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decay (positron emission) in massive gamma rays were first observed from stars having violent surface activity. the direction of the centre of our More galactic However because these objects are Galaxy in the early 1970s, in the antimatter relatively common in the Galaxy, the vicinity of a "Great Annihilator". radioactive materials, and so the ew maps of gamma rays from resulting positrons, would be NNASA's Compton Gamma Ray distributed throughout the Galaxy, Observatory show evidence of a including the Earth, which is not the previously unknown and unexpected case. A century and its half cloud of antimatter, in the form of Another way positrons might be positrons, extending 3,000 light years created is when matter falls into a hile 1997 is being widely above the centre of our Galaxy. black hole. As matter is sucked into Wcelebrated as the hundredth The classic aroma of positrons is the gravitational pit, its temperature anniversary of the discovery of the the 511 keV gamma radiation increases until it becomes hot electron by J.J. Thomson at produced when positrons and enough to create pairs of positrons Cambridge (see page 6), the 50th electrons annihilate. Such radiation and electrons. This flow may be anniversary of the 1947 discoveries was first observed from the direction intermittent, changing abruptly as the of the pion by Cecil Powell at Bristol of the centre of our Galaxy in the black hole sucks in large fragments and 'V-particles' by George early 1970s, and the new maps were from nearby stars, while the number Rochester and Clifford Butler of expected to show a large cloud of of positrons created by radioactive Patrick Blackett's group in antimatter near the galactic centre decay would be steady over long Manchester draw less attention. and along the plane of the Galaxy, periods of time. J.J. Thomson went on to win the caused by the explosions of young A third possibility is that within the 1906 Nobel Physics Prize. His massive stars. The maps show that last million years this region was the Cambridge contemporaries included gamma ray activity, but also show a site of a massive galactic fireball Owen Richardson (1928 Physics mysterious second cloud of caused by the merger of two neutron Nobel), F.W. Aston (1922 Chemistry antimatter well off the galactic plane. stars. Such events are widely Nobel), C.T.R. Wilson (1927 Physics On NASA's Compton Gamma Ray believed to be responsible for the Nobel), G.P. Thomson (his son, 1937 Observatory, launched in April 1991, enigmatic gamma-ray bursts which Physics Nobel) and Ernest one instrument, the Oriented have baffled astronomers for over Rutherford (1908 Chemistry Nobel). Scintillation Spectrometer twenty years and have recently been After this initial proliferation of talent, Experiment (OSSE), is sensitive to studied by the Compton Gamma Ray it was under Ernest Rutherford, who 511 keV gamma rays. Observatory. took over from Thomson at the The centre of our disc-like Galaxy, Because the Universe appears to Cavendish in 1919, that the about 25,000 light-years away in the contain more matter than antimatter, Laboratory went on to attain the direction of Sagittarius, is normally however, once the positrons are apogee of its fame. obscured by intervening interstellar created it is only a matter of time After Rutherford's death in 1937 the dust and gas. However, this material before they are annihilated. 511 keV Cavendish came under the direction is transparent to gamma rays. of W.L. Bragg, who firmly set the Positrons, and antimatter in laboratory on a new course. This general, are thought to be relatively veered away from nuclear physics rare in the Universe. Positrons could but eventually led to epic discoveries arise through natural radioactive in molecular biology. As products of the Cavendish Laboratory, it was Powell at Bristol

An antimatter 'fountain' discovered by NASA's and Blackett at Manchester who Compton Gamma Ray Observatory spews out inherited the valuable Thomson- positrons from the centre of our Galaxy. The Rutherford legacy, and thus the 1947 contours show the fountain superimposed on discoveries of the pion at Bristol and the usual distribution of positrons around the Galactic centre. the V-particles at Manchester can

CERN Courier, June 1997 1 Physics monitor

Particle century - fifty years ago, in 1947, half a century after the discovery of the electron, Don Perkins, working at London's Imperial College, was the first to observe a clear example of what appeared to be the nuclear capture of a meson, producing a nuclear disintegration. On 17 April, Perkins gave a presentation at CERN on one hundred years of elementary particles. One half of this particle century is spanned by his own contributions.

More than anything else, the 1947 discovered electron-positron pair discoveries made physicists realize production, a key prediction of that the subnuclear world was more Dirac's ideas. complex than had been suspected by Cloud chambers played a major looking at everyday nuclei. The role in cosmic ray studies in the discovery of the pion and its following years, leading to the discov­ subsequent decay highlighted the ery of the 'mesotron' in 1937, origi­ role of the muon (discovered by nally identified as the nuclear force Anderson and Neddermeyer in carrier postulated by Hideki Yukawa 1936), while the Vs were the first in 1935. However, several difficulties examples of 'strange' particles soon arose with this hypothesis, even containing a third type of quark. though pictures of its decay to an The following article by Owen Lock, electron, as postulated by Yukawa to formerly of Bristol, Manchester, explain beta-decay, were observed in Birmingham and CERN, recalls the cloud chamber pictures in 1940. In pion discovery. Another article later particular, the mesotron appeared to this year will cover the discovery of have a very weak nuclear interaction V-particles. with matter, conclusively demonstrated by the counter experiments of Marcello Conversi, Ettore Pancini and Oreste Piccioni in Rome from 1943-1947. A possible explanation of these Half a century ago - difficulties had been put forward in trace their parentage back to 1897. Japan in 1942 and 1943 by Yasutaka Blackett was awarded the Nobel the pion pioneers Tanikawa and by Shoichi Sakata and Physics Prize in 1948 and Powell in Takeshi Inoue, who suggested a two- 1950. These discoveries were to be hile the classic discoveries of meson hypothesis with a Yukawa- the last major particle physics WThomson and Rutherford type meson decaying to a weakly revelations of a war-torn Europe. The opened successive doors to interacting mesotron. Because of the next European milestone - the subatomic and nuclear physics, war their ideas were not published in discovery of the neutral current in particle physics may be said to have English until 1946 and 1947, the 1973 - had to await the establishment started with the discovery of the journals in question not reaching the of CERN. positron in cosmic rays by Carl USA until the end of 1947. Sighting the pion and unravelling its Anderson at Pasadena in 1932, Unaware of the Japanese work, decay liberated physics from more verifying Paul Dirac's almost Robert Marshak had put forward a than a decade of dilemma, and the simultaneous prediction of its similar hypothesis in June 1947, at a pion looked full of promise. Perhaps existence. conference of American theoreticians this new particle held the key to the Anderson used a cloud chamber, on Shelter Island (off Long Island), mysterious forces which held the expanded at random, in a high and which he published later that nucleus together. However this hope, magnetic field. At the same time, year with Hans Bethe. None of the cherished since the time of Yukawa, Patrick Blackett at Cambridge was scientists at the conference knew was not to be fulfilled, and the joined by an inventive young Italian, that such two-meson decay events significance of the pion as a particle Giuseppe Occhialini, sent by a had already been observed some has diminished as our understanding master of counter coincidence weeks earlier by Cecil Powell and his of nuclear forces in terms of a deeper techniques, Bruno Rossi, then in collaborators in Bristol, using the layer, quarks, has advanced. If the Florence, to learn about cloud then little known photographic pion does play a special role, it is chambers. Very soon Blackett and emulsion technique, but which in because it is the lightest strongly Occhialini had built a counter- Powell's hands became a powerful interacting particle. controlled chamber with which they research tool.

2 CERN Courier, June 1997 Physics monitor

In the immediate post-World War II years, cosmic ray experiments using photographic emulsions at Bristol made historic discoveries. The picture shows Cecil Powell (standing) with M.G.K. Men on in the emulsion laboratory.

Powell had been a research student no longer work on the project. In­ under C.T.R. Wilson at the stead, he joined Powell in Bristol, Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, becoming a driving force behind the before joining the H.H. Wills Physics development of the new emulsion Laboratory, (also known as the technique. He was joined by one of Royal Fort), at Bristol University in his research students, Cesare Lattes, 1928 as an assistant to the Director, towards the end of 1946. Arthur Tyndall. They worked together Photographic manufacturers llford on the mobility of ions in gases until were soon able to supply 'Nuclear 1935 when Powell became interested Research Emulsions' and in autumn in nuclear physics, inspired by the 1946 Donald Perkins, then at discoveries in Rutherford's Imperial College, London, exposed Cavendish Laboratory. Together with some at 9,100 m in an RAF a young lecturer, Geoffrey Fertel, he aeroplane, while Occhialini took embarked on the construction of a several dozen plates to the Pic du 750 keV Cockcroft-Walton Midi at 2,867 m in the French accelerator, which they brought in to Pyrenees. At that time access to the operation in 1939. Pic was by a rough track in summer The original intention was to study and by ski in winter, a small low energy neutron scattering using a telepherique only being brought into Wilson cloud chamber. However, in service in the summer of 1952, but 1938 the theoretician Walter Heitler World War II interrupted the work, but Occhialini had been a mountain (then in Bristol) mentioned to Powell with the existing emulsions Powell guide in Brazil. that in 1937 two Viennese physicists, was able to show that for scattering Examination of the emulsions in Marietta Blau and Herta Wambacher, studies they gave results superior to Bristol and in London revealed, as had exposed photographic emulsions cloud chambers, as well as being Powell later wrote, "a whole new for five months at 2,300 m in the much faster. world. It was as if, suddenly, we had Austrian Alps and had seen the Blackett (who had been a broken into a walled orchard, where tracks of low energy protons as well contemporary of Powell in the protected trees flourished and all as 'stars' or nuclear disintegrations, Cavendish Laboratory) then played a kinds of exotic fruits had ripened in probably caused by cosmic rays. decisive role through his influence great profusion". This new world Heitler commented that the method with the Ministry of Supply of the became a subject of intensive was so simple that 'even a 1945 UK Labour Government. He investigation. Occhialini has well theoretician might be able also to do was largely responsible for the described the atmosphere at Bristol:- if. This intrigued Powell, and Heitler setting up of two panels, one to plan "Unshaved, sometimes I fear un­ travelled to Switzerland with a batch accelerator building in the United washed, working seven days of the of llford half-tone emulsions, 70 Kingdom (which he chaired) and one week till two, sometimes four in the microns thick, and exposed them on to encourage the development of morning, brewing inordinately strong the Jungfraujoch at 3,500 m. In a sensitive emulsions (chaired by coffee at all hours, running, shouting, letter to 'Nature' in August 1939, Joseph Rotblat, recently awarded the quarrelling and laughing, we were they were able to confirm the Nobel Peace Prize for his Pugwash watched with humorous sympathy by observations of Blau and work). the war-worn native denizens of the Wambacher. Towards the end of the war, Royal Fort". . . . "It was a reality of The half-tone emulsions could only Blackett had invited his erstwhile intense, arduous and continuous record the tracks of low energy collaborator Occhialini, then in Brazil, work, of deep excitement and incred­ protons and alpha particles and to join the British team working with ibly fulfilled dreams. It was the reality Powell realised that to do useful work the Americans on the atomic bomb. of discovery....". it was necessary to increase their Occhialini arrived in the United Perkins was the first to observe a sensitivity by increasing the Kingdom in mid-1945, only to learn clear example of what appeared to concentration of silver bromide. that, as a foreign national, he could be the nuclear capture of a meson in

