§ 2.1 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–10 Edition)

RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION EXPOSURE Subpart A—Terminology 2.1091 Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: mobile devices. § 2.1 Terms and definitions. 2.1093 Radiofrequency radiation exposure (a) Where a term or definition ap- evaluation: portable devices. pears in this part of the Commission’s Rules, it shall be the definitive term or Subpart K—Importation of Devices definition and shall prevail throughout Capable of Causing Harmful Interference the Commission’s Rules. 2.1201 Purpose. (b) The source of each definition is 2.1202 Exclusions. indicated as follows: 2.1203 General requirement for entry into CS—Annex to the Constitution of the the U.S.A. International Telecommunication 2.1204 Import conditions. Union (ITU) 2.1205 Filing of required declaration. CV—Annex to the Convention of the 2.1207 Examination of imported equipment. ITU FCC—Federal Communications Com- Subpart L [Reserved] mission Subpart M—Advance Approval of RR—ITU Radio Regulations Subscription TV Transmission Systems (c) The following terms and defini- tions are issued: ADVANCE APPROVAL PROCEDURE Accepted Interference. 1 Interference at 2.1400 Application for advance approval a higher level than defined as permis- under part 73. sible interference and which has been agreed upon between two or more ad- Subpart N—FCC Procedure for Testing ministrations without prejudice to Class A, B and S Emergency Position other administrations. (RR) Indicating Radiobeacons (EPIRBs) Active Satellite. A satellite carrying a station intended to transmit or re- GENERAL transmit radiocommunication signals. 2.1501 Introduction. (RR) 2.1503 Test environment. Active Sensor. A measuring instru- 2.1505 Test instrumentation and equipment. ment in the earth exploration-satellite service or in the space research service ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL TEST PROCEDURES by means of which information is ob- tained by transmission and reception 2.1507 Test frequencies. of radio waves. (RR) 2.1509 Environmental and duration tests. Adaptive System. A 2.1511 Measurements of radiated emissions. radiocommunication system which 2.1513 Measurements of modulation charac- varies its radio characteristics accord- teristics. ing to channel quality. (RR) 2.1515 Spectral measurements. Administration. Any governmental de- DATA RECORDING/REPORTING REQUIREMENTS partment or service responsible for dis- charging the obligations undertaken in 2.1517 Data recording/reporting require- ments. the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union, in the Con- FIGURE 1 TO SUBPART N—MEASUREMENT SITE vention of the International Tele- FIGURE 2 TO SUBPART N—TYPICAL AUDIO communication Union and in the Ad- WAVEFORM ministrative Regulations. (CS) FIGURE 3 TO SUBPART N—EXAMPLE OF IDEAL EPIRB SPECTRUM Aeronautical Earth Station. An Earth FIGURE 4 TO SUBPART N—EXAMPLE OF EPIRB station in the fixed-satellite service, CARRIER COMPONENT or, in some cases, in the aeronautical mobile-satellite service, located at a AUTHORITY: 47 U.S.C. 154, 302a, 303, and 336, specified fixed point on land to provide unless otherwise noted.

SOURCE: 28 FR 12465, Nov. 22, 1963, unless 1 The terms and otherwise noted. permissible interference ac- cepted interference are used in the coordina- EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to tion of frequency assignments between ad- part 2 appear at 63 FR 54077, Oct. 8, 1998. ministrations.

450

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00460 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR Federal Communications Commission § 2.1

a feeder link for the aeronautical mo- the benefit and for the safe operation bile-satellite service. (RR) of aircraft. (RR) Aeronautical Fixed Service. A Aeronautical Station. A land station in radiocommunication service between the aeronautical mobile service. specified fixed points provided pri- NOTE: In certain instances, an aeronautical marily for the safety of air navigation station may be located, for example, on and for the regular, efficient and eco- board ship or on a platform at sea. (RR) nomical operation of air transport. (RR) Aircraft Earth Station. A mobile earth station in the aeronautical mobile-sat- Aeronautical Fixed Station. A station ellite service located on board an air- in the aeronautical fixed service. (RR) craft. (RR) Aeronautical Mobile Off-Route (OR) Aircraft Station. A mobile station in Service. An aeronautical mobile service the aeronautical mobile service, other intended for communications, includ- than a survival craft station, located ing those relating to flight coordina- on board an aircraft. (RR) tion, primarily outside national or Allocation (of a frequency band). Entry international civil air routes. (RR) in the Table of Frequency Allocations Aeronautical Mobile Route (R) Service. of a given frequency band for the pur- An aeronautical mobile service re- pose of its use by one or more terres- served for communications relating to trial or space radiocommunication safety and regularity of flight, pri- services or the radio astronomy service marily along national or international under specified conditions. This term civil air routes. (RR) shall also be applied to the frequency Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Off-Route band concerned. (RR) (OR) Service. An aeronautical mobile- Allotment (of a radio frequency or radio satellite service intended for commu- frequency channel). Entry of a des- nications, including those relating to ignated frequency channel in an agreed flight coordination, primarily outside plan, adopted by a competent con- national and international civil air ference, for use by one or more admin- routes. (RR) istrations for a terrestrial or space Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Route (R) radiocommunication service in one or Service. An aeronautical mobile-sat- more identified countries or geo- ellite service reserved for communica- graphical area and under specified con- tions relating to safety and regularity ditions. (RR) of flights, primarily along national or Altitude of the Apogee or Perigee. The international civil air routes. (RR) altitude of the apogee or perigee above Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service. A a specified reference surface serving to mobile-satellite service in which mo- represent the surface of the Earth. bile earth stations are located on board (RR) aircraft; survival craft stations and Amateur-Satellite Service. A emergency position-indicating radio- radiocommunication service using beacon stations may also participate in space stations on earth satellites for this service. (RR) the same purposes as those of the ama- Aeronautical Mobile Service. A mobile teur service. (RR) service between aeronautical stations Amateur Service. A and aircraft stations, or between air- radiocommunication service for the craft stations, in which survival craft purpose of self-training, intercommuni- stations may participate; emergency cation and technical investigations position-indicating radiobeacon sta- carried out by amateurs, that is, by tions may also participate in this serv- duly authorized persons interested in ice on designated distress and emer- radio technique solely with a personal gency frequencies. (RR) aim and without pecuniary interest. Aeronautical Radionavigation-Satellite (RR) Service. A radionavigation-satellite Amateur Station. A station in the service in which earth stations are lo- amateur service. (RR) cated on board aircraft. (RR) Assigned Frequency. The centre of the Aeronautical Radionavigation Service. frequency band assigned to a station. A radio-navigation service intended for (RR)

