10/26 SI A ECL 365 Terrestrial Locomotion

1. What are the five general types of terrestrial locomotion? a. Running, jumping, climbing, crawling, digging

2. ______means good at running. a. Cursorial

3. Describe plantigrade foot posture. a. Plantigrade - Walk on the sole of the foot, palm of hand (bears, humans)

4. Describe digitigrade foot posture. a. Digitigrade – walk on – digits - fingers and toes, (most birds, dinosaurs, dogs, cats)

5. Describe unguiligrade foot posture. a. Unguilgrade – walk on tips of digits or nails touch ground (horse, deer) i. Nail modified into a hoof.

6. How does an increase in limb length increase speed? a. Longer limbs give longer stride  greater speed b. Foot posture also contributes to functional length of limb i. (unguligrade, digitigrade)

7. Name several speed adaptations. a. Increased limb length – longer stride = greater speed b. Flexing spinal column c. Unsupported intervals during stride d. Free shoulder girdle e. Reduce distal weight on limbs f. Increase rate of stride

8. What is another name for jumping locomotion? a. Saltatorial locomotion b. Bipedal or quadrupedal c.

9. What is ricochet locomotion? a. Specialized form of bipedal jumping

10. What are physical characteristics of jumpers, especially those with ricochet locomotion? a. Well-developed hind limbs b. Strong pelvic girdle for shock absorption c. Relatively long tail to counter-balance

11. What is another name for climbing locomotion? a. Scansorial locomotion

12. What are various adaptations that allow vertebrates to climb? a. Long claws/ nails – usually sharp b. Adhesive disks on digits, suction-cup like structure c. Lamellae –series of pads with many small hairs, hairs bond with surface d. Opposable digits e. Prehensile tail

13. What is the name of the small hairs in lamellae that bond with the surface of whatever they are climbing? a. Setae

14. How are opposable digits useful and in what groups are they found? a. Allow organism to grip objects b. Found in primates, some lizards, panda, etc.

15. What vertebrates display crawling locomotion? a. Legless organisms – some amphibians, reptile groups b. Several thousand species – fairly successful method of movement

16. What are the four types of crawling? a. Lateral undulations - serpentine b. Rectilinear - caterpillar c. Concertina – (the climbers and burrowers) d. Side winding – (desert species)

17. Lateral undulations or ______is ______movement on land. a. Serpentine, anguilliform

18. Rectilinear or ______is movement in a ______line. The belly scales or ______grab a surface and push the body ______. a. Caterpillar, straight, scutes, forward

19. Concertina is where a part of the body is ______in an ____-shaped coil. The body is pulled forward, through the ______, and then anchored again. a. Anchored, S-shaped, coil

20. ______-winding is throwing the body ___-____ coils at a time. The snake tracks ______, but the body is at an angle to direct travel. a. Side, 2-3, forward

21. What is another name for digging? a. Fossorial

22. Name some adaptations for digging. a. Powerful forelimbs with long claws b. Reduction of limbs and some limb loss c. Low, flat body profile with short limbs d. In mammals, fur very thick and plush to protect them from dirt.

23. Why would limb loss be advantageous to digging animals? a. Limbs don’t get in the way anymore.