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Latin American Philosophy and the Case of Mariátegui : Philosophy As "Caliban" Or a Defense of Philosophical Cannibalism

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Latin American Philosophy and the Case of Mariátegui : Philosophy As University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1993 Latin American philosophy and the case of Mariátegui : philosophy as "Caliban" or a defense of philosophical cannibalism. Raúl Armando Cruz-Cortés University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Cruz-Cortés, Raúl Armando, "Latin American philosophy and the case of Mariátegui : philosophy as "Caliban" or a defense of philosophical cannibalism." (1993). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 2211. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/2211 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DATE DUE jAnt A M 2on^ UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AT AMHERST LD 3234 M267 1993 C9572 : LATIN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY AND THE CASE OF MARIATEGUI PHILOSOPHY AS "CALIBAN" OR A DEFENSE OF PHILOSOPHICAL CANNIBALISM A Dissertation Presented by RAUL ARMANDO CRUZ-CORTES to the Graduate School of the Submitted fulfillment of Massachusetts In partial University degree of the requirements for the DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 1993 Department of Philosophy ( Copyright by Raul Armando Cruz-Cortes 1993 c) All Rights Reserved : LATIN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY AND THE CASE OF MARIATEGUI PHILOSOPHY AS "CALIBAN" OR A DEFENSE OF PHILOSOPHICAL CANNIBALISM A Dissertation Presented by RAUL ARMANDO CRUZ-CORTES Approved as to style and content by: i/Ul f-\ Robert Paul Wolff, Chara (oow*» /Uw.» Robert John Ackermann, Member r Gafcjeth Matthews, Member J1?cho Pedro Manuel Barreda, Member John G. Robinson, Department Head lilosophy . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to record here my profound appreciation to all the members of my committee for all their help and willingness to engage entirely in an undertaking that did not necessarily conform to their own intellectual passions. I thank Dr. Robert Paul Wolff for granting me an almost unlimited academic independence to pursue in the form of this dissertation, my own intellectual endeavor. This work undoubtedly expresses at a very personal level the underlying political urgency of Latin America's long quest for its philosophical identity; and coincidentally, confirms Dr. Wolff's sincere and unwavering devotion to such causes. I will never forget my intellectual mentor and estimable friend, Dr. Robert John Ackermann and his infinitely generous assistance and insightful endorsement to this project. Unquestionably, it has become quite clear to me the fact that Bob Ackermann understood its entire philosophical and political scope since its prospectus stage; perhaps before I had even realized myself its full significance My gratitude to Dr. Gareth Matthews for a diligent and perceptive reading of a material that hopefully never meant to him a complete departure from his own field of philosophical preoccupations. IV My eternal indebtedness to Dr. Pedro Manuel Barreda, noble teacher and magnanimous supporter of this (and also his) unending venture of affirming Latin America's intellectual stature and her absolute right to establish definitively the existence of her genuine philosophical and cultural voice. I also want to acknowledge my exceptional friends, Servando Echeandia and Joserramon Melendes, truly loyal and reliable partisans of the struggle embodied in this research, for they unselfishly shared their ideas with me and in many ways their own views have been somehow integrated here. Many thanks to my friend, Jose Luis Alonso, for his sincere backing and technical assistance. Last but not least, I want to dedicate this dissertation to my wife Raquel and my daughter Mariana, for without their boundless love and faithful support I would have never been able to fulfill this arduous undertaking. v : ABSTRACT LATIN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY AND THE CASE OF MARIATEGUI PHILOSOPHY AS "CALIBAN" OR A DEFENSE OF PHILOSOPHICAL CANNIBALISM RAUL ARMANDO CRUZ-CORTES, B. A., UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO Ph. D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Dr. Robert Paul Wolff This dissertation is a critical re-assessment of Latin American philosophical tradition and its quest for an authentic philosophical identity. This re-evaluation is brought about through a distinct reading of the writings of the Peruvian Marxist, Jose Carlos Mariategui (1895-1930). The analysis which is exercised in this inquiry proposes that its philosophical production should not be considered as an obscure or secondary form of European philosophy, or in the most unfortunate case, as a radical denial of the latter's philosophical heritage. In attention to the central question concerning this dissertation it is claimed that a hermeneutic strategy of devising a re-interpretation of a single theorist could yield preferable and more illuminating results than just an extensive survey of the numerous philosophers who belong to the Latin American philosophical tradition. The "case study" which has been performed is that of the Peruvian Marxist Jose Carlos Mariategui (1895-1930). vi This dissertation argues that regardless of the broad range of studies on the writings of this Peruvian revolutionary thinker, there is still much to say about his idiosyncratic interpretation of the Peruvian society of his times and about his eminently anti-dogmatic conception of Marxism. In his own discursive practice he unveiled a critical response to the inherent and rigid determinism of the Marxist dogmatic orthodoxy widely accepted in Latin America and the rest of the world during his lifetime. His self-education and theoretical practice is described as a virtual "ingestion" of the 1920s Marxism and many other non- Marxist philosophical and theoretical notions which were critically transformed into an innovative and effectual thought replete with revolutionary relevance. The purpose in stressing this point in Mariategui's critical "adaptation" of Marxism is to accentuate the undeniable Eurocentric core of Marxism with which the Peruvian thinker had to contend. The reading of Mariategui which has been suggested, characterizes his theoretical Marxism. practice as an immanent critique of Eurocentric for the The relevance that Mariategui's writings bear posited as a problem of Latin American philosophy can be discourses of critique by practice of the traditional thought. legitimation imposed on non-Eurocentric forms of Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Fhgi. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv ABSTRACT vi PREFACE x Chapter 1. THE EXISTENCE OR NON-EXISTENCE OF A LATIN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY 1 1.1 The Textual Testimonies 1 1.2 A Critique of Other Approaches 5 1.3 Juan Bautista Alberdi and the Sources of Latin American Philosophy 7 1.4 The Generational Method as an Anthological Criterion: the Testimonial Texts 20 1.4.1 The Founders 25 1.4.2 The Generation of Normalcy 33 1.4.3 The Technical Generation 39 1.4.4 The Generation of Articulation.... 46 1.5 Toward the Philosophical Formulation of the Problem of Authenticity AS 2 . THE PROBLEM OF "LATIN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY" A PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEM 2.1 The Problem and Some of Its Implications: The Pertinence of the Poet’s Vision 65 2.2 Approximation to the Historicality of the Problem 2.3 The Re-Interpretation of Mariategui’s Thought As the Actualization of a Latin American Philosophical Discourse Construed As a Philosophy of Liberation. 118 2.4 Toward a Reading of Mariategui in a Distinct Context 142 THE LATIN AMERICAN 3 . THE RE-DISCOVERY OF PHILOSOPHICAL IDENTITY Marxist 3.1 Jose Carlos Mariategui: "First in America" Biography.... 3.2 An Outline of Mariategui’s Role ot tbe 3.3 Class Consciousness and the Subjective Factor vi i i 3.4 Mariategui’s "Historical-Materialist" Analysis of Classes and the Class Struggle in Peru 175 3.4.1 Education 184 3.4.2 Religion 186 3.4.3 Government De-Centralization 190 3.4.4 Literature 193 3.5 Mariategui’s Revolutionary Internationalism 195 3.6 Marxism As the "Science of Utopia" 205 4. MARIATEGUI’S REALIST UTOPIA: MARXISM AS THE "SCIENCE" OF THE NECESSITY OF UTOPIA 210 4.1 The Originality of Mariategui’s Thought.. 210 4.2 An Unfinished Becoming 222 4.3 The Creative Political Imagination 231 4.4 Mariategui’s Marxism: Latin America’s "Docta Spes" 243 4.5 Theory As a Pluralistic Instrument for Revolutionary Combat 264 4.6 Mariategui’s Thought: Decoding the Way Toward the Validation of Authentic Latin American Philosophical Discourses 270 4.7 Beyond a Reading of Mariategui: Eurocentric Rationality and Its Discontents 277 BIBLIOGRAPHY 292 ix PREFACE DEFINING AUTHENTICITY Since its origins, philosophical reflection in Latin America has persisted in a process of self-interrogation. When the Argentinean philosopher "inaugurated" the [Latin] expression "American philosophy" 1 in 1842 , it was evident that he had meant to raise the question of Latin America’s philosophical identity. He believed that such a project could be accomplished in the precise terms of a reflection focused on the peculiar problems of the emerging new nations in Central and South America. Since then, numerous Latin American (and non-Latin American: e.g. Crawford, 1966; Davis, 1972) philosophers and historians have returned to this topic. How could there be an authentic Latin American philosophy ? It seems, at least at face value, that in Latin America philosophy presents all the characteristics of what we will define as unauthenticity, lack of originality, superficiality, disjointedness, and above all an imitative dependency on the philosophical production of some of the so-called "cultural metropoli" (i.e. Continental Europe, Great Britain, United States). As in other cultural disciplines, philosophy in Latin America seems to some Eurocentric-minded observers like a ^Comments on Alberdi’s Ideas para—pre s idi r—a—l_a confeccion del curso de filosofia contemporanea (1842) will for its constitute a leitmotif along this first chapter significance concerning the problem of Latin American philosophical identity. x s reverberation of what is being manufactured" in those "cultural metropoli".
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