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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 46106 73-23,956 PARKER, Jr., Clarence Monroe, 1931- FRANCISCO ROMERO'S THEORY OF MAN. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1973 Philosophy University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor. Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE FRANCISCO ROMERO'S THEORY OF MAN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fu lfillm e n t of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By CLARENCE MONROE PARKER, JR. Norman, Oklahoma 1973 FRANCISCO ROMERO'S THEORY OF MAN APPROVED BY /C 7^. yi^/A/i^UÀ DISSERTATIONQTPDTATTnXT COMMITTEEmMMTTTTTT? r TO PEGGY THE MOST GENTLE SPIRIT OF ALL TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE VI CHAPTER I: THE GROWTH OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARGENTINA AND FRANCISCO ROMERO'S DEVELOPMENT A. Philosophy in Argentina in Recent Times 2-10 1. French influence in prepositivist Argentina 3 2. Positivism in Argentina 4 3. The anti positivist revolt 8 4. The constructive results of Argentine positivism 10 B. Francisco Romero 11-30 1. Biography 12 2. Literary productions 14 3. Professional accomplishments 15 4. The German influences 17 a) Wilhelm Oil they 17 b) Max Scheler 19 c) Nicolai Hartmann 20 d) Edmund Husserl 20 5. Romero and Ortega 21 6. Romero and Alejandro Korn 22 7. The method of Romero in philosophy 23 8. Romero's philosophy of man 30 C. Summary 33 D. Notes 35 CHAPTER I I : MAN AS MERE INTENTIONALITY A. Romero's Review of Other Theories of Man 42-47 1. Scheler's position 43 2. Others 47 B. The Natural Man as Mere Intentionality 50-57 1. Mere intentionality 50 2. Minimal man contrasted with preconscious animals 51 3. The objects of consciousness 52 4. Transcendental and perceptive elements of objectification 53 5. The prelogical judgment of intentionality 55 6. The self as its own object 56 7. The ontology of the self 57 C. Romero's Theory of Individuals 58 D. The Intentional Community 60 iii E. Theory of Culture 62-71 1. The place of language 62 2. Objective culture 64 3. The creative process 69 4. Cultural life 70 5. Cultural heritage 71 F. Problems 73 G. Summary 75 H. Notes 79 CHAPTER I I I : MAN AS SPIRITUAL INTENTIONALITY A. "S pirit" in Romero's Philosophy of Man 84-90 1. Nonsubstantialist concept 86 2. Spirit contra "subjective return" 87 3. Spirit and intentionality 89 4. Spiritual intentionality 90 B. The Place of Spiritual Intentionality in Reality 91-94 1. Nature and s p irit 91 2. Transcendence 92 3. The sections of re a lity schematized 93 4. The real en tities schematized 94 5. T o tality of objects schematized 94 C. Traits of Spirit 98-105 1. Absolute ob jectivity 98 2. Universality 99 3. Freedom 100 4. Un 1 ty 100 5. Historicity 103 5. Responsibility 104 7. Absolute transcendence 105 D. The Duality of Man 107 E. Axiological Implications of 1. Value and transcendence 109 2. Ethical value and the categorical imperative 110 F. The Spiritual Self 111 G. Culture as Altered by Spiritual Intentionality 113 H. Problems 115 I. Summary 118 J. Notes 121 CHAPTER IV: THE THEORY OF MAN AND THE CRISIS OF WESTERN CULTURE A, The Cultures of India, China and the West 126-131 1. Provisions in the Asian cultures for individual s e lf transcendence 127 2. Self transcendence in Western culture 129 3. The idea of time in the Asian cultures 130 4. The West's provision for time in theory of man 131 B. The Crisis of the West 132-141 1. In intellectual ism 133 iv 2. In activism 135 3. In individualism 135 4. The crisis as a lost Weltanschauung 136 5. Prescription for recovery 137 C. Summary 139 D. Notes 141 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION A. Summary of Romero's Philosophy of Man 143-151 B. The Place of Romero and His Theory of Man in Latin American Philosophy 152 C. Significance of My Work on Romero 154 D. Notes 157 BIBLIOGRAPHY 158 PREFACE My chief purpose In this dissertation is to explain Fransclsco Romero's theory of man. In doing so I shall raise some c ritic a l questions concerning a number of problems in his theory. I shall also show the points at which I disagree with others who have written on Romero's philosophy of man. In fu lfillin g my purpose three ancillary matters must be treated to make the work come alive. These are: (a) the philosophical ambience of Argentina immediately prior to and during the life of Romero, (b) the philosophical influences assimilated by Romero, and (c) consideration of the man himself—biographical material. All these, however, are merely supportive of the task, which is to present Romero's philosophy of man. In this brief Preface I wish to give my reasons for selecting Francisco Romero's doctrine of man as a topic. In addition, I must justify the inclusion of the partial history of Argentine philosophy and the biographical material on Romero himself. Furthermore, I shall outline here the chapters ahead. F in ally , for purely personal reasons, I wish to acknowledge the part others have had in the completion of this work. During my research and writing on Romero, I have been asked repeatedly, "Why does one select a Latin American for a dissertation topic in philosophy?" The reason is clear: there are many fine Vi philosophers in both Spanish and Portuguese America. Besides Romero, the following are representative: Raimundo de Farias Brito and Tobfas Barreto of B razil; Antonio Caso and Jose Vasconcelos of Mexico; Alejandro Deustua of Peru; Carlos Vaz Ferreira and José Enrique Rodo of Uruguay; José Ingenieros and Alejandro Korn of Argentina; Enrique Molina of Chile; and Enrique José Varona of Cuba. One could ju s tify a doctoral dissertation on any of these. As for my reasons for selecting Romero and his philosophy of man, le t me point out that at the time of his death in 1962 Francisco Romero was probably the leading philosopher of South America. Through his writings and lectures he had earned the title of dean of Latin American Philosophers. Because of his intellectual stature I hope that my work w ill result in his being better known to the English-speaking world. This is , however, quite incidental to my basic intention. Man's unique place in the universe excited Romero's persistent curiosity. What are we to make of man, who is not merely in the world but who has the world? Man is the being who gives the world objective identity, meaning, and value. He inhabits the world that actually is, but also possesses great interest in the world that should be but is not. I have concentrated on man and his culture. Romero's philosophy of man is a cultural philosophical anthropology and, as such, concerns itself with the production and meaning of culture as well as the reciprocal influence between man and culture. I have incorporated into this study an account of Romero's work in comparative culture and his analysis of the crisis of the West. As that portion unfolds, it will be evident to the reader that Romero's v ii treatment of these topics is strongly influenced by and connected with his philosophy of man. The material on positivism in Argentina and Romero's biography support my purpose of delineating, interpreting and analyzing Romero's theory of man. His work is better understood in the context of the philosophical background out of which i t develops. Romero's philosophy is a contrast to positivism. He was opposed to the positiv- is tic scientism, determinism and mechanism.

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