Overall, an Understanding of the Origin and AITKEN, J

Home , Matthevia, Tonoloway Formation, Wills Creek Formation

242 ROBERT V DEMICCO AND LAWRENCE A. HARDIE

CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES ADAMS, J. E., AND FRENZEL, N. H., 1950, Capitan barrier reef, In searching for an apt concluding statement that would Texas and New Mexico: Journal of Geology, v. 58, p. 289- both summarize our view of the importance of sedimentary 312. structures in unraveling the genesis and history of shallow ma- ADAMS, R. W, 1970, Loyalhanna Limestone- cross-bedding and rine carbonate deposits and, at the same time, make a plea for provenance, in Fisher, G. W. Pettijohn, E J., and Reed, J. C. all students of carbonate sedimentology to become truly profi- Jr., eds., Studies ofAppalachian Geology: Central and South- ern: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 83-100. cient in the recognition and analysis of sedimentary structures, AIGNER T., 1985 Storm Depositional Systems: New York Lec- we found that we had perhaps already said it best in the intro- ture Notes in tarth Sciences, v. 3, Springer-Verlag, 114 p. duction. So, if the gentle reader would forgive us for repeating AITKEN, J. D., 1966, Middle Cambrian to Middle Ordovician ourselves, we would like to end with a quotation from the in- cyclic sedimentation, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains of Alberta: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 14, troduction, namely: p. 405-442. "Overall, an understanding of the origin and AITKEN, J. D., 1967, Classification and environmental signifi- significance of primary sedimentary structures and cance of cryptalgal limestones and dolomites with illustra- early diagenetic features is vital to unraveling the tions from the Cambrian and Ordovician of southwestern origin and significance of carbonate deposits in the Alberta: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 37, p. 1163- geologic record. Without such an understanding at 1178. AITKEN, J. D.1971, Control of Lower Paleozoic sedimentary the individual sedimentary structure scale, we can- facies by the Kicking Horse Rim, southern Rocky Moun- not hope to accurately reconstruct the large scale tains: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 19, p. 557- accumulation history of carbonate deposits or to 569. decipher the roles of sea-level changes, sedimenta- AITKEN, J. D., 1978, Revised models for depositional grand çycles, Cambrian of the southern Rocky Mountains, Canada: tion rates, subsidence rates, and tectonics in deter- Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 26, p. 515-542. mining the facies stratigraphy, cyclostratigraphy, ALEXANDERSSON, T., 1972, Mediterranean beachrock cementa- and sequence stratigraphy of these buildups." tion: Marine precipitation of Mg-calcite, in Stanley, D. J., The message seems crystal clear, if we do not get the little ed., The Medilerranean Sea: A Natural Sedimentation Labo- things right we may not be able get the big things right. ratory: Stroudsburg, Drowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., p. 203-223. ALEXANDERSSON, T., 1974, Carbonate cementation in coralline algO nodules in the Skagerrak, North Sea: Biochemical precipitation in undersaturated waters: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 44, p. 7-26. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Au, Y. A., AND WEST, I. M., 1983, Relationships of modern gypsum nodules in sabkhas of loess to compositions of brines and sediments in northern E_gypt: Journal of Sedimentary We would like to express our appreciation to Ed Clifton, Petrology, v. 53, p. 1151-1168. the editor of this SEPM series, for his invitation to prepare this ALLEN, J. R. L., 1963, The classification of cross-stratified units summary of sedimentary structures and early diagenetic fea- with notes on their origin: Sedimentology, v. 2, p. 93-114. tures in shallow marine carbonate deposits and for his editorial ALLEN, J. R. L., 1970,A quantitative model of climloing ripples encouragement and patience during the writing and review pro- and their cross-laminafed deposits: Sedimentology, v.1-4, p. cesses. Special thanks go to Ray Mitchell and Bob Loucks for 5-26. ALLEN,. J. R. L., 1973, A classification of climbing-ripple cross- their detailed and thoughtful reviews of the first draft of the stratification: Journal of the Geological Sociely of London, manuscript. Their comments on the scientific content and style V. 129, p. 537-541. of presentation were all taken to heart and incorporated in one ALLEN, J. R. L., 1974, Studies in fluviatile sedimentation: im- way or another in the revised text. Dana Ulmer-Scholle and plications of pedogenic carbonate units, Lower Old Red Sand- stone, Anglo-Welqi outcrop: Geological Journal, v. 9, p. 181- Tim Lowenstein patiently reviewed the final draft. Dana Ulmer- 208. Scholle also compiled the index. Anne Hull drafted the fig- ALLEN, J. R. L., 1984, Sedimentary Structures: their Character ures and David Tuttle printed many of the photographs. Karen and Phsical Basis (unabridged one-volume edition): New Kuff-Demicco helped us with the design of the final draft. York, Developments in Sedimentology 30, Elsevier, 1256 p. We are grateful to our fellow sedimentologists who allowed ALLEN, J. R. L., 1985, Principles of Physical Sedimentology: us the use of their photographs, color slides, and samples for Boston, George Allen and 1.1nwin, 272 p. ALLEN, J. R. L., 1987, Reworking of muddy intertidal sediments the illustrations in this atlas.To Robert Adams, Wayne Ahr, in the Severn Estuary, southwestern U.K.-a preliminary sur- John Bridge, Godfrey Butler, Glen Dolphin, Bob Goldhammer, vey: Sedimentary Geolo_gy, v. 50,y. 1-23. John Grotzinger, Paul Harris, Paul Hoffman, Miner Long, Tim ANDREWS, J. E., SHEPARD P. P., AND HURLEY, R. J., 1970, Great Lowenstein, Ray Mitchell, Chau Nguyen, Francis Pettijohn, Fred Bahama Canyon: Geofogical Society of America Bulletin, v. Read, Hans Erich Reineck, Ron Spencer, and Brent Waters, 81, p. 1061-1078. ANKETELL, J. M., CEGLA, J., AND DZULYNSKI, S., 1970, On the our sincerest appreciation for your help.Finally, we would deformational structures in systems with reversed density gra- like to thank the Springer-Verlag Publishing Company for grant- dients: Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne, Rocznik, v. 40-, p. ing us permission to reproduce Plates 14, 28, 50B, 89, 97, and 3-30. 102B that originally appeared in the Atlas and Glossary of Pri- ARAKEL, A. V, 1980, Genesis and diagenesis of Holocene evaporitic sediments in Hutt and Leeman Lagoons, Western Aus- mary Sedimentary Structures by E J. Pettijohn and P. E. Potter. tralia: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 1305-1326. ARNOTT, R. W., AND SOUTHARD, J. B., 1990, Exploratory flow- duct experiments on combined-flow bed configurations, .and some implicatipns for interpreting storm-event stratification: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60, p. 211-219. ASSERETO, R., AND FOLK, R. L., 1980, Diagenetic fabrics of ara- onite, calcite, and dolomite in an ancient peritidal-spelean ERTRAND-SARFATI, J., 1976, An attempt to classify Late Preenvironment: Triassic Calcare Rosso, Lombardia, Italy: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 371-394.