451

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00461 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR § 2.1 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–10 Edition)

Assigned Frequency Band. The fre- standard symbols, e.g., type of modula- quency band within which the emission tion, modulating signal, type of infor- of a station is authorized; the width of mation to be transmitted, and also if the band equals the necessary band- appropriate, any additional signal width plus twice the absolute value of characteristics. (RR) the frequency tolerance. Where space Coast Earth Station. An earth station stations are concerned, the assigned in the fixed-satellite service or, in frequency band includes twice the max- some cases, in the maritime mobile- imum Doppler shift that may occur in satellite service, located at a specified relation to any point of the Earth’s fixed point on land to provide a feeder surface. (RR) link for the maritime mobile-satellite Assignment (of a radio frequency or service. (RR) radio frequency channel). Authorization Coast Station. A land station in the given by an administration for a radio maritime mobile service. (RR) station to use a radio frequency or Community Reception (in the broad- radio frequency channel under speci- casting-satellite service). The reception fied conditions. (RR) of emissions from a space station in Base Earth Station. An earth station the broadcasting-satellite service by in the fixed-satellite service or, in receiving equipment, which in some some cases, in the land mobile-satellite cases may be complex and have anten- service, located at a specified fixed nae larger than those for individual re- point or within a specified area on land ception, and intended for use: (1) by a to provide a feeder link for the land group of the general public at one loca- mobile-satellite service. (RR) tion; or (2) through a distribution sys- Base Station. A land station in the tem covering a limited area. (RR) land mobile service. (RR) Conterminous United States. The con- Broadcasting-Satellite Service. A tiguous 48 States and the District of radiocommunication service in which Columbia. (FCC) signals transmitted or retransmitted Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). by space stations are intended for di- Time scale, based on the second (SI), as rect reception by the general public. defined in Recommendation ITU–R TF.460–6. NOTE: In the broadcasting-satellite service, the term direct reception shall encompass NOTE: For most practical purposes associ- both individual reception and community re- ated with the ITU Radio Regulations, UTC is ception. (RR) equivalent to mean solar time at the prime meridian (0° longitude), formerly expressed Broadcasting Service. A in GMT. (RR) radiocommunication service in which the transmissions are intended for di- Coordination Area. When determining rect reception by the general public. the need for coordination, the area sur- This service may include sound trans- rounding an earth station sharing the missions, television transmissions or same frequency band with terrestrial other types of transmission. (CS) stations, or surrounding a transmitting Broadcasting Station. A station in the earth station sharing the same broadcasting service. (RR) bidirectionally allocated frequency Carrier Power (of a radio transmitter). band with receiving earth stations, be- The average power supplied to the an- yond which the level of permissible in- tenna transmission line by a trans- terference will not be exceeded and co- mitter during one radio frequency ordination is therefore not required. cycle taken under the condition of no (RR) modulation. (RR) Coordination Contour. The line enclos- Characteristic Frequency. A frequency ing the coordination area. (RR) which can be easily identified and Coordination Distance. When deter- measured in a given emission. mining the need for coordination, the distance on a given azimuth from an NOTE: A carrier frequency may, for exam- earth station sharing the same fre- ple, be designated as the characteristic fre- quency band with terrestrial stations, quency. (RR) or from a transmitting earth station Class of Emission. The set of charac- sharing the same bidirectionally allo- teristics of an emission, designated by cated frequency band with receiving

452

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00462 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR Federal Communications Commission § 2.1

