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List Entry Summary (Published)

This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by English Heritage for its special historic interest.

Name: Parlington Estate

List Entry Number: 1447854

Location

Aberford, Leeds, West Yorkshire

The garden or other land may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.

County District District Type Parish Leeds Metropolitan Authority Aberford Barwick in Elmet and Leeds Metropolitan Authority Scholes Leeds Metropolitan Authority Parlington

National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.

Grade: II

Date first registered: 21-Sep-2017

Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.

Asset Groupings

This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.

List Entry Description

Summary of Garden

Country estate developed by the Gascoigne family mainly in the C18, with C19 and C20 additions and alterations

Reasons for Designation

Parlington Estate is registered at Grade II for the following principal reasons:

* Historic interest: it is a good example of a designed landscape laid out largely in the late C18 with distinct areas and features that directly reflect the ideas, philosophies and interests of its owner and also that of a notable estate gardener;

* Designers: it is largely the work of Sir Thomas Gascoigne, a significant figure in C18 agricultural reform, and his estate gardener John Kennedy, a key figure in the development of horticulture, cultivation and agriculture in the C18 who brought the estate and Gascoigne international recognition through his pioneering planting methods;

* Design interest: it is a landscape designed equally for pleasure, agriculture and industry that incorporated fashionable C18 features, but also enabled agrarian and horticultural experimentation, facilitated the exploitation of the estate's mineral resources, and indulged the Gascoigne passion for racehorse breeding;

* Survival: despite some later alteration the landscape's late-C18 and early-C19 development, layout and views remain clearly readable and legible in the surviving landscape, which includes notable survivals, such as a hidden former wagonway with associated bridge and tunnel used to transport the family's coal through the estate, and rare impressively-scaled late-C18 stallion pens;

* Group value: it has strong group value with listed features on the estate, including the Triumphal Arch (Grade II*), Gardens House and attached walls (Grade II), shelter in the north-east parkland (Grade II), Hookmoor Lodges (Grade II), The Cottage (Grade II), and Park House Farmhouse (Grade II).

History

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Gascoigne (1520-1602) from Thomas Lord Wentworth in March 1545. The remains of the village are believed to have been removed in the C18 when the landscape was gentrified and mineral extraction was also exploited. Parlington became the seat of the Gascoignes in the early 1720s when they moved from nearby Barnbow Hall (now demolished).

Parlington Hall (now - 2017 - largely demolished) is believed to have been remodelled in the 1730s for Sir Edward Gascoigne (1697- 1750), and again in around 1800 for his son Sir Thomas when an east wing was added. Sir Edward's accounts reveal that a deer park was created in the late 1730s, and a deer herd remained at the estate up until the Second World War. Also in the 1730s, stone from the estate quarries was used to build the Assembly Rooms in York and Sir Edward provided stone for restoration work at York Minster gratis.

Sir Thomas Gascoigne (1745-1810), who was born and raised in Cambrai, northern France and was the youngest son of Sir Edward and Mary Gascoigne, inherited the Parlington estate in 1762 after his elder brother's sudden death. He settled in England in 1765, interspersing his residence with two Grand Tours where he mixed in court society, including with Marie Antoinette and Charles III, King of Spain. In 1780 Gascoigne abjured his Catholic faith to become an Anglican and a Member of Parliament, becoming a close ally of the Marquis of Rockingham. However, in 1784 Sir Thomas married Lady Mary Turner, a widow with two young children, and he resigned from politics to concentrate on his family and improving the Parlington estate, although he returned to politics several years later following Mary's early death from childbirth complications. Sir Thomas was an advocate of agricultural reform like his father Sir Edward, and a coal mine and quarry owner interested in developing technologies and innovation. He also had a keen interest in horse racing and breeding, developing a stud at Parlington. His horse Tuberose won the Doncaster Cup in 1776, Hollandaise won the St Leger in 1778, followed later by Symmetry who won in 1798, and Theophania won the Epsom Oaks in 1803. The Gascoigne Stakes were also run at Doncaster in the early C19. Gascoigne was elected Honorary Member of the Board of Agriculture in 1796 and his expertise and opinions on agricultural reform were sought by the board and his contemporaries.

New parkland was created in the early 1760s (presumably altering the earlier deer park) whilst Sir Thomas was away on his first Grand Tour and was overseen by one of his guardians Stephen Tempest, as recorded in letters between Tempest and Gascoigne. In 1771 Sir Thomas employed the gardener John Kennedy (1719-1790) who had been employed and recommended by Gascoigne's brother-in-law William Salvin of Croxdale Hall, County Durham. Kennedy was from a notable family of C18 gardeners and horticulturalists and in 1776 he published an account of the aboricultural methods he employed at Parlington in a book entitled 'A Treatise Upon Planting, Gardening, and the Management of the Hot-House' where he pioneered new techniques, such as the use of artificial fertilisers. The book sold to subscribers including members of the peerage and earned the estate an international reputation for pioneering techniques in cultivation and agriculture. Some of the methods pioneered by Kennedy were employed by Thomas Blaikie, the gardener to the Comte d'Artois at the Chateau de Bagatelle in the Bois de Boulogne, northern France, and the methods employed at Parlington were discussed in the North American 'The Farmer's Almanac' of 1794. One of Kennedy's specialisms was trees and woodland, and he planted and developed a considerable amount of woodland at Parlington, which was not only a valuable resource, but also a symbol of patriotism for Gascoigne, with some of the wood specifically grown for the Royal Navy. Letters sent by Jarrard Strickland to Sir Thomas reveal that the estate was visited by 'garden seers' (garden tourists) in the late C18 who came to view the landscape.

Two different designs for a mansion house were produced by W Pilkington for Richard Oliver Gascoigne in 1810, suggesting that Gascoigne was clearly thinking about constructing a new house at this time. However, the plans were not carried out and the existing house was instead altered and extended at some point in the mid-1810s by Watson & Pritchett of York. Watson & Pritchett also produced a number of designs for other buildings on the estate from 1813 to 1815 for Gascoigne, including stables (now demolished), dog kennels (now demolished) and a gamekeeper's house.

After the death of his parents Parlington passed to Isabella's son Colonel Frederick Richard Thomas Trench-Gascoigne in 1905. Frederick, who had already inherited nearby Lotherton Hall from his aunt Elizabeth and had made that his family residence, focused on a military career, leaving the running of the Parlington estate to employees. Frederick removed many of the contents from the hall, along with a number of architectural features, including the hall's porte cochère, which became a garden feature at Lotherton. Parlington Hall was subsequently abandoned and in 1919 the estate's mines were sold.

During the Second World War the Parlington estate was occupied by the Royal Army Ordnance Corps No 3 Vehicle Reserve Depot and a number of temporary buildings were constructed, all of which have since been demolished, but tank inspection ramps survive. During the war German and Russian prisoners of war were also hired from the West Riding War Agricultural Executive Committee to work in the woods of the estate.

The majority of the hall was demolished in 1952, leaving only part of the service wing surviving, which is now a private house. The entire estate was sold in the 1960s and is now owned by an institutional property investment fund.

Details

Country estate developed by the Gascoigne family mainly in the C18, with C19 and C20 additions and alterations

LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING The Parlington Estate is situated approximately 10.5 km north-east of Leeds city centre, between the villages of Barwick-in-Elmet and

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Aberford. The approximately 528 ha comprising the registered landscape is on rolling land that slopes gently downwards from the north to south to roughly the mid-point of the estate, and then rises again to the south. The landscape is set in rural surroundings and is bounded by Cock Beck to the west, Cattle Lane to the north, buildings of Aberford village and arable land to the east, Aberford Road (B1217) to the south east, and arable land to the south, beyond which is the M1 motorway. The landscape boundaries are largely formed by a mixture of stone walls, wrought iron and timber fencing, and hedging.

ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES There is one principal entrance to the north-east corner of the estate and a number of secondary entrances. Beyond the north-east corner of the estate Pikes Head Lodge on Cattle Lane (constructed in around 1800, attributed to John Carr of York, listed at Grade II) lies opposite the estate's late-C18 principal entrance, which is depicted on a plan of the estate dating to 1773. The entrance, which no longer forms part of the estate land and consists of wide curved, sandstone screen walls with gate piers, leads to a drive, the north-east end of which is now tarmaced. Set just inside the entrance on the west side is Aberford Lodge (late C19) and flanking the north-east end of the drive are two small late-C20 housing developments known as Beech View and Parlington Villas. The main entrance to the estate, and the north-east boundary of the registered area, is now approximately 78 metres south of the original main entrance and is marked by modern timber fencing and gates. It leads to an avenue that runs through grazing parkland and is lined mainly with beech trees. The avenue heads south-west and offers views south-east across the parkland to paddocks (also known as The Terraces) originally used by the Gascoignes' racehorses, and to a classical-styled eyecatcher lodge on Parlington Lane known as The Cottage (probably late C18, listed at Grade II). Views south-west are across the parkland to a wooded area known as the Wilderness (a fenced section of parkland immediately adjacent to the Wilderness is now in arable use), and views north beyond a hedge boundary are to the estate's arable land and the former site of estate dog kennels (now demolished) annotated on the 1st edition 1:10,560 Ordnance Survey (OS) map published in 1849. At the south-west end of the avenue just before its turn to the south is a Triumphal Arch erected by Sir Thomas Gascoigne in 1781-3 (designed by Thomas Leverton, listed at Grade II*) in support of the Whig cause of American Independence and as a show of opposition against Lord North, the Prime Minister at that time. Originally the drive continued beyond the arch for approximately 30 metres where it provided guests with still-extant views north-west to the estate's central areas of arable land and stallion pens, before turning south and meandering through the wooded area known as the Wilderness. However, the avenue no longer passes underneath the arch and this section of the drive is now grassed. Instead the drive now turns and heads south just before the arch on a short C20 extension before re-joining the original route. The drive then forks, with one section continuing south on a Yew-lined route along the east side of a walled garden to the north of the former hall site and then to a former wagonway known as Parlington Lane. The other section of the drive heads south-west through the Wilderness and then north to Home Farm.

