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Anuario Del Centro De Investigaciones Y Estudios Políticos, Universidad De Costa Rica, 2: 190-217, 2011 ISSN: 2215-2873

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Anuario Del Centro De Investigaciones Y Estudios Políticos, Universidad De Costa Rica, 2: 190-217, 2011 ISSN: 2215-2873 Anuario del Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Políticos, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2: 190-217, 2011 ISSN: 2215-2873 REFORMA INSTITUCIONAL DE CHINA DESDE EL INICIO DEL PROCESO DE REFORMA COMO UN SISTEMA ABIERTO DE APRENDIZAJE COLECTIVO BAJO EL LIDERAZGO DEL PCC Patricia Rodríguez Hölkemeyer, MPA, MBA Correo electrónico: [email protected] Catedrática, Escuela de Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Master en Administración Pública de la Kennedy School of Government de la Universidad de Harvard. Master en Administración de Negocios de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Ministra Consejera en la Embajada de la República de Costa Rica en la R. P. China en el período 2008 – 2010. Recibido 04/05/2012 – Aceptado 27/06/2012 Resumen: El proceso de reforma económica y política de China constituye un experimento, único en el Mundo, y como tal, merece ser estudiado con miras a aprender de él. El presente es un ensayo sobre el sistema político chino, el cual se ha ido transformando lentamente conforme se ha ido desarrollando la economía china. Dicho proceso ha sido el resultado tanto de yerros como de sabias correcciones, ha vivido momentos de atrofia y pero también, de grandes renovaciones. Es un sistema que se reinventa, que aprende y se adapta a las distintas condiciones internas y externas que tanto lo han asediado, como favorecido. Palabras clave: China, sistema político chino, Partido Comunista Chino, neo- institucionalismo, culturalismo, economía de la complejidad. Abstract: The process of economic and political reform in China is an experiment unique in the world, and, as such, deserves to be studied in order to learn from it. The present paper is an essay about China`s political system, and how it has evolved slowly meanwhile the chinese economy has been swiftly transforming itself. The political system has evolved, not only from errors, but also from wise corrections. It has not only experienced moments of atrophy, but also of fruitful renovations. It is a system that reinvents, learns and adapts itself to M. Sc. Patricia Rodríguez Hölkemeyer: 191 the different internal and external demands that had not only threatened it, but, also, paradoxically, benefitted it. Key words: China, chinese political system, Communist Party of China, new institutionalism, culturalism, economic complexity. Introducción Ethan J. Lieb y Baogang He2 comentan: En el trabajo de investigación que la investigadora está Los medios occidentales realizando en este momento y son muy competentes que concluirá en marzo del cuando reportan incidentes 2012, se pretende explicar en los que el gobierno cómo se ha venido chino prohíbe alguna desarrollando el proceso organización no oficial de paulatino de reforma la sociedad civil o cuando institucional de China y qué es disciplina severamente a lo que el gobierno, bajo el algunas protestas liderazgo del PCC, ha venido sociales”... “No obstante, entendiendo como un proceso en Occidente hay poca hacia una mayor familiaridad con el papel “democratización con creciente en la vida política características chinas”. del país, de los congresos nacional y locales, de las Muchos hoy día reconocen la audiencias públicas, de extraordinaria capacidad de otras instituciones que aprendizaje y de adaptación que permiten cada vez más la ha tenido el gobierno del PCC participación y la para responder de manera deliberación entre sus adecuada a las distintas habitantes, así como el dificultades y retos, que el papel de los debates entre proceso de reforma económica intelectuales y lo que y el empoderamiento de una algunos han observado buena parte de la población, ha como una naciente venido generando. Con sobrada pluralidad de puntos de razón, un especialista en este vista y opiniones, que se país ha dicho que “la reflejan en los debates en adaptación al cambio, en lugar las legislaturas y en de la represión, ha sido la algunos medios de 1 mayor fortaleza del PCC”. comunicación. 