2014 to November 2016 and that will use street tree plantations in Paris, France, as a case study using a pluridisciplinary approach. The project is structured as follows. In the first work-package (WP1), the age of 80 street Tilia tomentosa Moench, selected along an 1-70 year chronosequence, will be estimated using core samples and the health situation of each tree will be visually assessed according to the « Visual Tree Assesment », analysis in temporal dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates and a Picus® acoustic tomograph. Current water stress will be assessed by heat sap flux measurements. The water stress history of trees will be studied through δ13C signature in tree-rings, which will provide an estimate of tree water-use efficiency (WUE) at intra- and interseasonal scales. The chronosequence design will enable a comparative approach of trees of different ages, which will be used to assess whether chronic water stress is influenced by tree age and climate history. In the second work-package (WP2), tree water-use strategies will be investigated. First, the diversity of potential water sources will be assessed using δ18O signature at different time-scales. Then, the hypothesis that trees take advantage of night lighting to modulate the circadian patterns of photosynthesis will be tested during an intensive one month field campaign. Stomatic conductance and water potential will be measured as a proxy of photosynthetic activity and leaf content of proline and abscisic acid will serve as a proxy for stress. Potential modulation of evapotranspiration will be estimated from heat sap flux measurements. In the last work-package (WP3), the effect of irrigation on tree health and cooling effect of individual trees will be studied. In a field experiment, an irrigation system will be implemented on sites selected on the basis of the results of WP1 and WP2. The experiment will show whether irrigation improves tree health and tree cooling effect. The proposed poster will outline the project and detail the employed methods and sample design. It will also provide the first results of WP1 that will have been already acquired by June 2014.

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Applicaton possibilities of selected methods for evaluating the urban trees Ďuránová, Zuzana; Raček, Marcel; Paganová, Viera Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Faculty of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tulipánova 7, 949 76 Nitra, [email protected] Key Words tree vitality, tree health, tree perspective, tree stability, horticultural value of tree Summary The useful tool for planning an effective management of trees growing in urban areas is inventory and evaluation of urban trees. In Slovakia, there are currently applied various visual methods to evaluate urban trees condition. These methods use different types of parameters. We focused on comparing the application possibilities of phytopathological evaluation of urban trees (Juhásová 2009), evaluation of trees vitality (Pejchal 2005), tree risk assessment (Kolařík 2010) and horticultural evaluation of trees in urban spaces (Machovec 1987). The tree inventory and visual assessment were realized in selected urban areas in Rožňava (Slovakia) using the four methodologies listed above. For each methodology, we quantified the information value of each qualitative parameter within five-point scale from 1 to 5. The number 5 represented the individuals having the best characteristics of health, vitality, stability, perspective and aesthetic. The collected data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tests of statistical significance of differences in mean (LSD). There was a statistically significant difference between the average values of each parameter. Parameters were divided into five homogeneous groups according to their average value. The information value of the physiological vitality (Kolařík 2010) was very close to the physiological aspect of vitality (Pejchal 2005). Information about biomechanical aspect of vitality (Pejchal 2005), health state (Kolařík 2010), stability (Kolařík 2010), health and degree of damage (Juhásová 2009) had similar value. The information of the perspective (Kolařík 2010) was similar to the information of vigorousness (Juhásová 2009). The horticultural evaluation of urban trees (Machovec 1987) give specific information which include health, vitality, perspective and also the aesthetic value of tree in the composition of urban green spaces.

In summary, the results show that tested visual methods for evaluating urban trees provided similar information. They are different in way of interpreting the outcome. Selecting an appropriate method depends on the purpose. For decision making in tree planting/transplanting, tree maintenance or tree felling, landscape architect used to apply the horticultural evaluation (Machovec 1987). More detailed information about tree condition give others methodologies (Pejchal 2005, Juhásová 2009, Kolařík 2010) which is useful for arborist and urban foresters to arrange for tree health care, prunning, cabling etc. The effective management of urban trees requires cooperation and understanding between different disciplines. Acknowledgement:The research is supported by grant project KEGA 012SPU-4/2013 entitled “Program of the lifelong learning for arborists in Slovakia”. Key References ĎURÁNOVÁ, Z. - RAČEK, M. 2013. Aplikácie metód hodnotenia drevín. Diplomová práca. Nitra : SPU. 90 s. FZKI-24701-34507 JUHÁSOVÁ, G. 2009. Hodnotenie drevín. [online], [cit. 2012-06-01]. Dostupné na: KOLAŘÍK, Jaroslav et al. 2003. Péče o dřeviny rostoucí mimo les, I. díl (Metodika ČSOP č. 5.). 2. dopln. vyd. Vlašim : ČSOP. 87 s. ISBN 80-86327-36-1.

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KOLAŘÍK, Jaroslav et al. 2005. Péče o dřeviny rostoucí mimo les, II. díl (Metodika ČSOP č. 6.). 2. dopln. vyd. Vlašim : ČSOP. 710 s. ISBN 80-86327-44-2. MACHOVEC, J. 1987. Hodnocení vzrostlé zeleně v městkých pracích. In Životné prostredie, vol. 21, no. 3, pp.134-139. PEJCHAL, M. 1997. Hodnocení vitality stromu. In Mestský park. Nitra : SPU, pp. 9 – 38. PEJCHAL, M. 2005. Hodnocení vitality dřevin z pohledu záhradní a krajinné tvorby. In. Dreviny vo verejnej zeleni. Zvolen : Ústav ekológie lesa SAV, p. 39 – 46