CERN Courier, June 1997 3 Physics monitor

A classic Bristol pion. The track of the positively-charged pion produced in the interaction 'star' (top left) has been cut in two to facilitate presentation. Bottom right, the pion eventually decays into a muon, which after some 600 microns itself subsequently decays, producing an electron. This full decay chain was recorded in electron-sensitive emulsion, available from 1948, even more sensitive than the specially-developed nuclear research emulsions in which the pion was discovered in 1947.

station at 5,200 m. Arthur Tyndall recommended that Lattes should fly BOAC to Rio de Janeiro. Lattes preferred to take the Brazilian airline Varig, which had a new plane, the Super Constellation, thereby avoiding a disaster when the British plane crashed in Dakar and all on board were killed. Examination of the plates from Bolivia quickly yielded ten more two- meson decays in which the secondary particle came to rest in the emulsion. The constant range of around 600 microns of the secondary meson in all cases led Lattes, Occhialini and Powell, in their

Mosaic of phoio-micrographs uf o nuclear explosion accompanied by the ejection of a 7r+-particle. The track of the ir+-particle October 1947 paper in 'Nature ', to is given in two ports which should join at the point " a \ . The ^-particle shows the fxansmutation TT -*• y. -*• e. postulate a two-body decay of the primary meson, which they called n or pion, to a secondary meson, JLI or the emulsion and producing a nu­ cian, Max Roberts, who later worked muon, and one neutral particle. clear disintegration. Measurements at CERN for many years. In this Subsequent mass measurements on of the multiple scattering as a func­ event the secondary meson ended in twenty events gave the pion and tion of residual range indicated a the emulsion, with a range of 610 muon masses as 260+30 and mass between 100 and 300 times microns. 205±20 times that of the electron that of the electron. Perkins' observa­ The two events gave such convinc­ respectively, while the lifetime of the tions, published in January 1947, ing evidence for a two-meson decay pion was estimated to be some 10~8s. were confirmed by Occhialini and chain that Lattes, Muirhead, Present-day values are 273.31 and Powell, who published details of six Occhialini and Powell published their 206.76 electron masses respectively such events only two weeks later. findings in 'Nature' in the issue of 24 and2.6x10"8 s. Mesons were easily distinguished May, 1947. Commenting on the The number of mesons coming to from protons in the emulsion be­ problems surrounding the rest in the emulsion and causing a cause of their much larger scattering identification of the cosmic ray disintegration was found to be and by their variation of grain density mesotron with the Yukawa nuclear approximately equal to the number of with range. force meson, they wrote:- "Since our pions decaying to muons. It was, Yet another exotic fruit followed. In observations indicate a new mode of therefore, postulated that the latter the spring of 1947 one of Powell's decay of mesons, it is possible that represented the decay of positively- team of microscope observers, they may contribute to a solution of charged pions and the former the Marietta Kurz, found a meson these difficulties". nuclear capture of negatively- stopping and giving rise to a second More evidence was needed to charged pions. Clearly the pions meson, which left the emulsion when justify such a radical conclusion. For were the particles postulated by nearly at the end of its range. Powell some time no more two-meson Yukawa. This led to the conclusion and a young Bristol graduate, Hugh events were found in the Pic du Midi that most of the mesons observed at Muirhead, were the first physicists to emulsions and it was decided to sea level are penetrating muons look at the event, which they make exposures at much higher arising from the decay in flight of immediately recognised as being two altitudes. Lattes proposed going to pions created in nuclear related mesons. Within a few days a Mount Chacaltaya in the Bolivian disintegrations higher up in the similar event was found by Irene Andes, near the capital La Paz, atmosphere. Roberts, the wife of the group techni­ where there was a meteorological Powell was awarded the 1950

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Nobel Physics Prize for his develop­ ode ray experiments, said that ment of the emulsion technique and cathode rays had to be carried by for the discovery of the pion; negatively-charged particles, Electron centenary Occhialini was awarded the 1979 assuming they had unit charge, Wolf Prize (shared with George carrying only a small fraction of the Many events are being organized Uhlenbeck) for his contribution both mass of a hydrogen atom. Walter to mark the centenary of the to the pion discovery and to that of Kaufman in Berlin was puzzled by discovery of the electron by J.J. pair production with Blackett, who the result that the charge/mass ratio Thomson at Cambridge. Consult obtained the 1948 Nobel Physics of the cathode ray particles appeared http://www. ioppublishing. com/ Prize. to be the same, no matter what gas Physics/Electron. However for a was used. memorable guided tour through electron history, try the website By Owen Lock Thomson also measured this prepared by the American charge/mass ratio, and, like Institute of Physics' Center for Wiechert, suspected that it was so the History of Physics, http:// small because the cathode ray www. aip. org/history/electron particles themselves were small. This includes a recording of Unlike Wiechert, Thomson had the One hundred years Thomson's venerable yet temerity to state: 'Thus ... we have in exultant voice from the ago..... the cathode rays matter in a new soundtrack of the film, Atomic state, a state in which the subdivision Physics, copyright © J. Arthur of matter is carried very much Rank Organization, 1948 - "Could Marking a full century of subatomic further...'. anything at first sight seem more physics, an occasional series of Two years later, Thomson had impractical than a body which is CERN Courier article looks back to measured the charge on what would so small that its mass is an what was happening exactly one soon be universally called electrons insignificant fraction of the mass hundred years ago. (he preferred 'corpuscles') and had of an atom of hydrogen? - which also investigated their photoelectric itself is so small that a crowd of role. As several other researchers these atoms equal in number to ll over the world, this year is were to do in the ensuing century, the population of the whole world A being celebrated as the Thomson took the baton of discovery would be too small to have been centenary of the discovery of the and ran with it. detected by any means then electron by J.J. Thomson at the Emboldened by his electron known to science." Thomson died Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, in discovery, he also proposed in 1897 in 1940, three years after the 1897. At a time when sovereignty that his electric corpuscles were a death of his famous pupil, interests in science were much to the component of all atoms, the first step Rutherford, who was 15 years his fore, it is surprising that this in what was to become his famous junior. discovery has earned such universal 'plum-pudding' model of the atom recognition. It was not as if the which was not overthrown until electron came out of the blue. Rutherford's epic discovery of the The saga is described in Abraham nucleus some fifteen years down the Pais' masterpiece 'Inward Bound' line. working on the 'Becquerel rays', (Oxford University Press). Despite Thomson directed the Cavendish discovered in Paris the previous having been investigated for many research with a firm hand, and the year, and soon to become better years, cathode rays were still direction of Cavendish research had known as radioactivity. controversial. Were they rays or been profoundly altered by Rontgen's Elsewhere in physics, two topics particles? In 1895 Jean Perrin in 1895 discovery of X-rays. In 1896 were much discussed, both of them France had revealed that they Thomson had published, with his in connection with empirical formulas carried negative electric charge. student Ernest Rutherford, a classic whose deep meaning would not In 1897, Emil Wiechert in paper on gas ionization by X-rays. become apparent for some time. In Konigsberg, after carrying out cath- For his part, in 1897 Rutherford was 1885 the Swiss scientist Jakob

6 CERN Courier, June 1997 Physics monitor

Distinguished Indian physicist M.G.K. Menon inaugurates the 7th International Symposium on Radiation Physics in Jaipur, India, in February. After participating in pioneer cosmic ray experiments in Powell's Bristol laboratory (see page 2), M.G.K. Menon went on to become Director of the Tata Institute, Bombay, and has served as senior government advisor in India as well having been a member of many international committees. Right is Bikash Sin ha, Director of Calcutta's Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics and the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, who is the new President of the International Radiation Physics Society.