To the south-east corner of the estate is what was probably the principal early-C18 entrance to the estate, at the site now occupied by a pair of late-C18 lodges known as Hookmoor Lodges (attributed to John Carr of York, listed at Grade II). The entrance is located off Bunkers Hill, part of the Great North Road from London to Edinburgh, and leads to a late-C18 drive/former coach road (now private) heading north-west through former parkland (now arable and meadowland) to Hangings Plantation and a bridge known as the Light Arch that carries the drive over Parlington Lane. The drive carries on north-west for a short distance through the Wilderness before swinging around to the south-west back to the site of the former hall. A plan of c1802 depicts another earlier drive/avenue (now removed) branching off from the late-C18 drive and then heading west and then north to the front of the hall. The drive is depicted as a dashed line and faint pencil line, suggesting that it was no longer in primary use at that time. Probable early-mid C18 platoons (clusters/groups of trees usually arranged in circle or square shapes and used to line avenues or form features within parkland) originally lined the south-east end of the drives, but have since been removed. The south-east drive provides views north- eastwards across the former parkland and neighbouring farmland towards Aberford Almshouses (erected by Mary Isabella and Elizabeth Gascoigne in 1843-5, listed at Grade II*), although later planting around the building now partly obscures it. Mid-C19 plans of the estate show that trees along the central section of the north-east side of the parkland, which had previously formed part of a shelter belt in the early C19, were removed, possibly to enable views to the almshouses; their elaborate Gothic architecture possibly intended to be an eyecatcher seen by visitors.

To the south of the estate off Aberford Road is a probable early-mid C19 lodge known as Wakefield Lodge (under separate assessment for listing) that led to a drive (now removed) that joined with the early-C18 south-east drive.

To the north of the estate is a drive leading south off Cattle Lane to the estate's Home Farm and stallion pens. At the entrance to the drive is Barwick Lodge (early C19, currently being separately assessed for listing). The northern end of the drive passing through Barwick Lodge Plantation is lined with copper beech trees.

To the north-west corner of the estate is Ass Bridge Lodge (late C19, under separate assessment for listing), which provides access to a track leading into Barwick Bank plantation and old quarries.

PRINCIPAL BUILDING Parlington Hall (now demolished) was located roughly to the centre of the estate in an area of lower ground that afforded views to higher parkland to the south, a walled garden to the north-west, farmland to the west, and the Wilderness to the north-east. A house is believed to have probably existed on the site when the estate was acquired by John Gascoigne in 1545. Parlington Hall was remodelled in the 1730s for Sir Edward Gascoigne and again in 1800 for his son, Sir Thomas. Further alteration and extension took place in the 1810s for Richard Oliver Gascoigne, with further alteration taking place later. Colonel Frederick Richard Thomas Trench- Gascoigne inherited the hall in 1905, but had already inherited nearby Lotherton Hall and made that estate his family home. Parlington Hall was thus abandoned and left to decay. The majority of the hall was demolished in 1952, along with the attached stables, leaving only part of the service wing remaining, which is now a private residence. An early-C19 former entrance to the hall off Parlington Lane depicted on the 1817 plan survives to the south-west with a ha-ha, low ramped coursed-limestone walls with rounded copings, and gate piers.

The surviving section of the hall is believed to have been part of the west service wing and a probable early-C19 addition by Watson & Pritchett of York that is depicted on an 1885 plan of the house with rooms including Colonel Gascoigne's room, housekeeper's room, steward's room, bake house, dairy, saddlery, and still room. The two-storey L-shaped building has multi-paned sash windows and a classical porch that was possibly re-used from demolished sections of the hall. The main part of the hall was located to the east of the building and the stables (added by Watson & Pritchett in around 1813) to the west. The site of the hall has been encroached upon by the Wilderness woodland to the north-east and south-west sides, obscuring the view west to farmland. However, the views to the south, north-west and north-east largely remain, albeit with increased vegetation.

WALLED GARDEN Located approximately 40 metres to the north -west of the hall site is a large late -C18 walled garden and an associated classically

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styled late-C18/early-C19 house known as The Gardens House; both are constructed of mellow brick. The walled garden, which could be viewed from the hall and also the branch of the north-east drive leading to Home Farm, is depicted on a plan of the estate dating to 1773 and also a c1802 plan where it is depicted on both as being divided into two rectangular sections. The Gardens House (probably originally the home of the estate gardener) and its flanking attached hot walls (hot walls incorporated small furnaces that were kept running to protect fruits from frost and to help them mature) form the north-west side of the walled garden. The house, its attached hot walls, and a bow-shaped wall enclosing a large semi-circular garden on the north-west side of the house are all listed in a single List entry at Grade II. The hot walls retain evidence of flues and furnaces, but the hot houses behind have been removed. The north-east and south-west walls of the garden survive, albeit with the south-east end of the south-west wall now truncated. The garden's south-east wall has been removed, along with a central dividing wall depicted on early maps.

WILDERNESS Surrounding the walled garden and site of Parlington Hall to the north-east, north-west and south-west sides is an area of mixed woodland known as the Wilderness containing walks and Yew-lined rides. Historic map and plan evidence suggests that the Wilderness was extended eastwards in the mid-late C19 to its present boundary through the incorporation of a large field flanking the south-east drive/coach road just to the north and west of the Light Arch. Set within the Wilderness approximately 130 metres to the south-west of the Light Arch is a probable late-C18 ice house (under separate assessment for listing).

GARDENS Historic maps and photographs reveal that the immediate south-east side of the hall leading down to Parlington Lane was originally lawned with a few specimen trees, a fountain, and a sinuous-shaped pond in the south-west corner. Since the demolition of the majority of the hall the site has now been encroached upon by woodland of the Wilderness to the north-east and south-west sides, but an open area (now apparently used as a paddock) survives by the surviving section of the service wing with a large Cedar of Lebanon tree, which is depicted in a historic photograph of around 1880. The sinuous-shaped pond also survives, but is hidden from view within the expanded Wilderness.

NORTH-EAST PARKLAND To the north-east of the site of the hall is an area of grazing parkland that incorporates the main-entrance avenue/drive off Cattle Lane. The north-western half of the land is relatively flat and then slopes down to the south-east.

Set within the parkland and located approximately 450 metres north-east of the Triumphal Arch is what is variously thought to be a deer shelter or a viewing position for the hall's guests to watch the estate's horses in the paddocks below. The circular Gothick limestone structure (listed at Grade II) was constructed in 1802 to the designs of William Lindley of Doncaster. An estimate by Joshua (?) Naylor for the construction work details it as a 'temple' whereas a competing quote from Thomas Tilney & Son simple refers to it as a circular building. It is marked on a plan of the estate dating to 1817 as a 'cattle shed'. The structure, which has Gothick pointed arches, has lost its roof and is now ruinous. It is surrounded by a ring of trees depicted on early plans.

The Terraces, located approximately 145 metres to the south-east of the main-entrance avenue and set alongside the north-west side of Parlington Lane, is a set of three late-C18 paddocks. The paddocks retain limestone boundary walls (fragmentary in places) along their north-west, north-east and south-west sides, but have lost their interior dividing walls and shelters. The south-east side of the paddocks is formed by a high stone-revetted bank with substantial slab copings alongside Parlington Lane. Behind the north-west side of the paddocks is a line of beech and lime trees.

Most of the buildings from the estate's occupation by the Royal Army Ordnance Corps No 3 Vehicle Reserve Depot in the Second World War have been removed, although some concrete footings alongside the main avenue remain. Two tank inspection ramps/pits survive flanking the main avenue.

SOUTH PARKLAND To the south and south-east of the former site of the hall is an area of former parkland known as Parlington Park that incorporates the south-east drive from Hookmoor Lodges and is now arable land and meadowland. The land was a deer park from the 1730s and remnants of ha-has along the north-east and north-west edges can still be seen. The land rises up to the south and sat atop the brow of the hill is the late-C18 classically-styled Park House (listed at Grade II, now a private residence) with flanking pavilions. The house has clearly been carefully placed with its tall symmetrical north elevation facing towards the hall and it most probably acted as an eyecatcher from the hall and/or the parkland; the view to the former site of the hall is now obscured by the expanded wilderness and tree growth. An 1817 plan of the estate shows that the parkland was planted with clumps of trees in circular and rectangular patterns, some of which survive but are overgrown. References to clumps planted in patterns appear in the accounts of Sir Edward Gascoigne in 1737 that records the establishment of the deer park. Along the southern boundary of the parkland alongside Aberford Road is a shelter belt of woodland.

HOME FARM & STALLION PENS Approximately 440 metres north-west of the site of the hall is the estate's Home Farm (under separate assessment for listing), which was constructed in the late C18 or early C19. It has been suggested that the farm and farmhouse were possibly designed by John Carr, but it is possible that the farm was constructed in the early-1810s to the designs of Watson & Pritchett of York. The farm is constructed of mellow brick and has a quadrangular courtyard plan, with the farmhouse located to the south-east end with curved screen walls to the front.

