CHARLIE PARKER Di Leonard Feather

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CHARLIE PARKER Di Leonard Feather CHARLIE PARKER di Leonard Feather E stato come un ciclone che ha attraversato la storia del jazz, un'esplosione solitaria e geniale, che ha cambiato il corso della musica afroamericana, come era accaduto in precedenza soltanto con Armstrong. Da ogni punto di vista tonale, melodico, armonico la sua musica ha aperto una strada nuova non solo per i sassofonisti, ma anche per tutti i jazz men moderni, qualunque fosse il loro strumento. Ha detto Lennie Tristano, dopo la sua morte: "Se Parker avesse voluto invocare le leggi che puniscono il plagio, avrebbe potuto accusare praticamente tutti coloro che hanno inciso un disco negli ultimi dieci anni". La sua parabola artistica e la sua tormentata biografia, indissolubilmente legate, sono diventate ben presto leggenda, una leggenda tragica, quella dell'arte che raggiunge le vette del sublime attraverso la dannazione, come è accaduto per Poe, Van Gogh, Verlaine e tanti altri artisti "maledetti".Sui muri delle stazioni della metropolitana newyorkese, su quelli delle case del Village, sulle pareti dei jazz club, i suoi ammiratori scrissero "Bird lives!", Parker è ancora vivo. E quel mistico messaggio è ancora oggi attuale. Perché il jazz non avrebbe compiuto i suoi passi da gigante senza il gesto visionario e disperato di Charlie "Bird" Parker. Charlie Parker nacque il 29 agosto del 1920 nella città sobborgo di Kansas City, nel Kansas. La madre Addie a cui "Bird" fu sempre mollo legato, aveva fatto la cameriera per molti anni, finché era riuscita a diventare infermiera in un ospedale. Il padre, che aveva lavorato con delle mediocri compagnie di vaudeville, era un fallito che amava rifugiarsi nella bottiglia. Quando Charlie ebbe sette anni, la famiglia si trasferì al di là del fiume Missouri, nella grande Kansas City. Qui "Bird" frequentò prima la Crispus Attucks Public School e poi, nel 1932, la scuola superiore alla Lincoln Heigh School. Il primissimo contatto con la musica avvenne nella banda della scuola: Charlie suonava il corno baritono e il clarinetto. Più tardi sua madre gli regalò un sassofono contralto e Parker vi si dedicò con passione. Purtroppo, proprio nell'ambiente scolastico Charlie ebbe il suo primo incontro con la droga. Aveva dodici anni quando incominciò a fumare, tredici quando andò al suo primo party di beneficena, quattordici quando una ragazza lo iniziò alla marijuana e, come ammise più tardi egli stesso, quindici anni quando fece il passo che l'avrebbe rovinato per sempre: l'eroina. In quegli anni Kansas City era, come ricorda Mary Lou Williams, "una città paradisiaca" per il jazz, Count Basie, Jay McShann, Andy Kirk, Benny Moten e molti altri musicisti famosi dirigevano orchestre in cui militavano alcuni fra i migliori solisti di allora: Ben Webster, "Hot Lips" Page, Lester Young, Mary Lou Williams e Pete Johnson. Spesso costoro, alla fine degli spettacoli, si trovavano in qualche locale per dar vita ad animate jamsessions. Inutile dire che Charlie, abituato ad andare in giro per la città col suo strumento avvolto in un giornale, era sempre pronto a unirsi a qualsiasi gruppo e a suonare in ogni occasione.Nel novembre del 1935, stancatesi della scuola, la abbandonò definitivamente per dedicarsi soltanto al sassofono. All'inizio lavorò saltuariamente (prendeva un dollaro e venticinque centesimi per suonare un'intera notte), poi, dopo un regolare apprendistato di circa un anno in alcuni gruppi locali, nel '37, appena diciottenne, riuscì ad ottenere delle scritture nelle orchestre di Buster Smith e Jay McShann, due delle migliori di Kansas City. In seguito lavorò per tre mesi nella piccola orchestra di George E. Lee,'in una località di villeggiatura del Missouri, a Eldon: qui passò intere giornate ad ascoltare i pochi dischi che Lester Young aveva inciso allora con l'orchestra di Counl Basie, finché non imparò a ripeterne gli assoli nota per nota. Trascorso questo periodo, Parker apparve profondamente cambiato. "Era diventato padrone del suo strumento" conferma Gene Ramey nel libro di Robert G. Reisner, Bird, la leggenda di Charlie Parker, "conosceva tutti gli accordi e perfino la sua sonorità era migliorala. Da quell'estate in poi fu uno dei nostri a Kansas City. A quell'epoca Basie se ne era andato a Chicago e Kirk, Mary Lou Williams, Dick Wilson e tutti gli altri bravi musicisti di Kirk erano un po'a spasso. Dovevamo suonare per nostro divertimento.Nel 1936 Charlie si era sposato con Rebecca Ruflin che aveva quattro anni più di lui, ma la loro unione, dalla quale nacque un figlio, Leon, si era rivelata subito un disastro. Parker era rissoso e violento, l'uso degli stupefacenti incideva negativamente sulla sua vita privata, così come sarebbe poi accaduto per la sua carriera artistica,Forse il soprannome di "Bird" o "Yard-bird" (uccello da cortile), un termine del gergo militare che indica un individuo particolarmente incapace, nacque proprio per