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Notes Introduction 1. Moon, a Presbyterian from North Korea, founded the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity in Korea on May 1, 1954. 2. Benedict XVI, post- synodal apostolic exhortation Saramen- tum Caritatis (February 22, 2007), http://www.vatican.va/holy _father/benedict_xvi/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_ben-xvi _exh_20070222_sacramentum-caritatis_en.html (accessed January 26, 2011). 3. Patrician Friesen, Rose Hudson, and Elsie McGrath were subjects of a formal decree of excommunication by Archbishop Burke, now a Cardinal Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signa- tura (the Roman Catholic Church’s Supreme Court). Burke left St. Louis nearly immediately following his actions. See St. Louis Review, “Declaration of Excommunication of Patricia Friesen, Rose Hud- son, and Elsie McGrath,” March 12, 2008, http://stlouisreview .com/article/2008-03-12/declaration-0 (accessed February 8, 2011). Part I 1. S. L. Hansen, “Vatican Affirms Excommunication of Call to Action Members in Lincoln,” Catholic News Service (December 8, 2006), http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0606995.htm (accessed November 2, 2010). 2. Weakland had previously served in Rome as fifth Abbot Primate of the Benedictine Confederation (1967– 1977) and is now retired. See Rembert G. Weakland, A Pilgrim in a Pilgrim Church: Memoirs of a Catholic Archbishop (Grand Rapids, MI: W. B. Eerdmans, 2009). 3. Facts are from Bruskewitz’s curriculum vitae at http://www .dioceseoflincoln.org/Archives/about_curriculum-vitae.aspx (accessed February 10, 2011). 138 Notes to pages 4– 6 4. The office is now called Vicar General. 5. His principal consecrator was the late Daniel E. Sheehan, then Arch- bishop of Omaha; his co- consecrators were the late Leo J. Burst, then a Milwaukee auxiliary bishop, and Glennon P. Flavin, his predecessor as bishop of Lincoln. 6. The national average is approximately 1 priest per 1,640 Catho- lics. Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate. See http://cara .georgetown.edu/CARAServices/requestedchurchstats.html (accessed November 2, 2010). 7. As of 2011, Lincoln’s 95,000 Catholics live in 136 parishes; Omaha counts 220,000 Catholics and 148 parishes and missions; Grand Island counts 49,544 Catholics and 69 parishes and missions. 8. Paul VI, Decree Concerning the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus, (October 28, 1965), no. 38. http://www .vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/ vat-ii_decree_19651028_christus-dominus_en.html (accessed Novem- ber 2, 2008). 9. There are 178 Latin or Roman Catholic (arch)dioceses; 17 Eastern Catholic eparchies (dioceses), and one apostolic exarchate (the Syro- Malankara Catholic Exarchate in the United States). Only the 258 active bishops and eparchs have a vote; retired members have a voice but no vote. Auxiliary bishops cannot vote on budget matters. See http://www .usccb.org/comm/catholic-church-statistics.shtml (accessed Novem- ber 2, 2010) 10. See http://www.usccb.org/whoweare.shtml (accessed August 10, 2010). The Archdiocese of Baltimore was founded in 1789. 11. The recommendations of Christus Dominus were made law by Paul VI, motu proprio Ecclesiae Sanctae no. 41. (1), “Bishops of countries or territories which do not yet have an episcopal conference accord- ing to the Norms of the Decree Christus Dominus are to see to its establishment as soon as possible, and to the drawing up of its stat- utes which are to be confirmed by the Apostolic See.” http://www .vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi _motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html (accessed Novem- ber 2, 2008). 12. Paul VI, Decree Christus Dominus, no. 37. 13. Ibid., no. 38. 14. The five- member bishops’ committee for this statement comprised Cardinal Joseph L. Bernardin, Archbishop of Chicago, Chair; John J. O’Connor, Auxiliary Bishop of the Military Ordinariate of the U.S.A.; Notes to pages 7– 10 139 Thomas J. Gumbleton, Auxiliary Bishop of Detroit; Daniel P. Reilly, Bishop of Norwich; George A. Fulcher, Bishop of Lafayette (Indiana). 15. Paul VI, Decree Christus Dominus, no. 38. 16. Ibid., no. 44; emphasis added. 17. For example, the USCCB statements “On Embryonic Stem Cell Research” (2008), “Forming Consciences for Faithful Citizenship” (2007), “Global Climate Change” (2001). 18. Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger and Vittorio Messori, The Ratzinger Report: An Exclusive Interview on the State of the Church (San Francisco: Igna- tius, 1985), 59. 19. Phyllis Zagano and Terrence W. Tilley, The Exercise of the Primacy: Continuing the Dialogue (New York: Crossroad/Herder, 1998), ix– x. 20. See Ibid. See also Patrick Granfield, The Limits of the Papacy: Authority and Autonomy in the Church (New York: Crossroad, 1987); “Pope,” s.v., New Dictionary of Theology, ed. Joseph A. Komanchak, Mary Collins, and Dermot A. Lane (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1987), 779– 81. 