Located approximately 113 metres to the north-east of Home Farm is a series of four late-C18 stallion pens (under separate assessment for listing). The pens are aligned north-south and are enclosed by coursed-limestone walls approximately eight feet high with rounded corners on the west side to each individual pen. Wide corner entrances with tall cylindrical, limestone gate piers exist to the north and south pens, with narrower west pedestrian entrances to the two middle pens with square gate piers and modern boarded doors. All of the piers have domed caps. The internal dividing walls also survive, along with gateways with cylindrical gate piers linking each pen. Historic plans suggest that each pen originally had a corner shelter, but these have since been lost, although their footprints are visible on satellite imagery.

WAGONWAY Parlington Lane runs across the estate from a junction with Long Lane in the south-west to a junction with Bunkers Hill (part of the former Great North Road) in Aberford at the north-east end, a distance of over two miles. The lane, which was possibly originally the main central axis of the medieval village of Parlington, was used as a horse-drawn wagonway in the C18 and early C19 to transport coal from the Gascoigne family's collieries in Garforth to a coal staith in Aberford on the Great North Road where it could be transported away. In 1837 the wagonway became part of the Aberford -Garforth Railway, which remained in use until 1924. The lane

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cuts straight through the hall's grounds less than 200m south of the site of the hall and separated the more formal garden from the parkland to the south. The central section of the lane is sunk out of view of the hall in a cutting several metres deep with high coursed limestone walls that enabled the movement of coal without interrupting views or disturbing the family. The cutting incorporates a tunnel approximately 75 metres long known as the Dark Arch (under separate assessment for listing), which was constructed in 1813 by Richard Oliver Gascoigne to further conceal coal traffic on the wagonway. A section of approach wall to the south-west of the Dark Arch on the north side incorporates a memorial headstone (perhaps to one of the wagonway's horses) inscribed with the words 'DOWNEY/ FAITHFUL HONEST/ MERRY TRUE/ WE LOVED YOU AND/ WE MOURNED YOU TOO/ 1856'. Approximately 327 metres to the north-east of the Dark Arch along the cutting is a late-C18 limestone bridge known as the Light Arch (under separate assessment for listing) that carries the south drive over Parlington Lane. Following the lane's conversion to the Aberford-Garforth Railway, the arch was raised to allow trains to pass underneath. The lane's north-eastern section has views north and north-west to the north-east parkland, paddocks (also known as The Terraces), and the main avenue and Triumphal Arch. Due to the topography of the land the north-eastern section of Parlington Lane is raised above the neighbouring parkland and paddocks and has a high stone-revetted bank on the north-west side with substantial slab copings. Towards the north-east end of Parlington Lane on the south-east side is a classical styled lodge known as The Cottage (probably late-C18, listed at Grade II), which acts as an eyecatcher viewed from the main north-east avenue.

QUARRYING Off to the south-east side of Parlington Lane are two limestone quarries, the largest one of which is approximately 165 metres north- east of the Light Arch with limestone entrance gate piers with domed caps in the same style as those to the stallion pens. Both are believed to have been operational in the late C18 and early C19, at the same time as the wagonway. Some of the stone abandoned in the quarry is believed to have come from the demolished hall. Further quarries are annotated on mid-C19 and early-C20 OS maps in some of the estate's plantations, including Hungerhills Plantation and Green Seats in the northern section, which have their own access paths off Cattle Lane, and also Barwick Bank plantation.

PLANTATIONS Parlington Hollins is the largest plantation on the estate and is located to the south-west corner of the registered landscape, covering approximately 86 ha. Historic maps and plans of the estate show that Parlington Hollins was originally slightly smaller, but was extended northwards to meet Parlington Lane in the mid-C19. The plantation contains a network of historic tracks and rides, including a main east-west ride and north-south route, as well as some minor later additions. Parlington Hollins also contains evidence of the Gascoignes' coal extraction, with a number of circular depressions of former shafts or bell pits visible, and the line of the Aberford- Garforth Railway also survives as a pathway through the plantation running south-north from Garforth before heading north-east to join with Parlington Lane and on to Aberford.

A large ornamental lake was created in the south-west corner of Parlington Hollins in the mid-C19 by Mary Isabella and Elizabeth Gascoigne, but was drained in the late C20, although its original outline remains clearly visible on satellite imagery. An associated Lake Cottage to the east of the lake's south-west corner is believed to survive, but was not inspected.

A short spur to the north-east of Parlington Hollins is known as Bathingwell Plantation and contains a large pond. A small pond on the north side of Parlington Lane across from Bathingwell Plantation is now silted up, with ferns denoting its location. To the immediate north-east of the large pond is an altered and extended single-storey building known as Gamekeeper's Cottage, which was originally constructed in around 1815 to the designs of Watson & Pritchett of York. The architects also designed a large cross-shaped range of dog kennels to the rear, which have since been demolished.

Other smaller plantations are located in the northern section of the landscape and include Old Wood, Barwick Bank, Barwick Lodge Plantation, Cherry Strip, The Belt, Willowgarth Plantation, Hungerhills Plantation, Green Seats and Chantryhill Plantation.

The remaining areas of the landscape to the west and north of the former hall site are arable land.

Selected Sources

Books and journals Leach, P, Pevsner, N, The Buildings of England. Yorkshire West Riding: Leeds, Bradford and the North, (2009), 90-91 Lock, A, Catholicism, Identity and Politics in the Age of Enlightenment. The Life and Career of Sir Thomas Gascoigne, 1745- 1810, (2016) Wragg, B, Worsley, G, The life and works of John Carr of York, (2000) York Georgian Society, , The works in architecture of John Carr, (1973) Websites Parlington Hall, Aberford, West Riding, Yorkshire, England, accessed 31 July 2017 from http://www.parlington.co.uk Other Howard, C 2016. Croxdale Hall, Croxdale, County Durham: An assessment of the walled garden. Research Report Series 37- 2016. Fort Cumberland: Historic England Parlington - a submission to the Leeds Site Allocations Plan, March 2016. AECOM Parlington. Masterplan Studies. Submission to the Leeds Site Allocations Plan (Outer North East), November 2016. AECOM Various archival material, including maps, plans, surveys, letters and account ledgers for the Parlington estate. Available at West Yorkshire Archives Service

Map

National Grid Reference: SE4187636216

The below map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 514496.pdf

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© Crown Copyright and database right 2018. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100024900.
© British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited 2018. All rights reserved. Licence number 102006.006.

This copy shows the entry on 11-Jun-2018 at 10:52:00.

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List Entry Summary (Published)

This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.

Name: Wakefield Lodge, including entrance gate piers and attached estate wall, Parlington Estate

List Entry Number: 1451951

Location

Aberford Road, Aberford, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS25 3DQ

The building may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.

County District District Type Parish Leeds Metropolitan Authority Parlington

National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.

Grade: II

Date first listed: 08-Jun-2018

Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.

Asset Groupings

This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.

List Entry Description

Summary of Building

Lodge to the Parlington Estate, early C19, extended in the late C19 with further late-C20 alterations. Associated former south estate entrance, gate piers and estate wall.

Reasons for Designation

Wakefield Lodge, including entrance gate piers and attached estate wall, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:

Architectural interest:

* it is a good example of an early-C19 estate building with a classical design that maintains stylistic continuity with other late-C18 and early-C19 listed buildings on the estate, and the deliberately hidden late-C19 extension highlights the continued importance of impressing the Gascoigne family's visitors and maintaining appearances; * the exterior retains numerous original features, whilst the interior retains its original two-room plan and cellar with a stone-flag floor and brick and stone shelving.

Historic interest:

* the lodge, entrance gate piers and attached estate wall contribute to the understanding of the functioning of the Parlington Estate in the C19 and help interpret the surviving elements of the estate.

Group value:

* it has strong group value with the other listed buildings and structures on the Parlington Estate and the Grade II-registered landscape.

History

The history of the Parlington estate is intertwined with that of the Gascoignes, a family of Catholic landed gentry based in Yorkshire. Land at Parlington, including the medieval village of Parlington and probably also a manorial complex, was bought by John Gascoigne (1520-1602) from Thomas Lord Wentworth in March 1545. The remains of the village are believed to have been removed in the C18 when the landscape was gentrified and mineral extraction was also exploited. Parlington became the seat of the Gascoignes in the early 1720s when they moved from nearby Barnbow Hall (now demolished).

Parlington Hall (now - 2018 - largely demolished) is believed to have been remodelled in the 1730s for Sir Edward Gascoigne (1697-

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1750), and again in around 1800 for his son Sir Thomas. Sir Edward's accounts reveal that a deer park was created in the late 1730s, and a deer herd remained at the estate up until the Second World War. Also in the 1730s, stone from the estate quarries was used to build the Assembly Rooms in York and Sir Edward provided stone for restoration work at York Minster gratis.

Sir Thomas Gascoigne (1745-1810), who was born and raised in Cambrai, northern France and was the youngest son of Sir Edward and Mary Gascoigne, inherited the Parlington estate in 1762 after his elder brother's sudden death. He settled in England in 1765, interspersing his residence with two Grand Tours where he mixed in court society, including with Marie Antoinette and Charles III, King of Spain. In 1780 Gascoigne abjured his Catholic faith to become an Anglican and a Member of Parliament, becoming a close ally of the Marquis of Rockingham. However, in 1784 Sir Thomas married Lady Mary Turner, a widow with two young children, and he resigned from politics to concentrate on his family and improving the Parlington estate, although he returned to politics several years later following Mary's early death from childbirth complications. Sir Thomas was an advocate of agricultural reform like his father Sir Edward, and a coal mine and quarry owner interested in developing technologies and innovation. He also had a keen interest in horse racing and breeding, developing a stud at Parlington. Gascoigne was elected Honorary Member of the Board of Agriculture in 1796 and his expertise and opinions on agricultural reform were sought by the board and his contemporaries.