Balmer wrote down a formula which described the wavelengths of the spectral lines of hydrogen. This remarkable relation 'fitted the data extremely well', as today's physicists would say, but nobody could explain why. It was also an infinite series. The mystery of the Balmer series, which was examined by Lord Rayleigh, Thomson's predecessor at Head of the Cavendish Laboratory, in 1897, was only partially explained by Niels Bohr's quantum picture in 1913. The underlying explanation of the empirical infinite series had to await the arrival of quantum mechanics proper and the solution of the hydrogen atom problem by Schrodinger in 1925. The other hot topic one century ago was black body radiation, where the precision results at Helmholtz' laboratory in Berlin defied detailed the underground experiment at the in this wide-ranging field of physics, explanation. Different empirical Kolar Gold Fields, an early player in involved in sophisticated detectors to formulae seemed to break down at the worldwide search for proton measure photon multiplicity at CERN some wavelength range or other. decay, predicted by Grand Unified (January 1995, page 14), in a Diligently exploring this road, Max Theories. radioactive ion beam project to Planck in Berlin embarked on a In a keynote address, Founding extend the nuclear range of series of papers 'Vorlesung uber President of the International Calcutta's Variable Energy Cyclotron, Thermodynamik' which would Radiation Physics Society and and in X-ray studies for materials eventually culminate in his famous neutron detection specialist P.K. science. 1901 proposal of the quantum Iyengar focused on the latest Extraterrestrial radiation, in the hypothesis. developments in neutrons and their shape of the enigmatic neutrino Elsewhere, the installation of the big application, as well as plasma and signal from the sun and the all- telescope at Chicago's new Yerkes laser technology. pervading cosmic radiation, was Observatory heralded a new chapter Compton scattering, a key described by S.M. Chitre of the Tata in astronomy. discovery early this century in the Institute. interrelation of matter and radiation, On a lighter note for an evening remains a cornerstone of radiation lecture, Bikash Sinha, Director of physics. Symposium contributions Calcutta's Saha Institute of Nuclear came from S. Manninen of Finland Physics, traced the evolution of and Malcolm Cooper of Warwick. Indian science from 450 BC to the Radiation in Rajastan On the applications side, the use of present day. Sinha is the new beams for cancer therapy was President of the International he exotic Indian city of Jaipur in illustrated with experience from the Radiation Physics Society, taking Tarid Rajastan was the setting for 250 MeV proton beams in Cape over from John Hubbell of the US the recent International Symposium Town, South Africa, while C.J. National Institute of Standards and on Radiation Physics. Opening the Roberts described the management Technology, Gaithersburg. Dick Pratt meeting, the distinguished Indian and disposal of nuclear waste. of Pittsburgh continues as Secretary. physicist M.G.K. Menon described Indian researchers are very active

CERN Courier, June 1997 7 Physics monitor

The HERA-B experiment at DESY, now under types of which can be seen on the left). construction and expected to start running in As HERA-B does not use the electron beam 1998, will add to our knowledge of B particles, of the HERA electron-proton collider, containing the fifth - 'beauty', or b-quark. the electron beam is protected from the The recent photo shows the forward part of the magnetic field of the HERA-B magnet by a HERA-B detector. The HERA protons travel compensating coil on the lower beam pipe. along the newly installed upper beam pipe, an aluminium prototype with a wall thickness (Photo Manfred Schulze-Alex) of 0.5 mm. The particles produced during the interactions come out of the vertex vessel on the right to enter tracking chambers (proto­

VIEWPOINT: Bs for a bright future

particle physics has matured Binto a major player on the physics stage. Twenty years ago, the discovery of the upsilon particle by Leon Lederman's group at Fermilab was the first evidence for particles containing a fifth - 'beauty', or b- quark. The upsilons are bound states of a b-quark an anti-b-quark, so that the net beauty content is zero. However, after some tentative sightings at hadron machines, within a few years beauty came out into the open with the discovery of B particles, containing a single b quark, at the electron-positron colliders PETRA at DESY, Hamburg, and CESR at Cornell. Early collider vertex detectors allowed the first measurements of the B-meson lifetime to be made at the PEP will attempt to push the electron- With our present outlook, this would electron-positron collider at SLAC, positron collider approach to its limit be done at CERN's LHC proton Stanford. B spectroscopy began to and hope to observe and measure collider by the LHC-B experiment be explored in detail and B physics the so-far unobserved CP violation in (April 1996, page 2), which is became a major industry'. the decays of B particles. The CLEO expected to produce b-quark pairs The subsequent arrival of CERN's experiment at Cornell is undergoing a about 20,000 times more frequently LEP electron-positron collider and major upgrade that will greatly than is possible at an electron- Fermilab's Tevatron proton- enhance its capabilities to study B positron collider, albeit with antiproton collider furthered the physics. somewhat reduced detection scope of B experimentation although, Though most of our present efficiency. traditionally, this B physics has been knowledge of B decays has come An earlier dedicated 'B-TEV just one item on much larger varied from electron-positron colliders, their experiment at Fermilab's Tevatron menus. limited B production rate puts severe could already take "giant steps" in After exploiting such general statistical limitations on the this direction. Support for the B-TEV purpose detectors, the next step will measurement of crucially interesting experiment is growing in the US and be higher rate experiments entirely quantities such as the CP-violating Fermilab has taken some important dedicated to B physics, although the asymmetries. However, the initial decisions. large upgraded CDF and DO community's perceptions have been Awaiting these developments, we experiments at the Tevatron still have awakened to the likelihood that the have the pioneering hadronic HERA- rich futures in front of them. "ultimate" B experiment, which will B experiment at DESY, Hamburg The BaBar experiment at SLAC, test the constraints of the Standard (June 1995, page 20) which, Stanford (September 1995, page 6), Model to the limit, will be done at the although technically a fixed target and the BELLE experiment at the hadron collider which yields the experiment, is conducted at a proton Japanese KEK laboratory's B factory largest production rate for B-mesons. storage ring and must meet the same

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CERN Courier, June 1997 9 Physics monitor

With a high production rate for B-mesons (particles containing the fifth - 'beauty', or b-quark) the LHC-B experiment (April 1996, page 2) at CERN's LHC proton collider is perhaps the nearest approach to the "ultimate" B experiment. The proposed detector components are: 1 - vertex detector; 2 - aerogel and gas RICHs; 3 - magnet yoke; 4 - coils; 5 - magnet field shielding; 6 - tracking chambers; 7 - gas RICH; 8 - electromagnetic calorimeter; 9 - hadron calorimeter; 10 - muon system.

KEK (Japan), or in the large hadron collider experiments at Fermilab. At the LHC, most physicists are concentrated around the ATLAS and CMS experiments which, because of the large communities involved, have funding priority in both the US and in Europe. Thus the stalwart hadron B- community focused on dedicated experiments at hadron machines is small, and this is reflected in the available funding. The dedicated hadron B physics experiments in Europe (HERA-B and LHC-B) and the US (B-TEV) will complement each other, but for this to happen, increased US-European collaboration will be required, both to underpin funding and to promote the necessary prior research and development work. Major HERA-B R&D projects are challenges as a collider experiment. experiments and summaries of tackling the critical triggering, It is expected to have a 'CP-Reach' relevant theoretical topics have been tracking and particle identification comparable to that of the BaBar and documented in successive needs of high-rate experiments at BELLE experiments. proceedings of the annual 'Beauty' storage rings. Before long, the HERA-B is a modern 'cousin' of the conferences, which are now a regular running high-rate HERA-B first large aperture forward spectro­ feature of the physics calendar. experiment will add real-time meters at CERN's Intersecting First held in 1993 in the Liblice experience and perspective to these Storage Rings and utilizes a highly Castle outside Prague, successive areas. This work is of great potential sophisticated adaptation of the P238 ones were held in Mont-St.-Michel, benefit at Fermilab and at CERN, silicon microvertex detector which Oxford and Rome. Beauty'97 will be where similar R&D projects are was pioneered for CERN's SPS held at UCLA, Los Angeles, from 13- already underway. collider. HERA-B is under construc­ 17 October (March, page 24). The An ideal scenario in this exciting tion and is expected to start running Proceedings of these conferences new field would be the sequential in 1998. are published as regular volumes of implementation of HERA-B, B-TEV Much in the way of technical R&D the journal Nuclear Instruments & and LHC-B by an increasingly and subtle simulation calculations Methods in Physics Research A, the overlapping transatlantic has been accomplished to prepare most recent (Beauty'96) being the 21 collaboration. for the new era of dedicated B December 1996 volume. experiments at hadron storage rings However, due to a number of Peter Schlein and in determining the B capabilities factors, the birth of dedicated hadron of the future general purpose collider B experiments has been and remains experiments at the LHC - ATLAS and difficult. For very good reasons, CMS. based on past successes and future These achievements, as well as the prospects, most of the world's B- latest B-physics results from current experimentalists have signed up for experiments, plans for future hadron electron-positron experiments at (and electron-positron) collider B- Cornell, CERN, SLAC (Stanford) and

10 CERN Courier, June 1997 Around the Laboratories

Around the Laboratories

proceeds with contractor selection. related experiments, are not affected, BROOKHAVEN The Laboratory has come under though additional safety and environ­ considerable fire by DOE, elected mental impact reviews are proceed­ Big changes officials and the local community ing throughout Brookhaven. recently for its handling of a leak of he international physics tritiated water from a 68,000-gallon Kara Villamil Tcommunity reverberated with pool used to hold spent fuel from the news about Brookhaven National Lab's High Flux Beam Reactor Laboratory in late April and early (HFBR). The leak has created a May. First, the Laboratory announced plume of tritiated groundwater that is on 28 April the appointment of an slowly flowing south from the reactor, interim management team to suc­ but has neither left the Lab site nor ceed retiring Director Nicholas affected local drinking water. The Samios. Just three days later came plume, discovered in early 1997 but the surprise announcement by the now suspected to be over 10 years US Department of Energy (DOE), old, is now being aggressively which owns the Brookhaven site and addressed to prevent any significant provides most of the lab's funding, off-site impact. that it was terminating its contract Over 300 scientists a year per­ with Associated Universities, Inc., the formed research in solid state phys­ nonprofit organization that has ics and other fields at the HFBR, but managed Brookhaven for DOE for all the reactor is currently off line while Aerial view of Brookhaven National Laboratory of Brookhaven's 50 years. the tritium crisis is handled, and its on New York's Long Island, with Long Island Sound in the background. The dome of the The DOE's move was attributed to ultimate fate is yet to be decided Laboratory's High Flux Beam Reactor, concerns over the management of amid the public furore. The opera­ the source of a minor but awkward leak of environmental, safety and health tions of other Brookhaven facilities, tritiated water, is visible bottom right. Centre programmes at Brookhaven, which such as the Alternating Gradient foreground is the ring of the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS), with, behind, Energy Secretary Federico Peha said Synchrotron, and work on the RHIC the site of the 3.8 kilometre RHIC Relativistic put "science before safety." Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and its Heavy Ion Collider. The Laboratory will continue to operate, and its scientific pro­ grammes and facilities are not directly affected by the announce­ ment. But DOE will select a new Brookhaven contractor by early November and is expected to stipu­ late that the contractor improve Brookhaven's environment, safety and health programmes and better integrate them with scientific pursuits. In their inaugural address three days before the DOE announcement, Brookhaven's Interim Director Lyle Schwartz and deputies Peter Bond and Michael Bebon had described their own plans to integrate environ­ ment, safety and health programmes , ^'fsiji-,. with the Laboratory's scientific programmes; they are continuing with those initiatives while DOE

CERN Courier, June 1997 11 Around the Laboratories

A cutaway view of the endcap superconducting toroid for the ATLAS experiment at CERN's LHC proton collider, showing the vacuum vessel, thermal shields and the superconducting coils and cold mass structure. Designed by the UK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), these magnets will be assembled at CERN under RAL supervision.