21. Multiple works have appeared regarding these difficulties. See, for example, Philip Jenkins, Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contem- porary Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Thomas G. Plante, Sin against the Innocents: Sexual Abuse by Priests and the Role of the Catholic Church (NY: Praeger Publishers, 2004); Paul R. Dokecki, The Clergy Sexual Abuse Crisis: Reform and Renewal in the Catholic Community (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004); Mary Gail Frawley-O’Dea, Perversion of Power: Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2007). See also Mark M. Gray and Paul M. Peri, “Catholic Reac- tions to the News of Sexual Abuse Cases Involving Clergy,” Work- ing Paper 8 (Washington, DC: Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, 2006); Thomas P. Doyle, A. W. Richard Sipe, and Patrick J. Wall, Sex, Priests, and Secret Codes: The Catholic Church’s 2,000 Year Paper Trail of Sexual Abuse (Los Angeles: Volt, 2006); Myra L. Hildago, Sexual Abuse and the Culture of Catholicism: How Priests and Nuns Become Perpetrators (New York: Routledge, 2007); Anson Shupe and A. W. Richard Sipe, Spoils of the Kingdom: Clergy Miscon- duct and Religious Community (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2007). 22. The USCCB actions essentially but not explicitly criticized Bernard Cardinal Law’s oversight of the horrific Boston cases that bled across the national media, as well as the lesser- known problems in other dio- ceses. No matter the public statements of the USCCB about oversight 140 Notes to page 11 and reform, it did not sanction bishops who managed past cover- ups. Within the year, after a stunning vote of no confidence by his priests, Cardinal Law resigned as Archbishop of Boston and removed himself to a convent of ultraconservative nuns in Maryland before accepting the plum position of archpriest of the Patriarchal Basilica of St. Mary Major in Rome. He retained membership on numerous Vatican com- mittees, his participation made all the more convenient by his change of residence despite numerous public calls that he be dismissed. 23. John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City of New York, “The Nature and Scope of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States 1950– 2002” (February 2004). 24. The USCCB has released seven annual reports, the most recent “2009 Annual Report— Report on the Implementation of the Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People” (Washington, DC: USCCB, 2010). Various reports and studies appear on the USCCB website. 25. Paras. 6, 9, 12 and note 1. Both the 2002 and the 2006 Norms specifi- cally note, “Due regard must be given to the proper legislative author- ity of each Eastern Catholic Church.” The Norms address allegations of sexual abuse of minors by priests or deacons. 26. Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith’s (CDF) revision gained extreme media attention, as it listed the ordination of women as grave crimes in the midst of others, such as clerical pederasty, violating the seal of confession, and clerical possession of child pornography. The text states that the pope approved the document on May 21, 2010, but it does not bear his signature and remains a promulgation of the CDF. See http://www.usccb.org/mr/Norms-English.pdf (accessed January 21, 2011). 27. The widespread belief among experts and activists is “the hierarchy in general continue to deny the essential role their own actions have played in creating this nightmare.” Thomas Doyle, OP, Letter to the Editor, National Catholic Reporter (March 30, 2007). While a staffer at the Apostolic Delegation in Washington, DC, Doyle was among the first to directly warn the bishops of the burgeoning scandal. (The Delegation became a Pro- Nuntiature when President Ronald Regan established diplomatic relations with the Holy See and a Nuntiature when John Paul II dropped the distinction between those countries that recognized the Holy See’s ambassador as head of the diplomatic corps and those that did not.) 28. The Portland, Tucson, Spokane, Davenport, San Diego, Fairbanks, Wilmington dioceses and the Archdiocese of Milwaukee filed for Notes to pages 12– 14 141 bankruptcy protection. Alan Cooperman, “Archdiocese of Portland, Ore. Declares Bankruptcy” Washington Post (July 7, 2007) A01; Arthur H. Rothstein, “Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson Files for Bankruptcy over Abuse Cases” Associated Press (September 20, 2004); Janet I. Tu, “Spokane Diocese Files for Bankruptcy” The Seattle Times (Spokane, WA) (December 7, 2004); Thomas Geyer, “Davenport Diocese Files for Bankruptcy” Quad City Times (October 11, 2006); Michael Fischer, “On Eve of Trial, San Diego Diocese Files for Bankruptcy Protection” The Press- Enterprise (San Diego, CA) (February 27, 2007); Matt Miller, “Alaska Diocese files for Ch. 11” Daily Deal (March 4, 2008); Brian Witte, “Catholic Diocese of Wilmington Files Bankruptcy” Associated Press (October 18, 2009); Annysa Johnson and Paul Gores, “Arch- diocese of Milwaukee Files for Bankruptcy Protection” Journal Sen- tinel (January 4, 2011). See http://www.bishop-accountability.org/ bankruptcy.htm#Portland (accessed January 27, 2011). 29. Ashbel Green and Steve Woodward, “Judge OKs Portland Archdio- cese Bankruptcy Deal,” Religion News Service (April 17, 2007).