Richard Oliver's two sons Thomas and Richard pre-deceased him and thus upon his death his two daughters Mary Isabella (1810- 1891) and Elizabeth (1812-1893) inherited. Mary Isabella and her husband lived at Parlington, and Elizabeth and her husband lived at the family's other estate, Castle Oliver in County Limerick, Ireland. After the death of his parents Parlington passed to Isabella's son Colonel Frederick Richard Thomas Trench-Gascoigne in 1905. Frederick, who had already inherited nearby Lotherton Hall from his aunt Elizabeth and had made that his family residence, focused on a military career, leaving the running of the Parlington estate to employees. Frederick removed many of the contents from the hall, along with a number of architectural features, including the hall's porte cochere, which became a garden feature at Lotherton. Parlington Hall was subsequently abandoned and in 1919 the estate's mines were sold.

Wakefield Lodge was constructed at some point between 1817 and 1849, most probably in the earlier decades for Richard Oliver Gascoigne. It was extended in the late C19 and further alterations took place in the late C20.

Details

Lodge to the Parlington Estate, early C19, extended in the late C19 with further late-C20 alterations. Associated former south estate entrance, gate piers and estate wall

MATERIALS: render finish, slate roof coverings. Late-C19 brick extension.

PLAN: the lodge has a hexagonal plan with longer elevations on the north-east and south-west sides. A late-C19 single-storey extension is attached to the north-east side.

EXTERIOR: the original part of the building incorporates a plinth and has rendered walls with quoining detail to the corners, a shallow roof with hips to the angles and paired block modillions, and a rebuilt central ridge stack of engineering brick. The three-bay front elevation faces south-west and has a central doorway flanked by six-over-six unhorned sash windows with painted-stone sills. The entrance door has been replaced with a modern composite door, but the original geometric-patterned overlight (now painted over) survives above. Sash windows in the same style as those to the front exist to the north-west, north, west and south-east angles, with blind windows to the south and east angles. Projecting out from the north-east side is a high late-C19 rendered wall incorporating a smaller six-over-six horned-sash window that conceals the rest of the late-C19 extension behind, which is constructed of brick, from view. The extension has a shallow pitched roof for the length of the lodge and a pitched roof to a wider section that projects further beyond the south-east end of the lodge. Historic maps reveal that the footprint is unchanged since the late C19, but changes in brickwork suggest that it was partially rebuilt in the late C20, and a chimneystack is also believed to have been removed at this time. The extension's north-east elevation has a doorway towards the north-west end with a modern composite door flanked by three-over- three horned-sash windows, with a further window in the same style at the opposite end of the elevation and a six-over-six horned- sash window with a flat-arched head to the south-east gable end.

INTERIOR: internally the original lodge is split in half to form two rooms with back-to-back chimneybreasts, and all the doors have been replaced with late-C20 sapele veneer doors. The kitchen was originally in the north-west room, but has been moved in to the south-east room and has modern units. The north-west room is now a lounge with a built-in cupboard and a modern fireplace opening with a wood-burning stove (the kitchen's original cast-iron range was removed in the late C20). Both rooms have hatches providing access to the roofspace. Just inside the main entrance is a small vestibule with a lowered ceiling and a doorway with a stone stair flight leading down to a cellar underneath the south-east room. The cellar has a stone-flag floor and brick and stone shelving. The lodge's north-east wall has been knocked through to incorporate the later extension and create a corridor/hallway. The extension has been modernised and now contains a bedroom, bathroom and utility room.

SOUTH ESTATE ENTRANCE, GATE PIERS and ESTATE WALL: immediately to the south-west of Wakefield Lodge is the former south entrance to the Parlington Estate, which originally connected to the estate's C18 south-east drive, but is no longer in use as an entrance except to serve the lodge. The entrance consists of square gate piers with pyramidal caps constructed of limestone with flanking curving wing walls of coursed limestone with rounded copings and modern timber gates. The south-west section of the estate wall continues for approximately 415m heading south-west and then west to Park House, whilst the north-east section of the estate wall continues for approximately 565m heading north-east and then north to Hookmoor Lodges.

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Selected Sources

Books and journals Lock, A, Catholicism, Identity and Politics in the Age of Enlightenment. The Life and Career of Sir Thomas Gascoigne, 1745- 1810, (2016) Websites Parlington Hall, Aberford, West Riding, Yorkshire, England, accessed 18 January 2018 from http://www.parlington.co.uk Other Various archival material, including maps, plans, surveys, letters and account ledgers for the Parlington Estate. Available at West Yorkshire Archives Service

Map

National Grid Reference: SE4285935364

The below map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 519420.pdf

This copy shows the entry on 11 -Jun -2018 at 10:39:24.

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List Entry Summary (Published)

This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.

Name: The Dark Arch

List Entry Number: 1451942

Location

Parlington Lane, Parlington Estate, Aberford, Leeds, West Yorkshire

The building may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.

County District District Type Parish Leeds Metropolitan Authority Parlington

National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.

Grade: II

Date first listed: 08-Jun-2018

Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.

Asset Groupings

This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.

List Entry Description

Summary of Building

Tunnel built to conceal coal traffic from Parlington Hall, 1813, for Richard Oliver Gascoigne

Reasons for Designation

The Dark Arch, constructed in 1813 for Richard Oliver Gascoigne, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:

Architectural interest:

* it is a good and rare example of an early-C19 tunnel set within the designed landscape of the Parlington Estate that was constructed to conceal the estate's coal traffic from the view of the hall and enable unbroken views towards the parkland; * the tunnel is constructed from high-quality limestone from the estate's own quarries and is a substantial structure that represents a considerable feat of engineering in following the sweeping curve of Parlington Lane; * it survives little altered.

Historic interest:

* it reflects the importance of the Gascoigne family's commercial mineral exploits and their willingness to share their landscape with industrial features, as long as they were cleverly hidden from view.

Group value:

* it has strong group value with the other listed buildings and structures on the Parlington Estate and the Grade II-registered landscape.

History

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1730s, and a deer herd remained at the estate up until the Second World War. Also in the 1730s, stone from the estate quarries was used to build the Assembly Rooms in York and Sir Edward provided stone for restoration work at York Minster gratis.

Sir Thomas Gascoigne (1745-1810), who was born and raised in Cambrai, northern France and was the youngest son of Sir Edward and Mary Gascoigne, inherited the Parlington estate in 1762 after his elder brother's sudden death. He settled in England in 1765, interspersing his residence with two Grand Tours where he mixed in court society, including with Marie Antoinette and Charles III, King of Spain. In 1780 Gascoigne abjured his Catholic faith to become an Anglican and a Member of Parliament, becoming a close ally of the Marquis of Rockingham. However, in 1784 Sir Thomas married Lady Mary Turner, a widow with two young children, and he resigned from politics to concentrate on his family and improving the Parlington estate, although he returned to politics several years later following Mary's early death from childbirth complications. Sir Thomas was an advocate of agricultural reform like his father Sir Edward, and a coal mine and quarry owner interested in developing technologies and innovation. He also had a keen interest in horse racing and breeding, developing a stud at Parlington. Gascoigne was elected Honorary Member of the Board of Agriculture in 1796 and his expertise and opinions on agricultural reform were sought by the board and his contemporaries.

Parlington Lane, which was possibly originally the main central axis of the medieval village of Parlington, runs across the Parlington Estate and cuts straight through the hall's grounds less than 200m south of the former site of the now largely demolished Parlington Hall where it separated the more formal garden from the parkland to the south. It was used as a horse-drawn wagonway in the C18 and early C19 to transport coal from the Gascoigne family's collieries in Garforth to a coal staith in Aberford on the Great North Road where it could be transported away. In 1837 the wagonway became part of the Aberford-Garforth Railway, which remained in use until 1924. The Dark Arch is a tunnel believed to have been constructed in 1813 for Richard Oliver Gascoigne and was designed to conceal coal traffic on the wagonway so that it was not visible from the hall and gardens. The Dark Arch is included on an 1802 plan of the estate, although it is depicted in pencil, suggesting that it was proposed at this time, but had not yet been built.

Details

Tunnel built to conceal coal traffic from Parlington Hall, 1813, for Richard Oliver Gascoigne

MATERIALS: coursed limestone, probably from the estate's own quarries.

DESCRIPTION: the Dark Arch is a tunnel located at roughly the mid-point of Parlington Lane where the lane is sunk out of view of the former site of the hall in a cutting several metres deep. It is approximately 75m long and follows the slight curve of the lane. It is constructed of coursed limestone with segmental-arched portals at each end incorporating plain voussoirs that spring from quoined jambs. The tunnel interior is similarly detailed with limestone 'brick' walls rising up to a segment-arched vaulted ceiling. The tunnel roof incorporates four air grates that still survive. Attached to the tunnel portals on both sides and running north-east for a short distance alongside Parlington Lane and also south-west towards Gamekeeper's Cottage are high limestone walls with rounded copings that form the walls of the cutting. A section of walling to the north-east of the Dark Arch, which originally linked the Dark Arch to the nearby Light Arch has been removed, but some of the footings survive.

Selected Sources

Map

National Grid Reference: SE4232735966

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The below map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 519408.pdf

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List Entry Summary (Published)

This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.

Name: The Light Arch

List Entry Number: 1451941

Location

Parlington Lane, Parlington Estate, Aberford, Leeds, West Yorkshire

The building may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.

County District District Type Parish Leeds Metropolitan Authority Parlington

National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.

Grade: II

Date first listed: 08-Jun-2018

Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.

Asset Groupings

This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.

