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© FAO 2010 These pages are illustrated with designs from the Kigali Cities of despair – or opportunity? Conceptual Master Plan, Challenge: to steer from its current, unsustainable path a long-term framework and towards greener cities that offer choice, opportunity and hope for of Rwanda’s capital. The plan envisions a city set amid greenbelts and zones reserved for , and open spaces with community owns and cities in the world’s developing countries are growing . on an unprecedented scale. Ten years ago, an estimated 40 percent of the developing world’s – or 2 billion people – lived in urban areas. Since then, their numbers have Texpanded almost twice as fast as total population growth, to more than 2.5 billion. That is the equivalent to almost Figure 1. Population growth in the developing world, five new cities the size of Beijing, every 1950-2050 (millions) 12 months. By 2025, more than half the By 2025, more than half the developing developing world’s population – 3.5 billion world’s population will be urban people – will be urban. 6000

While urbanization in Europe and North ivision

America took centuries, spurred on by 500000 tion D industrialization and steady increases in per opula capita income, in the developing world it will 400000 tions P ed Na Unit

occur in the space of two or three e: c our generations. In many developing countries, 3000000 S urban growth is being driven not by economic opportunity but by high birth rates 2000000 and a mass influx of rural people seeking to RURAL escape hunger, poverty and insecurity. 1000000 Most of the world’s fastest growing cities URBAN are found in low-income countries of Asia 19501950 19751975 2000 Projection 2025 20205050 and Africa with young . Over the next 10 years, the current number of urban dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa is expected to grow by almost 45 percent, from 320 million to 460 million. , capital of one of the world’s poorest countries, is now the world’s fastest growing future megacity. By 2025, the urban population of least- developed countries in Asia will have grown from 90 million to a projected

GROWING GREENER CITIES 1 150 million, and Dhaka is expected to be the world’s fifth largest city, with 21 million inhabitants. Urbanization in low-income countries is accompanied by high levels of poverty, unemployment and food insecurity. Worldwide, an estimated one billion people live in crowded slums, without access to basic health, water and sanitation services. Around 30 percent of the developing world’s urban population – 770 million people – are unemployed or “working poor”, with incomes below official poverty lines. Those urban poor spend most of their income just to feed themselves. Yet Figure 2. Population growth in selected cities, 2000-2025 (millions) their children suffer levels of Megacities of the future are growing fastest in Africa and Asia malnutrition that are often as high as those found in rural areas. To survive, millions of slum dwellers 30 2000 2025: Projection have resorted to growing their own (increase in percent) 25 food on every piece of available land: in backyards, along rivers, 20 roads and railways, and under United Nations Population Division Population Nations United 15 power lines. Source: 10 The growth of urban slums outpaces urban growth by a wide 5 margin. By 2020, the proportion of the urban population living in poverty could reach 45 percent, or Kinshasa Lagos Dhaka Lahore Karachi Chongqing Shenzen Delhi Bogotá Mumbai 1.4 billion people. By then, 85 percent of poor people in Latin America, and almost half of those in Africa and Asia, will be concentrated in towns and cities. That prospect has been described as “the new population bomb” and a nightmare for governance: sprawling, degraded and impoverished cities with large, vulnerable populations that are socially excluded, young and unemployed.

2 GROWING GREENER CITIES The promise of greener cities Urban development that provides , decent work and income, brighter future for a clean environment is usually associated with urban the world’s and good governance planning in more developed developing cities is for all citizens countries. It suggests high-tech both imperative and eco-architecture, bicycle possible.A Historically, cities greenways and zero-waste, have been places not of misery and despair “closed loop” industries. but of opportunity – for economies of scale, However, it has a special application, and employment and improved living standards, significantly different social and economic especially for rural people seeking a better dimensions, in low-income developing life. They have served as engines of social countries. There, the core principles of progress and national economic greener cities can guide urban development development. that fosters food security, decent work and Creating the conditions to realize that income, a clean environment and good potential – in Kinshasa, Dhaka and other governance for all citizens. growing towns and cities across the A starting point for growing greener cities developing world – is crucial now and will be is to recognize and integrate into urban more so in the decades ahead. The challenge policy and planning many of the creative is to steer urbanization from its current, solutions that the urban poor themselves unsustainable path, towards sustainable, have developed to strengthen their greener cities that offer their inhabitants communities and improve their lives. One choice, opportunity and hope. of those solutions – and an essential feature The concept of “green cities” – designed of green city planning in developed, and a for resilience, self-reliance, and social, growing number of developing, countries – economic and environmental – is urban and peri-urban .