RUTHERFORD APPLETON Design of the ATLAS forward toroids

n March this year a cooperation contract was signed between CERN and the UK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) concerning the forward super-conducting toroid magnets for the ATLAS experiment at CERN's LHC proton collider, together with an execution contract for the first stage, the engineering design. Three further contacts are foreseen which will culminate in the commissioning of the toroids in the ATLAS cavern. RAL already has considerable experience in superconducting magnet technology, having designed and built the solenoids for Delphi at CERN's LEP electron-positron collider and for H1 at DESY's HERA electron-proton collider. The ATLAS muon spectrometer consists of three large air-cored superconducting toroids: a long The conductor itself, designed to kW at 4.5 K and 1.6 kW at 80 K. 'barrel' and two endcaps. Toroids carry 20 kA, is essentially a scaling Each toroid is enclosed in its own have the advantage that, at least in up from conductors used for smaller large (10 m x 5 m) cryostat of the ideal case, the magnetic field is magnets. The superconducting castellated shape, inserted into the always perpendicular to the trajectory 'Rutherford cable' is clad in high- end of the barrel toroid on the main of the muon, making optimal use of purity aluminium to produce a cross- support rails of the ATLAS the magnetic field, and that large section of 41 mm x 12 mm; a total of experiment. volumes of iron flux return are not over 25.6km will be required for the The chief novelty of the toroid needed since the toroidal field is endcap toroids. Each coil consists of system is the size and unusual contained by the coils. four layers of windings, two each side configuration. Careful finite-element Each toroid is made up of eight flat of a continuous central plate. analysis of magnetic, gravitational 'racetrack' coils symmetrically Although the coils are large, they and thermal stresses has been made distributed about the beam axis, are within the capability of to validate the design. Quench the endcaps rotated with respect to conventional winding techniques. propagation, conductor stability and the barrel so that the coils interleave. The coils are cooled to, and the behaviour of the magnet system The coils of each endcap are con­ maintained at, 4.5 K by pumped under extreme fault conditions have nected together mechanically by helium circuits; a radiation shield all been studied extensively, and bracing structures to form a cold around the cold mass maintained at experimental work has investigated mass which can contain the large 80 K, together with layers of the response of composite insulation magnetic forces which act radially superinsulation, restrict the thermal materials to high tensile and shear inwards. load on the refrigeration plant to 0.5 stresses.

12 CERN Courier, June 1997 Around the Laboratories

The NA48 experiment at CERN is poised to beging another attack on the measurement of CP-violation. About 70 NA48 physicists got together in Dubna, Russia, at the end of February for their final collaboration meeting before the 1997 run.

The design has been the subject of two separate reviews and is described in its own ATLAS Technical Design Report. The large size of the toroids requires the assembly at CERN of industry- supplied components such as individual coils, cryostats and radiation shields. Each assembled toroid will be fully tested on the surface, in CERN's West Area, prior to installation as a complete unit into the ATLAS cavern. The details of this assembly procedure have been studied with a virtual reality simulation, to identify any problem areas and find suitable solutions. The realization of the project is a major engineering challenge for all tions. C represents replacing a mally decay into three pions, occa­ the ATLAS participants, involving particle by its antimatter counterpart sionally decay into two, a CP-violat­ expertise from RAL and other while P corresponds to looking in a ing process. Neutral kaons are laboratories in mechanical, electrical, mirror which reverses all three spatial considered to be a quantum electronic, vacuum and cryogenic coordinates. Physicists once thought mechanical mixture of CP-even and

technology. The team has confidence that each of these symmetries was CP-odd labels, labelled ^ and K2 that the challenges can be met and conserved in particle interactions, but respectively. These do not exist as that the toroids will make a big then in 1956 physicists were startled physical particles, but different contribution to the future success of to learn that P could be violated in mixtures of the two make up short- ATLAS. weak interactions. In the search for a and long-lived versions of the neutral

good symmetry, the CP combination kaon, KL and Ks. was then thought to be good, but this There are two possible mechanisms

too proved not to be the case. for CP-violation. Firstly the KL is a

Paradoxically, although CP-violation mixture of K2 and a small amount of K which decays into two pions - CP- CERN is small, it could nevertheless be v responsible for some of the biggest allowed for the K1 but apparently CP- violating for the K . In the second CP-violation revisited effects in the Universe. It is one of L three conditions postulated in 1964 mechanism, known as direct CP-

ne of the great unanswered by Russian physicist Andrei violation, the CP-odd K2 state decays Oquestions of particle physics is Sacharov to account for the observed directly into two pions. To unravel under attack as the NA48 experiment imbalance of matter and antimatter these separate and extremely gets underway at CERN, joining around us. Without it, we simply delicate effects requires careful

Fermilab's E832 study which started would not be here. According to measurement - the ratio of KL decays taking data in October 1996. Both of Sacharov, CP-violation is the result into two charged pions to KL decays these experiments have the goal of of a fundamental difference between into two neutral pions, divided by the

measuring CP-violation, one of matter and antimatter. same ratio for Ks decays, provides an nature's most subtle effects, to one CP-violation was first observed in accurate measure of direct CP part in a thousand, several times the laboratory by James Cronin and violation. better than their 1980s predecessors. Val Fitch at Brookhaven in 1964. It is this double ratio which CERN's Charge conjugation, C, and parity, Their experiment showed that long- NA31 experiment and Fermilab's

P, are symmetries of particle interac­ lived neutral kaons, KL, which nor­ E731 set out to measure in the

CERN Courier, June 1997 13 Around the Laboratories

1980s. Both experiments made 1% data separately for most of the time. measurements, but their results were With E832 already more than DUBNA inconclusive, and it became clear halfway through its foreseen that greater precision was needed. datataking period and NA48 Honouring a pioneer Because of the subtlety of CP- confidently expecting to exceed of space biology violation, the technique employed by NA31's entire data sample this year

NA31 of taking separate runs with KL alone, the questions left open by arlier this year an International and Ks beams was not sufficiently these experiments' 1980s precise. Accuracy was limited by forerunners should soon be ESymposium "Problems of possible differences in the detector answered. Biochemistry, Radiation and Space from one run to the next. Biology" held in Moscow and Dubna under the auspices of UNESCO The decisive difference with NA48 honoured the memory of is that charged and neutral data is Academician Norair Sissakian (1907- collected with both beams at the 1966) who would have turned 90 this same time. To do this, part of the year. An outstanding biochemist, SPS synchrotron beam makes a KL Academician Sissakian was one of beam, and the remaining protons are the founders of space biology. After channelled through a crystal lattice to beginning at the RAS Presidium in be collided with another target further Moscow, the Symposium transferred downstream making the beam of Ks This 1961 photo of a press conference at the to Dubna, acknowledging JINR's particles. Time-of-flight techniques, USSR Academy of Sciences shows (left to right) pioneer cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, major role in research on radiation accurate to better than 300 President of the USSR Academy of Sciences safety for space flights. picoseconds, reveal whether the A.N. Nesmeyanov, and Norair Sissakian, then Prior to embarking on manned decay pions seen downstream in the leader of the Soviet space medicine pro­ gramme. space missions, it was necessary to detector came from a KL or a Ks. Another important difference with NA48 is that it is installed in CERN's highest intensity proton beamline to allow much more rapid data collection than NA31. At Fermilab, the E731 experiment was already geared up to take data

with simultaneous KL and Ks beams. Their technique relied on the curious property of neutral kaons that if a beam of these particles is forced to pass through matter, the number of

short-lived Ks particles increases, rather than decreases, a process known as regeneration. E731 therefore used parallel beams of kaons, moving a regenerator between the beams at regular intervals. This technique worked well in the 1980s, and has been retained by E832. Where the new experiment improves on its predecessor is by taking the charged pion data at the same time as the neutral pion data. E731 collected charged and neutral

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CERN Courier, June 1997 15 Around the Laboratories

At the International Symposium "Problems of Biochemistry, Radiation and Space Biology" which honoured the memory of Academician Norair Sissakian (1907-1966) - left to right: V.P. Dzhelepov, E.A. Krasavin, O.G. Gazenko, G.M. Arzumanyan.

vacuum pipe from being burned by the high intensity beam. The average beam current of 60 microamps can make a hole in the 3 mm thick stainless steel wall in just 0.1 s, which happened twice in the isotope production channel. Another important innovation is rapid automatic restoration of the high power transmitters after accidental switchoff. A great deal of production time was thus saved. A new procedure to adjust the phases in accelerating tanks pro­ simulate the effect of galactic cosmic vides high beam quality and low radiation. This could be done at beam losses. JINR's synchrocyclotron, MOSCOW The plan for the next two years is synchrophasotron and heavy ion Meson Factory Linac to reconstruct the injector complex accelerators. with the aim of increasing the beam Sissakian supervised the work of in action pulse length to 200 microseconds. radiobiologists from different The experimental programme of institutes, and these investigations n its last two production shifts fundamental nuclear physics includes preceded the first manned space (November/December 1996 and experiments to investigate flight by Yuri Gagarin in 1961, in the March/April, 1997) the Moscow subthreshold pion production in preparation and implementation of Meson Factory Linac of the Institute atomic nuclei using the charged pion which Sissakian took an active part. for Nuclear Research, Russian range telescope spectrometer An eminent organizer of science Academy of Sciences, provided PLASMAS, and a search for and international cooperation, in 1500 beam hours. supernarrow dibaryons in proton- 1964 Sissakian was elected The accelerated beam was deliv­ deuteron interactions using the President of the 13th UNESCO ered for the first time to the main TAMS two-arm mass spectrometer. General Conference. His name is experimental area and observed at In parallel, applied experiments also inscribed on a tablet in the input of the intermediate beam include radioactive isotope UNESCO's headquarters in Paris, dump, which can absorb the full production for medical use and and in the garden nearby a tree beam power (average 1 mA current irradiation of an electronics planted by him carries a memorial of 600 MeV protons). With 20 components for space apparatus. board. His contribution to space klystrons available, the energy of science has also been marked by the proton beam was upgraded from naming a lunar crater after him. 420 MeV to 502 MeV. Norair Sissakian was the father of The remaining accelerating mod­ current JINR Vice-Director Alexei ules and their additional klystron AUSTRIA/SLOVAKIA Sissakian. (which would take the energy up to The Symposium was organized by 600 MeV) have been tuned and National surveys the Russian Academy of Sciences conditioned, moving the klystron from (RAS) and the Joint Institute for module to module to test them at full ontinuing its eternal round of Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, in radiofrequency power. Csurveying physics in CERN cooperation with other scientific Reliability was improved signi­ Member States, the European organizations from Russia and ficantly with the development Committee for Future Accelerators Armenia. of serial new automatic computer (ECFA) had a twin fixture in April, control procedures. In particular, visiting first Slovakia and then a special technique prevented the proceeding to Austria (Vienna).