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T., 1970, of an Aulacogen?: Stillwater, Oklahoma Geological Survey Geofogical significance of cocoliths in fine-grained carbon- Guidebook 24, p. 29-34. ate bands of post-glacial Black Sea sediments: Nature, v. 226, CODY R. C. 1979 Lenticular gypsum: occurrences in nature p. 156-158. and experimental determinations of effects of solublegreen BURST, J. E, 1965, Subaqueously formed shrinkage cracks in plant material on its formation: Journal of Sedimentary Pe- clay: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 35, p. 348-353. trology, v. 49, p. 1015-1028. BUTLER, G. P, 1969, Modern evaporite deposition and geochem- COHN, F., 1864, Uber die Entstehung des travertin in den istry of coexisting brines, the sabkha, Trucial Coast- Arabian Wasserfallen von Tivoli: Neues Jahfbuch fur Minerologie, Guff: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 39, p. 70-89. Geologie, und Palaeontologie, v. 67, p. 580-610. BUTLER G. P., 1970, Holocene gypsum and anhydrite of the COLLINSON J. 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L., eds., Beach sediments of the Persian Gulf: Nature, v. 197, p. 679-680. and N'earshore Sedimentation: Tulsa, Society of Economic DAVIES, D. K., 1968, Carbonate turbidites, Gulf of Mexico: Jour- Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 24, p. nal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 38, p. 1100-1109. 126-148. DAVIES, D. K., 1972, Deep sea sediments and their sedimenta- CLOUD, P E., 1960, Gas as a sedimentary and diagenetic agent: tion Gulf of Mexico: American Association of Petroleum American Journal of Science, v. 258, p. 35-45. Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, p. 2212-2239. CLOUD, P. E., 1962, Environment of calcium carbonate deposi- DAVIES, G. R., 1970, Algal-laminated sediments, Gladstone tion west of Andros Island, Bahamas: United States Geologi- Embayment Shark Bay Western Australia, in Logan, B. W, cal Survey Professional Paper 350, p. 1-138. Davies G. It, Read, J. t. and Cebulski, D. E., eds., Carbon- CLOYD, K. C., DEMICCO, R. V-., AND SPENCER, R. 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A Avulsion, 163 Abiogenic, 90, 104-105 Abu Dhabi, 193, 202, 216 Abyssal, 41 Back-reef, 222 Accretion, 49, 100, 103, 155, 163, 177-178, 214-215, 220, 222, 227- Bacteria, 69, 88, 90, 95, 100, 105, 123, 143, 148, 150-151, 155, 163 228, 230 Bacterial-cyanobacterial, 142 Acicular, 90, 95, 100, 105, 155, 168, 175 Baffles, 90, 100 Adhesion, 195 Bahama Banks, 1-4, 6, 9, 11, 28, 42, 68, 91, 142, 168, 177-178, 181- Aeolian, 1, 4, 209 182, 224, 228 Africa, 88 Bahamas, 1-4, 6-7, 9, 11, 24, 28, 38, 42, 44, 47, 49, 64, 66, 68, 88, 90- Agglutinated, 88-90, 105, 108, 118 91, 104, 139, 142-143, 162-163, 168, 176-178, 181-182, 209, 213- Aggradation, 13, 23, 213, 232, 238 215, 222, 224-225, 228, 230 Alabama, 224-225 Baja California, 57, 120, 122, 197-198, 200-201, 206, 209, 224 Alberta, 17, 20, 29, 35, 44, 87, 101, 188, 217, 225-226 Ball-and-pillow structure, 75 Algae, 3, 88, 90, 95, 103-105, 119-120, 135, 142-143, 148, 158, 176, Bangemall basin, 116 182, 222, 224, 232 Banks, 1-4, 6, 9, 11, 28, 41-42, 60, 68, 75, 90- 91, 93, 105, 123, 135, Allochems, 68, 77, 79, 164 142, 163, 167-168, 177-178, 181-182, 187, 224, 228 Allocyclic, 216 Barbados, 163 Alluvial, 206, 209 Barites, 108 Alveolar, 159 Barrier Reef, 2 Amarillo, 158 Bars, 60, 64, 176, 222, 234 Ammonite, 71 Batophora, 105 Ammonitico Rosso, 36 Beach, 28, 42, 46, 49-50, 53, 64, 66, 90, 105, 168, 177-178, 182, 222, Anastomosing, 79, 143, 159 225, 227-228 Andros Island, 1, 4, 24, 42-43, 45-46, 49, 53, 55, 57-58, 60-61, 64, 66, Beachrock, 42, 176-178 88-91, 93, 95-96, 100, 104-105, 108, 119-120, 139, 143-144, 146, Bedload, 57, 88-91, 159, 191, 213 148, 151, 155, 158, 168, 170, 172-173, 175, 182, 213, 217, 222, Bedrock, 42, 66, 142, 159, 163 225, 227-228 Bedset, 228, 230 Anhedral, 89, 195 Beechey Formation, 103 Anhydrite, 177, 188, 193, 197, 201-202, 204-206, 208-209, 220, 224 Beekmantown Group, 22, 75, 139, 142, 178, 180, 230, 240 Anisian, 230, 232 Belgium, 211-212 Annelids, 139 Belize, 1, 163, 170, 176, 184 Antidunes, 7 Bellerophon Formation, 202, 204, 208 Antiform, 159, 168, 178, 182, 184, 186, 206, 208-209 Belt Group, 62 Appalachian basin, 2 Belt-Purcell Group, 86 Appalachians, 3, 6, 15, 17-18, 28-29, 31, 34-37, 40, 47-48, 58, 72, 75, Benthonic, 3, 41, 88 77, 79, 84, 120, 122-123, 136, 155, 177-178, 180, 191-192, 194, Bentonite, 69 214, 216-217, 220, 224, 228, 230, 240 Bermuda, 4, 104, 176 Arabian Gulf, 2, 187 Berry Islands, 47 Arabian Sea, 105 Bertie Group, 192 Aragonite-cemented, 146, 173 Big Pine Key, 68, 142 Aragonitic, 3, 64, 100, 213, 230 Bimodal, 17,41 Arborescent, 95, 118-119, 148, 150, 155 Biochemical, 155, 159 Archean, 24, 108 Bioerosion, 135, 142 Archeocyathids, 123, 132 Biogenic structures, 24, 41, 64, 77, 88, 90, 104, 135, 148, 184 Archeoscyphia, 240 Bioherm, 77, 79, 113, 123-124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 135, 143, 148, Arctomys Formation, 18, 44, 188, 191 228, 230, 240 Argillaceous, 56, 79, 224 Biostrome, 123, 143, 151, 155 Arid, 1, 90, 105, 155, 158-159, 163, 167, 177, 184, 187, 195, 201, 214, Bioturbation, 23, 38, 42, 49, 60-61, 64, 68, 77, 135, 139, 164, 217, 216, 220, 224-225, 228 220, 222, 230, 232, 234 Arizona, 28, 33 Birdseye, 60 Arkansas, 224 Bitterns, 170 Arthropods, 139 Bladed, 148, 150, 168, 175, 195, 240 Athapuscow, 155 Blue-green algae, 88, 119 Atlantis II Deep Submarine, 201 Bodensee, 64 Aulacogen, 155 Bolivia, 150, 152 Australia, 1, 33, 57, 71, 101, 105, 107- 108, 116, 119-120, 135, 160- Bonaire, 163 161, 163, 187, 197-198, 214 Boring, 100, 104-105, 132, 135, 142, 178, 182, 210 Austrian Alps, 60 Botryoidal, 71, 184 Autocyclic, 216 Bottom-grown, 190, 195, 205-206 Avalanche, 4, 7, 42 Boudinage, 36, 79, 84, 230