Not new: The Incas’ citadel of Machu Picchu in Peru included a residential area and a zone of intensively farmed terraces

GROWING GREENER CITIES 3 How horticulture helps grow greener cities

rban and peri-urban horticulture institutional frameworks and support services (or UPH) is the cultivation of a for UPH, and to improve horticultural wide range of – including production systems. It has promoted irrigated fruit, vegetables, roots, tubers and commercial market on urban ornamentalU – within cities and towns peripheries, simple hydroponic micro-gardens and in their surrounding areas. in slum areas, and green rooftops in densely It is estimated that 130 million urban populated city centres. residents in Africa and 230 million in Latin The FAO programme, and similar America engage in agriculture, mainly initiatives by partner organizations, have horticulture, to provide food for their demonstrated how horticulture helps families or to earn income from sales. empower the urban poor, and contributes to While the urban poor, particularly those their food security and nutrition. But it can arriving from rural areas, have long practised also help grow greener cities that are better horticulture as a livelihood and survival able to cope with social and environmental strategy, in many countries the sector is still challenges, from slum improvement and largely informal, usually precarious and management of urban wastes to job creation sometimes illegal. and community development. But that is changing rapidly. Over the past decade, governments in 20 countries have sought FAO’s assistance in removing barriers and providing incentives, inputs and training to low-income “city farmers”, from the burgeoning metropolises of West and Central Africa to the low-income barrios of Managua, Caracas and Bogotá. Through multidisciplinary projects*, FAO has helped governments and city * FAO-assisted projects for UPH development have been funded by Belgium, Canada, Colombia, France, Italy, Norway, Spain and administrations to optimize policies, Venezuela

4 GROWING GREENER CITIES Food and nutrition security Growing fruit and vegetables in and around cities increases the supply of fresh, nutritious produce and improves the urban poor’s economic access to food

eople have food security when they Fruit and vegetables are the richest natural are able to grow enough food, or buy sources of micronutrients. But in developing enough food, to meet their daily countries, daily fruit and vegetable needs for an active, healthy life. In consumption is just 20-50 percent of manyP of the 21st century’s developing cities, FAO/World Health Organization (WHO) all of those conditions of food security are recommendations. Urban meals rich in low- threatened. cost fats and sugars are also responsible for Poor urban households spend up to 80 rising levels of obesity and overweight. In percent of their income on food. That makes India, diet-related chronic diseases, such as them highly vulnerable when food prices rise diabetes, are a growing health problem, and or their incomes fall. FAO estimates that in mainly in urban areas. the wake of global food price inflation in 2007/2008, and the subsequent economic recession, the number of chronically hungry Figure 3. Number of undernourished, 1969-71 to 2009 in the world has risen by at least 100 million The greatest increase has been among to more than one billion people. The greatest the urban poor, women and children increase has been among the urban poor, 2009 women and children. 1 020 MILLION Access to nutritious food is a key dimension of food security. In Africa and 2008 914 MILLION Asia, urban households spend up to 1969-71 880 MILLION 50 percent of their food budgets on cheap 1990-92 847 MILLION 2004-06 “convenience” foods often deficient in the 876 MILLION vitamins and minerals essential for health.

One study found that vitamin A deficiency, a 2000-02 cause of blindness, was more severe among 1979-81 853 MILLION 850 MILLION

Dhaka slum dwellers than among even the FAO 1995-97 820 MILLION

rural poor. Source:

GROWING GREENER CITIES 5 Urban and peri-urban horticulture helps estimated 2 600 hectares of farm land every developing cities meet all those challenges. year). Result: production of fresh food is First, it boosts the physical supply of fresh, being pushed further into rural areas. The nutritious produce, available year round. cost of transport, packing and refrigeration, Second, it improves the urban poor’s the poor state of rural roads, and heavy economic access to food when their losses in transit add to the scarcity and cost household production of fruit and vegetables of fruit and vegetables in urban markets. reduces their food bills, and when growers That is why China has integrated food earn a living from sales (see Sustainable production into urban development since the livelihoods, page 8). 1960s. Today, more than half of Beijing’s vegetable supply comes from the city’s own Urban food security. Intensive horticulture market gardens, and it costs less than production on urban peripheries makes produce trucked from more distant areas. sense. But as cities grow, valuable Horticulture in and around Hanoi produces agricultural land is lost to housing, industry more than 150 000 tonnes of fruit and and infrastructure ( eats up an vegetables a year. In Cuba, which has promoted intensive UPH since the early Figure 4. Daily fruit and vegetable consumption in selected countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005 (grams/capita/day) 1990s, the sector accounts for 60 percent of Guess which country has promoted intensive urban horticultural production – and Cubans’ per horticulture since the early 1990s capita intake of fruit and vegetables exceeds the FAO/WHO recommended minimum. As urbanization accelerates in sub-Saharan Africa, many countries are seeking to 400* develop their commercial horticulture FAO sectors to ensure urban food security. Often Source: the first step is to legalize and protect long 300 established small-scale market gardens that have sprung up without planning or permits. 200 In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, FAO advised on measures that regularized titles to 1 600 ha of areas operated by 100 some 20 000 full-time growers in five cities. The project introduced improved vegetable varieties and installed or upgraded 40 irrigation structures, which extended Bolivia Colombia Cuba Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Nicaragua Peru water availability throughout the year. * FAO/WHO recommended minimum

6 GROWING GREENER CITIES In Bolivia, FAO helped train slum government installed 4 000 micro-gardens in dwellers to grow fruit and vegetables the city’s poor barrios. In Ecuador, vegetable in low-cost micro-gardens at 54 child development centres feed 2 500 children and earn enough from sales to be self-supporting. FAO helped women in poor neighbour- hoods of to start micro-gardens in their backyards and on patios and rooftops. To ensure the quality and safety of Per square metre, the gardens produce each produce, 450 growers’ associations were year up to 30 kg of tomatoes, lettuce and trained in good agricultural practices, beans, which has led to a doubling of including the use of organic fertilizer and vegetable consumption among participating bio-. Market gardens in the capital, families. Kinshasa, now produce an estimated 75 000 School gardens are a proven means of to 85 000 tonnes of vegetables a year, or promoting child nutrition. They familiarize 65 percent of the city’s supply. children with horticulture, provide fresh fruit and vegetables for healthy school meals, help Household food security. FAO’s programme teachers develop nutrition courses and, when for UPH also promotes home, school and replicated at home, improve family nutrition community gardens, where the urban poor as well. Over the past 10 years, FAO has grow their own fruit and vegetables and earn provided tools, seeds and training to income from the sale of surpluses. In the establish thousands of school gardens in Plurinational State of Bolivia, FAO helped to more than 30 countries. introduce community greenhouses and micro-gardens in the municipality of El Alto, where 70 percent of residents live in poverty and 40 percent of children under five are malnourished. Some 1 500 families were trained to grow a wide variety of vegetables, herbs, medicinal plants and fruits in small, low-cost greenhouses. The result was a general improvement in child nutrition and family savings (averaging $US30 a month), which were spent on eggs and meat. Similar benefits were reported in Caracas after the

GROWING GREENER CITIES 7 Sustainable livelihoods Urban and peri-urban horticulture provides livelihoods that are resilient to economic downturns and food price hikes, and contribute to cities’ economic development

he International Labour of their urban populations by 2020. Organization estimates that 180 Urban and peri-urban horticulture offers a million of the developing world’s pathway out of poverty. It has low start-up urban population are jobless and costs, short production cycles, and high anotherT 550 million earn just enough to yields per unit of time and unit of land and survive in the informal economy. Over the water. Its produce has high market value. next 10 years, almost 500 million people, Because it is very labour intensive, many of them from rural areas, will enter the horticulture creates employment for the jobs market. Unless developing countries jobless, particularly people newly arrived create more decent, productive work from rural areas. opportunities, the number of unemployed Of the estimated 800 million people and working poor could reach 45 percent engaged worldwide in urban and peri-urban