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Challenges of tree planting at a highway underpass in Ilan, Taiwan Huang, Ji-Wei; Lee, Chung-Chi Dept of Horticulture, no.1, sec.1, Shen-Nong rd. Ilan city 260, Taiwan [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Highway underpass, tree planting, site appraisal, civil engineer, microclimate, manmade environment, urban Summary Highway crossings in populated areas usually adopt an elevated structure to avoid conflicting with ground traffic. Nevertheless, the underpass area was completed for various uses. In addition to its role as a road, other options such as recreation and open spaces, and as an eco-corridor to connect fragmented habitats. Trees planted along highways or underpasses to hide them and aid in air purification. Nevertheless, the micro-climate and -habitat of the underpass often restrict to plant growth resulting from semi-indoor conditions and civil engineering construction projects. The studied highway underpass was over 10 km long and constructed as a parallel surface roads but with a central island and shoulders to be used for landscape planting. The site was formerly rice paddy farmlands that are characterized as soft/weak for heavy load demands of the elevated highway. This created a need for tremendous compaction work to be done as part of the civil engineering project. This study explores the reasons for poor plant growth and quality along highway underpasses and is representative as an example of other urban manmade environments in Taiwan. The history of the civil engineer work onsite was reviewed. A total of 24 spots along 20.5 km of the underpass were sampled and examined in the central traffic island and along the shoulders of the road. Three replicates were mixed or measured for each sample. Environmental factors such as light and various soil characteristics were measured and assessed. Light was measured in the middle of underpass and along the shoulders by a light data logger, HOBO Pro Series. Soil water contents were measured by a Gravimetric, textures were measured using the Bouyoucos Hydrometer method, and soil hardness was measured by a soil hardness tester, Yamanaka, standard type at 0, 30, and 60 cm. The soil infiltration rate was measured by a modified Takemura soil permeability tester. The soil ph was measured by an E. M. System Soil tester and heavy metals (As, Cr, Ni) by a NIEA S321.63B. The backfill was construction waste soil and from river dredgings. Repeated compaction on the highway underpass resulted in a hardpan soil with poor water infiltration that hampered plant growth. The deeper soil profile showed softer the soil hardness and suggested that mechanical compaction was possibly done at the end of backfilling. Sunlight and water were also insufficient because of the overhanging highway. The results showed that the underpass road shoulder was less compacted than the central traffic island was. Newly planted trees along the highway underpass indicated poor growth and a high percentage of tilt that was caused by poor soil infiltration of the topsoil and poor anchorage of tree root systems. A few spots showed heavy metal contamination, particularly nickel. To remedy the problems of micro-habitats and -climate of the highway underpass the use of runoff rainwater should be directed throughout the central traffic island. Organic matter should be generously applied to improve soil structure and alleviate heavy metal contamination. Native species that are shade tolerant and, in some cases, heavy metal tolerant species are recommended. The planting zone areas should be well cultivated and prepared. The results are useful to help understand the scientific background of typical civil engineering project sites and valuable to set standards and guidelines for landscaping similar manmade environments. Key References Blaylock, M.J., and J.W Huang. 2000. Phytoextraction of metals. In Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plants to clean up the environment, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. Meagher, R. B. 2000. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Currt. Opin. Plant Biotechnol. 3: 153-162. http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/portfolio/2013/08/1308-underpass-park-pfs-studio.asp http://balitour.net/view/new-highway-and-underpass-a-solution-to-overcome-traffic-jam-in-bali/

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Tree management through stratum diagnosis of the Ibirapuera park in Sao Paulo, Brazil Petean, Felipe C. S.¹; Zanlorenzi, Helena C. P.1; Costa, Camila M. N.1; Viana, Sabrina M. 2; Silva Filho, Demóstenes F. da3

¹ Forest Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz School of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Padua Dias Avenue, 11, P.O.Box 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Tel.: +55 19 2105-8676. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Federal University of Sao Carlos, Via Washington Luiz, km 235 – Sao Carlos, SP - Brazil, [email protected] 3Forest Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz School of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Padua Dias Avenue, 11, P.O.Box 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Tel.: +55 19 2105-8686. E-mail: [email protected] Key Words Urban silviculture; urban green areas; diversity index; DBH

Summary Sao Paulo is the Brazilian largest city and one of the most important industrial hubs in Latin America. In 1954, as a part of its 400 years celebration, Ibirapuera Park was created. With 158.4 ha, one of the city’s biggest urban green areas, the park became a very popular destiny for tourism, leisure and sport activities. Under preservation decree since 1997, its original arboreal structure cannot be modified. The park has two tree strata which have specific environmental functions: an outer barrier composed only by large trees and a highly diverse inner stratum, with trees grouped into woods with different ambiences. The number of all individuals and species is known, but no study was conducted to guide the park’s tree management. This study analyzed the species diversity (frequency and diversity indices), in order to subsidizes management practices to maintain Ibirapuera’s structure and landscape integrity. The population was divided into seven Diameter at Breast Hight (DBH) classes at intervals of 15 cm (Class I: 0-15 cm up to Class VI: 75-90 cm, and Class VII: above 90 cm). Within each DBH class, we considered well-represented all those species with more than 1% of the population. The behavior of the 20 most abundant species, which represents more than 50% of the population, was analyzed. The most frequent specie in the park is Eucalyptus sp. It occurs in all DBH classes except Class I, which suggests no recent planting. The same occurs with E. saligna, Ceiba speciosa, Tipuana tipu and E. urophylla which the last two are also absent in Class II. The most representative species in all classes are: Ligustrum lucidum, Aglaia odorata, Centrolobium tomentosum and Tabebuia heptaphylla, together representing 12.85% of the population. Tabebuia chrysotricha, T. pentaphylla, Cedrela fissilis, Eugenia uniflora, Erythrina speciosa and Psidium guajava are more frequent from Class I to III, which indicates recent planting. On the other hand, Holocalix balansae and Jacaranda mimosifolia are significant only in intermediate classes, which suggest no recent planting. Moreover Ficus microcarpa occurs only in higher classes (IV to VII), indicating no renewal along the years. Shannon index ranged from 2.011 to 1.272, from Class I to VII, respectively, while the richness index used by Odum ranged from 71.270 to 25.012 for the same classes. These indexes indicate the species behavior within the DBH classes, leaving aside specific ecological aspects such as successional stages. Given the importance of Ibirapuera Park to Sao Paulo, management guidelines are essential for maintenance of trees benefits to inhabitants. We noticed a modification tendency of the original layout regarding the size of trees: larger trees are giving space to smaller ornamental and shrub-like species, reducing environmental services, e.g., shading area, carbon sequestration, etc. Ibirapuera was designed to isolate users from the city. This modification is worrisome because alters the microclimate comfort and aesthetics effect originally planned. Finally the planting of some species like F. microcarpa, H. balansae, J. mimosifolia and representatives of the genus Eucalyptus must be a priority to maintain its perpetuity in the park. Key References Miller, R.W. Urban Forestry: Planning and Managing Urban Greenspaces, 2. ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1996. 502p. Odum, E.P.; Barrett, G.W. Fundamentos da Ecologia, 5. ed. São Paulo: Thomson Learning, 2007. 612p.

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Parque Ibirapuera. Documentos do Ibirapuera. 2014. Disponible in: . Acessed in: 30 jan. 2014. Prefeitura de São Paulo. Secretaria Municipal do Verde e do Meio Ambiente. Ibirapuera. 2014. Disponible in: . Acessed in: 30 jan. 2014. Silva Filho, D.F. da; Bortoleto, S. Uso de indicadores de diversidade na definição de plano de manejo da arborização viária de Águas de São Pedro-SP. Revista Árvore, Viçosa, v. 29, n. 6, p. 973-982, 2005.