2 Lieb, Ethan J., and Baogang He. The 1 Justin Vela. “The secret of the CCP`s Search for Deliberative Democracy in China success”, Asia times, 3/10/2010. N.Y.: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006: p. 7. REFORMA INSTITUCIONAL DE CHINA DESDE EL INICIO DEL PROCESO DE REFORMA COMO UN SISTEMA ABIERTO DE APRENDIZAJE COLECTIVO BAJO EL LIDERAZGO DEL PCC REFORMA INSTITUCIONAL DE CHINA DESDE EL INICIO DEL PROCESO DE REFORMA COMO UN SISTEMA ABIERTO DE APRENDIZAJE COLECTIVO BAJO EL LIDERAZGO DEL PCC: 192 Del mismo modo, David actuar y evolucionar. Es decir, Shambaugh, uno de los más históricamente ha tenido que reconocidos observadores de reinventarse a sí mismo. China, reconoce que Consideraciones …la totalidad y eficacia de metodológicas. dichas reformas desmiente la imagen general Con el fin de dar coherencia y prevaleciente entre claridad a la explicación del académicos y periodistas proceso por el cual el gobierno en el Oeste (incluyendo a hace 32 años cambió, del aquellos que viven en sistema de planificación China) de que no ha centralizada, hacia el sistema habido ninguna reforma de mercado (y que, para política y que el sistema realizar con éxito dicho político chino permanece proceso, el gobierno tuvo que como un estado leninista realizar cambios concomitantes osificado que en las instituciones estatales), eventualmente sucumbirá habría que utilizar conceptos a la marcha inevitable del neo-institucionalismo hacia la democracia de tipo (Douglass North, Carlsten occidental. Los analistas Herrmann-Pillath y otros), de occidentales –agrega la teoría general de sistemas y Shambaugh—no ponen de las redes de comunicación mucha atención a estas (Ming Xia), de la teoría de la reformas porque son complejidad y del caos incrementales y difícil de (Beinhocker) y de la teoría de seguir y porque han tenido la acción comunicativa de lugar en un sistema de Jürgen Habermas. partido único que están encaminadas a fortalecer, Richard Baum y Alexei en lugar de reemplazar, Shevchenko afirman –siguiendo ese sistema. 3 a Douglass North-- que la reforma china es dependiente El gobierno del PCC ha venido de la trayectoria (path respondiendo a diferente clase dependent) y ha resultado de de retos, tanto dentro del país, un proceso de “acomodación y como procedentes del exterior. adaptación continua que lleva a nuevas síntesis En razón de la globalización y organizacionales e de los acelerados cambios institucionales”. tecnológicos, el PCC ha tenido que buscar nuevos referentes Yang Yao, renombrado mentales para interpretar, economista y Sub-Director del China Centre for Economic 3 Shambaugh, David. China`s Communist Resarch de la Universidad de Party: Atrophy and Adaptation, Pekín de acuerdo a la teoría del Pennsylvannia: Woodrow Wilson Center pragmatismo de Pierce, Press, 2008. M. Sc. Patricia Rodríguez Hölkemeyer: 193 considera que el proceso de la economía neoclásica, de institucionalización que va cómo las acciones, estratégicas aparejado con el proceso de o las expectativas de los reforma económica constituye agentes, pueden reaccionar un proceso de aprendizaje ante, o pueden, endógenamente que discurre por ensayo y error, cambiar con, los patrones que atendiendo a las ellos (mismos) crean”7. retroalimentaciones que el Textualmente con un lenguaje gobierno recibe por parte de los similar al de Brian Arthur, distintos canales abiertos para Bromley & Yangi aclaran que obtener información por parte de la sociedad4. “…todas las políticas económicas requieren del Dicho proceso “de aprendizaje” establecimiento de vías incorpora las iniciativas y para la soluciones creativas iniciadas en retroalimentación desde distintos nodos de la red social, las observaciones de como lo explica también la nuevos patrones de economía de la complejidad5, interacción, que informan así como el enfoque de muchos del deseo de experimentar otros estudiosos de la con nuevos arreglos institucionalidad china como institucionales plausibles”8. Ming Xia (2009) y Jin & Haynes (2006), David Shambaugh, Por esta razón, afirman que Carlsten Herrmann-Pillath, Yang tanto el Consenso de Yao, la autora (2007), etc Washington, como la aplicación de la planificación centralizada Según Brian Arthur6, la leninista, no pueden generar los economía de la complejidad efectos que se desean porque “permite responder a la actúan sin tomar en cuenta las pregunta que no puede resolver realimentaciones que se producen en la realidad social, que es cambiante. 4 Bromley, Daniel; Yang, Yao (2006). “Understanding China`s Bromley y Yang critican al Economic Transformation”, World Consenso de Washington por Economics, Vol. 7, No. 2, Oxford: dar prescripciones, más de The Oxford Institute for Economic índole ideológica, que con base Policy. April-June, p. 79.. en la experiencia. Igualmente, 5 Beinhocker, Eric, D. (2006), The Origin of Wealth, Evolution, Complexity, and the critican al planificador social, Radical Remaking of Economics, quien, junto con quienes aplican Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Y el enfoque del Consenso de Arthur, Brian (2005): “Out-of –Equilibrium Washington, caen en un Economics and Agent-Based Modeling”, apriorismo acientífico, que no Pape prepared for Hanbook of permite tener un criterio exacto Computational Economics, Vol.2: Agent- Based Computational Economics, K.Judd 7 and Tesfatsion, eds., ELSEVIER/Nort- Arthur, Brian. Op Cit. P. 2. Holland. 8 Bromley y Yang. 2005. Op. Cit. p. 6 Arthur, Brian. Op Cit. 80. REFORMA INSTITUCIONAL DE CHINA DESDE EL INICIO DEL PROCESO DE REFORMA COMO UN SISTEMA ABIERTO DE APRENDIZAJE COLECTIVO BAJO EL LIDERAZGO DEL PCC: 194 sobre cuáles decisiones son
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