earth stations, beyond which the level the major portion of earth’s atmos- of permissible interference will not be phere and intended for communication: exceeded and coordination is therefore (1) With one or more space stations; not required. (RR) or Deep Space. Space at distance from (2) With one or more stations of the the Earth equal to, or greater than, same kind by means of one or more re- 2×106 kilometers. (RR) flecting satellites or other objects in Differential Global Positioning System space. (RR) (DGPS) Station. A differential RNSS Effective Radiated Power (e.r.p) (in a station for specific augmentation of given direction). The product of the GPS. power supplied to the antenna and its Differential Radionavigation Satellite gain relative to a half-wave dipole in a Service (Differential RNSS) Station. A given direction. (RR) station used for the transmission of Emergency Position-Indicating Radio- differential correction data and related beacon Station. A station in the mobile information (such as ionospheric data service the emissions of which are in- and RNSS satellite integrity informa- tended to facilitate search and rescue tion) as an augmentation to an RNSS operations. (RR) system for the purpose of improved Emission. Radiation produced, or the navigation accuracy. production of radiation, by a radio Direct Sequence Systems. A spread transmitting station. spectrum system in which the carrier has been modulated by a high speed NOTE: For example, the energy radiated by spreading code and an information data the local oscillator of a radio receiver would stream. The high speed code sequence not be an emission but a radiation. (RR) dominates the ‘‘modulating function’’ Equivalent Isotropically Radiated and is the direct cause of the wide Power (e.i.r.p.). The product of the spreading of the transmitted signal. power suppled to the antenna and the Duplex Operation. Operating method antenna gain in a given direction rel- in which transmission is possible si- ative to an isotropic antenna. (RR) multaneously in both directions of a Equivalent Monopole Radiated Power telecommunication channel. 3 (RR) (e.m.r.p.) (in a given direction). The prod- Earth Exploration-Satellite Service. A uct of the power supplied to the an- radiocommunication service between tenna and its gain relative to a short earth stations and one or more space vertical antenna in a given direction. stations, which may include links be- (RR) tween space stations in which: (1) Information relating to the char- Equivalent Satellite Link Noise Tem- acteristics of the Earth and its natural perature. The noise temperature re- phenomena is obtained from active ferred to the output of the receiving sensors or passive sensors on earth sat- antenna of the earth station cor- ellites; responding to the radio-frequency noise (2) Similar information is collected power which produces the total ob- from air-borne or earth-based plat- served noise at the output of the sat- forms; ellite link excluding the noise due to (3) Such information may be distrib- interference coming from satellite uted to earth stations within the sys- links using other satellites and from tem concerned; terrestrial systems. (RR) (4) Platform interrogation may be in- Experimental Station. A station uti- cluded. lizing radio waves in experiments with a view to the development of science or NOTE: This service may also include feeder technique. links necesary for its operation. (RR) NOTE: This definition does not include Earth Station. A station located ei- amateur stations. (RR) ther on the earth’s surface or within Facsimile. A form of telegraphy for 3 In general, duplex operation and semi-du- the transmission of fixed images, with plex operation require two frequencies in or without half-tones, with a view to radiocommunication; simplex operation may their reproduction in a permanent use either one or two. form. (RR)

453

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00463 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR § 2.1 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–10 Edition)

Feeder Link. A radio link from an frequency of the carrier between pre- earth station at a given location to a determined values. (RR) space station, or vice versa, conveying Frequency Tolerance. The maximum information for a space permissible departure by the centre radiocommunication service other frequency of the frequency band occu- than for the fixed-satellite service. The pied by an emission from the assigned given location may be at a specified frequency or, by the characteristic fre- fixed point, or at any fixed point with- quency of an emission from the ref- in specified areas. (RR) erence frequency. Fixed-Satellite Service. A NOTE: The frequency tolerance is expressed radiocommunication service between in parts in 106 or in hertz. (RR) earth stations at given positions, when one or more satellites are used; the Full Carrier Single-Sideband Emission. given position may be a specified fixed A single-sideband emission without point or any fixed point within speci- suppression of the carrier. (RR) fied areas; in some cases this service Gain of an Antenna. The ratio, usu- includes satellite-to-satellite links, ally expressed in decibels, of the power which may also be operated in the required at the input of a loss free ref- inter-satellite service; the fixed-sat- erence antenna to the power supplied ellite service may also include feeder to the input of the given antenna to links for other space produce, in a given direction, the same radiocommunication services. (RR) field strength or the same power flux- Fixed Service. A radiocommunication density at the same distance. When not service between specified fixed points. specified otherwise, the gain refers to (RR) the direction of maximum radiation. Fixed Station. A station in the fixed The gain may be considered for a speci- service. (RR) fied polarization. Frequency Assignment Subcommittee NOTE: Depending on the choice of the ref- (FAS). A subcommittee of the Inter- erence antenna a distinction is made be- department Radio Advisory Committee tween: (IRAC) within NTIA that develops and (1) Absolute or isotropic gain (Gi), when executes procedures for the assignment the reference antenna is an isotropic an- and coordination of Federal radio fre- tenna isolated in space; quencies. (FCC) (2) Gain relative to a half-wave dipole (Gd), when the reference antenna is a half-wave Frequency Hopping Systems. A spread dipole isolated in space whose equatorial spectrum system in which the carrier plane contains the given direction; is modulated with the coded informa- (3) Gain relative to a short vertical an- tion in a conventional manner causing tenna (Gv), when the reference antenna is a a conventional spreading of the RF en- linear conductor, much shorter than one ergy about the frequency carrier. The quarter of the wavelength, normal to the frequency of the carrier is not fixed but surface of a perfectly conducting plane changes at fixed intervals under the di- which contains the given direction. (RR) rection of a coded sequence. The wide General Purpose Mobile Service. A mo- RF bandwidth needed by such a system bile service that includes all mobile is not required by spreading of the RF communications uses including those energy about the carrier but rather to within the Aeronautical Mobile, Land accommodate the range of frequencies Mobile, or the Maritime Mobile Serv- to which the carrier frequency can hop. ices. The test of a frequency hopping system Geostationary Satellite. A geosynchro- is that the near term distribution of nous satellite whose circular and direct hops appears random, the long term orbit lies in the plane of the Earth’s distribution appears evenly distributed equator and which thus remains fixed over the hop set, and sequential hops relative to the Earth; by extension, a are randomly distributed in both direc- geosynchronous satellite which re- tion and magnitude of change in the mains approximately fixed relative to hop set. the Earth. (RR) Frequency-Shift Telegraphy. Teleg- Geostationary Satellite Orbit. The orbit raphy by frequency modulation in in which a satellite must be placed to which the telegraph signal shifts the be a geostationary satellite. (RR)