Figure 5. Population with incomes below national poverty line, 2005 (millions) By 2020, the proportion of the urban population living in poverty could reach 45 percent

Sub-Saharan North Africa South Asia East Asia Latin America Africa and Middle East Total population and Pacific and Caribbean Total population Total population 1 497.2 Total population Total population 764.3 406.5 Population below 1 554.3 556.5 Population below Population below national poverty line Population below Population below national poverty line national poverty line 1 093 national poverty line national poverty line 557.2 68.6 601.5 95.1

Source:World Bank

8 GROWING GREENER CITIES The horticulture commodity chain agriculture, 200 million produce for the market and employ another 150 million generates employment in production, people full-time. The sector provides directly input supply, marketing and value- an estimated 117 000 jobs in Havana and addition from producer to consumer income for 150 000 low-income families, or 24 percent of all households, in Hanoi. FAO calculates that the UPH programme in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has created about 40 jobs for every hectare to consumer. About 10 percent of Hanoi’s cultivated, or 66 000 jobs, benefiting skilled labour force is directly engaged in indirectly some 330 000 people. agriculture, while thousands of labourers find Gardening can be profitable even on a very work in production of inputs (for example, in small scale. In Dakar, women kept 30 percent seedling nurseries), and food processing and of the vegetables grown in their micro- distribution. In Argentina, Brazil and gardens for home consumption, and sold Uruguay, UPH has created jobs in a variety surpluses through family kiosks, earning the of marketing systems, including community equivalent of a labourer’s wages. In the slum and farmers’ markets and door-to-door areas of Lima, women practise UPH part- delivery of food baskets. time to earn extra income, and still have time UPH can play an important role in for household tasks and child care. strategies for Local Economic Development FAO encourages the use of micro-credit to (LED). On urban peripheries and in other help growers expand production and start areas with land suitable for production, new enterprises. In Lubumbashi, in the horticulture provides a focus for LED Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6 000 programmes, which build on the female used loans to buy inputs comparative advantages of local areas to and equipment. As their incomes grew, they promote economic growth, employment and invested savings in small-scale livestock, poverty reduction. vegetable processing and dress-making. The children of Lubumbashi market gardeners now eat on average three meals a day, compared to “less than two” before the project began. Because the horticulture commodity chain is long and complex, it generates employment in production, input supply, marketing and value-addition from producer

GROWING GREENER CITIES 9 Safe, clean environment Linking to horticulture helps to keep the urban environment clean, reduce health hazards and boost production of fresh food

ollution in rapidly expanding cities contaminated drinking water is a major poses a serious threat to public cause of child deaths. health. Lacking adequate sewerage Garbage is left to rot in the streets or systems and treatment plants, many dumped unsorted into landfills, adding to citiesP discharge daily huge volumes of raw ground water contamination. Industry and human wastes and industrial effluent into the traffic produce air pollution, responsible in environment. In slums, diarrhoea caused by Jakarta for a third of all respiratory illnesses. The urban poor face other environmental Figure 6. Urban waste management, by region hazards: settlements built on marginal land (percent) are vulnerable to landslides and flash floods. Only one third of wastewater Urban and peri-urban horticulture can is treated in the world’s developing turn waste into a productive resource. In cities North America, cities routinely recycle 80 organic waste and offer it to citizens as

Wastewater treatment for home gardens. In , 70 Formal solid waste disposal a private company collects each day some 60 3.5 tonnes of organic waste and converts it into almost two tonnes of high-quality 50 fertilizer. Cuba’s national programme for 40 UPH prohibits chemical fertilizer in cities

30 and encourages instead organic composting. Using wastewater for horticulture is more 20 problematic: pathogens on vegetables grown

10 with untreated wastewater can cause UN-HABITAT gastrointestinal ailments and even cholera. 0 Source: But, when appropriately treated for Sub- North Asia and Latin All Saharan Africa and the Pacific America developing agricultural re-use, wastewater from Africa Middle and the regions East Caribbean domestic sources can supply most of the