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Reuse of decontaminated river sediments for plant nursing (CLEANSED-LIFE+) Ugolini, Francesca1; Massetti, Luciano1; Martelli, Francesca1; Sabatini, Francesco1; Macci, Cristina2; Doni, Serena2; Masciandaro, Grazia2

1CNR IBIMET, v. G. Caproni 8, 50145 – Firenze, [email protected] 2CNR ISE, v. Moruzzi 1, 56124 – Pisa, [email protected] Key Words phytoremediation, plant nursing, plant physiology, root ball Summary River sediment is integral and dynamic part of our river basins but where human activities interfere with sediment quantity or quality, sediment management becomes necessary. Dredging and especially stocking sediments is highly expensive, therefore it would be valuable to find ways to make them a reusable product instead of throwing to landfill. On the other side, there are productive field activities demanding high quantity of soil, such as plant nursing. A European estimation calculates that every year plant nursing consumes about 5.2·106 m3 of soil. CLEANSED (LIFE12 ENV/IT/00652) is developed by a community of research organisations located mainly in Tuscany whose aim is to demonstrate that river sediments can be used as plant growing substrates. Sediments of Navicelli canal, an hydro-way between Pisa and Livorno, have been dredged and subjected to phytoremediation and landfarming to be experimented as amendant in soil for plant nursing.

The experimental plan is set at Ce.Spe.Vi. in Pistoia (Italy). Two substrates characterized by different mix of decontaminated sediments and ground soil (Treatment 1=25:75 and Treatment 2=50:50), are compared to control substrate (CTL=0:100).

The experimental setting consists in two wooden frames (3 m3) per treatment (6 in total) filled with substrates. An initial soil analysis concerns physical and chemical properties and water retention capacity, while soil moisture and temperature are continuously monitored.

Three ornamental species (Photinia x fraseri var. Red Robin, Eleagnus macrophylla L., Viburnum tinus L.) have been planted in the wooden frames and assessed in the following aspects: physiological behavior during the experiment, root development and biomass at the end of the growing season and eventually, they will be evaluated in their aesthetic value. Moreover, soil cohesion in root ball will be assessed when the plants will be extracted in the traditional way for sale. The experimental plan has just started and preliminary results are not ready yet. However we believe that a destination of dredged river sediments alternative to landfill is necessary. Direct benefits are the reduction of management costs and the use of low cost material, otherwise destined to non use, in plant nursing and potentially in urban green lots, beneficing indirectly even the environment.

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Plant species diversity and invasibility of (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana, Slovenia Lado, Kutnar1; Klemen, Eler,2; Marinšek, Aleksander 1 1 Slovenian Forestry Institute, Department of Forest Ecology, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia & Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, [email protected]

Key Words Vascular plant species, Diversity, Invasive species, Urban forest, Ljubljana Summary

Introduction: The aim of the study is to assess the diversity of vascular plant species in the (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana. Among these forests are also different alluvial and riparian forests with high levels of plant species diversity. However, due to the vicinity of urban areas, the human impact on these forests is intense, and they are also among the most exposed forests to the invasion of alien species. Study area and methods: Three forest locations in Ljubljana have been selected; the first is the Rožnik site in the urban area; it is overgrown by Quercus petraea, Picea abies, Castanea sativa. The second is the Gameljne-poplar site, located in the flood area of the Sava River; it is dominated by Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Salix eleagnos and Fraxinus excelsior. The third is the Gameljne-pine site, located on the upper-terrace of the Sava River. In this secondary pine forest, Pinus sylvestris is dominant species in the upper tree layer, and Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata occur in the lower tree layer. The Gameljne sites are in the peri-urban area. Within each location, different plots (in size of 400 m2 and 4 m2) have been installed. At all plots, the vascular plant species have been recorded, and their cover and status (e.g. native, non-native, and invasive) have been estimated. Results: In total, 161 vascular plant species were recorded at three study sites. The number of vascular species varied between 61 (Rožnik site) and 85 (Gameljne-poplar site) per site. High number of herb layer species, including only non-woody species, has been recorded (104 species or 65% of all). Based on Raunkiær’s life-form system, hemicryptophytes (40%) and phanerophytes (34%) prevail among identified vascular species. The relatively high number of geophytes (15%) suggests that studied forests are in the late succession stage (mature forests). In the studied (peri-)urban forests, numerous non-indigenous plant species were recorded. The majority of them have been declared to be invasive species in Slovenia, which adversely affect the forest habitats and outcompete native plant species. Presumably, these invasive species, which represent 6% of the flora recorded, come from the Sava River or from urban areas, i.e. gardens and parks. The majority of these invasive species are of the North American or Asian origin. Among three studied locations, the level of plant invasion is the highest at Gameljne-poplar site (8 species). The most abundant invasive species at this site are Solidago gigantea and Fallopia japonica. Other invasive species are Rudbeckia laciniata, Erigeron annuus, Helianthus tuberosus, Impatiens glandulifera, Impatiens parviflora, and Physocarpus opulifolius. Invasive species at the Rožnik site are Robinia pseudacacia, Berberis thunbergii and Impatiens parviflora. Conclusions: The (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana are under the significant impact of invasive plant species. The dynamics of expansion of invasive species should be carefully monitored, and appropriate measures for its limitation need to be established in the near future. Key references: Dakskobler, I., Kutnar, L., Šilc, U., 2013. Floodplain woods, swamp woods and riverine forests in Slovenia. Ljubljana: Silva Slovenica-GIS, ZGDS-Gozdarska založba, 127 p.

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Kutnar, L., Pisek, R., 2013. Non-native and invasive tree species in the Slovenian forests. Gozdarski vestnik, 71 (9): 402-417. Rejmánek, M., Richardson, D. M., Pyšek, P., 2005. Plant invasions and invasibility of plant communities. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.), Vegetation ecology. Blackwell, p. 332-355.

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Managing tree pests in urban areas: The case of the outbreak of Oak Processionary Moth in London, England. Tomlinson, I. 1; Bayliss, H.2; Potter, C.2

1Birkbeck, University of London, Department of Geography, Environment and Development Studies Email: [email protected] 2Imperial College, London, Centre for Environmental Policy Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Tree pest; oak processionary moth.

Summary Oak Processionary Moth (OPM: Thaumetopoea processionea) is established in mainland Europe, where it is known to cause defoliation of oaks which can weaken affected trees, leaving them vulnerable to further attack and other stressors. OPM also poses a threat to public health through skin and respiratory irritation caused by the poisonous hairs on the caterpillars (Maier et al 2003). Official confirmation that OPM had been found in the UK for the first time in London in 2006 marked the beginning of a campaign to eradicate this pest. Following its continued spread, however, the outbreak was eventually judged impossible to eradicate. In 2010 a policy of containment was adopted to minimise the population, spread and impacts as much as possible. Despite this, OPM continues to pose a threat to tree and human health in London.