454

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00464 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR Federal Communications Commission § 2.1

Geosynchronous Satellite. An Earth the distance to the reference point of satellite whose period of revolution is landing. (RR) equal to the period of rotation of the Instrument Landing System Glide Path. Earth about its axis. (RR) A system of vertical guidance em- Government Master File (GMF). NTIA’s bodied in the instrument landing sys- database of Federal assignments. It tem which indicates the vertical devi- also includes non-Federal authoriza- ation of the aircraft from its optimum tions coordinated with NTIA for the path of descent. (RR) bands allocated for shared Federal and Instrument Landing System Localizer. non-Federal use. (FCC) A system of horizontal guidance em- Harmful Interference. Interference bodied in the instrument landing sys- which endangers the functioning of a tem which indicates the horizontal de- radionavigation service or of other viation of the aircraft from its opti- safety services or seriously degrades, mum path of descent along the axis of obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a the runway. (RR) radiocommunication service operating Insular area. A jurisdiction that is in accordance with [the ITU] Radio neither a part of one of the several Regulations. (CS) States nor a Federal district. The U.S. High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS). insular areas are listed in 47 CFR A station located on an object at an al- 2.105(a) at notes 2 and 3. (FCC) titude of 20 to 50 km and at a specified, Interdepartment Radio Advisory Com- nominal, fixed point relative to the mittee (IRAC). A committee of the Fed- Earth. (RR) eral departments, agencies, and admin- Hybrid Spread Spectrum Systems. Hy- istrations that advises NTIA in assign- brid spread spectrum systems are those ing frequencies to Federal radio sta- which use combinations of two or more tions and in developing and executing types of direct sequence, frequency policies, programs, procedures, and hopping, time hopping and pulsed FM technical criteria pertaining to the al- modulation in order to achieve their location, management, and use of the wide occupied bandwidths. spectrum. The IRAC consists of a main Inclination of an Orbit (of an earth sat- committee, subcommittees, and sev- ellite). The angle determined by the eral ad hoc groups that consider var- plane containing the orbit and the plane of the Earth’s equator measured ious aspects of spectrum management in degrees between 0° and 180° and in policy. The FCC serves as a member of counter-clockwise direction from the the Frequency Assignment Sub- Earth’s equatorial plane at the ascend- committee and as Liaison Representa- ing node of the orbit. (RR) tive on the main committee, all other Individual Reception (in the broad- subcommittees and ad hoc groups. casting-satellite service). The reception (FCC) of emissions from a space station in Interference. The effect of unwanted the broadcasting-satellite service by energy due to one or a combination of simple domestic installations and in emissions, radiations, or inductions particular those possessing small an- upon reception in a tennae. (RR) radiocommunication system, mani- Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) fested by any performance degradation, (of radio frequency energy) Applications. misinterpretation, or loss of informa- Operation of equipment or appliances tion which could be extracted in the designed to generate and use locally absence of such unwanted energy. (RR) radio-frequency energy for industrial, International Telecommunication Union scientific, medical, domestic or similar (ITU). An international organization purposes, excluding applications in the within the United Nations System field of telecommunications. (RR) where governments and the private Instrument Landing System (ILS). A sector coordinate global telecom net- radionavigation system which provides works and services. The ITU is aircraft with horizontal and vertical headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland guidance just before and during landing and its internet address is www.itu.int. and, at certain fixed points, indicates (FCC)

455

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00465 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR § 2.1 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–10 Edition)

Inter-Satellite Service. A Line B. Begins at Tofino, B.C., run- radiocommunication service providing ning by great circle arc to the intersec- links between artificial satellites. (RR) tion of 50° N., 125° W., thence along par- Ionospheric Scatter. The propagation allel 50° N., to the intersection of 90° of radio waves by scattering as a result W., thence by great circle arc to the of irregularities or discontinuities in intersection of 45° N., 79°30′ W., thence the ionization of the ionosphere. (RR) by great circle arc through the north- Land Earth Station. An earth station ernmost point of Drummondville, Que- in the fixed-satellite service or, in bec (Lat. 45°52′ N., Long 72°30′ W.), some cases, in the mobile-satellite thence by great circle arc to 48°30′ N., service, located at a specified fixed 70° W., thence by great circle arc point or within a specified area on land through the northernmost point of to provide a feeder link for the mobile- Compbellton, N.B., thence by great cir- satellite service. (RR) cle are through the northernmost point Land Mobile Earth Station. A mobile of Liverpool, N.S., at which point it earth station in the land mobile-sat- terminates. (FCC) ellite service capable of surface move- Line C. Begins at the intersection of ment within the geographical limits of 70° N., 144° W., thence by great circle a country or continent. (RR) arc to the intersection of 60° N., 143° Land Mobile-Satellite Service. A mo- W., thence by great circle arc so as to bile-satellite service in which mobile include all of the Alaskan Panhandle. earth stations are located on land. (FCC) (RR) Line D. Begins at the intersection of Land Mobile Service. A mobile service 70° N., 138° W., thence by great circle between base stations and land mobile arc to the intersection of 61°20′ N., 139° stations, or between land mobile sta- W. (Burwash Landing), thence by great tions. (RR) circle arc to the intersection of 60°45′ Land Mobile Station. A mobile station N., 135° W., thence by great circle arc in the land mobile service capable of to the intersection of 56° N., 128° W., surface movement within the geo- thence south along 128° meridian to graphical limits of a country or con- Lat. 55° N., thence by great circle arc tinent. to the intersection of 54° N., 130° W., Land Station. A station in the mobile thence by great circle arc to Port service not intended to be used while in Clements, thence to the Pacific Ocean motion. (RR) where it ends. (FCC) Left-Hand (or Anti-Clockwise) Polarized Wave. An elliptically or circularly-po- Maritime Mobile-Satellite Service. A larized wave, in fixed plane, normal to mobile-satellite service in which mo- the direction of propagation, whilst bile earth stations are located on board looking in the direction of propagation, ships; survival craft stations and emer- rotates with time in a left hand or gency position-indicating radiobeacon anti-clockwise direction. (RR) stations may also participate in this Line A. Begins at Aberdeen, Wash- service. (RR) ington running by great circle arc to Maritime Mobile Service. A mobile the intersection of 48° N., 120° W., service between coast stations and ship thence along parallel 48° N., to the stations, or between ship stations, or intersection of 95° W., thence by great between associated on-board commu- circle arc through the southernmost nication stations; survival craft sta- point of Duluth, Minn., thence by great tions and emergency position-indi- circle arc to 45° N., 85° W., thence cating radiobeacon stations may also southward along meridian 85° W., to its participate in this service. (RR) intersection with parallel 41° N., thence Maritime Radionavigation-Satellite along parallel 41° N., to its intersection Service. A radionavigation-satellite with meridian 82° W., thence by great service in which earth stations are lo- circle arc through the southernmost cated on board ships. (RR) point of Bangor, Maine, thence by Maritime Radionavigation Service. A great circle arc through the southern- radionavigation service intended for most point of Searsport, Maine, at the benefit and for the safe operation which point it terminates. (FCC) of ships. (RR)

