Churches in Europe As Agents of Welfare – England, Germany, France, Italy and Greece
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Churches in Europe as Agents of Welfare – England, Germany, France, Italy and Greece Working Paper 2 from the Project Welfare and Religion in a European Perspective Volume 2 Editor: Anne Birgitta Yeung Co-editors: Ninna Edgardh Beckman, Per Pettersson Diakonivetenskapliga institutets skriftserie 12 The main sponsors of the project are The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, Diakonistiftelsen Samariterhemmet and the Faculty of Theology, Uppsala Univer- sity. Current information on the project is available at http://wrep.no-ip.info. Project office: Uppsala Institute for Diaconal and Social Studies (DVI) Samaritergränd 2 SE-753 19 Uppsala Phone +46 18 56 40 10 Web-address: www.dvi.nu E-mail: [email protected] © Authors and DVI 2006 ISSN 1404-2924 ISBN 91-974565-9-4 Typesetting: Helena Riihiaho Printed in Sweden by SLU Repro, Uppsala, 2006 Distributor: [email protected] Contents Martha Middlemiss The Anglican Church as an Agent of Welfare – the case of Darlington.........1 Annette Leis-Peters Protestant Agents of Welfare in Germany – the Case of Reutlingen............56 Corinne Valasik The Catholic Church in France as an Agent of Welfare – the case of Evreux....................................................................................123 Annalisa Frisina The Catholic Church in Italy as an Agent of Welfare – the case of Vicenza ..................................................................................182 Effie Fokas The Greek Orthodox Church as an Agent of Welfare – the case of Thiva and Livadeia ................................................................218 Contributors Dr Ninna Edgardh Beckman, Uppsala Institute for Diaconal and Social Studies, Uppsala, Sweden. [email protected] Dr Effie Fokas, London School of Economics, UK. [email protected] Dr Annalisa Frisina, University of Padova, Italy. [email protected] Dr Annette Leis-Peters, Uppsala Institute for Diaconal and Social Studies, Uppsala, Sweden. [email protected] Martha Middlemiss, MA, doctoral student, Uppsala Institute for Diaconal and Social Studies, Uppsala, Sweden. [email protected] Dr Per Pettersson, Service Research Center – CTF, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden. [email protected] Dr Corinne Valasik, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (CEIFR), Paris, France. [email protected] Dr, Adjunct Professor Anne Birgitta Yeung, University of Helsinki, Collegium for Advanced Studies, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected] The Anglican Church as an Agent of Welfare – the case of Darlington MARTHA MIDDLEMISS Methods and materials Individual and focus group interviews have been used as the main tools in the study, these have however been complemented by the collection of documents and statis- tics for both church and town, newspaper articles and informal fact finding inter- views as well as observation in the form of tours of buildings at the disposal of both churches and other organisations. Interviews have been taped and transcribed. The interview sample is split fairly evenly between representatives of the churches and religious organisations and those of the local authority, or other non- church institutions. Further, for purposes of analysis, the material can be split into five groups. Representatives of the Church of England; elected representatives of the local authority; employees of the local authority/public bodies; employ- ees/volunteers of organisations within the voluntary sector and representatives of other denominations/ welfare organisations with a religious connection.1 It is the first three groups that are of particular interest to this study, although the inclusion of the later two groups was essential in mirroring the situation in England. In the pres- entation of the interview responses here it is therefore the responses of Church and local authority representatives that will be analysed in detail, although the other interviews are not completely absent from the report. In some cases they have yielded factual information and in others provide additional reference points in the analysis of the core material. On the Church side parish priests working in the town have been interviewed, of twelve interviewed only two are women. This mirrors the situation in the Church at large, although the focus on the clergy does mean that the large numbers of female volunteers in the churches are not represented as interviewees. The restricted size of the sample however led to the decision to cover all clergy in the area rather than selecting a mix of clergy and volunteers. In addition to these parish clergy, ordained representatives of some of the other main denominations of the town have been interviewed. On the non-church side elected and appointed representatives responsi- ble for social and health questions were selected and here women were in the major- 1 Representatives of the local authority and of the Health service are included here. The Health service is technically not part of the local authority, but here the heading is used to include all providers of public services. Diakonivetenskapliga institutets skriftserie 12 1 Churches in Europe as Agents of Welfare – England, Germany, France, Italy and Greece ity. Women are in a majority as employees of the public bodies in the town in the areas of health and welfare and this is reflected in the fact that this group of inter- viewees is entirely made up of women.2 In this group an attempt was made to cover several areas of welfare provision and attention was therefore focused on those with managerial responsibility, although at different levels. In addition to those in the local authority representatives of the Darlington partnership and of important local voluntary bodies have been interviewed. While the Church representatives all live in the town this cannot be said of the majority of those non-church representatives interviewed. The elected representa- tives live in their respective wards and have all been both resident in Darlington and active as councillors for long periods.3 Employees in the public sector are more likely to live elsewhere and commute to Darlington to work. Their connection with Darlington is also likely to have covered only the past two or three years. Unlike the majority of the townspeople interviewees, both church and non-church, are well educated (the majority hold university degrees) and hold professional jobs (unsur- prising however given that this was often a criterion for selection.) An age spread between mid 30s and pre-retirement is represented in the sample in both categories. Table 1. Interviewees category and gender. Interview category Men Women Total Church of England 10 2 12 Local Authority – Elected 1 4 5 Local Authority – Employee 0 4 4 Voluntary/ community sector 2 1 3 Other denominations 3 1 4 Total 16 12 28 Four focus groups were planned to gather the opinions of residents of Darlington. Practical problems meant however that only two were carried out. The focus groups were convened making use of contacts in the town and while this was practically the only way to proceed it brought its own problems. It proved difficult to communicate exactly what was needed to people, who while eager to help were naturally not fully aware of the needs of the project and of focus group methodology. Analysis of the material from the two groups that were carried out can therefore only provide an indication of attitudes that exist amongst some townspeople. Documents collected include informal publications by the churches for internal use, publications by the Council, Partnership and health authorities detailing services provided and other initiatives. Other material includes statistics from the national Census and from the local authority. Newspaper articles have also been collected where relevant and available online, as subscription to printed versions of the local 2 Local area statistics from the 2001 Census show that while men and women are fairly equally represented in the working population as a whole (20, 127 women aged 16–74 in work as compared to 22, 165 men). 38.1 percent of the female working population are em- ployed in education, public administration and health compared to only 14.6 percent of the male working population. 3 Wards are geographical units of division of the town for electoral/ bureaucratic purposes. 2 Diakonivetenskapliga institutets skriftserie 12 England newspapers was not possible. References to the churches in the local newspapers are largely notes of events and services, rather than commentary on the role of the church. The Darlington Northern Echo does have one weekly column covering mat- ters relating to the Christian churches, this too though concentrates largely on report- ing from liturgical events and the reporter covers the whole of the North East. Interviews The interviews have been carried out using a semi-structured method and interview- ees were told as little as possible about the content of the project before being inter- viewed. Interviews have taken place in the interviewee’s home or office, according to their own preference and took about an hour on average. In a number of cases the interviews were preceded or followed by a tour of the church building/ hall/ prem- ises and a chance to ask additional factual questions. An interview guide was followed in all interviews. The guides were however adapted according to the individual situation. Generally the questions in the English interview guide represent a direct transla- tion of the