16 CERN Courier, June 1997 Around the Laboratories

The European Committee for Future Accelerators (ECFA) recently visited Slovakia, meeting at Smolenice castle, near Bratislava.

(JINR), Dubna, and a participation in the H1 experiment at DESY's HERA electron-proton collider by a Kosice group. It is hoped that the home support for particle physics research granted until recently by the Office for Development Strategy of Society, Science and Technology will be continued by the Ministry of Education. However the average research support per physicist is rather low. On the theory side, there are about 10 researchers at the Institute of the Academy in Bratislava, 10 at the Comenius University, and 5 in Kosice. Many are working in phenomenology in close contact with their experimental colleagues. Regular regional meetings such as The Slovak Republic became a there are good prospects in new the "Triangular" meetings organized CERN Member State in 1993 follow­ computer companies. Particle from Vienna have been very useful. ing the devolution of Czechoslovakia, physics has an appeal to students Despite the grim economic situa­ which had become a Member State and part of this success is due to its tion, the Slovak-CERN Committee, in 1992. While Slovakia counts many highly international character. chaired by B. Sitar, is trying to rally competent physicists who can greatly Participation at CERN started with special Government support for contribute to research at CERN, their Kosice work in NA34 (Helios), research at CERN. This committee is home support is extremely limited by following a visit of CERN Director a coordination and advisory body CERN standards. At a political level, General Herwig Schopper in 1983, which was linked to the Office for CERN is probably seen more as a and the success of Helios had much Development Strategy of Society, driving force for Slovak industry than to do with the subsequent rapid Science and Technology, but full the place to do particle physics integration in research at CERN. responsibility for particle physics has research. A Kosrce group is now participating now been transferred to the Ministry There are some 40 Slovak in the NA 57 heavy ion experiment of Education. experimental physicists, including 10 after working on the Omega The eventual success of the graduate students, split evenly spectrometer, and two Bratislava Committee in securing good funding between Bratislava and Kosice. The groups are participating in Delphi at is likely to depend on the industrial former are associated with the the LEP electron-positron collider return of CERN contributions to Comenius University, while those in and in NA 49 (also heavy ions). Slovakia. Kosice are associated either with the There is also some emulsion work. The return coefficient for supplies Institute of Experimental Physics of Interest in CERN's LHC proton was initially very low, but the the Academy or with the Safarik collider has led to several R&D appointment of a liaison officer (L. University. Some engineers are programmes, while sizeable groups Kovac from Kosice) and the working both in Bratislava and in from both Bratislava and Kosice are establishment of a sub-committee of Kosice. involved in the ATLAS and ALICE the Slovak-CERN Committee is now Some of the graduate students are detectors. responsible for industrial cooperation expected to find a permanent post in Besides work at CERN there is with CERN. An order for cables a research group or university. some Slovak activity at the Joint resulted in a very good return coeffi­ Others will go to industry, where Institute for Nuclear Research cient (2.2) for 1994, but this reflected

CERN Courier, June 1997 17 Around the Laboratories

At the EC FA meeting in Slovakia, prior to a series of high level meetings in Slovakia and Austria, CERN Director General Chris Llewellyn Smith (left) was presented with the Gold Medal for Physics and Chemistry of the Slovak Academy. Right is Slovak Academy President Professor S. Luby.

state budget. Research funds for the (about 15 physicists). There is universities come from the Ministry of increasing participation in CMS and Education. LHC-related R&D work, especially in The Academy operates a special advanced, circuitry for triggering and grant system for research. At data acquisition. There are about 8 present, funds for research come persons from Vienna at CERN at any mainly from the current budget of the given time. The small Innsbruck universities and of the Academy. University team is in Aleph at LEP, Establishing a special budget for with LHC participation in ATLAS. support of the CERN-oriented While there are relatively few activities is in the process of being experimental nuclear physicists in set up. The present financial situation Austria, there is a relatively strong of the research groups is at present medium-energy group at the rather critical. Academy (10 persons) involved in It is hoped that Slovakia could be muon catalytic fusion at PSI, Villigen, helped by European support for and TRIUMF, Vancouver, and with technical work and CERN-related kaonic atoms at DAPHNE, Frascati. technical training. Austria continues its illustrious the low value of the initial contribu­ tradition in theory, but at the Vienna tion. The 1996 return coefficient for universities, particle physics research supplies was 0.90. Slovakia has is restricted to theory. Of the nation's large industrial complexes (steel, 30 theorists, most are in Vienna, at heavy machinery, cables....) and an the University Institute (until recently important military component which led W. Thirring), the Technical the country is keen to diversify. University (W. Kummer) and the The future is likely to see an in­ Austria Academy. There are also small crease in collaboration with Vienna, groups in Graz and in Innsbruck. also participating in Delphi. This From Smolenice castle near Perhaps because of the relative could become much stronger if the Bratislava, ECFA moved to Vienna to absence of experimentalists, there regional AUSTRON neutron source survey the Austrian scene. has been a strong shift in interest is built, when a regional centre could 30 Austrian experimentalists in towards more formal aspects of then act also as a staging post for particle physics have a permanent theoretical physics. The CERN CERN. position. Most are in Vienna at the fellowship programme is also well Special funds have been recently Institute for High Energy Physics of known in Austria and much granted for the installation and the Austrian Academy of Sciences appreciated. operation of a cyclotron given by (HEPHY), which also has 6 technical The experimentalists look to the Russia as a partial debt payment. staff members. There is a smaller future with moderate optimism. The Use of such a machine for the university group in Innsbruck. Of the budget has been stable with production of medical radioisotopes 15 or so graduate students, about a replacements for departures, could perhaps lead to new colla­ third can expect to obtain a research however salary pressure due to boration possibilities for imaging or academic position. Oddly enough increasing seniority leads to a slow work. there is indeed no full professor in decline of material funding. The Slovakian CERN contribution, high energy experimental physics. The relative importance of the high at present of the order of Physicists from the Academy are, energy physics budget exacerbates 0.72 million Swiss francs and however, involved in university tensions within the Academy, and a estimated to be 35% of the full value, teaching. push for the creation of University should rise to its full level by 2002. Austrian work at CERN is Institutes of experimental particle The contribution is paid through the concentrated on the major NA 48 CP physics appears to be difficult in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The violation experiment and on Delphi at present context. Academy is funded directly from the the LEP electron-positron collider Particle physics depends on the

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CERN Courier, June 1997 19 Around the Laboratories

Federal Ministry of Science and funding for CMS is expected to come should build up a stronger base for Transport (until recently the Ministry mainly from such a specific alloca­ CERN support. Four years ago a of Science, Transportation and the tion. Technical Doctoral Student Arts), which has reflected the particle The return coefficient for CERN programme was launched for stu­ physics community's support for the supplies is 0.57 and needs to be dents working at CERN and paid LHC and national support for CERN. increased, and liaison officers have from Austrian sources. At present 30 The Ministry of Science and been appointed. Austria has a strong are at CERN, with a turnover of Transport also pays the Austrian electromechanical industry. ELIN about 10 new people per year, each contribution to CERN (national participated in the early LHC R&D, coming for two years. contribution 22.8 million Swiss francs building with Holec (NL) a 10m - MCHF). High-energy funding dipole prototype, but it has unfortu­ represents only a fraction of the nately given up this activity. Austria ministry's responsibilities but is the has several active small- and me­ second largest cash entry. dium-sized enterprises working with Funding through the Academy to its CERN, a good example being Alge High Energy Physics Institute (electronic assembly). (OeAW) runs at the level of 5 MCHF/ Austria is involved in the year (including salaries), with materi­ development of the AUSTRON als amounting to about 1 MCHF/year. project for a 1.6 GeV neutron This funding has to compete with spallation, where there is other fields. Funding for university collaboration with CERN. Austria is groups is via university allocations seeking partners for the project's from the Research Council. estimated cost of 500 MCHF. Special funding can also be granted Attached to the AUSTRON is a directly through the Ministry, medical facility with its project office in Wiener Neustadt (Med-Austron). independently of the Academy, but is Manfred Regler organized the Vienna EC FA insufficient for major projects. Special A new technical student programme meeting

At the Austrian Ministry of Science and Transport, left to right, CERN Director General Chris Llewellyn Smith; R. Kneucker, Director of International Cooperation at the Ministry; and W. Majerotto, Director of the Institute for High Energy Physics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