This paper examines how OPM was managed in London and asks why eradication proved so difficult. It explores the governance and management challenges faced by those involved in the attempted eradication campaign and assess the extent to which the specifically urban setting of the outbreak intensified these difficulties. Given the risk that the international trade in ‘plants for planting’ now poses for the introductions of new pests and diseases (Brasier, 2008) and the particular significance of urban tree plantings as a potential source of these (Tubby and Webber, 2010), this paper analyses how the management response might be improved for future outbreaks in urban areas. This paper draws on documentary sources and a series of 20 semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted in 2012/13 with individuals involved in managing the London OPM outbreaks between 2006 and 2012. Particpants included private land owners, local authority managers and tree wardens, Forestry Commission staff and research scientists. Three key challenges were identified; assigning statutory responsibility for urban trees; co-ordinating the stakeholder and landowner response in a complex urban setting; and assessing and managing combined risks to trees and people. The presence of a wide range of public and private landowners, together with the inaccessibility of infested trees scattered across numerous private gardens, presented significant difficulties in co-ordinating an effective management response. Landowners had different priorities and this was reflected in the varying extent to which they were willing to report new infestations and/or implement management controls.

This case raises questions about the applicability of existing plant health legislation mainly designed with pests and diseases of commercial forestry trees in mind, to urban settings where threats to human health and amenity are much more likely to be present. An inability to pay ‘compensation’ to landowners compounded the difficulties. There is a need for consideration by authorities on how coherent management of future tree pest outbreaks might be best financed to enable a timely and effective response. There is a need for a clear designation amongst public bodies of who has responsibility for urban trees. A more formal role for local government authorities, who already have staff and expertise, should be considered with adequate funding made available.

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Key References: Brasier, C, M. (2008) Letter to the editor: The biosecurity threat to the UK and global environment from international trade in plants, Plant Pathology, 57, 792-808. Tubby, K.V. and Webber, J.F. (2010). Pests and diseases threatening urban trees under a changing climate. Forestry, 83, 451-459. Maier, H, Spiegel, W, Kiniacivan T, Krehen H, Canaj A, Schopf A and Honigsmann H, (2003) The oak processionary caterpillar as the cause of an epidemic airborne disease: survey and analysis, British Journal of Dermatology, 149(5):990-7

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Removing opportunistic pathogens from Castanea sativa grafting scions with bacterial and fungal antagonists Pasche, Sabrina1; Lefort, François1; Crovadore, Julien 1; Pelleteret, Pegah1; Jermini, Mauro2; Mauch-Mani, Brigitte3 1Plants and pathogens group, Institute Earth Nature and Landscape, Geneva Institute for Technology Architecture and Landscape, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected] 2Plant protection in the South Alps group, Institute of plant production sciences IPV, Agroscope, Switzerland 3Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Key Words Cryphonectria parasitica; Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi; biological control agents Summary A search for endophytes in Castanea sativa grafting scions showed that an opportunistic pathogen fungus Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi was present as the major component of the endophytic flora. Already know in Italy as a pathogen affecting the chestnut fruit, we described it elsewhere as the cause of canker symptoms very similar to the ones caused by Cryphonectria parasitica on twigs and scions. Indeed, this fungus generated on the bark orange and black masses, grey stromata and twisted tendrils. Therefore, the aim was to inoculate microorganisms in preventive biocontrol so they adopt an endophytic behavior and thus protect the plant from the inside. For this, scions of C. sativa were soaked overnight in a liquid suspension of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain P1 isolated from a plane tree and already known for her antifungal activity against various phytopathogens. To detect the presence of the bacterium and the pathogen in the wood tissues, a part of the soaked scions were sterilized, cut in slices and put in Petri dishes. The colonization of each organism was calculated in percentage. The bacterium was then frequently found in the low parts of scions and up to 18 centimetres height. Between 3.1 and 6 cm, it was present at 100%. In the first three centimetres and between 6.1 and 9 cm it was present at 66.7% and in more at 33.3% between 12.1 and 18 cm. It has been observed that when B. amyloliquefaciens was present, the endophytic and opportunistic pathogenic fungus G. smithogilvyi was not present. Conversely, the parts not colonized by the bacterium were always naturally infected by the endophytic fungus. This would indicate that the endophytic behavior of B. amyloliquefaciens inhibited the growth of G. smithogilvyi and reduced its presence in chestnut scions. A similar experiment was carried out with the biological control agent Trichoderma atroviride strain ITHEC45 and the same phenomenon has been observed. T. atroviride was frequently found in the lower parts of scions and up to a 27 centimetre height and looked even more efficient for repelling G. smithogilvyi. Up to 6 cm, T. atroviride was found at 100%. Up to 12 cm, and between 18.1 and 24 cm, it was still found at 66.7%. Between 12.1-5 cm and 24.1-27 cm it was present at 33.3%. Between 15.1 and 18 cm it was present at 55.6%. Already weaken by C. parasitica, the chestnut trees could be severely challenged with the emergence of G. smithogilvyi. The endophytic behaviour of the two microorganism species tested as biological control agents would allow them to colonize the plant and prevent the development of pathogens Inoculating B. amyloliquefaciens and T. atroviride as part of a preventive biocontrol treatment could represent an interesting solution for chestnut growers for reducing high mortality in young chestnut orchards.

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Relationship between pathogens and forestry structure in an urban forest Moricca, Salvatore1; Ginetti, Beatrice1; Ragazzi, Alessandro1; Giuseppe Colangelo2, Lafortezza, Raffaele 2, Mariani, Luigi 3; Selleri, Benedetto 4; Sanesi, Giovanni 2

1 Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, Plant Pathology and Entomology Division - University of Florence Piazzale delle Cascine, 28, 50144 – Firenze 2 Department of Agricultural-Environmental and Landscape and Planning Sciences (DISAAT), University of Bari, via Amendola 165/a 70126 Bari 3 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milano, via Giovanni Celoria 2 - 20133 Milano 4 Parco Nord Milano, via Clerici 150 - 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Milano; Contact: [email protected] Key Words Pathogens - urban forestry - Urban Heat Island - forest structure