List Entry Description

Summary of Building

Bridge carrying the Parlington Estate's south drive over Parlington Lane, late C18, for Sir Thomas Gascoigne

Reasons for Designation

The Light Arch, constructed in the late C18 for Sir Thomas Gascoigne, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:

Architectural interest:

* it is a good example of a late-C18 park structure set within the designed landscape of the Parlington Estate that was designed to carry the estate's main drive over Parlington Lane, a wagonway through the centre of the estate that enabled the movement of the Gascoigne family's coal to Aberford; * it is constructed from high-quality limestone from the estate's own quarries; * it is little altered overall, and the addition of an extra course of stone added in 1837 to raise the bridge and enable trains to pass underneath, adds interest in revealing the historic development of the wagonway when it became part of the Aberford Railway, an early private railway line that carried passengers as well as freight.

Historic interest:

Group value:

* it has strong group value with the other listed buildings and structures on the Parlington Estate and the Grade II-registered landscape.

History

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Parlington Hall (now - 2018 - largely demolished) is believed to have been remodelled in the 1730s for Sir Edward Gascoigne (1697- 1750), and again in around 1800 for his son Sir Thomas. Sir Edward's accounts reveal that a deer park was created in the late 1730s, and a deer herd remained at the estate up until the Second World War. Also in the 1730s, stone from the estate quarries was used to build the Assembly Rooms in York and Sir Edward provided stone for restoration work at York Minster gratis.

Sir Thomas Gascoigne (1745-1810), who was born and raised in Cambrai, northern France and was the youngest son of Sir Edward and Mary Gascoigne, inherited the Parlington estate in 1762 after his elder brother's sudden death. He settled in England in 1765, interspersing his residence with two Grand Tours where he mixed in court society, including with Marie Antoinette and Charles III, King of Spain. In 1780 Gascoigne abjured his Catholic faith to become an Anglican and a Member of Parliament, becoming a close ally of the Marquis of Rockingham. However, in 1784 Sir Thomas married Lady Mary Turner, a widow with two young children, and he resigned from politics to concentrate on his family and improving the Parlington estate, although he returned to politics several years later following Mary's early death from childbirth complications. Sir Thomas was an advocate of agricultural reform like his father Sir Edward, and a coal mine and quarry owner interested in developing technologies and innovation. He also had a keen interest in horse racing and breeding, developing a stud at Parlington. Gascoigne was elected Honorary Member of the Board of Agriculture in 1796 and his expertise and opinions on agricultural reform were sought by the board and his contemporaries.

Parlington Lane, which was possibly originally the main central axis of the medieval village of Parlington, runs across the Parlington Estate and cuts straight through the hall's grounds less than 200m south of the former site of the now largely demolished Parlington Hall where it separated the more formal garden from the parkland to the south. The lane was used as a horse-drawn wagonway in the C18 and early C19 to transport coal from the Gascoigne family's collieries in Garforth to a coal staith in Aberford on the Great North Road where it could be transported away. In 1837 the wagonway became part of the Aberford-Garforth Railway, which remained in use until 1924. The Light Arch was constructed in the late C18 for Sir Thomas Gascoigne to carry the estate's south drive over Parlington Lane. Following the lane's conversion to the Aberford-Garforth Railway, the arch is believed to have been raised to allow trains to pass underneath.

Details

Bridge carrying the Parlington Estate's south drive over Parlington Lane, late C18, for Sir Thomas Gascoigne

MATERIALS: coursed limestone, probably from the estate's own quarries.

DESCRIPTION: the Light Arch is located approximately one kilometre south-west of Bunkers Hill and carries the estate's south drive over Parlington Lane, which is sunk in a cutting several metres deep. The bridge is similarly detailed on both sides and is constructed of coursed limestone 'bricks' with a segmental arched span incorporating plain voussoirs that springs from quoined jambs and a substantial flush ashlar impost band that was added to raise the bridge in 1837. Above the arch's spandrels there are no parapets and the arch is topped by flat copings. Attached to the bridge on both sides and running north for a short distance alongside Parlington Lane and south-west towards the nearby Dark Arch are high limestone walls with rounded copings that form the walls of the cutting with ramped sections adjacent to the bridge. A central section of walling to the south-west, which originally linked the Light Arch to the nearby Dark Arch has been removed, but some of the footings survive.

Selected Sources

Map

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National Grid Reference: SE4256136253

The below map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 519407.pdf

This copy shows the entry on 11 -Jun -2018 at 10:43:32.

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List Entry Summary (Published)

This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.

Name: Parlington Home Farm, including farmhouse and farm buildings

List Entry Number: 1451959

Location

Parlington Estate, Aberford, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS25 3EQ

The listed building(s) is/are shown coloured blue on the attached map. Pursuant to s1 (5A) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (‘the Act’), structures attached to or within the curtilage of the listed building (save those coloured blue on the map) are not to be treated as part of the listed building for the purposes of the Act.

The building may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.

County District District Type Parish Leeds Metropolitan Authority Parlington

National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.

Grade: II

Date first listed: 08-Jun-2018

Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.

Asset Groupings

This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.

List Entry Description

Summary of Building

Home farm to the Parlington Estate, 1813-1815, by Watson and Pritchett of York for Richard Oliver Gascoigne

Reasons for Designation

Parlington Home Farm, including the farmhouse and farm buildings, constructed in the mid-1810s for Richard Oliver Gascoigne, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:

Architectural interest:

* it is a distinguished example of estate architecture employing a careful use of proportions and symmetry, and classical styling; * the size of the farmstead and the architectural detailing of the buildings reflect the status of the Parlington Estate in the early C19 and the Gascoigne family; * despite some later alteration and losses the buildings form a coherent and legible ensemble.

Historic interest:

* it is an early and extensive group of planned farm buildings constructed during the most important period of farm development in England; * it reflects the ongoing importance of the Parlington Estate's agricultural interests in the C19, following Sir Thomas Gascoigne and John Kennedy's pioneering agricultural experimentation in the late C18.

Group value:

* it has strong group value with the other listed buildings and structures on the Parlington Estate, and the Grade II-registered landscape.

History

The history of the Parlington estate is intertwined with that of the Gascoignes, a family of Catholic landed gentry based in Yorkshire.

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Land at Parlington, including the medieval village of Parlington and probably also a manorial complex, was bought by John Gascoigne (1520-1602) from Thomas Lord Wentworth in March 1545. The remains of the village are believed to have been removed in the C18 when the landscape was gentrified and mineral extraction was also exploited. Parlington became the seat of the Gascoignes in the early 1720s when they moved from nearby Barnbow Hall (now demolished).

Parlington Hall (now - 2018 - largely demolished) is believed to have been remodelled in the 1730s for Sir Edward Gascoigne (1697- 1750), and again in around 1800 for his son Sir Thomas. Sir Thomas Gascoigne (1745-1810), who was born and raised in Cambrai, northern France and was the youngest son of Sir Edward and Mary Gascoigne, inherited the Parlington estate in 1762 after his elder brother's sudden death. He settled in England in 1765, interspersing his residence with two Grand Tours where he mixed in court society, including with Marie Antoinette and Charles III, King of Spain. In 1780 Gascoigne abjured his Catholic faith to become an Anglican and a Member of Parliament, becoming a close ally of the Marquis of Rockingham. However, in 1784 Sir Thomas married Lady Mary Turner, a widow with two young children, and he resigned from politics to concentrate on his family and improving the Parlington estate, although he returned to politics several years later following Mary's early death from childbirth complications. Sir Thomas was an advocate of agricultural reform like his father Sir Edward, and a coal mine and quarry owner interested in developing technologies and innovation. He also had a keen interest in horse racing and breeding, developing a stud at Parlington. Gascoigne was elected Honorary Member of the Board of Agriculture in 1796 and his expertise and opinions on agricultural reform were sought by the board and his contemporaries.

In 1771 Sir Thomas employed the gardener John Kennedy (1719-1790) who had been employed and recommended by Gascoigne's brother-in-law William Salvin of Croxdale Hall, County Durham. Kennedy was from a notable family of C18 gardeners and horticulturalists and in 1776 he published an account of the aboricultural methods he employed at Parlington in a book entitled 'A Treatise Upon Planting, Gardening, and the Management of the Hot-House' where he pioneered new techniques, such as the use of artificial fertilisers. The book sold to subscribers including members of the peerage and earned the estate an international reputation for pioneering techniques in cultivation and agriculture.

Sir Thomas Gascoigne died in 1810 shortly after his only son and heir, Thomas Charles (1786-1809) had died in a hunting accident. The estate subsequently passed to his step-daughter Mary (c1783-1819) who had married Captain Richard Oliver (1762-1842); her husband taking the name Gascoigne as stipulated by Sir Thomas' will. Richard Oliver Gascoigne maintained the estate's agricultural and horse racing interests developed by Sir Thomas at Parlington, and he also further developed mineral assets on the estate, constructing the Dark Arch in 1813 on the coal wagonway of Parlington Lane that cut through the estate just to the south of the hall. Parlington Hall was altered and extended at some point in the mid-1810s for Richard Oliver Gascoigne by Watson and Pritchett of York. Watson and Pritchett also produced a number of designs for other buildings on the estate from 1813 to 1815 for Gascoigne, including stables (now demolished), dog kennels (now demolished) and a gamekeeper's house.

Richard Oliver's two sons Thomas and Richard pre-deceased him and thus upon his death his two daughters Mary Isabella (1810- 1891) and Elizabeth (1812-1893) inherited. Mary Isabella and her husband lived at Parlington, and Elizabeth and her husband lived at the family's other estate, Castle Oliver in County Limerick, Ireland. After the death of his parents Parlington passed to Isabella's son Colonel Frederick Richard Thomas Trench-Gascoigne in 1905. Frederick, who had already inherited nearby Lotherton Hall from his aunt Elizabeth and had made that his family residence, focused on a military career, leaving the running of the Parlington Estate to employees. Frederick removed many of the contents from the hall, along with a number of architectural features, including the hall's porte cochere, which became a garden feature at Lotherton. Parlington Hall was subsequently abandoned and in 1919 the estate's mines were sold.

