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Redalyc.Quitones (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) Del Mar Caribe

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Redalyc.Quitones (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) Del Mar Caribe Biota Colombiana ISSN: 0124-5376 [email protected] Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Colombia Gracia C., Adriana; Díaz, Juan Manuel; Ardila, Néstor E. Quitones (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) del Mar Caribe Colombiano Biota Colombiana, vol. 6, núm. 1, junio, 2005, pp. 117-125 Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Bogotá, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49106102 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Biota Colombiana 6 (1) 117 - 125, 2005 Quitones (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) del Mar Caribe Colombiano Adriana Gracia C.1, Juan Manuel Díaz2, Néstor E. Ardila1 1 Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia. INVEMAR. [email protected]; [email protected] Dirección de correspondencia: Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, INVEMAR, A.A. 1016. Cerro de Punta Betín. Santa Marta. Colombia. 2 Instituto Alexander von Humboldt. [email protected] Palabras Clave: Quitones, Polyplacophora, Mollusca, Distribución, Caribe colombiano, Lista de especies Introducción Las especies litorales se alimentan en su mayoría de algas Los quitones o poliplacóforos constituyen una que crecen sobre la superficie de las rocas, y son raspadas de las ocho clases del filum Mollusca. Está conformada por y removidas mediante la rádula, un órgano bucal que se unas 875 especies vivientes reconocidas, todas ellas mari- asimila a una lengua raspadora. Son animales poco activos, nas, que habitan desde la zona intermareal hasta profundida- que se mueven únicamente para alimentarse en las noches des abisales (Kaas & Van Belle 1998). Aunque la clase está durante la pleamar, por lo regular fijan residencia en alguna dividida en dos órdenes, Paleoloricata y Neoloricata, todas cavidad que les permite regresar al mismo lugar de reposo. las especies vivientes pertenecen al último, en tanto que los Las formas de aguas profundas son depredadores que se Paleoloricata se extinguieron probablemente en el Cretácico alimentan por lo general de esponjas, hidroides o corales; la Tardío. En el expediente paleontológico, los quitones son ra- mayoría de especies del género Leptochiton habitan fondos ros, pero fósiles del orden Paleoloricata se conocen con eda- lodosos de profundidad y se alimentan de pequeños organis- des que van desde el Cámbrico Superior (género Matthevia) mos como diatomeas, radiolarios, foraminíferos, larvas de hasta el Cretácico Superior. Los Neoloricata aparecieron apa- crustáceos y poliquetos, pero incorporan en sus dietas tam- rentemente en el Mississippiano y su registro fósil se extien- bién partículas orgánicas del sedimento (Götting 1974). de hasta el Holoceno (Runnegar & Pojeta 1985). Los quitones se encuentran en todos los mares del mundo, Los quitones son animales generalmente pequeños, apla- pero el Indo-Pacífico y el Pacífico oriental tropical son con- nados y alargados, provistos de ocho placas o valvas dor- sideradas las regiones más ricas en número de especies. sales superpuestas, bordeadas por un cinturón de escamas Sin embargo, muchas especies tienen distribución geográ- y/o espículas calcáreas formado por el manto, llamado fica restringida, debido quizás a su escasa movilidad y a la perinoto. La cavidad del manto encierra el pie, el cual se relativamente corta duración de su fase larval pelágica; otras expande formando una gran suela, que no sólo sirve para la se encuentran limitadas a determinados hábitats y son con- locomoción sino también para mantener contacto firme con la sideradas endémicas (Kaas & Van Belle 1985a, Slieker 2000). superficie rocosa. En condiciones normales, la adhesión es efectuada en su mayoría por el pie, pero cuando el animal es La mayoría de las especies conocidas para el Caribe colom- perturbado, el perinoto también se adhiere al sustrato. El ta- biano tienen distribución relativamente amplia en el Atlán- maño varía desde unos pocos milímetros hasta casi 10 cm, tico occidental tropical (desde La Florida hasta Brasil), aun- aunque unas pocas especies de América occidental alcanzan que muchas de ellas han sido registradas en Colombia en mayores tallas (Cryptochiton stelleri alcanza hasta 30 cm de apenas unas pocas localidades, lo que demuestra la esca- longitud). La cabeza es poco definida, carente de tentáculos y sez de estudios e inventarios sobre este grupo en el país. ojos. Los quitones tienen sexos separados, raramente son hermafroditas; no presentan dimorfismo sexual externo, pero La taxonomía del grupo se ha fundamentado hasta ahora en algunas especies