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Agos and Armenian Community: an Inquiry on the Reformulation of Armenian Identity in Turkey

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Agos and Armenian Community: an Inquiry on the Reformulation of Armenian Identity in Turkey AGOS AND ARMENIAN COMMUNITY: AN INQUIRY ON THE REFORMULATION OF ARMENIAN IDENTITY IN TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY YASEMĠN KOÇ GABRIELSEN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FEBRUARY 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences __________________ Prof. Dr. Meliha AltunıĢık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. __________________ Prof. Dr. AyĢe Ayata Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. __________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aslı Çırakman Deveci Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Feride Acar (METU, ADM) _________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aslı Çırakman Deveci (METU, ADM) _________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cem Deveci (METU, ADM) _________________ Asst. Prof. F. Umut BeĢpınar (METU, SOC) _________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ġlker Aytürk (Bilkent, POLS) _________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Yasemin Koç Gabrielsen Signature : iii ABSTRACT AGOS AND ARMENIAN COMMUNITY: AN INQUIRY ON THE REFORMULATION OF ARMENIAN IDENTITY IN TURKEY Koç Gabrielsen, Yasemin Ph.D., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Aslı Çırakman Deveci February 2015, 227 pages This study presents the process of identity reformulation of Armenian community in Turkey through analyzing the Armenian-Turkish newspaper Agos between February 1996 and May 2014. This study explores Armenian identity in social constructivist terms treating Agos as a political text. In this inquiry, first, analytical elements of Armenian identity in Turkey are determined as civic life and political representation, 1915 narratives and collective memory, and religion. Secondly, Agos‘s reflection of Armenian identity in Turkey is analyzed in reference to those identity elements. The analysis is divided into four time periods. Key conclusions drawn from the analysis point to the evolution of the Armenian identity toward a more heterogeneous structure. The main conclusion of this study is the active role and importance of the debates structured around Islamized Armenians in the reformulation process of Armenian identity in Turkey as reflected iv through Agos. The study highlights the need to treat the Armenian identity and community in hybrid terms basing this argument on the role of Islamized Armenians on the Armenian identity‘s reformulation process in Turkey. Keywords: Agos, Armenian community in Turkey, Armenian identity, Islamized Armenians. v ÖZ AGOS VE ERMENĠ KĠMLĠĞĠ: TÜRKĠYE‘DE ERMENĠ KĠMLĠĞĠNĠN YENĠDEN YAPILANDIRILMASI ÜZERĠNE BĠR ARAġTIRMA Koç Gabrielsen, Yasemin Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yard. Doç. Aslı Çırakman Deveci ġubat 2015, 227 sayfa Bu çalıĢma, Türkiye‘deki Ermeni toplumunun Ģubat 1996 ve mayıs 2014 arasında kimliğini yeniden yapılandırma sürecini Agos‘u analiz ederek ve MüslümanlaĢtırılmıĢ Ermeniler tartıĢmalarına odaklanarak sunmaktadır. Bu araĢtırmada Agos siyasi bir metin olarak ele alınmıĢ ve Ermeni kimliği sosyal yapısalcılık çerçevesinde incelenmiĢtir. Ġlk olarak Türkiye‘deki Ermeni kimliğinin analitik unsurları; sivil hayat ve siyasi temsil, 1915 anlatıları ve kollektif hafıza ve din olarak belirlenmiĢtir. Ġkinci olarak Agos‘un Türkiye‘deki Ermeni kimliğini yansıtması da belirlenen kimlik unsurularına göre incelenerek Ermeni kimliğindeki değiĢim tarif edilmiĢtir. Analiz dört kısma bölünmüĢtür. Analizin temel sonuçları Ermeni kimliğinin daha heterojen bir yapıya doğru ilerlediğini göstermiĢtir. AraĢtırmanın ana sonucu Türkiye‘deki Ermeni kimliğinin yeniden yapılanması sürecinde ĠslamlaĢtırılmıĢ Ermenilerin Agos vi tarafından yansıtılan aktif rolü ve önemidir. Bu çalıĢma, Türkiye‘deki Ermeni kimliğinin ve topluluğunun melez kavramlarla ele alınması gerekliliğinin altını çizerken bu argumanı MüslümanlaĢtırılmıĢ Ermenilerin Ermeni kimliğinin yeninden yapılandırılması sürecindeki etkisi üzerine kurmuĢtur. Anahtar kelimeler: Agos, Türkiye‘deki Ermeniler, Ermeni kimliği, MüslümanlaĢtırılmıĢ Ermeniler. vii To all those who strive for justice and peace... viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Aslı Çırakman Deveci and my