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Home , ITER, ZETA (fusion reactor)

The ITER Project a multinational partnership for new energy

Martin Townsend on behalf of the ITER Organization

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 1PagePage 1/291/72 ITER

A multinational scientific without equivalent in history A large-scale experiment to demonstrate the feasibility of fusion energy

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 2PagePage 2/292/72 ITER mission

To demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of for peaceful purposes

To produce a burning .

Q>10 Output (fusion power): 500 MW Input (heating power): 50 MW

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 3PagePage 3/293/72 60 years of constant progress

TA-2000, , 1957

JET, EU 1984 to present (ITER-like wall) & )

T-6, USSR, 1965

WEST, CEA- Euratom, 1988, now a testbed for ITER

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 4PagePage 4/294/72 The Joint European

1991: JET is the first machine to achieve significant fusion power (2 MW with 10% )

1997: JET produces 16 MW of fusion power with a 50/50 mix of and tritium ─ the actual ITER fusion .

2010-2011: JET is success- fully transformed into a test bed for ITER with a wall made of the same materials – and – that ITER will use.

2018: JET prepares for DT operation in 2019)

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 5PagePage 5/295/72 The UK in fusion history 1965: UKAEA establishes 1934: First human-produced Culham Center for Fusion small-scale fusion reactions by Energy. and his team in Cambridge. 1969: Having developed -scattering measurement techniques, Culham team spends 1946: First patent for a “fusion several months in the reactor” (Thompson & USSR to verify results of Blackman). T-3 . 1977: Construction of the 1954-1958: Based on (JET) in Culham. the technique, Zeta was Operational in 1984, JET the most powerful fusion is presently the largest device of its time. tokamak in operation and the only one with tritium- deuterium capacity.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 6PagePage 6/296/72 The ITER Tokamak Vacuum Vessel: ~ 8 000 t. TF Coils: ~ 18 x 360 t. Central solenoid: ~ 1 000 t. Etc. Total ~ 23 000 t.

R=6.2 m, a=2.0 m,

Ip=15 MA, BT=5.3 T, 23,000 tonnes

3,5 times the weight of the Eiffel Tower!

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 7PagePage 7/297/72 Naval construction-size components…

Inside the Assembly Hall, giant tools will handle loads up to 1,500 tons

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 8PagePage 8/298/72 …watch-like precision

Laser measurements of grooves in TF Coil radial plates. Tolerances are in the 1/10th millimetre range.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 9PagePage 9/299/72 10,000 tons of superconducting magnets

10,000 tons of magnets, with a Manufactured from -tin combined stored magnetic energy (Nb3Sn) or niobium-titanium of 51 Gigajoules (GJ), produce the (Nb-Ti), the magnets become magnetic fields that initiates, superconducting when cooled confines, shapes and controls the with supercritical in the ITER plasma. range of 4 K (– 269 °C).

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 10PagePage 10/2910/72 Major assembly milestones

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 11PagePage 11/2911/72 A staged approach to DT plasma Extensive interactions among IO and DAs to finalize revised baseline schedule proposal ✓ Schedule and resource estimates through First Plasma (2025) consistent with Members’ budget constraints ✓ Proposed use of 4-stage approach through Deuterium-Tritium (2035) consistent with Members’ financial and technical constraints

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 12PagePage 12/2912/72 More than halfway to First Plasma ➢ According to the metrics that measure project performance, 63% of the "total construction work scope through First Plasma" is now complete. ➢ More than 750 publications from 41 countries, hailed the accomplishment when ITER achieved 50% in November 2017. [pace is ~0.7% per month]

Etc.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 13PagePage 13/2913/72 Four years of progress

February 2015 March 2019 41 ITER Council milestones completed since January 2016

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 14PagePage 14/2914/72 Assembly Hall

Before being integrated in the machine, components will be prepared and pre-assembled in this 6,000 m2, 60-metre high building. The Assembly Hall is equipped with a double overhead travelling crane with a total lifting capacity of 1,500 tons. Mechanical tests are complete on both sub-assembly tools (SSAT-1 & 2). Load tests are scheduled in mid-July (dummy load on the right is representative of a toroidal field coil in both mass and center of gravity).

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 15PagePage 15/2915/72 Cryoplant

Equipment installation for what will be the largest cryogenic unit in the world is now approximately one third complete.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 16PagePage 16/2916/72 workshop Top lid

Upper cylinder

Lower cylinder finalized Lower cylinder moved to storage

Lower cylinder Manufactured in , the 30 m x 30 m cryostat (the insulating vacuum vessel that encloses the machine) is being assembled and welded on site. The lower cylinder and base are finalized; segments for the upper cylinder are now Base section being assembled prior to welding.

Base section

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 17PagePage 17/2917/72 PF Coil winding facility

PF # 5 PF # 2

Too large to be transported by road, four of ITER’s six ring-shaped magnets (the poloidal field coils, 17 to 24 m, in diametre) will be assembled on site by Europe in this 12,000 m² facility. Resin impregnation ongoing for PF Coil # 5 (17 m. diametre, ~ 350 tonnes) and work has started on PF Coil # 2 (17 m. diametre, 204 tonnes)

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 18PagePage 18/2918/72 Total average component manufacturing Manufacturing Progress through First Plasma is >65% complete.

