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Historic England (Designation) Consultation Report 04 August 2017

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Historic England (Designation) Consultation Report 04 August 2017 Historic England (Designation) Consultation Report 04 August 2017 Case Name: Parlington Estate Case Number: 1443588 Background Historic England has been asked to assess this landscape for registration, and to assess a number of unlisted features and buildings for listing. Asset(s) under Assessment Facts about the asset(s) can be found in the Annex(es) to this report. Annex Name Heritage Category 1 Parlington Estate Park and Garden Visits Date Visit Type 26 May 2017 Partial inspection Page 1 of 9 Historic England (Designation) Consultation Report 04 August 2017 Annex 1 The factual details are being assessed as the basis for a proposed addition to The National Heritage List for England. Factual Details Name: Parlington Estate Location Aberford, Leeds,West Yorkshire, County District District Type Parish Leeds Metropolitan Authority Aberford Leeds Metropolitan Authority Barwick in Elmet and Scholes Leeds Metropolitan Authority Parlington History The history of the Parlington estate is intertwined with that of the Gascoignes, a family of Catholic landed gentry based in Yorkshire. Land at Parlington, including the medieval village of Parlington and probably also a manorial complex, was bought by John Gascoigne (1520-1602) from Thomas Lord Wentworth in March 1545. The remains of the village are believed to have been removed in the C18 when the landscape was gentrified and mineral extraction was also exploited. Parlington became the seat of the Gascoignes in the early 1720s when they moved from nearby Barnbow Hall (now demolished). A sketch of Parlington Hall is included in Samuel Buck's Yorkshire Sketchbook produced in around 1719 to 1720 where it appears to depict a probable late-C16/early-C17 two-storey house with gabled wings. Parlington Hall is believed to have been remodelled in the 1730s for Sir Edward Gascoigne (1697-1750), and again in around 1800 for his son Sir Thomas when an east wing was added. On a plan dating to 1773 the hall is depicted with a U-shaped plan. In the 1730s stone from the estate quarries was used to build the Assembly Rooms in York and Sir Edward also provided stone for restoration work at York Minster gratis. Also in the 1730s a deer park was created, and a deer herd remained at the estate up until the Second World War. Sir Thomas Gascoigne (1745-1810), who was born and raised in Cambrai, northern France and was the youngest son of Sir Edward and Mary Gascoigne, inherited the Parlington estate in 1762 after his elder brother's sudden death and settled in England in 1765, interspersing his residence with two Grand Tours where he mixed in court society, including with Marie Antoinette and Charles III, King of Spain. In 1780 Gascoigne abjured his Catholic faith to become an Anglican and a Member of Parliament, becoming a close ally of the Marquis of Rockingham. However, in 1784 Sir Thomas married Lady Mary Turner, a widow with two young children, and he resigned from politics to concentrate on his family and improving the Parlington estate, although he did return to politics several years later following Mary's early death from childbirth complications. Sir Thomas was an advocate of agricultural reform like his father Sir Edward, and a coal mine and quarry owner interested in developing technologies and innovation. He also had a keen interest in horse racing and breeding, developing a stud at Parlington. His horse Tuberose won the Doncaster Cup in 1776, Hollandaise won the St Leger in 1778 and Symmetry won in 1798, and Theophania won the Epsom Oaks in 1803. The Gascoigne Stakes were also run at Doncaster in the early-C19. A new parkland was created in the early 1760s whilst Sir Thomas was away on his first Grand Tour and was overseen by one of his guardians Stephen Tempest. In 1771 Sir Thomas employed the gardener John Kennedy (1719-1790) who had been employed and Page 2 of 9 Historic England (Designation) Consultation Report 04 August 2017 recommended by Gascoigne's brother-in-law William Salvin of Croxdale Hall, County Durham. Kennedy was from a notable family of C18 gardeners and horticulturalists and in 1776 he published an account of the aboricultural methods he employed at Parlington in a book entitled 'A Treatise Upon Planting, Gardening, and the Management of the Hot-House' where he pioneered new techniques, such as the use of artificial fertilisers. The first edition alone sold more than 439 copies to subscribers that included members of the peerage and earned the estate an international reputation for pioneering techniques in cultivation and agriculture. Some of the methods pioneered by Kennedy were employed by Thomas Blaikie, the gardener to the Comte d'Artois at the Chateau de Bagatelle in the Bois de Boulogne, northern France, and the