It has been suggested that Parlington Home Farm was possibly designed by John Carr in the late C18, but plan drawings held at West Yorkshire Archive Service confirm that the farmhouse and farm buildings were designed by Watson and Pritchett of York between 1813 and 1815 as part of their programme of works on the estate for Richard Oliver Gascoigne. Alterations, including some conversion for other uses, have taken place to the buildings during the C20.

Details

Home farm to the Parlington Estate, 1813-1815, by Watson and Pritchett of York for Richard Oliver Gascoigne

MATERIALS: mellow red brick with brick and limestone dressings, and limestone plinths. Slate roof coverings and some late-C20 replaced concrete roof tiles.

PLAN: the farm is located approximately 440m north-west of the former site of the now mostly-demolished hall and has a quadrangular courtyard plan, with the farmhouse located to the south-east side of the yard.

EXTERIOR: the farm buildings have a mixture of pitched and hipped roofs, and doorways and multipaned windows with flat-arched heads and limestone sills, some of which are painted. Most windows are of timber, with a small number of replaced uPVC windows.

FARMHOUSE: the farmhouse is in the style of the work of John Carr and is of two-storeys with a pitched roof. There are two substantial chimneystacks, which rise from the centre of each roof pitch and the original slate roof coverings have been removed and replaced by concrete roof tiles. The front south-east elevation and rear north-west courtyard-facing elevations are identically styled albeit with varied glazing. Both elevations are of three bays with pedimented gables with ashlar dressings, including paired modillions that continue across the side elevations, and a glazed oculus window to each gable with multipaned glazing. The windows, which have flat-arched heads of gauged bricks and painted-stone sills, mainly contain later casements, but two six-over-six sash windows survive to the ground floor of the south-east elevation, with a further sash window surviving to the north-east side elevation. Each elevation also has a doorway to the centre of the ground floor with a flat hood above, three-light overlight, and a replaced door. Projecting outwards from each end of the south-east elevation in arching formations are low curving, brick wing walls with stone

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copings that originally formed a complete semi-circle to each side, but have since been truncated.

The two-bay north-east and south-west side elevations both have blind windows to the first floor, whilst the north-east side also has an inserted window. Windows exist to the ground floor of the north-east side, whilst the south-west side has a doorway to the right (originally serving the back kitchen) with a flat hood above and modern French doors. Attached to the left (north-western half) of the south-west side elevation and projecting out at a right angle is a single-storey range (a corresponding range on the north-east side was demolished between 1965 and 1972 to create another yard entrance, and the ghost marks of its pitched roof can still be observed) with a pitched roof with replaced concrete tiles and a number of original and later openings on each north-west and south- east elevation. The range was originally longer and has been truncated and partly demolished, although the rear (north-west) and south-west walls of the demolished section survive.

NORTH-WEST RANGE: this two-storey principal range, which is approximately 211ft long and retains its original slate roof coverings, is symmetrical with a large three-bay threshing barn to the centre flanked by long four-bay wings, which are set back slightly. On the 11-bay north-west elevation the former threshing barn has two large segmental-arched openings to the outer bays (that to the left - north-east side - has a later timber door) and projecting out from the centre is a two-storey five-bay, hipped-roofed cross wing (contained a threshing machine originally) with blocked-up doorways and window openings, along with an original blind window to the north-west end wall and blocked-up openings below, and a large inserted opening on the north-east side with a timber lintel.

The four-bay wings flanking the barn have blind windows to the inner bays of the ground floor and square windows to the first floor, and projecting single-bay, single-storey cross wings at the north-east and south-west ends. Late-C19 single-storey lean-tos are attached in front of the south-western wing. The cross-wing projection at the north-east end has a blind segmental arch to the north- east side containing a boarded window, an enlarged cart opening to the south-west side with timber doors, and a blind window to the north-west gable end. The projection's roof coverings have been replaced by concrete tiles and the hipped roof is now pitched. The corresponding cross-wing projection at the south-west end has been converted into domestic accommodation, along with the two- storey section of the north-west wing immediately behind it (the whole now forming a residence known as Home Farm Cottage), which has a chimneystack rising from the north-west wall. The presence of the chimneystack, which does not appear to be a later addition, would suggest that at least part of this end section was possibly used as accommodation (perhaps for farm labourers) or for industrial processing necessitating a chimney. The projection, which early plans suggest was intended to be a slaughterhouse, has a blind arch to the south-west side incorporating an enlarged window opening with replaced uPVC glazing, a window with a flat-arched head and uPVC glazing to the north-west end wall, and an altered window to the north-east side adjacent to a C20 porch and late- C19 lean-tos. The north-west range's south-west end wall, which also now forms part of Home Farm Cottage has an inserted ground- floor doorway with patio doors and two later first-floor windows with uPVC glazing.

On the north-west range's 14-bay south-east yard-facing elevation the four centre bays project forward slightly with segmental-arched openings to the two outer bays lying opposite the threshing doors, and blind arched recesses containing windows to the inner bays. To the first floor are blind windows. The five-bay south-western wing has a series of doorways to the ground floor (one of which has been converted into a window with modern uPVC glazing) and windows to the first floor (two of which have been replaced with uPVC); the alterations all forming part of Home Farm Cottage. The range's five-bay north-eastern wing has a series of doorways and windows to the ground floor and windows to the first floor.

SOUTH-WEST RANGE: the south-west range is approximately 202ft long and single storey in height. The north-western half of the range has replaced concrete-tile roof coverings, whilst the remainder retains its original slate coverings. The range has a series of blind arches to the north-east and south-west elevations and the south-east end (some incorporating original doorways), along with boarded doors and windows to the north-east side. The rear south-west elevation is partly hidden by heavily overgrown vegetation, but it can be seen that arches at the south-eastern end, which were originally open for use as a cart shed have modern breezeblock infill and inserted extractors. At the range's north-western end where it adjoins the north-west range is a covered cartway providing access into the farm's internal courtyard, with a segmental-arched opening on the north-east side and an altered opening on the north-west side with a girder lintel; both openings have modern boarded covers.

NORTH-EAST RANGE: the north-east range is also single storey and is approximately 187ft long due to the loss of a covered cartway section adjoining the north-west range, which was removed to provide greater access into the internal courtyard (the ghost marks of its pitched roof can be observed on the north-west range). The range has replaced concrete-tile roof coverings and on the north-east side are a series of mainly blind arches, some of which towards the south-east end contain windows. At the far south-east end of the north-east elevation are arched openings with later timber doors that originally served a cart shed, now a garage. To the south-west yard-facing elevation are mainly doorways and windows, with a series of blind brick arches to the south-eastern third. To the roof is a later/rebuilt short ridge stack.

CENTRAL COURTYARD RANGE: this largely demolished and heavily altered range is not of special interest and is excluded from the listing.

INTERIOR:

FARMHOUSE: internally the farmhouse's internal arrangements are largely unaltered with a central hallway with two rooms off to each side of the ground floor, which is replicated on the first floor. Plain moulded cornicing exists to the principal rooms on the south- east (front) side of the ground floor (which also have ceiling roses), the hallway and first-floor landing areas, with plain coving to the first-floor rooms. Doorways have deep reveals and moulded architraves, and wide six-panel doors survive throughout. Separating the front hallway from the rear hallway on the ground floor is a six-panel door with large stained and leaded-glass panels to the upper part. A dog-leg stair is set to the centre rear with a sweeping turn, slender turned newel post, carved stick balusters, and a cut string. The kitchen is located to the rear left of the ground floor and has modern units, but retains an early laundry rack suspended from the ceiling. Two doorways (one of which is original) in the south-west wall lead into the single-storey range, which is now utility rooms and storage areas. An arched recess to the south-east wall contains a doorway that leads through to the front left room, which was originally the back kitchen. The fireplace has been removed and replaced by a modern gas fire and surround, but original arched recesses flanking the chimneybreast survive; that to the left has original built-in cupboards. The front right room is similarly styled, but with shallower arched recesses. A former store room and pantry to the rear right of the ground floor have been knocked through to form a single room, which is now in use as an office.

On the first floor an L-shaped landing provides access to the bedrooms and an attic stair. The rooms have plain coving and built-in cupboards, and the front -right bedroom has arched recesses. A doorway has been inserted through one of the cupboards to connect

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the two rooms on the south-west side. Fireplaces have been removed, along with a closet at the south-east end of the landing. A former bedroom to the rear right with a painted 8-light overlight above the door is smaller and is now a bathroom.

The attic is accessed via a separate stair flight with a shortened and simplified version of the main stair's newel post, plain stick balusters, a closed string and a ramped handrail, and a later inserted window in the house's north-east wall now lights the base of the stair. At the top of the stair is a small landing area with a single room off to both the front and rear with side hatches into eaves storage areas.

The basement was not inspected, but is understood to have a vaulted ceiling. The basement door underneath the main stair incorporates ventilation holes.

FARM BUILDINGS: the majority of the farm buildings' internal walls are plastered.

NORTH-WEST RANGE: internally the threshing barn has a concrete floor and is now partly occupied by two large C20 silos set upon a concrete and brick platform. The original roof structure is visible with its exposed king-post trusses, side purlins and rafters. A brick and limestone stair inside the south-west threshing entrance leads up to a former first-floor granary in the south-west wing, the south- western end of which now forms part of Home Farm Cottage. The former granary has boarded walls and ceiling. A corresponding stair inside the north-east threshing barn entrance leads up to the former first-floor granary in the north-east wing. Both have adjacent taking-in doors. The interior of the large north-west threshing-machine projection was not available for inspection.