20 CERN Courier, June 1997 Bookshelf

Bookshelf

the success of the particular gauge about future directions, the book An Introduction to Gauge Theories theories which constitute the Stand­ does provide a very good pedagogi­ and Modern Particle Physics, ard Model - the Electroweak Theory cal survey of the recent and very by Elliot Leader and Enrico Predazzi: and Quantum Chromo-dynamics - rewarding past. Cambridge University Press, including most of the necessary Volume I hardback, technical details. Maurice Jacob ISBN 0521464684 £90, While, with hindsight, one can Volume I paperback cover much ground while remaining ISBN 052146840X £32.50, at a relatively simple theoretical level, Volume II hardback there are many subtle points, New Cosmology ISBN 0521496179 £85, associated in particular with Volume II paperback renormalizability and vacuum degen­ ISBN 0521499518 £30 eracy, which cannot be avoided. Now available is the third edition of The presentation of these points Cosmology by Michael Rowan- The first volume of this book (close to tends to be rather brief. However the Robinson of London's Imperial 500 pages) covers electroweak authors do acknowledge this and College (Oxford University Press, interactions, the "new particles" make a genuine effort to present ISBN 0 19 851885 4 hbk, (with the discovery of charm beauty clear pictures of such complex topics 0 19 851884 6 pbk). and the tau) and the parton model. so that the unfamiliar reader could at In the quarter-century since the The second volume (about 450 least appreciate the importance of appearance of the first edition of this pages) deals with CP violations, these questions, the techniques book, cosmology has become an QCD and hard processes. needed to handle them, and/or their increasingly experimental science Reading it, the first impression is practical consequences. with the impact of space-borne of a saga. The book traces the A good knowledge of relativistic observatories as well as new ground- excitements and discoveries which quantum mechanics is needed. based stations. The subject remains characterized the fruitful period in Some quantum field theory, only as controversial as ever - the book's particle physics during the seventies briefly covered in the appendices, epilogue lists twenty ongoing and the eighties, when our Standard would also help. controversies. Model of fundamental particles and The book is primarily a presentation their interactions took shape and was of past successes. This could have verified by experiment to high been achieved more compactly, but it precision. This precise adherence to is good to have such an authoritative Books received the Standard Model has phenomenological compilation of subsequently continued and the drarpatic progress during two increased, despite careful searches decades. Theory of Nuclear Reactions by for any deviations. The book is however very brief P. Frobrich and R. Lippenheide, The presentation sometimes traces when looking beyond the Standard Oxford Science Publications, actual developments, with an almost Model, in particular about ISBN 0 19 85377783 2 hbk £65 chronological presentation of results supersymmetry, which, while still which gradually brought a better controversial, has many followers understanding, but overall the book and already extensive putative In the Oxford Studies in Nuclear prefers a more global viewpoint to phenomenology. The book also does Physics Series, the presents the ensure a good conceptual not cover in any detail the future theoretical formalism of understanding. The particularly clear expectations when colliding nonrelativistic nuclear reactions, presentation also often follows a constituents at the TeV level, covering potential scattering, formal phenomenological approach, neither does it present rationale theory, direct reactions, the emphasizing analysis of the data as behind the effort to search for the compound nucleus, and dissipation they became available. quark-gluon plasma or for neutrino and fluctuations. Rather than an introduction to oscillations. gauge theories, it is more the story of While not speculating very much

CERN Courier, June 1997 21 BIMETALLIC

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Inquiries for the rest of the world: CERN Courier, June 1997 please see page III People and things

People and things

Project Director Lyn Evans (left) explains progress for CERN's LHC proton collider to US House Science Committee Chairman F. James Sensenbrenner during a visit to CERN on 18 April.

External correspondents

Argonne National Laboratory, (USA) D. Ayres Brookhaven, National Laboratory, (USA) P. Yamin CEBAF Laboratory, (USA) S. Corneliussen Cornell University, (USA) D. G. Cassel DESY Laboratory, (Germany) Ilka Flegel, P. Waloschek Thomas Weiland, eminent accelera­ treatment of many accelerator Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, tor physicist and Professor at the problems. (USA) Department of Electrical Engineering Charles Alcock of Livermore receives Judy Jackson of the Technical University of the prestigious E.O. Lawrence GSI Darmstadt, (Germany) Darmstadt, and formerly also at Physics Award of the US Department G. Siegert CERN and DESY, receives one of of Energy for his work in observing INFN, (Italy) the 1997 Philipp Morris Research Massive Compact Halo Objects A. Pascolini Prizes for his work on the numerical (MACHOS) in the search for Dark IHEP, Beijing, (China) Qi Nading modeling of electromagnetic fields in Matter. all kinds of everyday electrical JINR Dubna, (Russia) B. Starchenko equipment. This work derives from Flerov Prize KEK National Laboratory, (Japan) his special technique for solving A. Maki Maxwell's equations numerically Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, (USA) which has considerably helped the This year the G.N. Flerov Prize of the B. Feinberg Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Los Alamos National Laboratory, (USA) (JINR), Dubna, is awarded to S. C. Hoffmann Hofmann (GSI, Germany), Yu.A. NIKHEF Laboratory, (Netherlands) Lazarev (JINR, Dubna) and A. Margriet van der Heijden Sobiczewski (Soltan Institute, Novosibirsk Institute, (Russia) Poland) for "The Experimental and S. Eidelman Theoretical Study of the Superheavy Orsay Laboratory, (France) Anne-Marie Lutz Elements Properties which Resulted in the Discovery of a New Domain of PSI Laboratory, (Switzerland) P.-R. Kettle Nuclear Stability nearZ=110 and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, (UK) N=162". The G.N.Flerov Prize is Jacky Hutchinson awarded biennially to Russian and Saclay Laboratory, (France) foreign scientists for outstanding Elisabeth Locci achievements in nuclear physics. IHEP, Serpukhov, (Russia) Yu. Ryabov Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, (USA) M. Riordan TRIUMF Laboratory, (Canada) M. K. Craddock

Thomas Weiland - Philipp Morris Research Prize

CERN Courier, June 1997 23 People and things

In a recent meeting, the Programme Advisory Committee for Particle Physics at the Joint Vladimir Kadyshevsky, Director of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, near near Moscow, approved recommendations on Moscow, celebrated his 60th birthday on 5 the JINR research programme till the year May. 2000, covering JINR participation in preparation for experiments at CERN's LHC, as well as for the accelerators of JINR and IHEP(Protvino), DESY, Fermilab and Brookhaven. Seen here (left to right) are Programme Advisory Committee for Particle Physics members G.Zinovjev, V.Penev, T.Hallman, A.Sissakian, P.Spillantini, M.Delia Negra, J.-E.Augustin, N.Giokaris, and R.Voss.

President of the International 'Nature, tional fruitful cooperation between Society, Man' University at Dubna, the two major international organiza­ and is also President of the Union of tions. Russian Scientific Societies The Protocol was initiated by the JINR-CERN Cooperation Committee co-chaired by JINR Vice-Director Dubna participation in the LHC Alexei Sissakian and CERN Collabo­ ration Coordinator Jim Allaby. In the framework of the Agreement Vladimir Kadyshevsky 60 on Cooperation between CERN and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Re­ Lepton-Photon Symposium 5 May marks the 60th birthday of search (JINR), Dubna, near Moscow, Vladimir Kadyshevsky, Director of the CERN Director General Chris The 18th International Symposium Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Llewellyn Smith and JINR Director on Lepton and Photon Interactions Dubna, near Moscow. As research Vladimir Kadyshevsky have signed will be held from July 28 to August 1 student of N.N. Bogoliubov, he began a Protocol concerning JINR's partici­ in Hamburg, Germany. More infor­ his professional career in 1962 at pation in the LHC project, covering mation can be found on httpJwww. JINR's Laboratory of Theoretical joint research for the forthcoming desy.de/lp97. The e-mail address of Physics, going on to become its decade and promotion of the tradi­ the Symposium is [email protected] Head from 1987 to 1992, when he became JINR's Director. His research interests cover particle physics, quantum field theory, and group theoretical and geometrical methods in field theory. As well as leading JINR, he also lectures at Moscow State University and is

Helge Ravn (right) explains CERN's ISOLDE on-line isotope separator to Danish Minister for Research and Information Technology Jytte Hilden during a visit on 18 April.

24 CERN Courier, June 1997 PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT PEARSON — Wide Band, Precision 1 CLAMP ON J The Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) is a national, multidisciplinary research CURRENT organization for science and engineering. In order to complement the existing research installations it is now envisaged to build a 2.5 GeV MONITORS Synchrotron Lightsource for Switzerland (SLS) at PSI. This facility will provide electromagnetic radiation of unprecedented brilliance for research Clamp-on versions of fields in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and material science. several Pearson™ The planning phase of this project has now started. We seek to recruit for our Current Monitors are team a now available. These incorporate MECHANICAL ENGINEER wide-band frequency for the mechanical layout and stress calculation of mechanical and ultra high response in a vacuum components of the accelerator and the beamlines. He / she will also demountable configuration be responsible for the CAD - integration of all components and for the defi­ for use on fixed conductors. Hole nition, cost- and timecontrol of external construction contracts and the tech­ diameter is 2 inches, and sensitivity nical supervision of the assigned designers. ranges from 0.001 to 1.0 Volt/Ampere. The successful candidate should hold an university degree in mechanical engineering, should have several years of professional experience in design Model 3525, typical of the group, has a sensitivity of and calculation of fine mechanical and UHV components and should have 0.1 V/A, a frequency range of 5 Hz to 15 MHz, and solid experience in CAD. Knowledge of German and English would be 5,000 Amperes peak pulse current capability. Pulse of advantage. The candidate should have good capabilities in supervision, organization and teamwork. rise-times down to 25 nanoseconds can be viewed. The position requires full dedication to the project and leaves ample space We welcome inquires regarding custom clamp-on for own initiatives. It opens the possibility to co-shape the SLS project right monitors to meet special requirements. from the beginning.

If this is the challenge you looked for then send your application including PEARSON ELECTRONICS, INC. curriculum vitae, diplomas, list of publications and references to 1860 Embarcadero Road Paul Scherrer Institut, Personnel Division, reference code 0200/048, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A. CH-5232 Villigen PSI Telephone (415) 494-6444 • FAX (415) 494-6716

Katholieke tin i vzrs i tti t Nijmegen

Faculty of Science

The Subfaculty of Physics at the University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, invites applicants for the position of professor (mlf) of experimental physics (high energy)

Candidates should have a proven record of success in The faculty is making an effort to increase the number of experimental high energy physics, wide insight into high women in academic positions. Women are, therefore, energy physics in general, and into the analysis and inter­ especially encouraged to apply. pretation of experimental data, as well as a deep knowledge of and experience in the field of high energy instrumentation. Further information can be provided by Prof.Dr. R. Kleiss, A further vacancy on the assistant professor level can be tel. +31 24 365 32 83, E-mail: [email protected] filled according to agreement with the new professor. An application with a curriculum vitae, a list of publications and names of three references should be addressed within High quality teaching of undergraduate and graduate physic three weeks to the Faculty of Science, Personnel Department, courses is an important aspect of this position. An accepted Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, foreign candidate is expected to teach in Dutch within two under reference number 70-97. Suggestions for suitable years. candidates are welcome.

