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Cunaxidae (Trombidiformes: Bdelloidea) En Cuevas De México

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Cunaxidae (Trombidiformes: Bdelloidea) En Cuevas De México ACAROLOGÍA Y ARACNOLOGÍA ISSN: 2448-475X CUNAXIDAE (TROMBIDIFORMES: BDELLOIDEA) EN CUEVAS DE MÉXICO Elsa Coronado-Galicia y Blanca E. Mejía-Recamier Laboratorio de Ecología y Sistemática de Microartrópodos. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México. Autor de correspondencia: [email protected] RESUMEN. Las cuevas constituyen ecosistemas naturales de gran valor por lo singular de los mismos y por los animales que las habitan. En México se cuenta con una gran cantidad de cuevas a los largo del país, de las que se han estudiado muy poco a los ácaros cunáxidos, por tal motivo se planeó el estudio de este grupo de depredadores, para identificar y caracterizar las especies que se encuentran en cuevas de los estados del noreste, centro y sureste de la República Mexicana. Para realizar el presente trabajo, se hizo una extracción de ácaros pertenecientes a la familia Cunaxidae de muestras de suelo. Se obtuvieron 240 individuos, incluidos en nueve géneros y 41 especies. Se estudiaron las posibles adaptaciones morfológicas a la vida subterránea, concluyendo que los representantes de esta familia no presentan troglomosfismos; por lo que se les considera ácaros troglófilos al encontrarse etapas de vida diferentes al adulto. Se reporta a Parabonzia como un género nuevo para cuevas. La mayoría de las especies son nuevos registros para las cuevas estudiadas. Además se encontraron especies compartidas en cuevas en las diferentes localidades, lo que demuestra que los cunáxidos cuentan con una amplia distribución geográfica. Palabras clave: Ácaros, cuevas, troglomorfismos. Cunaxidae (Trombidiformes: Bdelloidea) caves in Mexico ABSTRACT. The caves are natural ecosystems of great value for their singularity and by their animals. In Mexico there is a big number of caves along the country, from cunaxids have been seldom studied, for this reason the study of this group of predators was planned, to identify and characterize the mite species found in caves in northeastern, central and southeastern states of Mexico. To perform this study mites belonging to the family Cunaxidae from soil samples were isolated. A total of 240 individuals, included in nine genera and 41 species were found. Possible morphological adaptations to cave life; were studied, concluding that they do not have troglomosphisms; so they are considered troglofiles, because different life stages of cunaxids were found, except adults. Parabonzia it is reported for the first time in Mexican caves. Most of the species are new records. Also they shared occupancy in caves at different localities, indicating that Cunaxidae have a wide geographical distribution. Key words: Mites, caves, troglomorphisms. INTRODUCCIÓN Las cuevas representan un ambiente especial tanto para los organismos terrestres como acuáticos, por tal peculiaridad son consideradas laboratorios naturales ideales, para el estudio de problemas ecológicos y evolutivos (Palacios-Vargas, 1995). Las cuevas pueden subdividirse en tres zonas: de entrada (luz), de transición (penumbra) y profunda (completa oscuridad). Cada una de ellas, posee características propias, por ejemplo, las entradas son las responsables de las condiciones locales más variables en cuanto a las características ambientales como la temperatura y humedad; por el contrario, las zonas profundas son ambientes mucho más estables, donde en la mayoría de sus salones, el aire está saturado con vapor de agua, por lo que la humedad relativa es 33 Coronado-Galicia y Mejía-Recamier: Cunaxidae en cuevas de México del 100 %, debido a que las paredes, techo y piso están impregnados con agua, por donde el aire pasa y se mueve lentamente (Moore y Sullivan, 1978), además de reconocer características abióticas particulares como la ausencia de luz y la relativa estabilidad de la temperatura. Las cuevas sirven como refugio, para fauna que no podría sobrevivir en el exterior, por las alteraciones ambientales que se han dado a través del tiempo. Los organismos que invaden el mundo subterráneo están por lo general pre adaptados a la vida en las cuevas o subterránea de una o de otra manera; sin embargo, no existe una seguridad de cuáles son estas adaptaciones, pero la evidencia deriva del pequeño porcentaje de taxones que han sobrevivido y se han reproducido dentro de estos ambientes; la mayoría de los organismos que son atrapados ocasionalmente en una gruta, mueren relativamente rápido y sugiere que los animales entran en las cuevas por diferentes razones, por ejemplo, para evitar estrés fisiológico, competencia o depredación (Culver 1982). La clasificación de la fauna cavernícola que se utiliza es la modificada por Racovitza en 1907, en ella se consideran: 1) Trogloxenos: (troglos: cueva; xenos: ajenos) o visitantes de las cuevas, como murciélagos y otros animales nocturnos que encuentran condiciones favorables como la temperatura constante, la oscuridad y la ausencia de depredadores, para pasar una época de su vida en las cuevas; sin embargo, tienen que salir para conseguir su alimento. 