Summary Pathogens are major determinants of the structure and dynamics of urban forests. By inducing tree mortality these biotic stressors severely impact the composition, succession and diversity of forest stands, regulating species distribution. The pathogen-mediated selective elimination of the less vigorous or genetically unfit individuals increases population resistance and is fundamental in the recycling of essential elements. The aim of this study was to assess and to which extent, pathogenic microbes impact the structure of urban forests and, in so doing, delineate forest development and landscape patterns. Because the above processes are particularly evident at the micro to local scale, two experimental plots in an urban forestry plantation were investigated for the occurrence, incidence and severity of pathogen attacks. The plots replicated planting conditions but were influenced by different forest maintenance practices, with particular reference to thinning. Greater forest density and urban climate encouraged the spread of some pathogens that caused the death of many trees in the unthinned plot. The canopy gaps created in the plot exacerbated the harsh ecological conditions of the site, reducing soil water content and increasing water deficit, heat stress and foliage mass of remaining trees. All these conditions favored the aggressive spread of some opportunistic pathogens, which induced tree mortality. Consequently, with time a very articulate structure, characterized by average diameters of limited stems, formed in the two plots both horizontally and vertically. Pathogenic agents proved to have multiple and varied impacts on forest plots, creating canopy gaps, shaping tree density and, ultimately, altering stand density and site conditions. The isolated thermophilic and/or thermotolerant pathogenic microbes are known to be favored by drought, high temperatures, and the physiological impairment of trees. As a result of climate warming, including the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the above pathogens are expected to expand their endemic ranges and come into contact with new, susceptible hosts and native pathogens. Hybrids endowed with exceptional virulence may arise and spread aggressively over uncontaminated territories. The overall forest community thus evolves under the constraints of forest pathogens. Forest management activities (e.g., thinning) and silvicultural options (e.g., the choice of resistant or site-tolerant species) are influenced as a result. Key references Castello, J.D., Leopold, D.J., and Smallidge, P.J. 1995. Pathogens, patterns, and processes in forest ecosystems. BioScience, 45: 16–24. Desprez-Loustau, M., Robin, C., Reynaud, G., Déqué, M., Badeau, V., Piou, D., Husson, C., and Marçais, B. 2007. Simulating the effects of a climate-change scenario on the geographical range and activity of forest-pathogenic fungi. Can. J. Plant Path. 29 (2): 101–120. Durall, D.M., Jones, M.D., and Lewis, K.J. 2005. Effects of forest management on fungal communities. In The fungal community, its organization and role in ecosystems. Edited by J. Dighton, J.F. White, and P. Oudermans. CRC Press, London. pp. 833–856. Hansen, E.M., and Goheen, E.M. 2000. Phellinus weirii and other native root pathogens as determinants of forest structure and process in western North America. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 38: 515–539.

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The efficiency of pheromone traps for the execution of horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) control Straigytė, Lina1; Kukcinavičius, Šarūnas2; Žalkauskas, Remigijus1

1Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Institute of Forest Biology and Silviculture, Studentu str. 11, Akademija, LT53361, Kaunas distr., Lithuania; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Studentu str. 11, Akademija, LT53361, Kaunas distr., Lithuania; [email protected] Key Words Cameraria ohridella, control, pheromone traps

Summary The horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella L.) is a new invasive species in Lithuania. At the moment in environment there is no natural adversary that could limit Cameraria ohridella population size. Chemical measures are not always effective in minimizing the impact of this insect to horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in green areas. Delta-type pheromone traps have been used while searching for more effective control methods. This pheromone trap as selective measure does not attract other insect species. The most important advantage of use of this pheromone – it doesn‘t releases chemical materials, that could have negative impact on the people health in urban surrounding. The aim of this studies is to present method of Cameraria ohridella monitoring by using pheromone traps.

Research was carried out in Kaunas city (Lithuania) during 2012-2013 vegetation periods. 23 horse chestnut trees of 4 parks were chosen for monitoring of Cameraria ohridella population activity and size. Infestation levels were estimated using two different methods: the survey observation of both foliage damage and pheromone traps. Delta-type pheromone traps (active ingredient: (E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienal) were placed in tree crowns and checked every 20 days. Leaves samples were collected in the same days to determine the percentage of damaged leaf area by Cameraria ohridella larvae. The ratio between Cameraria ohridella population growth and percentage of damaged leaf area was evaluated after collecting the data. The obtained results indicate that leaves of trees with pheromone trapsa were damaged less than leaves of trees without pheromone trapsb (respectively - 4.5%a as against 22.4%b in 2012 and 6.1%a as against 29.1%b in 2013). Comparing the results of two years was observed that the total Cameraria ohridella population size had grown, it was increased by 15.53%. First summer there was observed two generations of Cameraria ohridella. Second summer there was three generations of Cameraria ohridella. In Lithuania 2013 season was traped 34710 males of Cameraria ohridella. Similar researches were done in other counties. In France was traped 4037 males (2000), in Czech Republic - 4946 (2001), in Germany during season 2000 was traped 18 488 males of Cameraria ohridella. Thus the trap is effective for control, but it is not the main factor likely to limit population growth of Cameraria ohridella. The used methodology should be modified in order to achieve better control results - changing traps in tree crowns more frequently and increasing adhesive area of traps. Currently used methods are appropriate for monitoring of Cameraria ohridella population size.

Key references Baranowski T, Borowicz A., Szapiewska K. 2008. Effect of coloured sticky traps and pheromones on the number of caught Cameraria ohridella (Deschka and Dimic). Progress in Plant Protection, 48, (2), 697. Ferracini C., Alma A. 2008. How to preserve horse chestnut trees from Cameraria ohridella in the urban environment. Crop Protection 27, 1251–1255. Ivinskis P., Rimšaitė J. 2006. The horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ochridella Deschka Dimic 1986) (Lepidoptera, Gracillaridae) in Lithuania. Acta Zoologica Lithuanica, 16, (4), 323.

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Kindl J., Kalinova B., Freise J., Heitland W., Augustin S., Guichard S., Avtzis N., Svatoš A. (2002): Monitoring the population dynamics of the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella with a synthetic pheromone in Europe. Plant Protect. Sci., 38: 131–138. Kuldová J., Hrdý I., Janšta P. 2007. The horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella: chemical control and notes on parasitisation. Plant Protection Science, 43: 47–56. Snieškienė V., Stankevičienė A., Žeimavičius K., Baležentienė L. 2011. Aesculus hippocastanum L. State Changes in Lithuania. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 20, (4), 1029-1035.

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Measurements of nitrogen dioxide with passive samplers in urban forests of Ljubljana Žlindra, Daniel; Vilhar, Urša Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2 [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Air quality, nitrogen dioxide, passive samplers, urban forest, Ljubljana

Summary In Slovenia measurement of the air quality in urban areas is well spread and organized. The measurements are performed in the frame of Slovenian Environment Agency according to the EU legislation on ambient air quality monitoring (Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe). They are strictly limited to urban and heavy traffic areas. They report on regular exceeding on critical thresholds in several Slovenian towns as well as in the City of Ljubljana. In the recent years there has been increasing focus on ecosystem services provided by urban forests, such as moderation of the urban climate and reduction of air pollution. In the frame of project “Establishing a Monitoring Network to assess lowland Forest and Urban plantation status in Lombardy Region and Slovenian - EMoNFUr” (LIFE+ 10 ENV/IT/399) is one of the tasks to develop and test methodological framework for monitoring reduction of air pollution by urban forest. At Slovenian Forestry Institute the low-cost passive samplers were developed and tested for ambient air quality monitoring in urban forests. Urban forested areas are often used by the people for recreation and retreat from city centers but not involved in national measurement network.