CERN Courier, June 1997 25 People and things

Swiss Ambassador to the UN and International Organizations in Geneva Walter Gyger (left) recently hosted a reception to honour Jacques Vernet (second left) on his retirement as Swiss delegate to CERN Council. M. Vernet has been a staunch CERN ally and his vigorous defence of the Organization's interests at Council sessions will be long remembered. With him in the photograph are CERN's Research/Technical Director Horst Wenninger (second right) and Swiss delegate to CERN's Finance Committee Michel Gottret (extreme right).

Thin Films, Innovative Materials, Surface Impedance of Superconduc­ tors, RF Superconductivity Non- Accelerator Applications and HTCS Materials from Research to Applica­ tion. Information from Dr. V. Palmieri, Chairman, /A/FA/ LNL, Via Romea 4, Legnaro (Padua) Italy; Fax: +39-49-641925; e-mail: Abano @ In I. infn. it; Internet: http://axplnl. Inl. infn. it/-abano/ rfsuperconductivity, html

The Xth IEEE Real Time Conference will be organized in France from Meetings Terme, Italy, sponsored by Istituto 22 - 26 September under the aus­ Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, pices of the Commissariat a I'Energie The DESY Theory Workshop 97 will Laboratori Nazionali di Leg nam. Atomique (CEA) and Institut National take place from September 24 - 26 at Topics include: Superconducting de Physique Nucleaire et de Phy­ DESY, Hamburg, and will be devoted Cavities for High Energy and Heavy sique des Particules (IN2P3/CNRS). to "Recent Developments in QCD". Ion Accelerators, Cyclotrons, FELs, It will be devoted to the "Impact of For further information, see the High Intensity Proton Super­ modern technologies in Real Time "Conferences" item on the DESY conducting Machines, The Push for systems" for small as well as large homepage at http://www.desy.de/ High Accelerating Gradients, Cavity present and future scientific embed­ The 8th Workshop on Radio- Fabrication Techniques and Novel ded apparatus or experiments. frequency Superconductivity will be Ideas, Ancillary Equipment, Cryogen­ Nuclear, High Energy, Astroparticle, held from October 6 - 10 at Abano ics, Couplers, Niobium Properties, Astrophysics and Plasma Physics will be covered, as well as applications in medical, biology, aerospace and other industrial disciplines. Contact Mme Nicole Mathieu, Laboratoire de I'Accelerateur Lineaire (LAL), Universite de Paris Sud - Bat 200 FR - 91405 Orsay, Cedex France Phone: (+33) (0)1 64 46 84 37 fax: (+33) (0)1 69 07 15 26 e-mail: [email protected] Web URL : http://www. in2p3. fr/rt97

A well-attended event at the Ecole Poly technique, Paris, on 3 April marked the 96th birthday of Louis Leprince-Ringuet and the transfer of the Leprince-Ringuet scientific archive to the institute's library. As well as his numerous contributions to physics, Leprince- Ringuet has been a long-serving member of CERN's Scientific Policy Committee, its Chairman from 1964-66, and is still a frequent visitor to the Laboratory.

26 CERN Courier, June 1997 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SENIOR PROGRAM OFFICER (PHYSICIST) ffft FACILITIES OPERATIONS TEAM, ECO EE POLYTECHNIQUE DIVISION OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE OFFICE OF HIGH ENERGY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS OFFICE OF ENERGY RESEARCH

THE SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY $75,935 to $98,714 per annum PN-97-ER-76-20-165 LAUSANNE (EPFL) INVITES APPLICATIONS FOR THE The U.S. Department of Energy is seeking applicants for the position of FOUR FOLLOWING POSITIONS OF Senior Program Officer (Physicist), Facilities Operations, Division of High Energy Physics (DHEP), Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics (HENP), in the Office of Energy Research (ER). The incumbent supervises, organizes ASSISTANT PROFESSOR in and coordinates those DHEP activities concerned with the operation of ac­ celerator, colliding beam and experimental research facilities at each of the DOE national accelerator centers. Develops, recommends, and implements 1. Environmental engineering strategies, milestones, policies, and near- and long-range plans for the opera­ at the Rural Engineering Department tion of high energy physics laboratories, and their accelerator and experi­ The new collaborator will have teaching and research responsibili­ mental facilities both existing and under construction. Makes recommenda­ ties for environmental biothechnology, particularly in modern bio­ tions on the suitability, performance, and utilization of high energy physics accelerator and experimental facilities and assesses the capabilities and logical treatments of industrial effluents. He/she must have the nec­ priorities of proposed new ones. A thorough knowledge and understanding essary skills within a pluri disciplinary team to develop new tech­ of high energy physics, as well as extensive background and experience nologies of intensive treatments designated to biodegrade xenobiotic based on training and substantial research experience in high energy physics compounds in liquid or gazeous industrial effluents at their point of are necessary. emission. To be eligible for consideration, applicants must submit a completed appli­ 2. Soil microbiology applied to the management cation or resume, and/or an Optional Form 612, "Optional Application for and remediation of degraded soils Federal Employment". Details of all information required to apply and at the Rural Engineering Department further information should be obtained from the address below. The new collaborator will have to develop high level research and Applications must be postmarked no later than July 11,1997, and should teaching in the following areas; soil microbiology, biological be sent to the U.S. Department of Energy, HR-331.4, Room F-125,19901 detoxication of contaminated soils, qualitative remediation of de­ Germantown Road, Germantown, Maryland 20874-1290. To obtain a graded soils by restoration of biodiversity, operational management copy of any DOE Public Notice via FAX, please call (202) 586-1705. The of unstable anthropic soils. He/she must have outstanding qualities Department is an equal opportunity employer. U.S. Citizenship is required. as an experimenter and model developer. The scientific approach will be the one of an engineer able to create, realize and manage projects at a very high level.

3. Biomaterials Staff Member at the Materials Science Department The new collaborator should have a high level of academic training Experimental physicist or electrical engineer to work as a member with background both in materials science and engineering and medi­ of the Accelerator Physics and Engineering Group in the LANSCE cal/paramedical fields with knowledge of the interaction between Division on a variety of novel and interesting accelerator projects. synthetic materials and human tissue. He/she must have proof of Primary emphasis will focus on the design, tuning, and testing of his/her originality and ability through scientific publications of the normal and superconducting RF cavities for linear accelerators, storage rings, and beam transport systems. Interact with linac and highest level, for example in biomaterials research. beam transport physicists, electrical and mechanical engineers, mechanical designers, fabrication technicians, and test technicians 4. Chemical engineering to define the technical requirements and carry out the design, fab­ at the Chemistry Department rication, and testing RF accelerator cavities. Provide technical direc­ The new collaborator is expected to develop high level activities in tion to engineers, designers, technicians, and subcontractors for the the area of Multifunctional Processes/Reactors. He/she should have development and production of linear accelerator hardware. a strong interest in the teaching of chemistry and chemical engineer­ Create technical specifications for in-house and subcontract devel­ ing both at undergraduate and graduate levels. opment and production of RF accelerator cavities.

For the four positions: the activities will take place within the con­ Requires a Ph.D. in physics or electrical engineering plus seven cerned Departments and will also involve other of the EPFL as well years' relevant experience or equivalent combination of education and experience. Experience in RF and microwave engineering and as other Swiss and international academic institutions and manufac­ resonant cavity physics from 100 MHz to 25 GHz. Significant expe­ turers. An aptitude for teaching to students of graduate and under­ rience in RF structures measurements. Strong experimental back­ graduate level and for conducting original and high level research ground in a lab environment. Experience with computer-based projects is essential. The new collaborators will also be called on to data acquisition and cavity modeling codes (e.g., SUPERFISH, supervise and guide students on semester projects, on engineering MAFIA, HFSS, MICAV). Ability to create applications code in FOR­ degrees and Ph.D. degree work. They should possess a confirmed TRAN and/or C. Job #972447-L97048. skill in leading projects. Candidates are invited to propose and send an original research program together with their application. Appli­ For consideration, please e-mail your resume and publication list cations are encouraged from people who fulfill the requirements of to: [email protected]; fax: (505) 665-1079; or mail to Human the Swiss program for ensuring the continuity of competent univer­ Resources Division, Los Alamos National Nation sity faculty. Deadline for applications: September 26, 1997. Starting Laboratory, Job #, MS P286, Los Alamos, NM jOf^* date: as mutually convenient. 87545. Note: appropriate job # must be Applications from women are particularly welcome. For further in­ inserted. Explore our web page to learn formation, please ask for the documentation and the application form more about Los Alamos National by wriging to: Presidence de VEcole polytechnique federate de Laboratory: http://www.hr.lanl.gov EOE Lausanne, CE-Ecublens, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

i m ^ If If Making History

CERN Courier, June 1997 27 People and things

A recent special colloquium at the GSI Laboratory, Darmstadt, marked the retirement of Peter Armbruster as Head of GSI's celebrated Nuclear Chemistry Department, known throughout the world for its contributions to the synthesis and exploration of transuranic nuclei. Armbruster (left) is seen here with other transuranic pioneers Glenn Seaborg of Berkeley (to Armbruster's left) and Yuri Oganessian of JINR, Dubna. On the right is GSI Director Hans J. Specht. GSI's Nuclear Chemistry Department is now under the direction of Gottfried Munzenberg.