committee members Feride Acar, Umut BeĢpınar, Cem Deveci, and Ġlker Aytürk for their time and feedback. I am very grateful to Harvard University‘s Widener Library for being my second home and giving me the chance to benefit from its rich collection. I also would like to express my warm gratitude to Gonca Sönmez-Poole for her friendship, insights, and support. I extend my thanks to Nor Zartonk, Rober KoptaĢ, and Baskın Oran for their assistance and contributions to my study during the process of data collection. I am very thankful to Müge Göçek for her book that she sent me prior to its publication. I would like express my gratitude to Jill Pellarin for copy editing my dissertation in a very short period of time prioritizing me and my work. I am also very thankful to Özlem Gölgelioğlu Klujs for our endless Skype talks, her friendship, and encouragement. I would like to thank my sister, Pelin Koç, for being my companion on my defense day and managing the final works of my thesis when I was not able to be there. One of my biggest thanks goes to Pınar Sayan, my fellow sufferer and my best friend, for always being there – be it Berlin, London or Istanbul, whenever I need. Thank you for everything but especially for being the first person to read my dissertation, and printing and mailing the copies for me. I cannot thank you enough for your encouragement all those times I felt like giving up. This study and completing my PhD would not be possible without all the amazing people in my life. I am very grateful and thankful to all my friends and family for their emotional support and understanding. Last but not least, there are no words to express my gratitude to my partner in life and my better half Søren Gabrielsen for his priceless support, understanding, encouragement, patience, and boundless love. This dissertation would not be possible without him. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ...................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................... iv ÖZ ......................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION ..................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Literature Review ................................................................. 3 1.2 Research Design ................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Data Collection Procedures ........................................ 9 1.2.2 Agos, Armenian Printed Press, and Armenian Community in Turkey ............................................... 10 1.2.3 Data Analysis Procedures ......................................... 21 1.2.4 Delimitations and Limitations ................................... 23 1.3 Outline of the Thesis ........................................................... 24 2. IDENTITY AND THE ELEMENTS OF ARMENIAN IDENTITY IN TURKEY ..................................................................................... 27 2.1 Identity: Definitions and Classifications ............................. 27 2.1.1 National Identity ....................................................... 29 2.1.1.1 Belonging and National Identity ....................... 29 2.1.1.2 Nation and Narration ......................................... 30 2.1.1.3 Nation, Narration, and Collective Memory ....... 31 2.1.2 Ethnic Identity ........................................................... 32 2.2 Armenian Community and the Elements of Armenian Identity in Turkey ................................................................ 33 2.2.1 Armenian Community in Turkey .............................. 33 x 2.2.1.1 Historical Background: 1923–1990 .................. 33 2.2.1.2 Armenian Community in Turkey: post-1990s ......................................................... 42 2.2.2 Elements of Armenian Identity in Turkey ................ 46 2.2.2.1 Armenian Religion: Apostolic Christianity ...... 46 2.2.2.2 Civic Life and Politics ....................................... 50 2.2.2.3 History, the 1915 Narratives, and Collective Memory ............................................................. 56 2.3 Conclusion .......................................................................... 58 3. AGOS: THE TRENCH IN THE ANATOLIAN SOIL 1996–2002 ......................................................................................... 59 3.1 Elements of Armenian Identity and Reformulation of Identity ...............................................................................
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