This study investigates air pollution with nitrogen dioxide on 6 locations in urban forests in the City of Ljubljana and 2 locations in non-urban forests as a reference. Passive samplers (Ogawa type) with the active filters were applied for 13 sampling periods from mid-April to mid-October 2013. Each sampling period lasted 14 days. The determination of concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the air consisted from two stages. First one was the extraction of nitrite ion out of the active filter and analysis of extract with the ion chromatography. The second one was calibration of the results to real conditions (determination of the gas diffusive constant and collection rate) with the help of continuous monitoring device from the Slovenian Environment Agency monitoring network in the vicinity of one passive sampler. Results showed clear gradient in nitrogen dioxide concentration in the air, being highest in the city center and decreasing towards the forested suburbs. The concentrations were about ten times higher in the city center compared to the non-urban forest reference. Even though the average concentrations, extrapolated to annual level, in the city were high, they didn’t exceed the warning limit for plants (30 μg m-3) or even people (40 μg m-3).

We developed and tested a reliable and low-cost methodology for monitoring ambient air quality (NO2) with low-cost passive samplers in forests, where the supply with electricity is often reducing factor. The concentration of NO2 in the air were decreasing in the direction from city center towards the forested suburbs, indicating the reduction capacity of air pollution by forests. Key References Mulik J, Lewis R, McClenny W, Williams D (1989) Modification of a high-efficiency passive sampler to determine nitrogen dioxide or formaldehyde in air. Anal. Chem. 61, 187-189 Krochmal D, Gorski L (1991) Determintaion of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air by use of a passive sampling technique and triethanolamine as absorbent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 531 - 535

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Urban London plane trees dieback: It is not always the canker you fear most Sabrina Pasche, Pegah Pelleteret, Julien Crovadore., Bastien Cochard, Pierre-Yves Bovigny, Romain Chablais & François Lefort.

Plants and pathogens group, Institute Earth Nature and Landscape, Geneva Institute for Technology Architecture and Landscape, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected]

Key Words Keywords : Platanus acerifolia, dieback, tree plane canker, Botryosphaeria, Ceratocystis platani Summary In answer to requests from corporations and state services of Canton Geneva (Switzerland), the Plants & Pathogens laboratory of Institute Earth Nature and Landscape at hepia (University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland) often proceeds to the isolation and genetic identifications of microorganisms potentially involved in dieback of urban trees. The Institute is in charge of plant disease monitoring in the Canton, provides technology surveillance and offers advice in micro-biological control. Since the first report of the plane canker agent Ceratocystis platani in 2003, London plane diebacks (Platanus acerifolia; synonym Platanus x hispanica) in urban or road alignments focused a great attention and an epidemiological monitoring of London plane canker was implemented. The main purpose of these identifications is to ascertain the presence or the absence of C. platani, highly lethal to London plane trees and for which severe felling and disinfection measures have to be applied, following a positive case discovery. Dying or dead trees sampled in the course of this study sometimes displayed cork cankers, which could be basal cankers but not always. Core samplings were carried out till the centre of the trunk, at about 1.5 m height and in basal trunk cankers, when present. Sampling was also carried out after felling and cutting the trees, in the internal necrotic zones, revealed inside the trunks and the roots. Sampled were used for isolating numerous bacteria and fungi and obtaining pure cultures of these microorganisms. DNA was then extracted from these microorganisms and used for PCR amplification of the ITS region of the rDNA for fungi and of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria. Sequencing of amplified products allowed for the genetic identification of the isolated organisms.

We report here observations recorded from 2012 to 2013, for 7 samplings on a total of 14 plane trees. Fungi were diverse but fungi belonging to the genus Botryosphaeria occurred in each sampling (isolated 13 times), contrary to Ceratocystis platani which was isolated 2 times, in only two urban plane trees, which were subsequently felled. The three Botryosphaeria species, Botryosphaeria stevensii, Botryosphaeria iberica and Botryosphaeria parva, could be responsible of the observed plane cankers. Other pathogenic fungi such Mortierella spp., Diaporthe spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp. were also retrieved from samplings. Since these Botryosphaeria species have been reported in the past years as cankers agents on plane trees or other tree species in Europe, artificial infections were carried out with pure cultures of Botryosphaeria iberica, B. stevensii and B. parva on young plane tree seedlings, aged 2 and 5 years old. Only B. parva managed to provoke cork canker symptoms after 2 years. The experiment is still going on. This survey by molecular biology showed that most cases of plane trees dieback in the Geneva region were not caused by Ceratocystis platani, as might have been feared and that other fungi could be responsible for similar symptoms.

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Topic D Aesthetics and restorativeness of urban green space evaluated from memory and in situ – A comparison Gerstenberg, Tina; Hofmann, Mathias TU Dresden, ZIT, 01062 Dresden, Germany, [email protected]; [email protected]

Key Words Landscape evaluation, landscape architecture, urban planning, environmental perception, design Summary Introduction: Research revealed that a) certain aesthetic characteristics of urban green spaces lead to a higher preference and b) certain sceneries contribute more strongly to restorativeness. Most research in this field applies experiments in which computer-generated photographs or landscapes — differing in specific characteristics — are presented to raters. For urban green space improvement to be successful, findings from these studies need to be applied to evaluate established green spaces by city dwellers. Evaluations of residents can be gathered either in situ or from memory. Research has not yet established whether these data gathering methods reveal different results. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyse whether evaluations of an urban green space which are elicited from memory reveal different results than in situ evaluations. Methods: The aesthetic and restorativeness of a large (2 km2) urban park was evaluated using questionnaires in situ and from memory in a laboratory (43 and 57 subjects). Participants rated perceived restorativeness, restorative potential, and aesthetic characteristics (each on 7-point Likert scales). The data was analysed using t-tests for independent samples. Results: Regarding the aesthetic characteristics it was the item “this urban green space is easy to recognize” which was significantly more accepted by the memory group. Instead, the items “this urban green space is orderly” and “this urban green space is open” were significantly more accepted by the in situ group. Regarding restorativeness the following items were significantly more accepted by the memory group: “in this place my attention is attracted by many interesting things”, “this place I would like to know better”, “in this place there is a lot to discover”, “this place contains many things that make me curious”. The only item which was more accepted by the in situ group was “in this place I escape everyday life”. Overall, the majority of the items of each questionnaire did not show significant differences in both groups. Conclusions: This result suggests that both methods of data gathering are equal for residential evaluation of restorativeness and aesthetic of urban green spaces. One reason why items about the interestingness of this urban park were more accepted by the memory group may be that they rated it by contrast with the laboratory space. More detailed explanations and limitations of this study will be discussed. Key References Hartig, T., Korpela, K., Evans, G. W., & Gärling, T. (1997). A measure of restorative quality in environments. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 14(4), 175–194. doi:10.1080/02815739708730435 Herzog, T. R., Maguire, C. P., & Nebel, M. B. (2003). Assessing the restorative components of environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(2), 159–170. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00113-5 Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Laumann, K., Gärling, T., & Stormark, K. M. (2001). Rating Scale Measures of Restorative Components of Environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(1), 31–44. doi:10.1006/jevp.2000.0179 Stamps III, A. E. (1990). Use of photographs to simulate environments: A meta-analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 907–913. Trent, R. B., Neumann, E., & Kvashny, A. (1987). Presentation mode and question format artifacts in visual assessment research. Landscape and Urban Planning, 14, 225–235. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(87)90032-6