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Boudins, 7, 79, 84 popcorn, 90, 105, 108, 143, 148 Boundstones, 135 Cavity, 1, 3, 60, 71, 77, 105, 107, 123, 132, 135, 155, 175, 178, 184, Brachiopod, 71, 132 209-211 Breccia, 41, 45, 49, 57, 60, 70-71, 75, 100, 119, 123, 135, 142, 163, Celestite, 206 182, 184, 201, 209-211, 220, 228, 240 Cement, 1, 3-4, 6, 42, 47, 49, 57, 60, 64, 71, 73, 77, 84, 95, 100, 105, Brine, 150, 177, 187-188, 190-191, 195, 197, 201, 206, 209, 224 119, 124, 132, 135-136, 142, 148, 159, 161, 163-164, 168, 170, British Columbia, 225 173, 175-178, 182, 184-188, 191, 193-194, 197, 200, 206, 210- Bronze Age, 163, 167 211, 228, 230, 232, 240 Bryozoans, 123, 132, 230 Cement-crystal, 210 Buckner Formation, 224-225 Cerithid gastropods, 61 Buildup, 1-4, 6, 68, 108, 123, 164, 177, 184, 215, 217, 222, 228, 230, Chalcedony, 206 232, 236-237 Channel, 6, 9, 23, 42, 46, 49, 55, 58, 60-61, 68-69, 75, 88, 90-91, 93, Bund Sandstone, 103-104 100, 105, 128, 143-144, 146, 151, 168, 172-173, 175, 177, 184, Burial, 4, 6-7, 9, 42, 68, 70, 84, 90, 95, 177, 197, 201, 206, 209-210 209-210, 213, 220, 222, 228, 230, 240 Burrow, 6, 28, 30, 42, 63, 93, 135-136, 138-139, 142, 155, 168, 180, Channel-fills, 227 211, 220, 222, 224-225, 228, 230 Charophyte, 90, 143 Burrowers, 224 Chazy, 135, 220 Chelodes, 142 Chemical C-14, 163 features, 6, 60, 95, 105, 108, 117, 142,215 CaCO3, 4, 6, 148, 153, 170, 175 stromatolite, 104, 118-119, 157 Caicos Island, 163 Chemoturbation, 195 Caicos Platform, 90 Chenier plain, 228 Calc-sinter, 143 Chert, 108, 201, 206 Calcare Rosso, 183, 186 Chesapeake Bay, 64 Calcification, 77, 90, 95, 135, 143, 148, 151, 163 Chevron, 18, 86, 135, 197, 200 Calcilutite, 77 Chicken-wire, 201, 204, 206 Calcrete, 158 Chitons, 142 Caliche, 1, 6, 23, 100, 103, 108, 119, 135, 158-164, 167-168, 175, 177, Chlorite, 69 182, 187, 215-216, 232 Chlorophyta, 88 California, 41, 57, 120, 122, 149, 196-198, 200-201, 206, 209, 224 Christie Bay, 73 Callianassa shrimp, 139, 178, 181, 211 Circumgranular, 159 Cambrian Period, 3, 14, 16-18, 20, 27-31, 33-35, 37-38, 40, 44, 48, 52, Clastic, 6 58, 78-79, 87, 89, 101, 111, 116-117, 120, 122-124, 126, 128, 130, Clay, 3, 49, 57, 60, 68-69, 71, 159 132, 134-135, 142, 155-156, 188, 191,216-217, 225-226, 228, 230 Clay-sized, 38 Cambro-Ordovician, 2, 6, 77, 79, 84-85, 133, 135-136, 142, 177, 214, Climate, 1, 90, 120, 143, 155, 158-159, 163, 167-168, 175, 177, 182, 217, 220, 240 201, 214, 222, 224-225, 228 Canada, 12, 50, 70-71, 89, 103, 135, 154-155, 157, 187, 225 Climbing-ripple, 13 Canadian Rocky Mountains, 17-18, 20, 29, 35, 44, 87, 135, 188, 191, Clot, 3, 38, 64, 79, 82, 90-91, 93, 95-96, 105, 108, 117-120, 123, 129, 226 132-133, 135, 143, 148, 149, 155, 173, 222, 224, 228, 240 Canmore, 101 Coating, 108, 148, 151, 164, 228 Canning basin, 71, 135 Coccoid, 64, 68, 77, 90, 95, 101, 103, 118, 120, 135, 143, 155 Capitan Group, 184, 187 Color-banding, 90, 108, 159 Carbla Oolite, 160-161 Color-mottled, 132 Carbla Point, 105, 107, 160 Colorado, 155, 193 Carbonate Colorado River, 41, 57, 198, 209 buildups, 1-3, 215, 217 Conglomerate, 4, 13, 23, 41-42, 44, 47-50, 52, 54, 58, 70, 86, 119, mud, 3, 68, 88, 95, 184, 222 123-124, 129, 178, 181, 220, 224-225, 228, 230 -evaporite, 201, 210 Coniatolites, 104, 148, 155 -precipitating, 88 Connecticut, 163 -siliciclastic, 193 Conococheague Formation, 14, 16-18, 20, 28, 30-31, 33-35, 37, 40, Carboniferous, 163, 211 44, 48, 52, 58, 78-79, 87, 89, 111, 117, 122, 126, 128-130, 132, Caribbean, 3-4, 209, 214 142, 155-156, 216-217, 219-220, 226, 228, 230, 240 Carlsbad, 190, 194, 200 Conococheague Group, 155 Carlsbad Group, 182, 187 Conodont, 240 CaSO4, 170, 197 Conophyton, 116 Cat Cay, 9 Coorong Lagoon, 175 Catskill, 62 Coral, 3-4, 123, 132, 135, 163, 222, 230, 232 Cave, 103, 119, 142-143, 154-155 Corrode, 191, 195, 206 environments, 108 Coset, 7, 23, 73, 228 pearls, 148 Cowhead Breccias, 135