456

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00466 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR Federal Communications Commission § 2.1

Marker Beacon. A transmitter in the forth regulations for Federal use of the aeronautical radionavigation service radio spectrum within its Manual of which radiates vertically a distinctive Regulations & Procedures for Federal pattern for providing position informa- Radio Frequency Management (NTIA tion to aircraft. (RR) Manual). (FCC) Mean Power (of a radio transmitter). Necessary Bandwidth. For a given The average power supplied to the an- class of emission, the width of the fre- tenna transmission line by a trans- quency band which is just sufficient to mitter during an interval of time suffi- ensure the transmission of information ciently long compared with the lowest at the rate and with the quality re- frequency encountered in the modula- quired under specified conditions. (RR) tion taken under normal operating conditions. (RR) Non-Voice, Non-Geostationary Mobile- Meteorological Aids Service. A Satellite Service. A mobile-satellite serv- radiocommunication service used for ice reserved for use by non-geo- meteorological, including hydrological, stationary satellites in the provision of observation and exploration. (RR) non-voice communications which may Meteorological-Satellite Service. An include satellite links between land earth exploration-satellite service for earth stations at fixed locations. meteorological purposes. (RR) Occupied Bandwidth. The width of a Mobile Earth Station. An earth station frequency band such that, below the in the mobile-satellite service intended lower and above the upper frequency to be used while in motion or during limits, the mean powers emitted are halts at unspecified points. (RR) each equal to a specified percentage Mobile-Satellite Service. A Beta/2 of the total mean power of a radiocommunication service: given emission. (1) Between mobile earth stations NOTE: Unless otherwise specified by the and one or more space stations, or be- CCIR for the appropriate class of emission, tween space stations used by this serv- the value of Beta/2 should be taken as 0.5%. ice; or (RR) (2) Between mobile earth stations by On-Board Communication Station. A means of one or more space stations. low-powered mobile station in the mar- NOTE: This service may also include feeder itime mobile service intended for use links necessary for its operation. (RR) for internal communications on board Mobile Service. A radiocommunication a ship, or between a ship and its life- service between mobile and land sta- boats and life-rafts during lifeboat tions, or between mobile stations. (CV) drills or operations, or for communica- Mobile Station. A station in the mo- tion within a group of vessels being bile service intended to be used while towed or pushed, as well as for line in motion or during halts at unspec- handling and mooring instructions. ified points. (RR) (RR) Multi-Satellite Link. A radio link be- Orbit. The path, relative to a speci- tween a transmitting earth station and fied frame of reference, described by a receiving earth station through two the centre of mass of a satellite or or more satellites, without any inter- other object in space subjected pri- mediate earth station. marily to natural forces, mainly the force of gravity. (RR) NOTE: A multisatellite link comprises one Out-of-band domain (of an emission). up-link, one or more satellite-to-satellite The frequency range, immediately out- links and one down-link. (RR) side the necessary bandwidth but ex- National Telecommunications and In- cluding the spurious domain, in which formation Administration (NTIA). An out-of-band emissions generally pre- agency of the United States Depart- dominate. Out-of-band emissions, de- ment of Commerce that serves as the fined based on their source, occur in President’s principal advisor on tele- the out-of-band domain and, to a lesser communications and information pol- extent, in the spurious domain. Spu- icy issues. NTIA manages Federal use rious emissions likewise may occur in of the radio spectrum and coordinates the out-of-band domain as well as in Federal use with the FCC. NTIA sets the spurious domain. (RR)

457

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00467 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR § 2.1 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–10 Edition)