The International Conference on conference devoted to the Centenary Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern of the Electron, to be held at the Physics, co-organized by the same site between 18-20 August. Bogoliubov Institute for Theoretical Further information from the Physics, Academy of Sciences of Conferences secretariats: BITP, Ukraine, will be held between 13-16 Kiev-143, Ukraine; Fax: 38-044- August in Uzhgorod (western 2665998; E-mail: [email protected] Ukraine), followed by a satellite

When CERN's LEAR Low Energy Antiproton Ring closed in 1996, many experiments reached the end of the road, but for the Crystal Barrel detector, seen here with its target assembly withdrawn, there is life beyond LEAR. Currently being dismantled, Crystal Barrel will soon be sent to Bonn where it will perform experiments for at least another three years. Crystal Barrel began in 1986 with the aim of identifying and studying light mesons in the range 0.14 to 2.3 GeV. The goal was to find glueballs, particles containing only gluons. But years of patient detective work have paid off for Crystal Barrel, providing concrete evidence for gluons. Crystal Barrel will now be loaned to the University of Bonn. At the University's 3.5 GeV Electron Stretcher Accelerator, ELS A, Crystal Barrel will join forces with the TAPS detector to study photoproduction of mesons and the excitation of nuclear resonances.

28 CERN Courier, June 1997 People and things

PEP-II is coming! In the wee hours of Saturday morning 10 May, the first electron beam was injected into the high energy ring the PEP-II B Factory at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, SLAC. The photo shows the cross section of the 9 GeV beam on a luminescent screen just before the interaction region where the BaBar detector will go. This feat was achieved in the first few hours of commissioning, without use of any corrector magnets or beam monitors. More to come in a future article.

CERN Courier contributions

The Editor welcomes contribu­ tions. These should be sent via electronic mail to [email protected] Plain text (ASCII) is preferred. Illustrations should follow by mail (CERN Courier, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland). Contributors, particularly conference organizers, con­ templating lengthy efforts (more than about 500 words) should contact the Editor (by e-mail, or fax +41 22 782 1906) beforehand.

CERN Director General Chris Llewellyn Smith opened the Atoms for Peace' photo exhibition at the UN's Palais des Nations', Geneva, marking the 40th anniversary of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, near Moscow (April 1996, page 6).

CERN Courier, June 1997 29 Second Annual LANSCE

ffft User Group Meeting ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FFDERALE DE LAUSANNE -AUGUST 6-8,1997- • Top 10 Reaeone to Attend: 1. Hear about interesting science by LANSCE users THE SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2. Learn about funded upgrades at LANSCE LAUSANNE (EPFL) HAS FOUR OPENINGS FOR A 3. Discuss new neutron scattering instruments 4. Hear DOE leaders discuss plans for defense and basic science uses of neutrons "Maitre d'Enseignement et de Recherche" 5. Nominate members to the User Group Executive and Program Advisory Committees (MER) (Senior Lecturer): Find out who wins the Rosen Prize (see below) Participate in short courses/workshops Contribute a poster describing your research 1. Operatoins Research Help improve LANSCE as a User Facility at the Mathematics Department 10. Enjoy the beauty of Northern New Mexico! The activities of the new collaborator will involve all aspects of • 15th annual LOUIS ROSEN PRIZE awarded at the Operations Research (modelling, simulation and optimization). meeting will consist of $1,000 and a plaque for the He/she will be assigned to one of the Chairs of the Operations outstanding thesis based on research performed at Research Group of the Mathematics Department. LANSCE. Deadline for Rosen Prize submissions is June 27,1997. • For students, travel funding and registration fee 2. Nanophysics waiver available. at the Physics Department http://www.lansce.la n LgoWAn n ua I Mtg. htm I The new collaborator will lead a research team on scanning tunnel­ or contact the LAN6CE User Office at ling microscopy in the Institute of Experimental Physics. The re­ search activity of the candidate will primarily focus on the develop­ \ar\6ce_u6ere@\ar\\.Q0v or 505-665-1010 ment of scanning tunnelling spectroscopy into a chemical sensitive probe with high spatial and temporal resolution. The candidate should have developed a high level of research in experimental condensed matter physics, chemical physics or a related field. An outstanding Los Alamos Neutron Science Center research record and a commitment to excellence in teaching are advantages. Extensive research experience in the field of surface science and scanning tunnelling microscopy is required. Experience with nanostructured surfaces is desirable.

3. Chemical reaction engineering Imperial College of Science, Technology at the Chemistry Department and Medicine The new collaborator is expected to develop an original research pro­ London gram at the leading international level in chemical reaction engineer­ ing. The desired area of research concerns heterogeneous catalysis in connection with the design of microreactor systems. He/she must Lectureship in High Energy Physics have proof of his/her ability to develop and lead an outstanding re­ search program. Industrial experience is an advantage. Applications are invited for the post of lecturer in High Energy Physics at the Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London.

4. Physical chemistry The group has active experimental programmes with the ALEPH experiment at LEP, the ZEUS experiment at HERA, at the Chemistry Department the BABAR experiment at SLAC, both the CMS and LHC-B The new collaborator is expected to develop an original research experiments at the LHC and the UK Dark Matter Experiment. program at a high level. He/she will propose and develop activities There is a strong tradition of detector development and in the domain of "ultrafast spectroscopy and molecular reaction construction which has led to key activities in all the above dynamics". experiments. Additional details of the group's activites can be found on http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ For the four positions: the activities will take place within the con­ Following a successful 3 year probationary period this will cerned Departments and will also involve other units of the EPFL as become a tenured teaching position. The starting date will be well as other Swiss and international academic institutions and manu­ by negotiation but is expected to be between 1 Oct 1997 and facturers. An aptitude for teaching to students of graduate and under­ 1 Jan 1998. graduate level and for conducting original and high level research Salary in the range £16,045 - £ 27,985 plus £ 2,134 London projects is essential. The new collaborators will also be called on to allowance. supervise and guide students on semester projects, on engineering degrees and Ph.D. degree work. They should possess a confirmed Further information may be obtained from skill in leading projects. Applications are encouraged from people Professor P. J. Dornan who fulfill the requirements of the Swiss program for ensuring the Blackett Laboratory continuity of competent university faculty. Deadline for applications: Prince Consort Road August 15, 1997. Starting date: as mutually convenient. Imperial College Applications from women are particularly welcome. For further London SW7 2BZ information, please contact by writing: Presidence de I'Ecole to whom applications, comprising a curriculum vitae, a list polytechnique federale de Lausanne, CE-Ecublens, CH 1015 of publications and the names and addresses of three referees Lausanne, Switzerland. should be sent, by Monday 4th August 1997.

The College is striving towards Equal Opportunities At the leading edge of research, innovation and learning

30 CERN Courier, June 1997 ^HHHHHVJV Eidgendssische Ecole polytechnique federate de Zurich ^m flv Technische Hochschule Politecnico federate di Zurigo mm Bmm Zurich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich

Institute of Particle Physics Laboratory for Nuclear Physics Prof. Dr. J. Lang POSTDOCTORAL POSITION in Experimental Particle Physics

A postdoctoral position is available at the Institute of Particle Physics of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland.

Candidates should have some research experience in particle or nuclear physics (Ph. D.). They are expected to take an active part in all aspects of the preparation and realization of our experiments. Some experience in data acquisition and/ or online computing would be an advantage. The duration of the contract is two or three years with a possible extension of a further two years. The salary will depend on age and experience.

The experiments will be done mainly at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland. We use the recently developed powerful neutron source (SINQ) or the high intensity muon beams to investigate fundamental symmetries of the weak interaction (time reversal violation, right handed currents, limits to scalar and pseudoscalar couplings).

Candidates should send a curriculum vitae and arrange for two letters of reference to be sent to: Prof. J. Lang Institute of Particle Physics ETH Honggerberg, HPK CH - 8093 Zurich - Switzerland For additional information contact please: [email protected]

PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT fcNsA KUNGL —

1 oCH 1) Tekmska m, KONST M "c-i^isivn. The Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) is a national, multidisciplinary research H6GSKOLAN organization for science and engineering. In order to complement the existing research installations it is now envisaged to build a 2.5 GeV The Physics Department at the Royal Institute of Technology Synchrotron Lightsource for Switzerland (SLS) at PSI. This facility will (KTH), Stockholm, has a vacancy for a provide electromagnetic radiation of unprecedented brilliance for research RESEARCH ASSOCIATE fields in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and material science. PARTICLE/ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS The planning phase of this project has now started. We seek to recruit for our The particle physics group participates in the ATLAS experi­ team a ment at CERN and in particular in the Liquid Argon Calorime­ ter group. In astroparticle physics the group is involved in Physicist/Engineer (Controlsystem) balloon and satellite experiments measuring cosmic ray anti­ matter. Further information on the on-going research can be for the collaboration in the design, construction and operation of the SLS given by Tom Francke, [email protected] (astroparticle controlsystem particularly in means of real time systems. Specification and projects) and Bengt Lund-Jensen, [email protected] (AT­ procurement of hard- and software components. Layout, construction and operation of the interface for the SLS accelerators hardware. LAS experiment). We expect the successful candidate to hold an university degree in physics, The successful candidate will have held a PhD for not more mathematics or computer science, to have several years of professional ex­ than five years at the time of application and will be given an perience in experiment controls, data acquisition or accelerator controlsystems. initial contract of two years duration extendable for a second Excellent skills in analysing and development of innovative solutions for two year period. Part-time involvment in the undergraduate control problems are mandatory. Experience in working with synchrotron teaching is possible in which case the contract can be further light experiments would be appreciated. Knowledge of German and English extended up to a maximum of six years. would be of advantage. The position requires full dedication to the project and leaves ample space Further details on employment conditions and application pro­ for own initiatives. It opens the possibility to co-shape the SLS project right cedures can be obtained from either of the above contact per­ from the beginning. sons or from the head of the department, prof Per Carlson, [email protected]. Application must reach the Head of Physics If this is the challenge you looked for then send your application including curriculum vitae, diplomas, list of publications and references to Department, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stock­ holm, Sweden, by 31 July 1997. Paul Scherrer Institut, Personnel Division, reference code 0200/071, CH-5232 Villigen PSI

CERN Courier, June 1997 31 Investir pour I'energie, 1'industrie, la recherche, la sante, Tenvironnement et la defense. Cest le role du CEA. 1 7 000 passionnes de science et de technologie se consacrent a cette mission. Pour preparer I'avenir, ils investissent dans toutes les disciplines scientifiques liees a I'atome. Au CEA, I'avenir c'est ^innovation et le progres des connaissances.

L'ATOME, DE LA RECHERCHE A L'INDUSTRIE