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Craters, 69 Diagenetic features, 1, 7, 23, 77, 182, 209, 213-214, 217, 232 Craton, 1 Diapirs, 75, 206, 208 Creek Shale, 34, 48, 194 Diastems, 13, 177 Cretaceous Period, 3, 155 Diatom, 41, 88 Crinoid, 71, 123, 132,232 Digitate, 60, 123, 129, 155, 211, 220 Cross-set, 13 Dike, 70-73, 75, 86 Cross-strata, 7, 13, 17, 23 Discoidal, 41-42, 49, 191, 193, 195, 197,220 Crustacean, 4, 135 Disconformably, 142, 216 Cryptalgal, 24, 88, 103-104, 119, 123 Dish-and-pillar, 75 Cryptmicrobial, 57, 60, 106, 135, 228 Dismal Lakes Group, 116 laminites, 24, 88, 100, 104, 119-120, 155, 220 Disruption structures, 49, 69-70, 135 layers, 95, 102 Dissolution, 1, 4, 77, 79, 84, 105, 107, 135, 155, 158, 163, 168, 184, structures, 41, 88, 148 187, 191, 195-197, 201, 209-210 Cryptocrystalline, 143 Dololaminite, 220 Cryptozoon, 116 Dolomicrites, 175 Crystal, 4, 64, 82, 88, 90, 101, 103, 118, 120, 143, 146, 148-150, 153- Dolomite, 2, 6-7, 14, 16-17, 27, 29-31, 33, 35-38, 41, 68, 77, 79, 82- 155, 159, 170, 175, 177-178, 184, 188, 190-195, 197-198, 200- 86, 89, 110-111, 113-114, 128, 138, 155, 163-164, 168, 170, 175, 201, 205-206, 209-211, 224, 228 183-185, 197, 213-214, 220, 222, 224-226, 228, 230, 232, Crystallites, 151 236-237 Crystallization, 188, 197 Dolomite-filled, 136 Cumulate, 190, 197, 200 Dolomite-rimmed, 155 Current, 4, 13, 38, 41, 75, 123, 139, 181, 228, 230 Downslope, 68, 70, 211 -deposited, 42 Druse-cements, 95 -dominated, 228, 240 Druse-fan, 90, 105 -generated, 123 DSDP, 206 -modified, 11 Dune, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13,48 -oriented, 42 Duricrust, 158 -ripple, 14, 38, 228 Cyanobacteria, 3, 24, 38, 42-43, 46, 53, 55, 57-58, 64, 68-69, 88-91, E 93,95-96, 100-101, 105, 117, 119-120, 123, 135, 139, 143-144, Early diagenesis, 1, 4, 7, 209 146, 148, 150-151, 155, 158-159, 168, 173, 175, 206, 208, 222, Ebb-flood, 13, 228 224, 228 Echinoderm, 222, 228 Cyanophytes, 88, 103 Edgewise gravel, 41-42, 49-50, 52, 54, 228 Cyclostratigraphy, 1, 215, 237, 239-240 Efflorescence, 195-197 Egypt, 163, 167, 201 El-Retaba, 163, 167 Dachstein Formation, 57, 60, 63, 71-72, 139, 155, 222-224 Electrochemical, 49, 68 Dasycladacean, 232 Eleuthera Island, 66 Dead Sea, 188 Embayment, 9, 24, 41, 101, 107 Death Valley, 196 En-echelon, 70, 211 Deep Springs Lake, 175 Encrust, 71, 73, 90, 103, 105, 123, 130, 132, 142, 148, 150, 163, 175, Deep-marine, 41 182, 211, 220, 228, 230, 240 Deflation, 195 Enterolithic, 206, 208 Deformation, 23, 34, 38, 64, 70-71, 73, 75, 79, 82, 84, 120, 123, 182, Entophysalis, 90 184, 196, 201, 206, 208-209 Eocene Epoch, 155 Degas, 90, 105, 151, 159 Eogenetic, 209 Dehydrate, 197, 201, 205-206, 209 Eolian, 13, 162 Delmarva Peninsula, 66, 119-120 Ephemeral, 143, 175, 188, 196-197, 206, 209 Delta, 9, 57, 62, 163, 167, 198, 209 Epiphyton, 77, 95, 123, 128, 132, 134-135, 240 Dendritic, 149-150, 157 Esino Formation, 63, 185 Density, 6, 70 Estuary, 41 Dentate, 211 Euhedral, 79, 82, 143, 175, 191, 197 Desiccated, 42, 57, 60, 105, 191, 220 Eukaryote, 88, 148 Detrital, 64, 71, 90, 100-101, 120, 159, 163, 191, 195-197,205-206 Europe, 120 material, 95, 118, 197 Eustasy, 1, 3, 163, 177, 182, 209, 215, 232, 238 sediment, 57, 88, 105, 108, 118, 144, 188, 197 Evaporite, 1, 64, 68, 103, 155, 159, 188, 191, 193, 197, 201, 206, 208- Devil's Golf Course, 196 210, 215, 222, 224-225 Devonian Period, 2, 14-15, 30, 36, 54, 62, 71, 129, 135, 212 Everglades, 108, 143, 155, 158 Dewatering, 68, 70-71, 211 Exposure, 73, 128, 142, 219 Diagenesis, 1, 4, 6-7, 23, 38-39, 41, 57, 64, 73, 77, 84, 88, 100, 182, Expulsion, 68-69 184, 197, 205-206, 178, 209-210, 213-214, 216-217, 232 Exuma, 230

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Famennian, 71 Fans, 41, 108, 206, 209 Gas, 64, 69, 100, 135, 139 Fascicular, 184 Gastropod, 28, 61, 139, 142, 184, 210, 222, 230, 232 Faults, 123 Gel, 68-69 Fecal, 4, 11, 41 Geopetal, 42, 77, 123, 132, 134-135, 184,211 Fenestrae, 1, 3, 24, 60, 63-64, 68, 77, 79, 84, 90, 96, 100, 104-105, Georgia, 41 107, 120, 135, 142, 144, 159, 164, 168, 173, 185-186, 215, 222, Geothermal, 6 224 Germany, 103, 155 Ferromagnesian, 159 Girvanella, 77, 95, 123, 132-135, 158, 220, 240 Fibrous, 71, 144, 148, 159, 173, 184,211 Glaciation, 3 Fiddler crab, 90, 105 Glacier National Park, 62, 87 Filament, 24, 58, 88, 90-91, 93, 95-96, 100, 103, 105, 108, 117-120, Glacio-eustatic, 3-4, 7, 49, 159, 187, 232 133-135, 139, 143-144, 146, 148, 151, 155, 158-159, 168, 173, Glaebules, 159 175, 222 Grainstone, 4, 6, 9, 12-17, 22-24, 28-31, 33-35, 37-38, 41-42, 44, 48- Filtered, 69, 105 49, 52, 54, 64, 66, 68, 71, 75-77, 79, 82, 84, 89, 103, 111, 117-120, Firmground, 178, 181-182 123-124, 128-129, 142, 162, 177-178, 180-182, 184, 186, 191, 202, Fish, 224 213, 220, 225-228, 230, 232, 240 Fissile, 3-4, 69 Grain-support, 3, 60, 68, 197 Fissure, 60, 68-69, 71 Grand Canyon, 33 Fjords, 41 Granular, 123 Flakestones, 41 Granule, 178, 205 Flame, 75-77 Grapestone, 4, 68, 178 Flaser, 6, 35, 38, 41, 79, 84, 119, 201, 220 Gravel, 1, 4, 6-7, 13, 23, 41-44, 46-47, 49-50, 70, 123, 168, 182, 197, Flat-lying, 42, 48, 103, 164 220, 226, 228, 232 Fleisswulste, 75 Gravity-influenced, 119 Flocculation, 68-69 Grazers, 24, 108, 142 Flood, 6, 13, 38, 41, 58, 105, 143, 159, 168, 191, 196-197, 206, 216, Great Barrier Reef, 1 224, 232, 240 Great Salt Lake, 68, 70, 149, 155 Flood-currents, 123 Great Slave Lake, 50, 89, 154-155 Floodwaters, 195-197 Greece, 176 Florida, 1, 3, 6-7, 38, 42, 49, 68, 108, 119, 142-143, 160, 163, 168, Green River Formation, 155 170, 209, 216, 224 Groundwater, 4, 64, 84, 143, 151, 158-159, 163, 184, 187, 191, 195, Florida Bay, 119 201, 206 Florida Keys, 68, 142, 160, 163 Grove Limestone, 86, 128, 135, 240 Flow, 6-7, 13, 18, 20, 23-24, 28, 38, 41-42, 48-49, 53, 70, 73, 75, 79, Growth-bedding, 103 82, 84, 91, 159, 163, 184, 187, 197, 206, 213, 228 Grumeleuse, 3, 38, 64, 79, 91 Flow regime, 18, 91 Guadalupe