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Topic E How different stakeholders interact in green infrastructure and urban forestry: Knowledge transfer and collaboration Ugolini, Francesca1; Maresi, Giorgio2; Massetti, Luciano1; Sanesi, Giovanni3; Pearlmutter, David4 1Institute of Biometeorology-CNR, Firenze, Italy, [email protected]; 2Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy; 3University of Bari, Bari, Italy; 4Ben Gurion University, Sede Boqer, Israel Key Words Green infrastructure, Urban forestry, Knowledge transfer, Stakeholder collaboration Summary There is a common belief that the scientific community is disconnected from civil society and from the labour market, even though a wind of change is moving up at the international level and EU policies are beginning to bridge the gap. Focusing on Green Infrastructure (GI) and Urban Forestry (UF), we should also expect more collaboration between different stakeholders (such as policy makers, GI planners, and researchers), but it is also important to understand their actual background and needs. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge transfer and the strong and weak points of collaboration between different groups of stakeholders in urban forestry and green infrastructure. This was developed under the COST ACTION FP1204 between October 2013 and January 2014. Three different questionnaires were formulated according to the following target groups in GI and UF: public administrators (government ministry representatives; national, regional and local councillors, mayors, managers and technicians in public administration, etc.); practitioners (planners, technicians, plant producers etc.); researchers, academics etc. The questionnaires were uploaded online using Google-modules in two languages: English and Italian. The dissemination was done thanks to the help provided by: the COST Action coordinator and members, Euracademy Association, Forestry Communication Network, International Society for Arboriculture, European Arboriculture Council and direct invitations to single entities through Google searching, Associazione Italiana di Architettura del Paesaggio, Associazione Italiana Direttori e Tecnici dei Giardini Pubblici, Ersaf, Filiera EXPO, Fondazione Minoprio, and Parco Nord Milano, etc.. There was no intent to recruit a representative sample of the three targeted groups because in this case we would need to reach a very wide sample in each country; rather, the intention was to achieve a sample which was varied enough to reflect the opinion of the three groups on this concern. The three questionnaires include 26 questions divided into four parts:

1. Personal details and work information; 2. Scientific knowledge transfer (aspects of knowledge transfer to improve, assessment of knowledge transfer means, strategic sectors worthy to fund); 3. Collaboration between stakeholders (strong and weak points of collaboration, needs to start a collaboration, expectation of further collaboration); 4. Training in Green Infrastructure and Urban Forestry.

Most of the questions have a response modality on a 5 point Likert scale (from 1 = Totally agree, to 5 = Totally disagree). A total of 385 responses from 33 European countries and 93 from extra-European countries have been collected: 163 private professionals, 177 researchers and 138 public administrators. Males are the most representative of all target groups, comprising 79% of private professionals, 60% of researchers and 65% of public administrators.

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Regarding the means of scientific knowledge transfer, scientific publications in English are the most widely used and evaluated to be the most effective by researchers. Professionals and public administrators mostly participate in technical meetings, though surprisingly these are not considered effective by professionals. Moreover, manuals and textbooks are the most widely used type of publication by professionals, though their effectiveness is considered low. In terms of the collaboration between target groups, 64% of professionals have collaborated at least once with scientific institutes and 80% with public administrations. In both cases, the main types of collaboration are technical consultancy (42% and 33% respectively), and participation in joint projects funded by public bodies (32% and 46% respectively). Even the majority of public administrators count at least one collaboration with scientific institutes (72%) and private professionals (80%), and again these collaborations are mainly technical consultancy (52% and 72% respectively) or joint projects funded by public bodies (42% and 51% respectively). The same holds for researchers, of whom 86% have had collaborations with public administrations – primarily in joint projects with public funding, and 59% with private professionals, mostly through technical consultancies (50%). According to public administrators and professionals, innovation, transferability of results, and problem solution are the most important strong points of collaboration with scientific partners while meeting the project schedule and diversity of objectives are the main weak points. Moreover, both groups consider professionalism an important strong point for reciprocal collaboration.

Only researchers consider the identification of new strategies a very important strong point of collaboration while bureaucracy is considered the main obstacle – especially when a public administration takes part into the collaboration. Full results will be published soon.

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Topic F Planning urban school forests to enhance multi-functional green infrastructure Paloniemi, Riikka1; Faehnle, Maija1,2; Pelkonen, Riina1; Sahi, Virpi3

1The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O. Box 140, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 University of Helsinki 3The Finnish Association for Nature Conservation (FANC), Kotkankatu 9, FI-00510 Helsinki, Finland, [email protected] Key Words urban forest, school, environmental education, healthy environment, collaborative planning Summary In Finland, the use of nearby urban forests by schools for children’s play and education is an important way to ensure that children and young people have opportunities to enjoy the various benefits urban forests offer and to develop a respectful relationship with nature. However, in urban planning, schools are often ignored as stakeholders and in some cases, important forests have been cut down without any negotiation. Cities that want their schoolchildren to grow up to be healthy and environmentally conscious adults require knowledge on how to plan green infrastructure and school networks in a holistic way. In Finland, promising initiatives for addressing this challenge have been developed with school forests, i.e. forests used for schoolchildren’s education and play on school days. In this study we explore the usability of the school forest concept and develop a conceptual approach for integrating school forests in holistic urban planning.