Cryostat Lower Cylinder PF Coil #6 Vacuum Vessel sector

7/16/2019Thermal Shield Central Solenoid Nuclear PortIndustry StubAssociation, Extension 10 July 2019 DivertorPFCassette Coil #1 Winding Prototype Pack19PagePage 19/2919/72 Manufacturing Progress

Vacuum Vessel Sector Assembly Cryoline production Magnet clamp fabrication

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 20PagePage Insertion of TF Coils in cases Divertor target high heat flux testing CS support structure Poloidal Field Coil 20#5/2920/72 F4E contracts to UK : 238 M€

Examples of beneficiaries: Total contracts attributed to UK companies and institutions by • Atomic • Liberty Mutual Insurance the European Domestic Agency Energy Authority (CCFE) Europe - LIM for ITER () • University of Durham (DU) • Knight Optical (UK) Ltd amount to a total of 238,4 M€. • AMEC Nuclear UK limited • BURGES SALMON LLP • Atkins Ltd • The Welding Institute • Norton Rose LLP • Frazer Nash Consultancy • ASSYSTEM UK Limited • Oxford Technologies Ltd • Project Time & Cost • SERCO Limited International Ltd. • Debevoise & Plimpton LLP • Etc.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 21PagePage 21/2921/72 IO contracts to UK : >60 M€ Contracts signed with UK companies cover a wide range of activities from Project Management, R&D, studies, as well as design support, engineering and procurement services.

• June 2016: a ten-year • Major contractors (> 500 k€: • Worksite contractors: EUR 174 million contract • Project Time & Cost UK Ltd • Atkins Global (Design with the MOMENTUM • PES Limited (UK) Engineering) joint venture led by Amec • FIRCROFT ENGINEERING • Kirkleatham Design Ltd Foster Wheeler (UK) (now SERVICES LTD (Technical assistance) “Wood”) in partnership • United Kingdom Atomic Energy • Leap 29 (Technical with Assystem (France) • Nuvia Ltd assistance) and KEPCO Engineering • Charles Kendall & Partners • Taskscene Ltd. (Electrical and Construction (Korea). limited engineering) • Element Materials Technology • Halcrow (EnergHIA • UKAEA Ltd consortium) • Science&Technology Facilities • Etc. • Etc. These figures do not include UK companies based outside the UK, whose values are summed up with the country in which they are based.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 22PagePage 22/2922/72 with JET/UKAEA

Ongoing: • Plasma Operation and Plasma Scenarios “The scale of JET • Nuclear Safety & plasmas allows access Licensing to a range of key • Auxiliary Systems parameters close • Operations to those of ITER, Management (contract thus reducing the with CCFE) • Robotics. uncertainties”

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 23PagePage 23/2923/72 Engineering innovation: robotics

Contractors for the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) have designed a high-power (20 kV) laser weld system for the ITER correction coils. Welding operations for correction coils are particularly challenging with the negotiation of non-standard shapes, gap tolerances of less than 0.3 mm and weld thickness of 2 cm…

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 24PagePage 24/2924/72 Engineering innovation: vacuum systems

8-tonne machined flange of the first Torus Cryo-pump.

Neutral Beam Injection Cryo-pump: 8 meters long, 2.8 meters high.

The ITER vacuum system will be one of the largest, most complex vacuum systems ever built: the cryostat, at ~ 8500m3; the torus, at ~1330 m3; the neutral beam injectors at ~180m3 each; plus lower volume systems. More than 400 vacuum pumps will employ 10 different technologies. Final design involved new fabrication methods to reduce cost and manufacturing time of cryo-panels and thermal shields Torus and Cryostat Cryo-pump (1.8 m. diameter) within the pumps.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 25PagePage 25/2925/72 Innovation: other areas…

Gyrotrons Power electronics

High technology filters

Ultrahigh speed signal Explosive transmission forming (TeraHertz)

Etc.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 26PagePage 26/2926/72 Who works for ITER? Distribution by Member 4.6% 5.8% 4.1% 3.3% 4.0%

62.2% 9.2% March 2019

The international staff of the ITER Organization (Central Team) comprises ~ 850 persons (35 countries). Close to 500 contractors and experts are directly working for ITER in Saint-Paul-lez-, France. More than 3,000 specialists are involved in ITER throughout the world.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 27PagePage 27/2927/72 Challenges ahead ➢ ITER Organization, Domestic Agencies and suppliers working as “One-ITER Team” with a strong project culture; ➢ Strict respect by suppliers for quality and safety requirements; ➢ Strict respect by all stakeholders for the schedule requirements, in particular for the required delivery dates for materials and equipment on the ITER site; ➢ Reliable and fully integrated assembly/construction sequences on ITER site; ➢ Contracting with high performing and experienced companies for the assembly activities in the Tokamak Complex; ➢ Setting in place a well-suited organization in charge of commissioning; ➢ Setting in place a well-suited organization to conceive and execute the progressive take-over of the machine, ultimately for its operation and maintenance; ➢ Timely, reliable availability of the planned and committed resources from the seven ITER Members.

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 28PagePage 28/2928/72 ITER is moving forward!

http://www.iter.org

7/16/2019 Nuclear Industry Association, 10 July 2019 29PagePage 29/2929/72