Mountains, 182, 187 Flowstone, 108, 143, 148 Gulf of California, 41, 57, 206 Fluctuation, 1, 24, 75, 168, 182, 209 Gymnosolen, 123 Fluidized, 41 Gypsum, 159, 177, 182, 187-188, 191, 193, 195, 197-198, 201-202, Flute, 77, 86 204-206, 208-209, 224 Fluvial environments, 108 Foraminifera, 135, 170, 232 Foreland, 2, 103 Halimeda, 3 Foreset, 16-17, 41-42, 48 Halite, 71, 150, 159, 182, 184, 187-188, 190-192, 194-197, 200-201, Foreshore, 66, 176 227-228 Foreslope, 2, 4, 230 Hamelin Pool, 9, 24, 104, 107 Fracture, 7, 34-35, 48, 57, 60, 69, 71, 73, 79, 84, 100, 159, 163, 178, Hamersley basin, 33 182, 184, 206, 211 Hardground, 1, 6, 23, 42, 49, 68, 142, 168, 177-178, 180, 182, 184, Fragum, 105 187, 211, 220, 222, 228, 230, 232 Framework, 3-4, 42, 60, 77, 100, 118, 123, 132, 135, 143, 155, 177, Hardpan, 158, 163, 168 213, 228 Hauptdolomit, 224 Frederick Limestone, 134, 240 Helderberg Group, 30, 36, 54 Frederick Valley, 128, 134-135, 230, 240 Hemispheroids, 104 Freshwater, 1, 62, 90, 105, 108, 143, 148, 151, 155, 158, 220, 222, Hermatypic, 3 224-225, 230 Herringbone, 1, 13, 17, 228 Friable, 143, 168, 178 Heterogeneity, 105 Fungi, 88, 100, 143, 159, 163 Heterolithic, 6-7, 23-24, 38, 41, 73, 84, 86, 228, 230 Heterotrophic, 90 Hiatuses, 177, 182, 232

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Highstand, 187 Kentucky, 163 Hollow-faced, 190 Keystone, 64, 66, 178 Holocene, 3-4, 6, 42, 49, 66, 142-143, 146, 148, 155, 163, 167-168, Kicking Horse Rim, 135 170, 175-177, 182, 188, 193, 197-198, 201, 206, 208, 214, 216- Kilohigok, 103 217, 224 Kink-fold, 105, 156 Hopper-cubes, 188, 190-191, 197, 200, 227 Knollenkalk, 138 Horsetail, 36, 39, 77-78, 84, 96 Kohout circulation, 6 Hoyt Limestone, 116 Kryptos, 88 Humid, 201 Hummocky cross stratification, 6-7, 13, 22, 49, 54, 214, 230 Hurricane Betsy, 168 Labyrinthine, 184 Hurricanes, 6, 38, 95, 143, 146, 230 Lacustrine environments, 41, 105, 119, 149, 153, 155, 158, 191 Hutchinson Embayment, 101 Ladinian, 63, 138, 183, 185-186, 230, 232 Hydrocarbons, 224 Lagenstruktur, 103 Hydrothermal, 71, 206 Lagoon, 3-4, 6, 90, 42, 104-105, 119, 168, 182, 197, 201, 217, 220, Hypersaline, 105, 177, 224-225 222, 224-225, 228, 230, 240 Lakewater, 68 Lamination, 1, 3, 18, 23, 29, 38, 41, 73, 75, 88-90, 100, 103, 105, 119- Ikaite, 148, 153 120, 123, 168, 215 Illuviated, 60 Laminite, 23-24, 44, 88-89, 104, 119, 157, 185, 220, 222, 224 Imbricate, 13, 42, 46, 48-49, 53, 119 Laminoid, 60, 64, 68, 96, 222 Inorganic, 3, 70, 118, 148, 151, 155, 163, 211. Largo Limestone, 163 Insect, 159 Latemar Limestone, 68, 164, 177, 183-184, 230, 232, 234, 236-237, Inshore, 228 239 Insoluble, 77, 197 Laths, 201, 206 Intergranular, 4, 60, 68, 79, 96, 100, 168, 178, 184 Lattice, 201 Intergrown, 191, 193 Leached, 69, 230 Interstitial, 41-42, 60, 68, 123, 143, 164, 195, 210 Lecanospira compacta, 240 Interstratal, 210 Length-slow chalcedony, 206 Interstratification, 220 Lens, 4, 17, 24, 22, 28-29, 36, 41-44, 49, 52, 62, 66, 87-90, 101, 105, Intertidal 118, 120, 123, 139, 153, 158, 161, 168, 187, 206, 222, 225, 228, -bar, 64 230 -low, 201 Lensoidal, 75, 105 -subtidal, 222 Lenticular, 6, 18, 35, 37-39, 79, 89, 91, 119, 191, 193, 201, 220 -supratidal, 38, 63 Levee, 24, 43, 45-46, 55, 58, 89-91, 100, 143, 168, 172-173, 175, 213, Intraclast, 4, 6, 13, 23, 41-43, 44-45, 47-49, 58, 64, 68-70, 86, 89, 111, 222 119, 122-124, 129, 144, 146, 168, 177-178, 181, 186, 206, 220, Limestone Alps, 57, 71, 217, 222-223 222, 228, 230 Limestones, 4, 7, 38, 41, 56, 77, 79-80, 82, 84-85, 142, 159, 163, 177- Intraformational, 41, 224, 230 178, 230, 232 Intragranular, 4, 178 Liquefaction, 75, 77 Intrashoal, 228 Lithoclast, 3-4, 6, 42, 68, 107, 142, 168, 177-178, 181-182, 232, 234 Iron, 163, 178, 182 Lithoherms, 177, 211 Ironstone, 108 Lithostatic, 70 Isoclinal, 206 Livinalongo, 138 Isopachous, 101, 105, 108, 118-119, 148, 156, 184, 240 Lockatong Formation, 70-71 Israelites, 163, 167 Loferite, 60, 63, 72, 155, 222-225 Italy, 2, 6, 36, 63, 68, 138, 142, 163-164, 177-178, 183-186, 202, 204, Lombardic Alps, 63, 183, 185 208, 217, 230, 236-237 Louisiana, 224 Low-energy, 119 Low-slope, 220 Jamaica, 176 Lowstands, 4 Jelly-roll, 100, 120, 123, 220, 226, 228 Loyalhanna Limestone, 15, 17 Joulters Cay, 11, 28, 42, 47, 66, 230 Jurassic Period, 36, 71, 211, 224 Macrotidal, 230 Magnesian, 3-4, 6, 42, 90, 100, 105, 108, 143, 148, 155, 159, 163, 168, Kalahari, 159 170, 178, 184 Kankar, 158 Magnesium, 105, 143, 159, 170, 210-211 Kaolinite, 69 Mammoth Hot Springs, 108, 148 Karst, 49, 155, 158, 163, 187, 209-210, 217 Manatoe facies, 71 Karstification, 4 Manganese, 108, 178, 182