indicare la sua condizione di disinserito nella società che lo circondava. II sassofonista lavorava a quei tempi con uno strumento spesso malconcio, che egli aggiustava alla meglio con del cellophane o con del nastro isolante. Una volta il proprietario di un locale si impietosì e comprò a Parker un sassono da duecento dollari. Charlie sparì immediatamente e, quando lo ritrovarono, il nuovo strumento era già stato impegnato, probabilmente per comprare droga.L'incontro più importante di quel perìodo rimane quello con Buster Smith, affettuosamente chiamato "Prof" (professore). Buon altosassofonista e clarinettista, Smith sperimentò varie innovazioni, come quella di suonare in tempo doppio (due volte il gruppo di note che ci si aspetterebbe di sentire in un dato numero di battute), e Charlie ne assorbì l'insegnamento. Nel '37 Parker, viaggiando nascosto in un carro merci, si trasferì a Chicago dove suonò per qualche tempo, poi puntò verso New York, e qui ritrovò Blister Smith che gli diede ospitalità e protezione. Ma le occasioni di lavoro "erano piuttosto ardue da conquistare anche per un ragazzo intraprendente come lui, così fu costretto a fare lo sguattero per guadagnarsi da vivere. Quanto alla musica, "Bird" suonava dove gli capitava, anche senza compenso. Frequentava spesso un club di Harlem, il Clark Monroe's Uptown House, al cui proprietario era stato presentato da Lester Young. E qui, al sabato, se il locale era pieno, riusciva a guadagnare anche cinque o sei dollari. "A quel tempo" dice Monroe "facevamo un sacco di esperimenti nell'orchestra, con musicisti ospiti. Charlie Christian, finito il lavoro con Benny Goodman, veniva su da noi tutte le notti per una jam session". Christian, il primo grande chitarrista che fece uso di uno strumento amplificato, aveva idee innovateci che in qualche modo collimavano con quelle di Parker. Nel 1940 Charlie Parker tornò a Kansas City e si unì all'orchestra di Harlan Leonard, con cui restò però solo qualche settimana. Quando infatti Leonard andò a suonare a New York, Parker lo seguì, ma lo piantò in asso quasi subito per rientrare nelle file della formazione di Jay McShann. E con McShann suonò a lungo, facendosi notare da molti e incidendo i suoi primi dischi In quel periodo prese contatto con un gruppo di musicisti che stava elaborando concezioni armoniche nuove, difficili e intricate, in parte per il piacere stesso della creazione e in parte per tenere lontano i musicisti meno dotati. Fra costoro vi erano i pianisti Sud Powell, Tadd Dameron, Thelonious Ivlonk, il chitarrista Charlie Christian. il passista John Simrnons, i batteristi Max Roach e Kenny Clarke e i trombettisti Dizzy Gillespie e Joe Guy. Questi uomini suonavano al Monroe's Uptown House e con più New York, Parker lo seguì, ma lo piantò in asso quasi subito per rientrare nelle file della formazione di Jay McShann. E con McShann suonò a lungo, facendosi notare da molti e incidendo i suoi primi dischi In quel periodo prese contatto con un gruppo di musicisti che stava elaborando concezioni armoniche nuove, difficili e intricate, in parte per il piacere stesso della creazione e in parte per tenere lontano i musicisti meno dotati. Fra costoro vi erano i pianisti Bud Powell, Tadd Dameron, Thelonious Monk, il chitarrista Charlie Christian. il passista John Simrnons, i batteristi Max Roach e Kenny Clarke e i trombettisti Dizzy Gillespie e Joe Guy. Questi uomini suonavano al Monroe's Updown House e con più frequenza, negli anni 1941-42, al Minton's Play House, un altro locale di Harlem. Diretto dall'ex sassofonista e Band-Leader Teddy Hill, il Minton's divenne presto il centro delle nuove tendenze jazzistiche del momento. Ma Parker, che aveva lasciato McShann, era costretto ad accettare qualsiasi scrittura per sbarcare il lunario. Nel frattempo l'orchestra di Fari "Fatha" Hines stava diventando una sorta di vivaio di nuovi talenti, e il pianista aveva messo gli occhi su Parker. Quando entrò a far parte dell'orchestra, nel 1943, Charlie dovette accantonare temporaneamente il sax-alto per adottare il sax-tenore in sostituzione di Budd Johnson, che si era dedicato esclusivamente agli arrangiamenti. Furono proprio gli arrangiamenti di Budd a mettere in piena luce il valore solistico e la maturità espressiva di "Bìrd", che rimase dieci mesi alla corte di Hines, Poco dopo il suo arrivo anche Dizzy Gillespie si unì alla big band di Hines, che aveva come cantanti Billy Eckstine e Sarah Vaughan. Dal 1943 al 1946 Parker e Gillespie lavorarono insieme attivamente alla realizzazione di quella svolta stilistica che avrebbe affrancato il jazz da tutte le precedenti esperienze espressive e che sarebbe poi stata indicata come be bop. Poco prima che l'orchestra debuttasse al teatro Apollo di Harlem, nell'aprile del 1943, Parker sposò Geraldine Scoti. Questo matrimonio durò ancora meno del primo. "Bird" si rifugiava sempre più spesso negli stupefacenti e ciò era causa di non pochi grattacapi per Hines.
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