2) Los troglófilos: (troglos: cueva; filos: amor) también llamados amantes de las cuevas son aquellos capaces de pasar todo su ciclo de vida dentro de las cuevas, aunque no presentan ninguna modificación a la vida cavernícola y podrían habitar sin ningún problema en la superficie terrestre. 3) Troglobios: (troglos: cueva; bios: vida) estas formas de vida que presentan adaptaciones tanto morfológicas como fisiológicas que les permiten pasar todo su ciclo dentro de las cuevas y se encuentran restringidas a ellas (Domínguez, 2002). La familia Cunaxidae fue propuesta por Thor en 1902. Estos ácaros son cosmopolitas, capaces de explotar numerosos microhábitats, por lo que se les puede encontrar desde suelo, hojarasca, hasta en los ambientes cavernícolas. Debido a su actividad como depredadores en su mayoría se alimentan de artrópodos de talla más pequeña como: colémbolos (otros artrópodos de talla pequeña (Heryford, 1965), trips (Milne, 1977), de la cutícula de anopluros (Zaher et al., 1975), de ácaros fitófagos (Lahiri et al., 2004; Castro y Moraes, 2010) aunque también se han reportado cunáxidos que se alimentan de nematodos que forman agallas en las plantas (Castro y Den Heyer, 2009). Así mismo, en su dieta incluyen a los de su misma especie, por lo que se les consideran caníbales (Walter y Kaplan, 1991). Los cunáxidos se caracterizan por presentar piezas bucales cónicas, pedipalpos que van de tres a cinco artejos, que actúan como órganos prensiles, ya que generalmente presentan una espina fuerte, en ocasiones tienen apófisis y el último artejo es en forma de uña; el extremo de sus quelíceros presenta forma de gancho; dos pares de tricobotrias en el propodosoma; sólo tiene dos acetábulos genitales, su pigmentaciones varían dependiendo de la especie (roja, café claro, amarillo pálido o naranja). Su ciclo de vida consta de una larva, de tres etapas ninfales (proto, deuto, y tritoninfa) además de la fase adulta. Se ha visto a lo largo de varios estudios que los prostigmados son uno de los ácaros mejor representados, después de los oribátidos en ambientes subterráneos (Palacios-Vargas, 1996). La primera cita fue la del género Cunaxa en la gruta de Juxtlahuca, Guerrero (Palacios-Vargas et al., 1985). Se tienen registros de Cunaxidae que pueden habitar diferentes biotopos de las cuevas, en un trabajo comparativo en Yucatán fueron hallados en guano y basurero de hormigas (Zeppelini y Castaño-Meneses, 1995). Hoffmann y López-Campos (2000) citan en cuevas a Coleoscirus simplex, Cunaxoides y Pulaeus patzcuarenis, Pulaeus pectinatus. En una compilación hecha por Hoffmann et al. (2004), se reportaron a: Neocunaxoides, Cunaxoides y Cunaxa (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Guerrero, Yucatán) Estrada y Mejía-Recamier (2005) en la cueva de Las Sardinas encontraron a Pulaeus, Neoscirula, Dactyloscirus, Cunaxoides y Coleoscirus, dando a conocer 34 Entomología mexicana, 3: 33−38 (2016) también que el guano es el biotopo con mayor abundancia de cunáxidos Pulaeus y Cunaxoides con 616 y 654 individuos respectivamente. Palacios-Vargas y Iglesias (2008) citan a Cunaxa, Cunaxoides, Dactyloscirus, Pseudobonzia, Pulaeus pectinatus y Sirula dentro de cuevas. Por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de ácaros cavernícolas de la familia Cunaxidae en algunos estados del noreste, centro y sureste de la República Mexicana. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO El material utilizado para el estudio, se encuentra depositado en la colección del Laboratorio de Ecología y Sistemática de Microartrópodos, de la Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), proveniente de diferentes cavidades (cuevas, sótanos, cenotes y minas) de la República Mexicana: Calkiní , Hopelchén, San Juan Actún (Campeche); Mapastepec (Chiapas); Cuetzala del Progreso, Acuitlapán, Pilcaya, Quechultenango (Guerrero); Tetlama, Tlaltizapán de Zapata, Chimalacatlán (Morelos); San Antonio Huitepec, Acatlán de Pérez Figueroa (Oaxaca); Tepatlaxco de Hidalgo (Puebla); Tulum, Othón P. Blanco (Quintana Roo); Hoya Las Cotorras, Aquismón (San Luis Potosí); Teapa, Tapijulapa (Tabasco) y Opichén (Yucatán). Las muestras fueron tomadas de guano, hojarasca y suelo principalmente, las mismas se transportaron al laboratorio en recipientes de plástico (con los datos de recolecta: fecha, lugar, biotopo y nombre del colector). El procesamiento de las muestras se realizó por el método del embudo de Berlese- Tullgren para la extracción de los organismos y se preservaron en alcohol al 70 %. Una vez obtenidos
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