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Mangrove, 46, 146, 168, 172 Mud Manlius Formation, 14, 129 -drapes, 228 Marion Lake, 197-198 rich, 77 Marsh, 1, 90, 95, 105, 108, 119, 142-144, 146, 148, 151, 155, 168, 170, sized, 24, 57 214, 220, 222, 225 Mudchip, 42-44, 70 Maryland, 14, 16-17, 22, 29-30, 33, 35, 44, 52, 54, 56, 62, 73, 75, 78- Mudcrack, 3, 34-35, 37-38, 42-43, 45, 49, 55, 57-58, 60, 68-72, 79, 86, 80, 82-83, 85, 89, 106, 111, 117, 124, 126, 128-130, 132-135, 139, 91, 108, 119, 184, 217, 220, 222, 226, 228, 230 142, 155, 178, 181, 210, 230, 240 Mudflake, 70 Mat, 24, 38, 42, 57-58, 64, 88, 90-91, 93, 95-96, 100-101, 117-120, Mudflat, 24, 60, 71, 194-195, 224 123, 151, 172-173, 206, 224 Mudstones, 4, 6, 17, 23-24, 29-30, 33, 35, 37-38, 49, 64, 68, 70-71, 73, Matthevia, 142 77-79, 84, 108, 117-118, 132, 142, 177-178, 185, 211, 213-214, McLeod Bay, 50 217, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230 Mechanical compaction, 3, 38, 41, 48, 60, 68, 70, 77, 79, 82, 84, 120 Murky Formation, 155 Mediterranean, 176, 201 Muscovite, 69 Megalodont, 139, 222 Megaquartz, 206 N Megaripple, 7, 13, 47 NaC1, 69, 188, 197 Meniscus, 100, 143, 148, 159, 161, 168, 177, 184, 232 Nautiloids, 184 Mesogenetic, 209 Nematode, 139 Mesozoic Era, 24, 70, 193, 213, 217, 224 Neomorphic, 105, 108, 148, 210-211 Metazoan, 7, 123, 132, 135 Neospar, 118 Meteoric, 4, 158-159, 163, 184, 187, 201, 206 Neptunian dikes, 71-73 Mg-calcite, 146, 170 Netherland Antilles, 163 Michigan basin, 2 Netherlands, 68 Micrite, 90, 95, 100, 108, 118-119, 123, 132-135, 143, 155, 159, 163, New Mexico, 146, 161, 182, 184, 190, 194-195, 200 178, 180, 220, 228, 232 New York, 15, 30, 36, 85, 116, 129, 135, 192, 197 Micritized, 104, 164, 232 Newfoundland, 135 Microbe, 88, 90, 95, 100, 104, 108, 118-120, 135, 159 Nile Delta, 163, 167 Microbial Nilemah Embayment, 9 laminites, 88, 108, 119-120 Nittany, 240 mat, 24, 57, 64, 88, 90, 95, 117-119 Nodular anhydrite, 201-202, 206, 208-209 stromatolite, 118, 157 Nodule, 158 tufa, 119, 155 Norian, 222-223 Microcement, 164 North America, 2, 38, 135, 217 Microcodium, 159, 163 North Sea, 6, 37, 39, 41, 86, 220 Microcolumnar, 90 Northern Alps, 155 Microdolomite, 139 Northwest Territories, 12, 50, 73, 103, 110-111, 113-114, 116, 154, 157 Microfossils, 108, 132-135, 240 Norway, 13 Micrograbens, 69 Nuia, 77, 123, 132 Microspar, 132-134, 143, 159, 164, 168, 184, 211, 240 Microstylolite, 3, 77, 79, 84 o Milankovitch-driven, 1, 177, 222, 232 Off-platform, 135, 177-178, 225 Miocene Epoch, 155, 198, 202, 205 Offlap, 217, 222, 228 Mississippi, 224 Offset, 71, 211 Mississippi Valley type, 71 Offshore, 4, 214, 220, 228 Mississippian Period, 15, 17 Ohio, 9, 76 Molar-tooth, 60, 62, 77, 86-87 Oil, 210 Mold, 188, 191 Old Red Sandstone, 163 Moldic, 155, 210 Oligochaete, 58, 173 Molluscs, 41, 222 Olivines, 159 Mono Lake, 149 Oncolites, 88, 104, 123, 159, 232, 234 Monohydrocalcite, 90, 108 Oneonta Formation, 62 Montana, 62, 87 Onlap, 182 Montmorillonite, 69 Ooid, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11-12, 17, 28, 41-42, 47, 49, 66, 71, 103-105, 119, 123, Moonmilk, 148 128, 142-143, 148-149, 152, 155-156, 177-178, 181, 210, 213-214, Morrison Formation, 193 222, 228, 230, 240 Moss-tufa, 146 Oolite, 2, 104, 160-161, 217 Mosses, 90, 108, 143 Oozes, 41, 177, 213 Mound, 11, 69-70, 89, 123, 149-150, 153, 211,227-228 Ophileta complicata, 240 Mucilage, 90, 148, 155 Ordovician Period, 3, 8-9, 22-23, 28-29, 35-36, 38, 45, 47, 54, 72, 75-

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76, 80, 82-83, 106, 108, 123-124, 128, 133, 135, 139, 142, 155, 202, 204, 206, 208-209, 214-216, 220, 224-225, 228 178, 180-181, 210, 217, 220, 225, 230, 240 Pethei Group, 12, 50, 110-111, 113-114, 154-155, 157 Organelles, 88 Petrified Sea Gardens, 116 Organic-rich, 64, 90, 95, 120 Phanerozoic, 108, 135, 139, 217 Organo-sedimentary, 88, 103, 108, 120 Phormidium, 90, 155 Ornamentation, 135, 139, 143 Phosphate, 108, 178, 182 Orogen, 155 Photic, 182 Oscar Range, 71 Photosynthesis, 90, 118, 148 Oscillatoriacean, 90, 95, 104, 120 Phreatic, 4, 6, 168, 177-178, 184, 191, 195, 197, 224 Ostracod, 79, 82, 184, 220, 222 Physical structures, 4, 7, 86, 103, 120 Ottonosia, 158 Physicochemical, 103 Oxides, 182 Phytoplankton, 3 Oxygen, 168, 232 Pinesburg Station Dolomite, 75 Pinnacle, 90, 120, 142 Pisoid, 100, 105, 143, 148, 152, 155-156, 158-159, 161, 163-164, 177, Packstone, 30, 68, 129-130, 132, 135, 142, 164, 186, 220, 222, 230, 182, 184, 186-187, 232 232 Planar-laminated, 220 Paleoclimate, 1, 214 Planar-stratification, 16, 49, 225, 230 Paleocurrent, 17, 23, 41-42, 48-49, 75, 123, 213, 228 Planktonic, 41 Paleoflow, 23 Platforms, 1, 135, 159, 163, 177, 182, 187,230 Paleohydraulic, 13 Playa, 64, 70-71, 187, 190-191, 195, 197 Paleokarst, 155, 209-210, 217 Pleistocene Epoch, 4, 7, 42; 49, 66, 148-149, 153, 155, 157-161, 163, Paleooceanography, 1 209, 216, 232 Paleoshoreline, 70 Pleistocene Limestones, 142 Paleosubenvironment, 214 Plio-Pleistocene Epoch, 3, 159, 163 Paleotidal, 214, 220 Pluvial, 148 Paleowave, 214 Pneumatophores, 46, 172 Paleozoic Era, 14-15, 17, 23-24, 41, 135, 211, 224 Poikilotopic, 191 Palinspastic, 220 Polychaete, 4, 139 Palisade, 144, 173 Polyhalite, 190 Partings, 7, 17, 33, 58, 95-96, 108 Pond, 42-43, 60-61, 96, 139, 143, 151, 168, 213, 222, 224, 227-228 Passive margin, 217 Pond-marsh-levee, 222 Pastos Grandes, 152 Pool, 9, 24, 104, 107-108, 119, 142-143, 148, 150-152, 158, 184, 187- Patch-reef, 222 190-191, 197,206 Paul Group, 29, 35-36, 45, 54, 72, 80, 82-83, 106, 139, 155, 210, 220, Porosity, 3, 42, 48, 64, 77, 79, 82, 84, 90, 142-143, 155, 178, 210 222, 224, 230 Post-depositional, 64, 80, 120, 197, 209-210 Pavement, 46 Post-lithification, 77 Pebble, 1, 4, 13, 41-43, 46, 48-49, 53-54, 123, 168, 178, 181, 220, 225, Precambrian, 12, 23-24, 52, 70, 73, 88-89, 108, 135, 