10 GROWING GREENER CITIES In Cairo, rooftops planted nutrients needed to grow fruit trees, with vegetables are 7° C cooler vegetables and ornamental plants. To reduce the risk of contamination, FAO than those next door helps train vegetable growers in the safe handling of wastewater and selection of suitable crops. In Gaza and the West Bank, it introduced low-cost treatment units that allowed residents to irrigate gardens and orchards with the greywater discharged from and bacteria to eliminate pathogens while kitchens and showers. retaining nutrients. As competition for urban water intensifies, UPH has other environmental benefits. It wastewater for horticulture needs reduces the need to transport produce into to be incorporated in urban planning. One cities from distant rural areas, generating promising option for developing cities is fuel savings, fewer carbon dioxide emissions shallow stabilization ponds that use algae and less air pollution. It lowers city temperatures – in Cairo, rooftops planted Figure 7. Solid waste produced by the city with vegetables are 7° C cooler than those (percent) of Thiruvananthapuram, India next door – and, when practised on Plenty of raw material. greenbelts, improves landscapes and citizens’ Organic waste can be converted quality of life. On Peru’s arid coast, into high quality bio-compost horticulture has helped to “green” many municipalities. 50.5 Organic waste Greenbelts also stabilize environmentally fragile land, such as hillsides and river banks, 14.6 Ash, sand and protect them from being used for unsafe residential development. In Bogotá, Hanoi and Sao Paulo in Brazil, city gardens help maintain good structure and porosity, 9.8 Plastic, metal which improves aquifer recharging and reduces runoff, thus preventing landslides 15.5 Paper, glass, textiles and flooding.

9.6 Other

Source: Nair and Sridhar, Cleaning up Kerala, Danish Books, Delhi (2005)

GROWING GREENER CITIES 11 Good governance Building a sustainable UPH sector provides a laboratory for innovative approaches to urban development, and examples of good governance in action

he United Nations Human In Latin America, Argentina, Brazil and Settlements Programme says Cuba have adopted national plans and the “unmanageability” of urban policies to actively promote UPH. Brazil’s areas is due more to failures Ministry for Social Development and Tof governance and urban planning than city Combating Hunger sets urban agriculture size. It calls for action to strengthen the guidelines. In Egypt, FAO helped the capacity of local government to plan for government launch a “Green food from future growth, and for integrated governance green roofs” programme that encouraged that improves coordination among public Cairo residents to grow their own vegetables services at all levels. in beds of rice husks, sand and peat moss. In many countries, UPH goes unrecognized in agricultural policies and Figure 8. Kigali Conceptual Master Plan (detail) urban planning. Growers often operate In Rwanda, the city of Kigali has without permits from municipal authorities, sought FAO advice on measures or on land granted under customary law. aimed at integrating UPH into Since it is officially “invisible”, the sector the city’s master development plan receives no public assistance or oversight. Growers with insecure title to their plots and limited or no access to inputs and extension services have little incentive to invest in increased production. FAO’s approach to urban and peri-urban horticulture underscores the need to transform UPH into a fully acknowledged commercial and professional activity, integrated into national agricultural development strategies, food and nutrition programmes, and urban planning.

12 GROWING GREENER CITIES Brazil’s Ministry for Social Development The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Combating Hunger sets urban has created an effective institutional structure for national UPH development. agriculture guidelines Municipal committees chaired by city mayors manage the process of regularizing titles to land for horticulture and integrating UPH into urban planning, while the country’s national UPH support service provides technical advice to growers through departments. In Hanoi, a range of public a network of offices in 11 provincial capitals. services, including 100 protection and Formal, government-recognized extension staff, support the city’s thriving programmes for urban agriculture now also urban agriculture sector. exist in most cities of South Africa. The UPH development fosters closer municipality of Cape Town supplies collaboration among government and groups with “start-up municipal departments. In Windhoek, FAO kits” – tools, seeds and compost – and access worked with the ministries for youth, local to skills training. Nairobi and Accra have government and gender equality on a both created municipal agricultural project for young unemployed. In Kampala, specialists in health, agriculture and town

The Urban Center is a mixed-use zone planning worked together in framing new similar to the High Density Zone, in building use and size, but with a concentration of ordinances that removed old barriers to regional public and cultural facilities “city farming”. As part of Bolivia’s national poverty reduction strategy, the municipality of El Alto, near La Paz, launched a “green plan” which assigned 3 700 ha for parks, gardens and horticulture, and created a UPH unit within the municipality’s environment department. In Rwanda, the city of Kigali has sought FAO advice on measures aimed at integrating UPH into the city’s master development plan.