Out-of-band Emission. Emission on a modulation, are contained in ITU–R Rec- frequency or frequencies immediately ommendations which may be used as a guide. outside the necessary bandwidth which NOTE 2: For use in formulae, the symbol p results from the modulation process, denotes power expressed in watts and the symbol P denotes power expressed in deci- but excluding spurious emissions. (RR) bels relative to a reference level. (RR) Passive Sensor. A measuring instru- ment in the earth exploration-satellite Primary Radar. A radiodetermination service or in the space research service system based on the comparison of ref- by means of which information is ob- erence signals with radio signals re- tained by reception of radio waves of flected from the position to be deter- natural origin. (RR) mined. (RR) Peak Envelope Power (of a radio trans- Protection Ratio. The minimum value mitter). The average power supplied to of the wanted-to-unwanted signal the antenna transmission line by a ratio, usually expressed in decibels, at transmitter during one radio frequency the receiver input determined under cycle at the crest of the modulation en- specified conditions such that a speci- velope taken under normal operating fied reception quality of the wanted conditions. (RR) signal is achieved at the receiver out- Period (of a satellite). The time elaps- put. (RR) ing between two consecutive passages Public Correspondence. Any tele- of a satellite through a characteristic communication which the offices and point on its orbit. (RR) stations must, by reason of their being Permissible Interference.3 Observed or at the disposal of the public, accept for predicted interference which complies transmission. (CS) with quantitative interference and Pulsed FM Systems. A pulsed FM sys- sharing criteria contained in these tem is a spread spectrum system in [ITU Radio] Regulations or in ITU–R which a RF carrier is modulated with a Recommendations or in special agree- fixed period and fixed duty cycle se- ments as provided for in these Regula- quence. At the beginning of each trans- tions. (RR) mitted pulse, the carrier frequency is Port Operations Service. A maritime frequency modulated causing an addi- mobile service in or near a port, be- tional spreading of the carrier. The tween coast stations and ship stations, pattern of the frequency modulation or between ship stations, in which mes- will depend upon the spreading func- sages are restricted to those relating to tion which is chosen. In some systems the operational handling, the move- the spreading function is a linear FM ment and the safty of ships and, in chirp sweep, sweeping either up or emergency, to the safety of persons. down in frequency. Radar. A radiodetermination system NOTE: Messages which are of a public cor- based on the comparison of reference respondence nature shall be excluded from this service. (RR) signals with radio signals reflected, or retrainsmitted, from the position to be Port Station. A coast station in the determined. (RR) port operations service. (RR) Radar Beacon (RACON). A trans- Power. Whenever the power of a radio mitter-receiver associated with a fixed transmitter, etc. is referred to it shall navigational mark which, when trig- be expressed in one of the following gered by a radar, automatically re- forms, according to the class of emis- turns a distinctive signal which can ap- sion, using the arbitrary symbols indi- pear on the display of the triggering cated: radar, providing range, bearing and (1) Peak envelope power (PX or pX); identification information. (RR) (2) Mean power (PY or pY); Radiation. The outward flow of en- (3) Carrier power (PZ or pZ). ergy from any source in the form of NOTE 1: For different classes of emission, radio waves. (RR) the relationships between peak envelope Radio. A general term applied to the power, mean power and carrier power, under use of radio waves. (RR) the conditions of normal operation and of no Radio Altimeter. Radionavigation equipment, on board an aircraft or 3 See footnote under Accepted Interference. spacecraft or the spacecraft above the

458

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00468 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR Federal Communications Commission § 2.1

Earth’s surface or another surface. Radiolocation Land Station. A station (RR) in the radiolocation service not in- Radio Astronomy. Astronomy based on tended to be used while in motion. (RR) the reception of radio waves of cosmic Radiolocation Mobile Station. A sta- origin. (RR) tion in the radiolocation service in- Radio Astronomy Service. A service in- tended to be used while in motion or volving the use of radio astronomy. during halts at unspecified points. (RR) (RR) Radiolocation Service. A radio- Radio Astronomy Station. A station in determination service for the purpose the radio astronomy service. (RR) of radiolocation. (RR) Radiobeacon Station. A station in the Radionavigation. Radiodetermination radionavigation service the emissions used for the purposes of navigation, in- of which are intended to enable a mo- cluding obstruction warning. bile station to determine its bearing or Radionavigation Land Station. A sta- direction in relation to radiobeacon tion in the radionavigation service not station. (RR) intended to be used while in motion. Radiocommunication. Telecommuni- (RR) cation by means of radio waves. (CS) Radionavigation Mobile Station. A sta- (CV) tion in the radionavigation service in- Radiocommunication Service. A service tended to be used while in motion or as defined in this Section involving the during halts at unspecified points. (RR) transmission, emission and/or recep- Radionavigation-Satellite Service. A tion of radio waves for specific tele- radiodetermination-satellite service communication purposes. used for the purpose of radio- NOTE: In these [international] Radio Regu- navigation. This service may also in- lations, unless otherwise stated, any clude feeder links necessary for its op- radiocommunication service relates to ter- eration. (RR) restrial radiocommunication. (RR) Radionavigation Service. A radiod- Radiodetermination. The determina- etermination service for the purpose of tion of the position, velocity and/or radionavigation. (RR) other characteristics of an object, or Radiosonde. An automatic radio the obtaining of information relating transmitter in the meteorological aids to these parameters, by means of the service usually carried on an aircraft, propagation properties of radio waves. free ballon, kite or parachute, and (RR) which transmits meteorological data. Radiodetermination-Satellite Service. A (RR) radiocommunication service for the Radiotelegram. A telegram, origi- purpose of radiodetermination involv- nating in or intended for a mobile sta- ing the use or one of more space sta- tion or a mobile earth station trans- tions. This service may also include mitted on all or part of its route over feeder links necessary for its own oper- the radiocommunication channels of ation. (RR) the mobile service or of the mobile-sat- Radiodetermination Service. A ellite service. (RR) radiocommunication service for the Radiotelemetry. Telemetry by means purpose of radiodetermination. (RR) of radio waves. (RR) Radiodetermination Station. A station Radiotelephone Call. A telephone call, in the radiodetermination serviice. originating in or intended for a mobile (RR) station or a mobile earth station, Radio Direction-Finding. Radio- transmitted on all or part of its route determination using the reception of over the radiocommunication channels radio waves for the purpose of deter- of the mobile service or of the mobile- mining the direction of a station or ob- satellite service. (RR) ject. (RR) Radiotelex Call. A telex call, origi- Radio Direction-Finding Station. A nating in or intended for a mobile sta- radiodetermination station using radio tion or a mobile earth station, trans- direction-finding. (RR) mitted on all or part of its route over Radiolocation. Radiodetermination the radiocommunication channels of used for purposes other than those of the mobile service or the mobile-sat- radionavigation. (RR) ellite service. (RR)