155, 158, 187,217 228 Precipitate, 3-4, 84, 88, 90, 95, 100-101, 105, 108, 118, 120, 143, 148, Pedocal, 158-159 150, 155-156, 158-159, 163, 168, 175-178, 184, 187-188, 197,206 Pelagic, 177 Prod-marks, 86 Pelecypod, 224 Progradation, 163, 177, 182, 201, 209, 214-216, 220, 222, 224, 228, Pellet-stuffed, 138-139 232 Peloids, 3-4, 6, 16, 22-24, 28, 30, 33-35, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 48, 52-54, Prokaryotes, 88 58, 60-61, 63-64, 68, 71, 76-79, 82, 88-91, 93, 95-96, 100-101, Proterozoic, 1, 12, 24, 33, 41, 50, 62, 70-71, 86-87, 103, 108, 110-111, 104-105, 108, 111, 117-118, 120, 122-123, 135, 142-144, 146, i48- 113-114, 116, 123, 135, 154-155, 157, 182, 187, 215, 217 149, 155-156, 159, 163-164, 168, 173, 177-178, 180-181, 184, 188, Protodolomite, 42, 170 192, 202, 211, 214, 220, 222, 224-226, 228, 230, 240 Protostromatolites, 93, 104 Pendant, 64, 105, 108, 161, 164, 168, 177, 232 Pseudo Peneroplid forams, 170 -imbrication, 42, 48 Penicillus, 148 -mudcracks, 70 Peninsula, 66, 119-120, 197-198 Pseudobreccia, 42, 45, 220 Pennsylvania, 8, 54, 87, 142, 240 Pseudofecal, 41 Pennsylvanian Period, 2 Pseudofenestrae, 68 Periphyton, 108 Pseudomorphs, 71, 148, 188, 193, 197, 201, 205-206, 224 Periplatform, 4, 177 Pseudostromatolite, 104 Peritidal environments, 23-24, 60, 71, 77, 105, 119, 135, 142, 155, 159, Ptygmatic, 60, 69, 86, 87 175, 177, 182, 184, 232 Ptylostroma, 210 Permeable, 3, 6, 23, 84, 184, 191, 206 Pustular, 68, 90, 101, 120, 143 Permian Period, 2, 182, 184, 187, 190, 194-195, 200, 202, 204, 208 Pyramid Lake, 149-150, 153, 157 Persian Gulf, 1, 57, 90, 119-120, 148, 155, 163, 177-178, 193, 201- Pyroxenes, 159

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Schizothrix, 93 Qatar, 163, 168, 176 Scleractinian coral, 3 Quartz, 17, 41, 69, 105, 108, 118, 134 Scour, 13, 34, 38, 49, 86, 180, 228 Quaternary, 42, 158-159, 175, 187 Scytonema, 58, 90, 93, 95-96, 100, 105, 108, 139, 143, 148, 151, Quiescent, 230 155, 158, 168, 170, 172-173, 175 Sea urchins, 142 Seagrass, 77 Radiaxial fibrous, 71, 184, 211 Searles Lake, 149-150 Radiolarian, 213 Seawater-filled, 151 Recrystallization, 210, 214 Sediment Red Sea, 176, 201 -binding, 88 Reef, 2-4, 6-7, 71, 123, 135, 142, 163, 168, 176-178, 184, 187, -brine, 197 210, 213, 217, 220, 228, 232, 240 -gravity, 41 complex, 187 -water, 4, 49, 71-72, 84, 178, 182, 197 -building, 2, 217 Sedimentation, 1, 4, 6-7, 23-24, 57, 64, 86, 88, 90, 95, 104, 120, -margin, 222 123, 135, 143, 163, 175, 211, 232, 236-237 Regression, 155, 240 Seepage, 143, 75, 187 Rehydration, 201, 205, 209 Selenite, 195, 197-198 Reis Crater, 155 Semi-indurated, 158 Renalcis, 71, 77, 95, 123, 130, 132-133, 135, 149, 155, 220, 228, Semiarid, 60, 90, 158-159, 163, 177, 187, 220 240 Shale, 3-4, 7-8, 34, 41, 48, 50, 69, 84, 194, 211, 224-225, 230 Rhaetian, 222 Shallow Rhizoliths, 159, 163 water carbonates, 1, 3, 7, 23, 41-42, 71, 75, 77, 120, 123, 177, Rhizomes, 135, 139 188, 215, 217, 225, 230 Rhombohedrons, 78-79, 82, 84-85, 143 -marine, 41-42 Rhynchonellid brachiopod, 71 -platform, 77 Ribbon-rock, 77, 79, 230 Shallowing-upward, 1, 6, 24, 63, 155, 209, 214-216, 220, 222, 224- Ripple, 4, 7, 9, 11-14, 17, 37-38, 41, 70, 77, 79, 88, 118, 120, 195, 225 197, 213, 220, 228 Shark Bay, 9, 24, 57, 90, 101, 104-105, 107, 119-120, 123, 160- -drift, 13 161, 163, 168, 214 -form, 35, 37, 79, 88-89, 118 Sharpstone, 41 -marks, 70 Sheet-like, 60, 70, 123 Rivularia, 90, 93, 139 Sheetcracks, 57, 60, 64, 168, 220, 232 Rock Sound Quarry, 66 Sheetwash, 43, 64, 159 Rockdale Run Formation, 139 Shelf Rocknest Formation, 70-71, 155, 187 -edge, 113, 128, 135 Rocky Mountains, 86, 217, 225 -lagoon, 2, 4, 6, 90, 168, 177-178, 214, 217, 220, 228, 230, 232 Rome, 142 -margin, 42, 71, 177, 217, 230 Root, 1, 64, 88, 123, 135, 139, 146, 158-159, 163, 217 Shoal, 2-4, 6, 11, 42, 49, 71, 104, 168, 177-178, 181, 217, 220, Rosettes, 191 230, 228, 232, 240 Roundstone, 41 Shoreface, 49 Rudstone, 228 Shoreline, 2, 6, 42, 49, 105, 143, 148-149, 151, 163, 168, 177, 201, 214, 217, 220, 224 Shrinkage, 49, 60, 69-70 Sabkha, 155, 177, 187, 191, 193, 197-198, 201-202, 206, 208-209, Sicily, 198, 202, 205 214, 224-225 Silica, 71, 108 Saddle dolomite, 71 Siliciclastic, 1, 3-4, 7, 13, 15, 36-37, 39, 49, 57, 64, 66, 68-71, 86, Salado Formation, 190, 194-195, 200 88, 108, 119, 163, 177, 184, 195, 206, 209, 213, 224, 230 Salina, 184, 187 Silicified, 155 Salina Omotepec, 200 Silt, 7, 24, 38, 41, 64, 69, 73, 75, 104, 120, 122, 184, 211 Saline Valley, 196 Silt-sized, 7, 24, 78-79, 82, 90, 105, 117 Salinity, 6, 24, 68-70, 105, 108, 120, 168, 177, 182, 184, 187, 191, Silt-streaked, 38 195-197, 200-201, 225, 228, 209 Silurian Period, 2, 34, 38, 48, 56, 62, 73, 85, 191-192, 194, 197 Salt, 68, 70, 149, 155, 184, 195-197, 228 Sinter, 143 Salzburg, 222 Sinuosity, 73 Samphospongia, 158 Sinuously-crested, 9, 13 San Salvador, 162 Sinusoidal, 232, 236-238 Sandstone, 23, 69-71, 75, 103-104, 108, 163 Sitting Bull Falls, 146 Saratoga Springs, 116 Slipface, 14 Sawtooth, 232, 236 Slump, 123, 211 Scallop, 124, 139, 142, 178 Smackover Formation, 224