methods employed at Parlington were discussed in the North American 'The Farmer's Almanack' of 1794. One of Kennedy's specialisms was trees and woodland, and he planted and developed a considerable amount of woodland at Parlington, which was not only a valuable resource, but also a symbol of patriotism for Gascoigne, with some of the wood specifically grown for the Royal Navy. Sir Thomas Gascoigne died in 1810 shortly after his only son and heir, Thomas Charles (1786-1809) had died in a hunting accident. The estate subsequently passed to his step-daughter Mary (c1783-1819) who had married Captain Richard Oliver (1762-1842); her husband taking the name Gascoigne as stipulated by Sir Thomas' will. Richard Oliver Gascoigne maintained the agricultural and horse racing interests developed by Sir Thomas at Parlington: Richard's horse Soothsayer won the St Leger in 1811 and his horse Jerry won in 1824. Gascoigne also built new stables in 1813 to the designs of Watson & Pritchett of York (now demolished). He also further developed mineral assets on the estate, constructing the Dark Arch in 1813 on the coal wagonway of Parlington Lane that cut through the estate just to the south of the hall Two different designs for a mansion house were produced by W Pilkington for Richard Oliver Gascoigne in 1810, suggesting that Gascoigne was clearly thinking about constructing a new house at this time. However, the plans were not carried out and the existing house was instead altered and extended at some point in the mid-1810s. Watson & Pritchett of York produced a number of designs for buildings on the estate from 1813 to 1815 for Gascoigne, including stables, and dog kennels and a gamekeeper's house, as well as additions and alterations to the hall, including a new front incorporating a pedimented porte cochere that is now a garden feature at nearby Lotherton Hall. Richard Oliver's two sons Thomas and Richard pre-deceased him and thus upon his death his two daughters Mary Isabella (1810-1891) and Elizabeth (1812-1893) inherited. Mary Isabella and her husband lived at Parlington, and Elizabeth and her husband lived at the family's other estate, Castle Oliver in Ireland. The sisters carried out a number of works to the estate in the mid-C19, including the creation of an ornamental lake (now drained) in the woodland of Parlington Hollins and the construction of almshouses in Aberford (1843-1845, Grade II*). After the death of his parents Parlington passed to Isabella's son Colonel Frederick Richard Thomas Trench-Gascoigne in 1905. Frederick focused on a military career, leaving the running of the estate to employees. After his aunt Elizabeth died he also inherited nearby Lotherton Hall, which he decided to make his family residence with his wife Gwendolyn, taking much of the contents from Parlington after his father's death in 1905, along with a number of architectural features, including the porte cochere, which became a garden feature at Lotherton. Parlington Hall was subsequently abandoned and in 1919 the estate's mines were sold During the Second World War the Parlington estate was occupied by the Royal Army Ordnance Corps No.3 Vehicle Reserve Depot and a number of temporary buildings were constructed, all of which have since been demolished, but tank inspection ramps survive. During the war German and Russian prisoners of war were also hired from the West Riding War Agricultural Executive Committee to work in the woods of the estate. The majority of the hall was demolished in 1952, leaving only part of the service wing surviving, which is now a private house. The entire estate was sold in the 1960s and is now owned by a property hedge fund. Page 3 of 9 Historic England (Designation) Consultation Report 04 August 2017 Details Country estate developed by the Gascoigne family mainly in the C18, with C19 and C20 additions and alterations LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING The Parlington Estate is situated approximately 10.5 km north-east of Leeds city centre, between the villages of Barwick in Elmet and Aberford. The approximately 800 ha site is on rolling land that slopes gently downwards from the north to south to roughly the mid-point of the estate, and then rises again to the south. The estate is set in rural surroundings and is bounded by Long Lane and field boundaries to the west, field boundaries and village buildings of Barwick in Elmet to the north west, Cock Beck to the north, Bunkers Hill (part of the Great North Road) and buildings of Aberford village to the east, Aberford Road (B1217) to the south east, and the M1 to the south. The far northern section of the estate is bisected by Cattle Lane. The estate boundaries are formed by a mixture of stone walls, wrought iron and timber fencing, and hedging. ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES There is one principal entrance to the estate and a number of secondary entrances.
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