A former cow house occupies the north-eastern part of the ground floor of the north-west range with fodder stores at the far north- east end and in the rear right projection. The former cow house has a part-concrete, part-brick floor and the south-western end has inserted C20 silos that pass through the first floor, and an inserted stair alongside the front (south-east) wall. A doorway in the north- east wall with a six-panel door leads into two probable fodder stores with brick floors. The first-floor former granary originally has a six-panel door providing access between areas. The roof has been ceiled, although beams are visible that probably form the tie beams of trusses above.

The ground floor of the range's south-western wing has been used as stables and for storage. The end block, which early plans suggest was in use as a slaughter house and fasting house originally, has been converted into domestic accommodation, probably in the C19. A large kitchen has a coved ceiling with a recess containing a laundry rack, a chimneybreast with a modern timber fire surround and stove, and a built-in cupboard and shelving. A plank and batten door leads through into a wide hallway with a very high ceiling with a steep stair flight off to the north-east side leading up to the first floor, and doorways off to each side with six-panel doors and six-light overlights leading in to two rooms; that to the south-west side is larger with a chimneybreast and modern fireplace and stove. The first floor has been modernised and has a mixture of doors, including six-panel, plank and batten, and mid-C20 four-panel doors that suggest phased alterations or re-use.

SOUTH-WEST RANGE: internally the south-west range has a king-post truss roof, which is boarded over in places, and concrete, brick and tile floors. At least one plank and batten door survives. The north-western half of the range and the former cart shed are in use as poultry houses with modern coops. A possible workshop adjacent to the former cart shed has a chimneybreast, but the corresponding chimneystack on the roof has been removed.

NORTH-EAST RANGE: internally the north-east range also has a king-post truss roof, which is boarded over in places. At the north- west end of the range is a cow byre with a concrete floor and slurry channel. The rest of the range is largely former stables and storage areas, a probable former saddlery with a chimneybreast and fireplace opening, a workshop/smithy with a truncated corner chimneybreast and fireplace opening, and a former cart shed, which is now in use as a garage.

Selected Sources

Map

National Grid Reference: SE4180436360

The below map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 519435.pdf

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List Entry Summary (Published)

This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.

Name: Stallion pens to the north-east of Home Farm, Parlington Estate

List Entry Number: 1451947

Location

Parlington Estate, Aberford, Leeds, West Yorkshire

The building may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.

County District District Type Parish Leeds Metropolitan Authority Parlington

National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.

Grade: II

Date first listed: 08-Jun-2018

Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.

Asset Groupings

This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.

List Entry Description

Summary of Building

Stallion pens, constructed in 1813, for Richard Oliver Gascoigne

Reasons for Designation

The stallion pens to the north-east of Home Farm, Parlington Estate, constructed in 1813, are listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:

Architectural interest:

* although constructed for a functional purpose their impressive scale and architectural detailing highlights the fact that they were designed to make an architectural statement intended to be seen by visitors and to reflect the status and ambition of the Parlington stud; * they incorporate design features specific to their use, such as eight-feet high walls and rounded corners designed to protect the stallions from injury; * they are an important early survival of a rare building type associated with the specialist industry of horse racing and breeding; * despite the loss of the individual shelters in each pen and the horse head finials on the gate piers they are well preserved overall.

Historic interest:

* they reflect the importance of horse racing to the Gascoignes and the Parlington Estate from the mid-C18 to mid-C19, and are important physical evidence of the Parlington stud, which gained national and international recognition and produced some of the finest bloodstock of the period.

Group value:

* they have strong group value with the other listed buildings and structures on the Parlington Estate and the Grade II-registered landscape.

History

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Gascoignes in the early 1720s when they moved from nearby Barnbow Hall (now demolished).

Parlington Hall (now - 2018 - largely demolished) is believed to have been remodelled in the 1730s for Sir Edward Gascoigne (1697- 1750), and again in around 1800 for his son Sir Thomas. Sir Thomas Gascoigne (1745-1810), who was born and raised in Cambrai, northern France, inherited the Parlington estate in 1762 after his elder brother's sudden death. He settled in England in 1765, interspersing his residence with two Grand Tours where he mixed in court society, including with Marie Antoinette and Charles III, King of Spain. In 1780 Gascoigne abjured his Catholic faith to become an Anglican and a Member of Parliament, becoming a close ally of the Marquis of Rockingham. However, in 1784 Sir Thomas married Lady Mary Turner, a widow with two young children, and he resigned from politics to concentrate on his family and improving the Parlington estate, although he returned to politics several years later following Mary's early death from childbirth complications. Sir Thomas was an advocate of agricultural reform like his father Sir Edward, and a coal mine and quarry owner interested in developing technologies and innovation. He also had a keen interest in horse racing and breeding, establishing a stud at Parlington. His horse Tuberose won the Doncaster Cup in 1776, Hollandaise won the St Leger in 1778, followed later by Symmetry who won in 1798, and Theophania won the Epsom Oaks in 1803. The Gascoigne Stakes were also run at Doncaster in the early C19. Gascoigne was elected Honorary Member of the Board of Agriculture in 1796 and his expertise and opinions on agricultural reform were sought by the board and his contemporaries.

Sir Thomas Gascoigne died in 1810 shortly after his only son and heir, Thomas Charles (1786-1809) had died in a hunting accident. The estate subsequently passed to his step-daughter Mary (c1783-1819) who had married Captain Richard Oliver (1762-1842); her husband taking the name Gascoigne as stipulated by Sir Thomas' will. Richard Oliver Gascoigne maintained and developed the estate's agricultural and mineral assets on the estate, and also its horse racing interests. The racehorse stud established by Sir Thomas Gascoigne in the late C18 was developed further by Richard Oliver Gascoigne in the early C19 and gained national and international recognition. Richard's horse Soothsayer won the St Leger in 1811 and his horse Jerry won in 1824, with both horses bred at Parlington. Soothsayer, in particular, was a very successful horse who was sold by Gascoigne to Lord Foley after winning the St Leger, and after winning further races at Newmarket he was retired to stud in 1813/14. Soothsayer sired many winners, including the Derby winner Tiresias, and he was 'Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland' in 1819. He was painted by the notable horse artists, Ben Marshall (1768-1835) and James Ward (1769-1859). Ward painted Soothsayer in 1821 for King George IV who was recorded as the horse's owner at that time; the painting is in the Royal Collection.

During the Second World War the Parlington Estate was occupied by the Royal Army Ordnance Corps No 3 Vehicle Reserve Depot and a number of temporary buildings were constructed, all of which have since been demolished, but tank inspection ramps survive. During the war German and Russian prisoners of war were also hired from the West Riding War Agricultural Executive Committee to work in the woods of the estate.

It has been suggested that the stallion pens to the north-east of Home Farm on the Parlington Estate were constructed in the late C18, but it would appear from estate accounts that the pens (also known as the 'new paddocks') were constructed in 1813 for Richard Oliver Gascoigne. The pens were constructed to supplement three late-C18 paddocks located in the north-east parkland. It is likely that the pens were designed by Watson and Pritchett of York who designed a number of estate buildings for Gascoigne in the early 1810s, including stables (now demolished).

Details

Stallion pens, constructed in 1813, for Richard Oliver Gascoigne

MATERIALS: coursed limestone with two small sections of coursed sandstone infill

DESCRIPTION: the four stallion pens at Parlington are located approximately 113m to the north-east of Home Farm along the east side of a lane/drive that leads up to the estate's north entrance at Barwick Lodge (Grade II) and immediately to the south of Willowgarth Plantation, and are aligned in a linear north-south arrangement. They are enclosed by coursed-limestone walls approximately eight feet high with rounded corners on the west side to each individual pen to prevent the stallions suffering injury. Wide corner entrances with tall cylindrical, limestone gate piers exist to the north-west and south-west corners of the north and south pens respectively, with narrower west pedestrian entrances to the two middle pens with square gate piers and modern boarded doors. All of the piers have domed caps. Originally the north-west and south-west corner entrance pier caps are understood to have been surmounted by finials in the form of horse's heads, but these have since been removed. The internal dividing walls between the pens survive, along with gateways with cylindrical gate piers linking each pen. Historic plans suggest that each pen also originally had a corner shelter, but these have since been removed, although their footprints are visible on satellite imagery and the locations of their eastern entrances in the two middle pens and north pen have been in-filled with large coursed sandstone blocks.

Selected Sources

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Various archival material, including maps, plans, surveys, letters and account ledgers for the Parlington Estate. Available at West Yorkshire Archives Service

Map

National Grid Reference: SE4186236786

The below map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 519416.pdf

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List Entry Summary (Published)

This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.

Name: Icehouse situated in the Wilderness to the east of the former kitchen garden, Parlington Estate

List Entry Number: 1451948

Location

Parlington Estate, Aberford, Leeds, West Yorkshire

The building may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.

County District District Type Parish Leeds Metropolitan Authority Parlington

National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.

Grade: II

Date first listed: 08-Jun-2018

Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.

Asset Groupings

This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.

List Entry Description

Summary of Building

Former icehouse to Parlington Hall, probably late C18

Reasons for Designation

The icehouse situated in the Wilderness to the east of the former kitchen garden on the Parlington Estate is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:

Historic interest:

* it is a good example of an C18 icehouse that reflects the historic evolution and development of the Parlington Estate, and also illustrates past practices of estate and country house management.