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Smectite, 68-69 Supersaturated, 3, 4, 6, 90, 148, 151, 159, 184, 187, 224 Snails, 159 Supralittoral, 119, 184, 187 Soft sediment deformation, 64, 73, 75, 120 Supratidal, 1, 6-7, 24, 38, 42, 49, 64, 88-89, 95, 105, 108, 119-120, Soil, 3, 57, 103, 108, 119, 158-159, 162-163, 177, 187, 215-216, 222, 135, 143-144, 146, 148, 155, 158, 163, 168, 170, 175, 177-178, 224, 232 184, 193, 197-198, 201, 208, 214-215, 220, 222, 224-225, 228, environments, 108 232 features, 158 Supratidal crusts, 6, 42, 163, 168, 175, 177-178 capped, 216 Supratidal-levee, 168 -crusts, 42 Swallowtail, 197, 205 Solfifera Series, 198, 202, 205 Swash zone, 64, 66 Soluble, 159, 177, 187-188, 195, 197, 201 Sylvite, 194 Solution features, 209 Symbiotic, 3 Solution-enlarged, 164 Syndepositional, 68, 75, 84, 182, 201, 209, 211 South Africa, 88 Syneresis, 60, 68-71, 73, 86 South Australia, 197 Synsedimentary, 75 Spar, 60, 71, 73, 86, 105, 108, 123, 132, 184, 210-211, 220 Syntaxial, 90, 197-198, 206 Spar-filled, 34, 60, 62-63, 79, 84, 117, 132 Speleothem, 104, 108, 119, 142-143, 148, 154-155, 158,209 Spheroids, 90, 153 Taltheilei Formation, 110-111, 113-114 Splash zone crust, 103, 119 Tana River, 13 Sponge, 6, 100, 222 Tell El-Retaba, 163, 167 Spriete, 135 Telogenetic, 209 Spring, 13, 38, 108, 116, 119, 142-143, 148, 150-152, 155, 158, 175, Tempestite, 24, 28, 38, 54 184, 187 Tepee structures, 1, 23, 42, 73, 100, 159, 178, 182-188, 196-197, 206, Springwaters, 90 208-209, 211, 215, 230, 232, 239 Sr, 184 Terrace, 187, 232 St. Paul Group, 29, 35-36, 45, 54, 72, 80, 82-83, 106, 139, 155, 210, Terrestrial, 119, 142, 163 220, 222, 224, 230 Terrigenous, 41 Stalagmite, 148, 154 Texas, 158, 161, 182, 184, 187, 190,224 Stellate, 57, 60, 69-70 Thallasia, 139 Stillstand, 182 Thalli, 148 Stiriolites, 104 Thalwegs, 6 Stonehenge Limestone, 22, 28, 47, 181, 230, 240 Thermopolis Hot Springs, 152 Storm Thinolite, 148-149, 153 -deposits, 95, 220, 228 Thrombolite, 1, 77, 79, 88, 104, 123-124, 126, 128-130, 132-133, 135, -floods, 195 142, 149, 155, 220, 226, 228, 230 generated, 181, 228 Thrust, 123, 182, 206, 225 induced, 75 Tidal-channel, 43, 45 Stromatactis, 60, 209-211 Tidal-flat, 49, 60 Stromatolite, 1, 24, 64, 71, 75, 79, 88-90, 95, 100-101, 103-105, 107- Tide, 1, 4, 38, 60-61, 64, 143, 168, 222, 225, 230 108, 110-111, 113-114, 116-120, 123, 126, 129, 132, 135, 139, Tivoli, 142, 150 142-143, 148, 155-159, 163, 215, 217, 220, 222, 226-228, 230 Toe-of-slope, 41 Stromatoporoids, 123, 132, 210 Tonoloway Formation, 73 Stylolite, 6-7, 13, 16, 23, 33, 36, 39, 77-78, 84-85, 96, 132, 209, 230 Top Camp Formation, 116 Subaerial, 4, 24, 38, 42, 49, 57, 60, 64, 68-71, 91, 108, 119-120, 142, Traces, 13, 134-135, 139, 158-159, 222 158-159, 163-164, 168, 177-178, 187, 191, 201, 206, 215-216, 224- Tracks, 70, 139 225, 232 Travertine, 103, 119, 142-143, 148, 150, 152-158, 187 Subaqueous, 9, 42, 49, 60, 64, 68-69, 71, 108, 119, 149, 155, 188, 201, Triassic Period, 2, 6, 57, 60, 63, 68, 71-72, 138-139, 155, 163-164, 206, 209, 224 177-178, 183-187, 216, 230, 236-237 Subfacies, 1, 6, 38, 71, 73, 142, 155, 177, 182, 185, 208, 213-217, Trilobite, 132, 228 219-220, 222-228, 230, 232, 240 Triple-junction, 57 Subhedral, 191, 195 Trona, 159 Sublacustrine, 119 Tropical conditions, 1, 3 Submarine, 23, 42, 142, 168, 177-178, 182, 184, 187, 213, 230, 232 Trough, 1, 13-15, 37-38, 41, 70, 79, 182, 226, 228, 232, 238 Submarine hardgrounds, 42, 142, 168, 177-178, 182, 184, 187, 230, Trucial Coast, 105, 119, 224 232 Truswell, 120 Subtidal environments, 38, 104 Tufa, 24, 90, 95, 103, 105, 119-120, 142-144, 146, 148-151, 155, 157- Sugarloaf Key, 168 158, 210, 222 Sulfates, 206 Turbidite, 24, 41, 177 Sulfides, 182 Twin, 188, 197 Sun Highway, 87

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U Waterfowl Formation, 17, 20, 29, 35, 87, 101, 225-226 Unconformity, 104-105, 118, 209, 214 Waters, 3-4, 18, 35, 44, 49, 69, 73, 101, 108, 148, 151, 159, 184, 187- Unicellular, 88 188, 197, 201, 209, 224-227 United Kingdom, 151 Waulsortian, 211 United States, 2, 86 Wave Upper-intertidal, 220 formed, 18, 222, 228 Upwelling, 68, 70, 90, 108, 151 ripple, 6, 13, 18, 20, 22, 38, 49, 73, 178, 188, 220, 225, 228, 230 Utah, 155 Weathered, 123, 159, 163, 209 West Indies, 90 V West Virginia, 154 Vadose, 4, 6, 57, 100, 119, 158-159, 163-164, 168, 175, 177-178, 184, Western Australia, 1, 33, 57, 71, 101, 105, 107, 116, 119-120, 160- 187, 191, 195, 197, 201, 206, 209, 224, 232 161, 163, 214 Varves, 41 Wetlands, 143 Veins, 69, 159, 210 Wildbread Formation, 12, 50 Vermiform, 158 Williams Island, 168 Virginia, 66, 119-120, 135, 139, 154 Wills Creek Formation, 34, 48, 56, 62, 73, 191-192, 194 Void, 4, 41-42, 58, 64, 60, 93, 95-96, 100, 132, 135, 155, 175, 178, Wilson Cycle, 2 182, 184, 200, 206, 210 Wind-deflation, 206 Void-lining Windblown, 201 Volcaniclastic, 184 Winnowed, 4, 182, 220 Volcano, 70-71 Wittenoom Dolomite, 33 Vug, 3, 60, 64, 68, 107, 134-135, 142, 159, 168, 175, 178, 209-210, Wopmay, 155 232 Vug-filling, 185 Y Yellowstone National Park, 108, 148 Yorke Peninsula, 197-198 Wachepreague Island, 66 Wackestone, 24, 77, 123, 129-130, 132, 135, 164, 186, 222, 230 Wadi Tumilat, 163, 167 Zebroid, 71 Washover, 53 Zoastria, 139 Water-escape, 69 Zooxanthellae, 3 Waterfall, 108, 142, 155

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