existe diferenciación en la coloración principalmente en la morfología y ornamentación de las pla- del pie y el manto (Kaas & Van Belle 1985a). cas y del perinoto; las 875 especies reconocidas se ubican Biota Colombiana 6 (1), 2005 118- Quitones del Caribe colombiano Gracia et al. todas dentro del orden Neoloricata Bergenhayn, 1955, que cluyendo los fondos de la plataforma y del talud continen- comprende aproximadamente nueve familias y 59 géneros tal del Caribe colombiano, estas últimas durante las campa- recientes (Van Belle 1999). ñas efectuadas por el INVEMAR entre 1998 y 2001 en el marco de los proyectos “Macrofauna I y II”, cuyo material El interés en la taxonomía de los quitones del Caribe se de referencia fue depositado en el Museo de Historia Natu- despertó notoriamente luego de la monografía de Kaas ral Marina de Colombia (MHNMC). (1972), continuada por Ferreira (1976, 1978, 1985, 1987) y la serie sobre los Polyplacophora recientes (Kaas & Van Belle, Hasta el momento el inventario da cuenta de 22 especies 1980, 1985a, b, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1998), que constituye la presentes en el Caribe colombiano, pertenecientes a cinco más completa revisión de la clase a nivel global. En el Caribe se conocen los trabajos de García-Ríos (2003), quien recono- familias y 13 géneros, superando el número de especies ce 29 especies de poliplacóforos para Puerto Rico, y de Re- conocidas previamente no sólo para el Caribe colombiano yes-Gómez A. (2004) y Reyes-Gómez & Salcedo-Vargas (2002) (16) sino para el Caribe meridional (21) (cf. Díaz et al. 1998). para México, donde se registran 16 especies. Aunque actual- No obstante, la fauna de poliplacóforos del Caribe sur pue- mente no se cuenta con un inventario completo de las espe- de considerarse aun pobremente conocida debido a la in- cies presentes en el Caribe y/o Atlántico Occidental, se puede adecuada representación del grupo en las colecciones estimar, considerando los inventarios realizados para Puerto malacológicas y a que muchas especies son de tamaño pe- Rico, México, Barbados, Colombia, Isla Margarita (Venezue- queño y raramente hacen parte de las colectas (cf. Lyons la) y Brasil (cf. Ferreira 1985, Díaz & Puyana 1994, Rios 1994, 1988, Bullock & Franz 1994). Según Sirenko (in litt.), a pesar García-Ríos 2003, Reyes-Gómez & Salcedo-Vargas 2002), que de no existir registros documentados en Colombia de va- en esta región existen unas 55-60 especies. rias especies que han sido descritas de aguas adyacentes, éstas se encuentran muy probablemente también en aguas El primer trabajo que documentó las especies de quitones del colombianas. Tal es el caso de Acanthochitona venezuelana Caribe colombiano fue publicado por Götting (1973), regis- Lyons, 1988 y Callistochiton portobelensis Ferreira, 1976, trando la presencia de 10 especies; la última recopilación de conocidas de las costas de Venezuela y Panamá respectiva- información de las especies registradas hasta entonces en la mente. De otra parte, se encuentran en proceso de descrip- región (Díaz & Puyana 1994) da cuenta de 16 especies. ción dos nuevas especies y un género de la familia El presente documento actualiza el inventario Ischnochitonidae colectadas en Colombia. Con ello se evi- incrementándolo en seis especies, la mayoría de ellas pro- dencia que la lista de especies de quitones del Caribe co- ducto de colectas recientes en diferentes localidades, in- lombiano dista aún de ser completa. Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) of the Colombian Caribbean Sea Adriana Gracia C., Juan Manuel Díaz & Néstor E. Ardila Key Words: Chitons, Polyplacophora, Mollusca, Distribution, Colombian Caribbean Species Checklist Introduction dated from the Upper Cambric (genus Matthevia) to the Upper Cretaceous. The Neoloricata appeared probably Chitons or polyplacophorans constitute one of during the Mississipian, and their fossils have been the eight classes of the Phylum Mollusca. The group recorded up to the Holocene (Runnegar & Pojeta 1985). encompasses about 875 valid living species, all them marine, that inhabit from the intertidal zone to abyssal Chitons are usually small (8 mm – 30 cm), flat, elongated depths (Kaas & Van Belle 1998). Although the class is animals, bearing eight overlapping dorsal plates that are subdivided into two orders, Paleoloricata and surrounded by a scaly or leathery girdle made of minuscule Neoloricata, all known living species belong to the latter, scales and/or spicules, called the perinotum, formed by whereas the Paleoloricata became extinct likely in Late the mantle. Ventrally, the mantle cavity surrounds a large Tertiary times. Chitons are rare in the paleontological and expanded sole-like foot, which is used for both record, but fossils of the order Paleoloricata have
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