Data was obtained by a web survey and interviews within the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA). The survey was completed by the heads of schools and environmental education contact teachers during spring 2013 in Helsinki (N=42, response rate 47%). The semi-structured interviews were held in the autumn of 2013. The interview respondents (N=11) were public officials from three cities in HMA. Based on the survey and interviews, urban forests offer a number of benefits from the perspective of schools. Schools use their nearby forests for studying and exploring nature (37% of the schools that responded to the survey), for play (36%), sports (31%) and collecting material for art (28%). School forests provide diverse benefits for other user groups as well. However, the school forest aspect is not enough to cover all multi-functional elements of urban forests. In addition, an interviewee raised a crucial point: “What a forest is to an adult and what a forest is to a child can be very different things” [ID 5]. The differing perceptions of (school) forests challenge the planning of school forests: who is the legitimate actor to represent children in planning processes: planners, school teachers or children themselves? Moreover, what kind of coalitions should these actors create? Holistic approaches to planning can be inspired by analysing zones of urban green infrastructure from a school’s perspective. A conceptual framework was developed based on three such zones identified in the survey results: 1) forests in or next to the schoolyard, enabling free play during breaks between classes 2) forests accessible during a lesson, enabling educational visits e.g. in biology, or activities for sports classes, e.g. for jogging 3) more distant forests, e.g. regional recreation areas providing destinations for day visits School forests are a good means to encourage the development of multi-functional green infrastructure, especially in urban areas. We conclude by discussing the next steps for making school forests an essential element of the urban green infrastructure as part of sustainable cities.

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Acknowledgements: The survey was organised by FANC as part of the School Forests project, which was a METSO cooperation network funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The interviews were organised by SYKE and funded by the Ministry of the Environment (METSO evaluation project) and the Academy of Finland (ENJUSTNESS project; the grant 263403). In addition, the research was funded by the European Commission, FP7 (SCALES project, grant number 226 852) and SYKE and the University of Helsinki/HENVI (ENSURE project).

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Certificate in advanced studies “Nature in the city”, Renaud, Ewa1 ; Baumann, Nathalie2 1hepia, 6 rue de la Prairie, CH-1202 Genève, [email protected] 2ZHAW, Department Life Sciences und Facility Management, Grüental, Postfach, CH-8820 Wädenswil, [email protected] Key Words Advanced Education, Nature in the City, Biodiversity, Greenspaces, Urban planning Summary Recent studies confirm that nature within urban areas provide important benefits for city residents (pollution cleaning, inundation mitigation, building energy consumption and even emotional health). We also know that nature and biodiversity could benefit from urban areas as they offer a wide range of habitats. But despite the evidences and the increasing number of studies, successful integration of biodiversity conservation and urban management is a new challenge. Every stakeholder involved in city planning or building (architects, planners, politicians, decision makers etc.) plays, or could play, a significant role to improve and protect biodiversity in urban landscape. Therefore it’s important that they have access to the latest knowledge on the functioning of urban ecosystems and the goods and services they provides to the citizens, as well as examples of best practices of urban management. Till 2012, no further education was offered to help planners, developers, and practitioners to better integrate biodiversity into their practice. That’s why the two Swiss universities: University of Applied Sciences in Zurich (ZHAW) and the Applied University of technology, architecture and landscape (hepia, Geneva) set up in collaboration a new continuing education programme. This certificate of advanced studies (CAS – 1 year, 1 day/week) offers a new approach by considering the nature in the city under the angle of various spatial scales (territory, wider neighbourhood, and building). The choice of the spatial scales was related on the one hand to the need for city planning to considers all these dimensions in order to link corridors, biotopes etc. and on the other hand to the necessity of creating and sharing a common language between the participants of the course. The diploma thesis is the culmination of the training. Students must apply the newly acquired tools to analyse a wider neighbourhood and make proposals on how to better integrate nature and ecosystem services within the urban landscape. In this case, nature must have been considered at different scales. For example, in order to plan and integrate special biotopes in the wider neighbourhood there have to be a wider analysis of this spatial scale. The installation of special biotopes has then to be implemented into a smaller spatial scale of the neighbourhood – so there’s within one spatial scale an important planning step to do where the next wider scale and the smaller scale have to be considered and linked. After the first edition of this 1 year programme (2012/2013), the approach to nature in the city through different spatial scales has proven to be relevant and transferable. Pedagogically, a combination of different spatial scales entails to consider action for the nature in city with numerous professions, politics, planning scales and different beneficiary. The vision of nature in the city perceived from different angles helped to understand better how the foster professions which are working in urban areas. Ten students attended to the first edition of the programme. A survey highlighted a very high satisfaction level. The next edition will build on the first one, and add more case studies from outside of Switzerland. The next edition will start in autumn 2014. It will take place in parallel in Geneva and in Wädenswil, in French and German. Key References http://natureenville.ch/

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Workshops A forest experience for planners, foresters and all those for whom the wellbeing of others is important Richter, Mirjam; Pellegrino, Raffaele Stiftung SILVIVA, Jenatschstrasse 1, 8002 Zürich CH, Phone +41 44 291 21 88, Fax +41 44 291 21 90 E-Mail [email protected]; www.silviva.ch

Key Words Value of experiencing nature, Public Health, Societal Coherence, Child Development Summary Forests are good for you. Numerous studies from all over the world have proven time and again that spending time in forests has a positive effect on people’s health and wellbeing. Especially for children forests offer many developmental opportunities. Forests which are near larger residential areas are therefore particularly important. The SILVIVA foundation has been developing educational forest methods for over 25 years and trains escorts to facilitate forest experiences for children and adults.

Aim of the session: The participants will experience how beneficial and important the forest landscape is for people. They will subsequently support forests – especially in urban areas – and advocate for people to spend more time in forests again.

The session is aimed at planners (urban and landscape planners), foresters, forest owners, community representatives and all those for whom the wellbeing of others, and themselves, is important. Contents

At the beginning of the session, we offer a brief summary of four study results on the positive effects of forests. The participants can then experience this effect themselves. For this purpose, two different activities are employed.

Study results 1) Shared experiences in the forest increase social cohesion and reduce anti-social behaviour. Dr. Mathilda van den Bosch, MD, PhD, 2013. 2) Forests encourage movement (Prevention of obesity and many associated diseases). Arbogast et al. 2009. 3) Spending time in forests reduces stress. (Stress is one of the most common factors in diseases.) Söderström et al. 2013. 4) Forests offer optimal conditions for motor skill development, the senses and for personal and cognitive development. Verena Schatanek, “Grün Stadt Zürich”, 2013

Activities 1) Tea break in the forest: Half of the participants look for herbs for tea. The other group makes a fire. While the participants take the anti-stress walk, the water with the herbs will be boiling over the fire. (In case of bad weather, dry wood will be provided) 2) Anti-stress walk – A relaxing walk through the forest: Participants take a calm and sensuous walk through the forest, with or without their shoes on.

Conclusion: But times have changed: The fact that woods are nearby, does not necessarily mean that people, especially kids, spend time in the forest. The reasons for this include safety concerns, but also the fact that other leisure activities take precedence over forest visits. Only specific activities, or a connection

161 established at a young age, lure people back into forests. To experience the forests it now requires trained chaperones and specific courses. For the benefit of people and for the sake of the forest.

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