Architectural interest:

* it is a substantial structure reflective of the size and status of the estate and which utilises limestone quarried on the estate in its construction; * it survives well, particularly the internal brick structure, which has an impressive domed roof.

Group value:

* it has strong group value with the other listed buildings and structures on the Parlington Estate and the Grade II-registered landscape.

History

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brother's sudden death. He settled in England in 1765, interspersing his residence with two Grand Tours where he mixed in court society, including with Marie Antoinette and Charles III, King of Spain. In 1780 Gascoigne abjured his Catholic faith to become an Anglican and a Member of Parliament, becoming a close ally of the Marquis of Rockingham. However, in 1784 Sir Thomas married Lady Mary Turner, a widow with two young children, and he resigned from politics to concentrate on his family and improving the Parlington estate, although he returned to politics several years later following Mary's early death from childbirth complications. Sir Thomas was an advocate of agricultural reform like his father Sir Edward, and a coal mine and quarry owner interested in developing technologies and innovation. He also had a keen interest in horse racing and breeding, developing a stud at Parlington. Gascoigne was elected Honorary Member of the Board of Agriculture in 1796 and his expertise and opinions on agricultural reform were sought by the board and his contemporaries.

New parkland was created in the early 1760s whilst Sir Thomas was away on his first Grand Tour and was overseen by one of his guardians Stephen Tempest, as recorded in letters between Tempest and Gascoigne. In 1771 Sir Thomas employed the gardener John Kennedy (1719-1790) who had been employed and recommended by Gascoigne's brother-in-law William Salvin of Croxdale Hall, County Durham. Kennedy was from a notable family of C18 gardeners and horticulturalists and in 1776 he published an account of the aboricultural methods he employed at Parlington in a book entitled 'A Treatise Upon Planting, Gardening, and the Management of the Hot-House' where he pioneered new techniques, such as the use of artificial fertilisers. The book sold to subscribers including members of the peerage and earned the estate an international reputation for pioneering techniques in cultivation and agriculture. Some of the methods pioneered by Kennedy were employed by Thomas Blaikie, the gardener to the Comte d'Artois at the Chateau de Bagatelle in the Bois de Boulogne, northern France, and the methods employed at Parlington were discussed in the North American 'The Farmer's Almanac' of 1794. One of Kennedy's specialisms was trees and woodland, and he planted and developed a considerable amount of woodland at Parlington, which was not only a valuable resource, but also a symbol of patriotism for Gascoigne, with some of the wood specifically grown for the Royal Navy. Letters sent by Jarrard Strickland to Sir Thomas reveal that the estate was visited by 'garden seers' (garden tourists) in the late C18 who came to view the landscape.

The icehouse located in the Wilderness, an area of mixed woodland interspersed with walks and yew-lined rides, at Parlington is believed to have probably been constructed in the late C18 and would have been used to supply Parlington Hall with ice throughout the year to help keep perishable goods cool.

Details

Former icehouse to Parlington Hall, probably late C18

MATERIALS: brick and limestone

DESCRIPTION: the icehouse, which is set into an earth mound and is mostly below ground level, is a large brick structure that is several metres deep and circular in plan with a domed roof. The true depth of the icehouse is not known, as the base of the icehouse is filled with rubble. A modern metal grille covers the south-east facing angled entrance opening, which has an ashlar surround and is flanked by coursed-limestone and brick walls.

Selected Sources

Map

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National Grid Reference: SE4242836195

The below map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 519417.pdf

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List Entry Summary (Published)

This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.

Name: Barwick Lodge, including entrance gate piers and attached walls, Parlington Estate

List Entry Number: 1451952

Location

Cattle Lane, Aberford, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS25 3BN

The listed buildings are shown coloured blue on the attached map. Pursuant to s1 (5A) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (‘the Act’), structures attached to or within the curtilage of the listed building (save those coloured blue on the map) are not to be treated as part of the listed building for the purposes of the Act.

The building may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.

County District District Type Parish Leeds Metropolitan Authority Parlington

National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.

Grade: II

Date first listed: 08-Jun-2018

Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.

Asset Groupings

This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.

List Entry Description

Summary of Building

Lodge to the Parlington Estate, early C19, and the associated north estate entrance with gate piers and attached walls

Reasons for Designation

Barwick Lodge, including entrance gate piers and attached walls, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons:

Architectural interest:

Historic interest:

* it contributes to the understanding of the functioning of the Parlington Estate in the C19 and helps interpret the surviving elements of the estate.

Group value:

* it has strong group value with the other listed buildings and structures on the Parlington Estate and the Grade II-registered landscape.

History

The history of the Parlington Estate is intertwined with that of the Gascoignes, a family of Catholic landed gentry based in Yorkshire. Land at Parlington, including the medieval village of Parlington and probably also a manorial complex, was bought by John Gascoigne (1520-1602) from Thomas Lord Wentworth in March 1545. The remains of the village are believed to have been removed in the C18 when the landscape was gentrified and mineral extraction was also exploited. Parlington became the seat of the Gascoignes in the early 1720s when they moved from nearby Barnbow Hall (now demolished).

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Parlington Hall (now - 2018 - largely demolished) is believed to have been remodelled in the 1730s for Sir Edward Gascoigne (1697- 1750), and again in around 1800 for his son Sir Thomas. Sir Edward's accounts reveal that a deer park was created in the late 1730s, and a deer herd remained at the estate up until the Second World War. Also in the 1730s, stone from the estate quarries was used to build the Assembly Rooms in York and Sir Edward provided stone for restoration work at York Minster gratis.

Sir Thomas Gascoigne (1745-1810), who was born and raised in Cambrai, northern France and was the youngest son of Sir Edward and Mary Gascoigne, inherited the Parlington Estate in 1762 after his elder brother's sudden death. He settled in England in 1765, interspersing his residence with two Grand Tours where he mixed in court society, including with Marie Antoinette and Charles III, King of Spain. In 1780 Gascoigne abjured his Catholic faith to become an Anglican and a Member of Parliament, becoming a close ally of the Marquis of Rockingham. However, in 1784 Sir Thomas married Lady Mary Turner, a widow with two young children, and he resigned from politics to concentrate on his family and improving the Parlington Estate, although he returned to politics several years later following Mary's early death from childbirth complications. Sir Thomas was an advocate of agricultural reform like his father Sir Edward, and a coal mine and quarry owner interested in developing technologies and innovation. He also had a keen interest in horse racing and breeding, developing a stud at Parlington. Gascoigne was elected Honorary Member of the Board of Agriculture in 1796 and his expertise and opinions on agricultural reform were sought by the board and his contemporaries.

Barwick Lodge was constructed at some point between 1817 and 1849, most probably in the earlier decades for Richard Oliver Gascoigne. It was later extended in the late 1960s. The interior was refurbished in 1983 and the kitchen units replaced in the early C21.

Details

Lodge to the Parlington Estate, early C19, and associated north estate entrance with gate piers and attached walls

MATERIALS: coursed limestone ashlar with some cement render, slate roof coverings.

PLAN: the lodge has a hexagonal plan (NB the OS mapping for the lodge is inaccurate and does not depict the building's north-east angle) with longer elevations on the east and west sides and a small projection on the north side. A late-1960s extension is attached to the east side, which is not of special interest and is excluded from the listing.

EXTERIOR: the original part of the building incorporates a plinth, which is taller on the east side due to a change in ground level, and has a shallow roof with hips to the angles, a central ridge stack of handmade buff brick, and a deep overhanging eaves. The three- bay front elevation faces west towards visitors entering the estate through the adjacent north entrance and has a central doorway flanked by sash windows, all with flat-arched heads and painted-stone sills to the windows. The windows have four-over-four unhorned sashes; those to the left, and also an overlight above the door, additionally have glazing bars set diagonally forming star shapes (replicated on windows to the building's north-east and south-east angles). The panelled entrance door also has battens set diagonally. Blind windows exist to the north, north-west, south, and south-west angles, and a small later inserted window is set high up the east wall. Modern cement render has been added to the stonework below the windows to the south-west corner. On the north side of the building is a small original flat-roofed projection of coursed limestone with a partly-glazed panelled door and a plank and batten door on the east side (probably a privy and coal store or ashes place originally). Attached to the east side is a late-1960s single-storey, flat-roofed extension set on slightly lower ground with cement render walls scored to imitate stonework and a rendered chimneystack. The extension, which is believed to have replaced an original smaller projection on this side, is not of special interest and is therefore excluded from the listing.

INTERIOR: internally the original lodge is split in half to form two rooms with back-to-back chimneybreasts; a kitchen to the north side and a lounge to the south side, with a small vestibule inside the main entrance. A doorway on the north side of the vestibule leads in to the kitchen (a corresponding doorway leading in to the lounge possibly also originally existed on the south side of the entrance vestibule), which has modern units, a late-C20 brick fireplace (a cast-iron range was removed in the late C20), and doorways leading through to the lounge and the extension. The lounge also has a late-C20 fireplace and a hatch providing access to the roofspace. Six-panel doors survive. Steps lead down from the kitchen into the extension, which is excluded from the listing.

NORTH ESTATE ENTRANCE: immediately to the north-west of Barwick Lodge is the north entrance to the Parlington Estate, which consists of square gate piers with shallow-domed caps constructed of limestone with flanking curving wing walls of coursed limestone with rounded copings; that to the west projects out directly from the front face of the gate pier. The wall heading east decreases in height beyond the wing wall, with a ramped section connecting the two, and continues for approximately 100m, whilst the wall heading west continues for approximately 20m.

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Selected Sources

Map

National Grid Reference: SE4151337413

The below map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 519421.pdf

This copy shows the entry on 11 -Jun -2018 at 10:47:41.

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