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The Natural Environment in the Selected Poems of John Keats and Niyi Osundare: an Eco-Critical Perspective

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The Natural Environment in the Selected Poems of John Keats and Niyi Osundare: an Eco-Critical Perspective THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE SELECTED POEMS OF JOHN KEATS AND NIYI OSUNDARE: AN ECO-CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE A Ph.D Thesis By FORTRESS ISAIAH AYINUOLA CUPG040113 SUPERVISOR: DR. (MRS) OLUWATOYIN JEGEDE CO-SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER AWONUGA Department of Languages, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria JULY, 2013 1 THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE SELECTED POEMS OF JOHN KEATS AND NIYI OSUNDARE: AN ECOCRITICAL PERSPECTIVE By FORTRESS ISAIAH A AYINUOLA CUPG040113 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Languages, College of Development Studies (CDS) of Covenant University Ota, Nigeria In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) Degree in English 2013 2 CERTIFICATION We certify that this work was carried out by Mr. Fortress Isaiah Ayinuola in the Department of Languages, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria. ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- Dr. (Mrs.) Oluwatoyin Jegede Professor Christopher Awonuga Supervisor Co-Supervisor ------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- Dean, College of Development Studies The External Examiner 3 Fig.1: John Keats from National Portait Gallery, London, and Niyi Osundare, retrieved on 13 Februry 2012 from Wikipedia. John Keats (1795-1821) Niyi Osundare (1947- to date) If Poetry comes not as naturally as the Poetry is what the soft wind musics to the leaves to a tree it had better not come dancing leaf, what the bee hums to the at all (Gittings,1978:46). alluring nectar, what rainfall croons to the lowering eaves (Na‘Allah, 2003:134). 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I give honour, glory and adoration to God who drew me out of the miry clay and a slippery terrain. He brought me into His marvelous light, stood me on the solid rock and fed me with the bread of life. This thesis is a fulfilment of His prophecies: Deut 8:1-10. At the inception of this study, I had no tools in me but the Rod of faith and the voice of the Lord that fortified and emboldened me. As I lifted my eyes to the hills, He sent my way these great souls and builders, every one of them unique in his/her callings and fields and by them I am eternally blessed: Special thanks to Dr. David Oyedepo, my mentor and prophetic teacher. He provided a platform on which I build an inner fortitude to stand in times of peace and in times of storm. The late Professor (Rev) Ishaya Audu who taught me charity, discipleship, faith and humility. His life was his message. Thank you, Professor David Cook who taught me to mould images with words. With deep gratitude that wells out of my spirit, I thank the former Vice-Chancellor, Professor Aize Obayan: A mother-eagle whose words: ―Yes you can, together we can‖ consolidated the total man in me. Thank you, Professor Charles Ogbulogo, who always say, ―It can be better‖ and Professor Christopher Awonuga who co-supervised this thesis with patient fatherly counsel. Professor Emmanuel Kwofie, for thoroughly and patiently reading through this work, dotting the ‗i‘s and crossing the ‗t‘s. I thank you. Special thanks to my Heads of Department, previous and present: Dr. Taiwo Abioye and Dr. Innocent Chiluwa, for their support and advice. Thank you, Professor A.E. Eruvbetine, English Department, University of Lagos, for giving me a deeper insight into John Keats and Romanticism. I thank Professor Niyi Osundare who called the study, in a telephone interview, ―very intriguing topic‖. My special thanks to Dr. S. Ogunpitan, my teacher and friend, who provided invaluable materials on Niyi Osundare and nature poetry in particular. I thank Dr. Ikenna Kamalu, my teacher and friend, in the area of metaphorization. Very special thanks to my able Supervisor, Dr. (Mrs) Oluwatoyin Jegede, who introduced me to different areas of eco-critical studies and provided invaluable materials on Niyi Osundare and nature poetry in particular. A teacher indeed, she was detailed and meticulous and expected nothing but the best. I thank you for the thoughtful insight on the Abstract. I acknowledge also Dr. A. Egwu, who edited the final copy and gave me constructive advice; Covenant University Centre for Learning Resources (CLR); the University of Lagos Library Postgraduate Reference Unit and The Head of English Department, University of Ibadan, for availing me of the use of some dissertations and theses; the Environmental Unit, Alausa, Ikeja and Nigeria Conservation Foundation (NCF), Lekki, Victoria Island, Lagos. I thank my wife, Margaret Oladotun Fortress and children, Immanuel, Deborah, Daniel and Elizabeth who stood by me in the teeth of the wind, on stony deserts and by the rock of warm springs. Thank you Emmanuel Oluwaseyi Fortress for typing part of this thesis and for those symbolic snap shots you sent into my mail: landscapes, waterfalls, wildernesses, valleys beneath the oceans and their inhabitants; oasis in thirsty and lonely deserts; the deep-blue cloudless sky and the rising sun behind green mountain ranges. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Title page: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Certification:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii Acknowledgements: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii Table of Contents: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi List of Tables/Figures/Pictures -------------------------------------------------------------------v Abstract. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ vi CHAPTER ONE THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN LITERARY ECOLOGY 1.1. Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 1.2. Historical Overview and Issues in Literary Ecology------------------------------------12 1.3. Statement of the Problem-------------------------------------------------------------------14 1.4. Aim of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------------------------14 1.5. Objectives of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------------14 1.6. Specific Research Questions---------------------------------------------------------------15 1.7. The Significance of the Study--------------------------------------------------------------15 1.8. Scope and Delimitation---------------------------------------------------------------------16 1.9. Social and Artistic Vision of John Keats and Niyi Osundare--------------------------17 1.10. The Nature and Scope of Comparative Literature --------------------------------------17 1.11. Structure of Thesis--------------------------------------------------------------------------26 Notes on Chapter One----------------------------------------------------------------------27 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 2.2. Tenets of Eco-criticism and Theoretical Framework------------------------------------32 2.3. An Eco-critical Reading in the Nigerian Context----------------------------------------35 2.4. The Natural Environment and Romanticism in English Literary Tradition----------40 2.5. The Romantic Era: John Keats and Niyi Osundare -------------------------------------44 2.6. Aesthetic and the Natural Environment---------------------------------------------------46 6 2.7. John Keats and Niyi Osundare: A Comparative Interfacing--------------------------- 47 2.8. Lyrical Ballad and Folk Poetry ----------------------------------------------------------- 50 2.9. Art as a Source of Inspiration for Nature-Poets ----------------------------------------- 53 2.10. The Construction of the Natural Environment in Africa --------------------------------56 2.11. Natural Environment Issues in the Niger Delta------------------------------------------59 2.12. Built Environment, Natural Architecture and the Natural Environment--------------66 2.13. The Cognitive and Objective Aspect of the Built and the Natural Environment-----68 Notes on Chapter Two------------------------------------------------------------------------71 CHAPTER THREE: NATURE POETICIZING AND PRIMAL RECOLLECTION 3.1. Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72 3.2. Autobiography and Faction: Themes on Stages of Development in the Careers of Keats and Osundare: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72 3.3. Landscape and Seascape: --------------------------------------------------------------------79 3.4. The Seasons: Summer and Rainy Season --------------------------------------------------82 3.5. The Seasons: Winter and Dry Season-------------------------------------------------------85 3.6. Flora and Fauna: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------89 Notes on Chapter Three: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------96 CHAPTER FOUR IDENTIFYING WITH THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH LITERARY DEVICES 4.1. Introduction:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------97 4.2. Metaphor :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------102 4.3. Simile:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------105 4.4. Imagery:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------107
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