459

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00469 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR § 2.1 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–10 Edition)

Radio Waves or Hertzian Waves. Elec- Semi-Duplex Operation.4 A method tromagnetic waves of frequencies arbi- which is simplex operation on one end trarily lower than 3,000 GHz, propa- of the circuit and duplex operation at gated in space without aritificial the other. (RR) guide. (RR) Simplex Operation.4 Operating method Reduced Carrier Single-Sideband Emis- in which transmission is made possible sion. A single-sideband emission in alternatively in each direction of a which the degree of carrier suppession telecommunication channel, for exam- enables the carrier to be reconstrituted ple, by means of manual control. and to be used for demodulation. (RR) Ship Earth Station. A mobile earth Reference Frequency. A frequency hav- station in the maritime mobile-sat- ing a fixed and specified position with ellite service located on board ship. respect to the assigned frequency. The (RR) displacement of this frequency with re- Ship Movement Service. A safety serv- spect to the assigned frequency has the ice in the maritime mobile service same absolute value and sign that the other than a port operations service, displacement of the characteristic fre- between coast stations and ship sta- quency has with respect to the centre tions, or between ship stations, in of the frequency band occupied by the which messages are restricted to those emission. (RR) relating to the movement of ships. Reflecting Satellite. A satellite in- Messages which are of a public cor- tended to reflect radiocommunication respondence nature shall be excluded signals. (RR) from this service. (RR) Right-Hand (or Clockwise) Polarized Ship’s Emergency Transmitter. A ship’s Wave. An Elliptically or circularly-po- transmitter to be used exclusively on a larized wave, in which the electric field distress frequency for distress, urgency vector, observed in any fixed plane, or safety purposes. (RR) normal to the direction of propagation, Ship Station. A mobile station in the whilst looking in the direction of prop- maritime mobile service located on agation, rotates with time in a right- board a vessel which is not perma- hand or clockwise direction. (RR) nently moored, other than a survival Safety Service. Any craft station. (RR) radiocommunication service used per- Simplex Operation. Operating method manently or temporarily for the safe- in which transmission is made possible guarding of human life and property. alternatively in each direction of a (RR) telecommunication channel, for exam- Satellite. A body which revolves ple, by means of manual control. 5 (RR) around another body of preponderant Single-Sideband Emission. An ampli- mass and which has a motion primarily tude modulated emission with one side- and permanently determined by the band only. (RR) force of attraction of that other body. Software defined radio. A radio that (RR) includes a transmitter in which the op- Satellite Link. A radio link between a erating parameters of frequency range, transmitting earth station and a re- modulation type or maximum output ceiving earth station through one sat- power (either radiated or conducted), ellite. A satellite link comprises one or the circumstances under which the up-link and one down-link. (RR) transmitter operates in accordance Satellite Network. A satellite system with Commission rules, can be altered or a part of a satellite system, con- by making a change in software with- sisting of only one satellite and the co- out making any changes to hardware operating earth stations. (RR) components that affect the radio fre- Satellite System. A space system using quency emissions. In accordance with one or more artificial earth satellites. § 2.944 of this part, only radios in which (RR) the software is designed or expected to Secondary Radar. A radiodetermin- be modified by a party other than the ation system based on the comparison manufacturer and would affect the of reference signals with radio signals retransmitted from the position to be 4 See footnote under Duplex Operation. determined. (RR) 5 (See footnote under Duplex Operations.)

460

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00470 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR Federal Communications Commission § 2.1