GROWING GREENER CITIES 13 Healthy communities Orchards and vegetable gardens provide excluded groups with food, income, a focus for shared enterprise and a constructive channel for young people’s energy

unger, poverty, exploitation and vulnerable groups into the urban social lack of hope can lead to high fabric, and offers a constructive channel for rates of crime, prostitution, child young people’s energy. neglect and drug abuse in In Colombia, for example, the “Bogotá developingH cities. The young are particularly without indifference” community gardening vulnerable. In the developing world as a programme extends the benefits of vegetable whole, almost half the population is under gardening to former combatants, the elderly, 25 years old; in sub-Saharan Africa, female prison inmates, the disabled and 43 percent is under 15. As high birth rates people affected by HIV/AIDS. and rural migration add millions to the youth In the Nairobi slum of Mathare, young population over the coming decade, urban men with a past as petty thieves now earn a frustration could reach boiling point. decent living growing and selling vegetables By providing food, income and a focus for to their community. Income helps pay for shared enterprise, urban and peri-urban fees to attend night school. Community horticulture helps build happier, healthier gardens in Buenos Aires are described as communities. It integrates excluded and “symbols of vitality and growth” in

Figure 9. age structure, 2007 Africa Asia (millions) Under 25 years Under 25 years 590.8 1 837.8 In the developing world, almost half the population is aged under 25 years

14 GROWING GREENER CITIES Young men with a past as petty neighbourhoods long known for crime and thieves now earn a decent poverty. Evidence from cities around the world living growing and selling underscores the positive impact of urban and vegetables to their community peri-urban horticulture on women, youth and children. Among the benefits cited by participants in a community micro-gardens project in Senegal was social networking among previously isolated housewives. and school attendance has increased by In outlying areas of Mexico City, women 25 percent. employed as domestic servants in the city In Namibia’s dusty Katatura township, centre were leaving home at 4 a.m. and FAO helped a gardening group, called returning at night. During their absence “Hope”, to establish a horticulture training many of their children frequented street centre for others in their community. gangs. By switching to horticulture, they not FAO says urban and peri-urban only found a new source of livelihood, but horticulture should have an important place were able to dedicate more time to child care. in slum upgrading schemes and the design of In Port Elizabeth, South Africa, where an new neighbourhoods for the urban poor. As entire generation of parents has been lost to well as income and food, orchards and AIDS, an NGO has started school gardens vegetable gardens offer a healthy urban living and backyard plots for orphan-headed environment, a connection to the rural and households, linked to a health clinic. the natural – and the pleasure derived from Grandmothers have formed a tightly knit hands in soil and watering green plants social circle that provides care and support, round sunset.

Latin America and Caribbean North America, Europe, Oceania Under 25 years Under 25 years 269.7 344.2

Source: United Nations Statistics Division

GROWING GREENER CITIES 15 FAO’s Programme for Urban and Peri-urban Horticulture (UPH) To help developing countries meet the challenges of massive and rapid urbanization, FAO launched in 2001 a multidisciplinary initiative, Food for the Cities, which aims at ensuring the access of urban populations to safe food and to healthy and secure environments. FAO’s Programme for Urban and Peri-urban Horticulture is a key component of the Food for the Cities initiative. It helps governments and city administrations to optimize policies, institutional frameworks and support services for UPH, to improve production and marketing systems, and to enhance the horticulture value chain.

Contact: Programme for Urban and Peri-urban Horticulture Plant Production and Protection Division (AGP) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy email: [email protected] web: www.fao.org/ag/agp/greenercities/

Produced with a contribution from the Belgian Development Cooperation. Belgium is a primary partner of FAO’s Programme for Urban and Peri-urban Horticulture. It has provided funding for FAO projects in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire and Namibia and for an ongoing global initiative aimed at disseminating lessons learned.

Illustrations from the Kigali Conceptual Master Plan provided by OZ Architecture – www.ozarch.com Text/Design: Graeme Thomas and Giulio Sansonetti • Cover by Giancarlo de Pol How urban and peri-urban horticulture contributes to: food and nutrition security sustainable livelihoods safe, clean environment good governance healthy communities

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy www.fao.org

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