above-listed operating parameters or eral utility, and not open to public cor- circumstances under which the radio respondence. (RR) transmits must be certified as software Spread Spectrum Systems. A spread defined radios. spectrum system is an information Spacecraft. A man-made vehicle bearing communications system in which is intended to go beyond the which: (1) Information is conveyed by major portion of the Earth’s atmos- modulation of a carrier by some con- phere. (RR) ventional means, (2) the bandwidth is Space Operation Service. A deliberately widened by means of a radiocommunication service concerned spreading function over that which exclusively with the operation of would be needed to transmit the infor- spacecraft, in particular space track- mation alone. (In some spread spec- ing, space telemetry, and space tele- trum systems, a portion of the infor- command. mation being conveyed by the system NOTE: These functions will normally be may be contained in the spreading provided within the service in which the function.) space station is operating. (RR) Spurious domain (of an emission): The Space Radiocommunication. Any frequency range beyond the out-of- radiocommunication involving the use band domain in which spurious emis- of one or more space stations or the sions generally predominate. (RR) use of one or more reflecting satellites Spurious Emission. Emission on a fre- or other objects in space. (RR) quency or frequencies which are out- Space Research Service. A side the necessary bandwidth and the radiocommunication service in which level of which may be reduced without spacecraft or other objects in space are affecting the corresponding trans- used for scientific or technological re- mission of information. Spurious emis- search purposes. (RR) sions include harmonic emissions, Space Station. A station located on an parasitic emissions, intermodulation object which is beyond, is intended to products and frequency conversion go beyond, or has been beyond, the products, but exclude out-of-band emis- major portion of the Earth’s atmos- sions. (RR) phere. (RR) Standard Frequency and Time Signal- Space System. Any group of cooper- Satellite Service. A radiocommunication ating Earth stations and/or space sta- service using space stations on earth tions employing space satellites for the same purposes as radiocommunication for specific pur- those of the standard frequency and poses. (RR) time signal service. Space Telecommand. The use of radiocommunication for the trans- NOTE: This service may also include feeder mission of signals to a space station to links necessary for its operation. (RR) initiate, modify or terminate functions Standard Frequency and Time Signal of equipment on a space object, Service. A radiocommunication service incuding the space station. (RR) for scientific, technical and other pur- Space Telemetry. The use of telemetry for transmission for a space station of poses, providing the transmission of results of measurements made in a specified frequencies, time signals, or spacecraft, including those relating to both, of stated high precision, intended the functioning of the spacecraft. (RR) for general reception. (RR) Space Tracking. Determination of the Standard Frequency and Time Signal orbit, velocity or instanteneous posi- Station. A station in the standard fre- tion of an object in space by means of quency and time signal service. (RR) radiodetermination, excluding primary Station. One or more transmitters or radar, for the purpose of following the receivers or a combination of transmit- movement of the object. (RR) ters and receivers, including the acces- Special Service. A sory equipment, necessary at one loca- radiocommunication service, not oth- tion for carrying on a erwise defined in this Section, carried radiocommunication service, or the on exclusively for specific needs of gen- radio astronomy service.

461

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00471 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR § 2.100 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–10 Edition)

NOTE: Each station shall be classified by Terrestrial Radiocommunication. Any the service in which it operates permanently radiocommunication other than space or temporarily. (RR) radiocommunication or radio astron- Suppressed Carrier Single-Sideband omy. (RR) Emission. A single-sideband emission in Terrestrial Station. A station effecting which the carrier is virtually sup- terrestrial radiocommunication. pressed and not intended to be used for NOTE: In these [international Radio] Regu- demodulation. (RR) lations, unless otherwise stated, any station Survival Craft Station. A mobile sta- is a terrestrial station. (RR) tion in the maritime mobile service or the aeronautical mobile service in- Time Hopping Systems. A time hopping tended solely for survival purposes and system is a spread spectrum system in located on any lifeboat, life-raft or which the period and duty cycle of a other survival equipment. (RR) pulsed RF carrier are varied in a Telecommand. The use of tele- pseudorandom manner under the con- communication for the transmission of trol of a coded sequence. Time hopping signals to initiate, modify or terminate is often used effectively with frequency functions of equipment at a distance. hopping to form a hybrid time-division, (RR) multiple-access (TDMA) spread spec- Telecommunication. Any transmission, trum system. emission or reception of signs, signals, Transponder. A transmitter-receiver writings, images and sounds or intel- facility the function of which is to ligence of any nature by wire, radio, transmit signals automatically when optical or other electromagnetic sys- the proper interrogation is received. tems. (CS) (FCC) Telegram. Written matter intended to Tropospheric Scatter. The propagation be transmitted by telegraphy for deliv- of radio waves by scattering as a result ery to the addressee. This term also in- of irregularities or discontinuities in cludes radiotelegrams unless otherwise the physical properties of the tropo- specified. (CS) sphere. (RR) Unwanted Emissions. Consist of spu- NOTE: In this definition the term teleg- raphy has the same general meaning as de- rious emissions and out-of-band emis- fined in the Convention. sions. (RR) Telegraphy.5 A form of telecommuni- [49 FR 2368, Jan. 19, 1984, as amended at 50 cation in which the transmitted infor- FR 25239, June 18, 1985; 51 FR 37399, Oct. 22, mation is intended to be recorded on 1986; 52 FR 7417, Mar. 11, 1987; 54 FR 49980, Dec. 4, 1990; 55 FR 28761, July 13, 1990; 56 FR arrival as a graphic document; the 42703, Aug. 29, 1991; 58 FR 68058, Dec. 23, 1993; transmitted information may some- 62 FR 26242, May 13, 1997; 65 FR 60109, Oct. 10, times be presented in an alternative 2000; 66 FR 50840, Oct. 5, 2001; 68 FR 74330, form or may be stored for subsequent Dec. 23, 2003; 70 FR 23039, May 4, 2005; 70 FR use. (CS) 46583, Aug. 10, 2005; 71 FR 15619, Mar. 29, 2006; Telemetry. The use of telecommuni- 72 FR 31192, June 6, 2007; 73 FR 25421, May 6, cation for automatically indicating or 2008] recording measurements at a distance from the measuring instrument. (RR) Subpart B—Allocation, Assign- Telephony. A form of telecommuni- ment, and Use of Radio Fre- cation primarily intended for the ex- quencies change of information in the form of speech. (CS) SOURCE: 49 FR 2373, Jan. 19, 1984, unless Television. A form of telecommuni- otherwise noted. cation for the transmission of tran- sient images of fixed or moving ob- § 2.100 International regulations in jects. (RR) force. The ITU Radio Regulations, edition of 5 A graphic document records information 2004, have been incorporated to the ex- in a permanent form and is capable of being tent practicable in Subparts A and B of filed and consulted; it may take the form of this part. written or printed matter or of a fixed image. [70 FR 46583, Aug. 10, 2005]

462

VerDate Mar<15>2010 09:35 Dec 08, 2010 Jkt 220200 PO 00000 Frm 00472 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\220200.XXX 220200 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR