Master Dissertation RAJOSOA Sedera Final November 2020.Pdf

PAN-AFRICAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE FOR WATER AND ENERGY SCIENCES (including CLIMATE CHANGE) Master Dissertation

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master degree in Water Engineering

Presented by

Sedera, Andrianirina RAJOSOA

WATER MANAGEMENT IN TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS: ALLOCATION AND GOVERNANCE, THE CASE OF MEDJERDA RIVER BASIN.

Defended on 23/09/2020 Before the Following Committee:

Chair Kumar Navneet Ph.D University of Bonn, ZEF Supervisor Khaldoon Mourad Ph.D Lund University Co- Supervisor Chérifa Abdelbaki Ph.D PAUWES, Tlemcen External Examiner Loudyi Dalila Ph.D University Hassan II, Casablanca Internal Examiner Ammari Abdelhadi Ph.D ENSH, Blida Academic year 2019/2020

DECLARATIOn STUDENT’S DECLARATION I, ANDRIANIRINA SEDERA RAJOSOA, hereby declare that this thesis titled “WATER MANAGEMENT IN TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS: ALLOCATION AND GOVERNANCE, THE CASE OF MEDJERDA RIVERS BASIN” is my original work to the best of my knowledge and has not been submitted to the University or any other institute or published earlier for the awrad of any degree or diploma. I also declare that all the information, materials and results from other works presented in this thesis have been duly cited and recognised a required of academic rules and ethics.

Name: ANDRIANIRINA SEDERA RAJOSOA.

Date: 05/09/2020

Signature:

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION I, Professor Khaldoon A. Mourad, hereby declare that I supervised the preparation of this Master thesis submitted therein in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of Master thesis laid down by the Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences, Algeria.

Name: Dr Khaldoon A. Mourad Date: 30/07/2020 Signature:

ACKnOWLEDGMEnT

All Glory and honour to the Lord GOD Almighty for enabling me this far; it is a dream that comes true. The work marks the ultimate peak of a journey that started steadily and developed to the colossal task. It would be unfair not to acknowledge everyone who in one way or another offered their support through the entire MSc study and research period. The brevity of this acknowledgement in any way does not downplay the enormous support I received from everybody mentioned or not mentioned in this section.

I express special thanks to the African Union Commission (AUC) for their support that allowed me to pursue this degree. Special thanks to all staff at the Pan African University of Water and Energy Sciences, including climate change for presenting a pleasant schooling environment as well as facilitating my stay in Algeria. In a special way, I would like to thank the Research Centre of Environment (CRE) in Annaba for their assistance and data provision.

I am really grateful for my committee members for their guidance, patience and support during this process. My gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr. Khaldoon A. Mourad, co- supervisor Dr Chérifa Abdelbaki, Dr Hamouda Boutaghane, and Prof Habib Abida, for their continuous guidance, patience and support through the whole research period. My appreciation also goes to all staff at the Department of Hydraulic in the Faculty of Engineering in Badji Mokhtar Annaba University who contributed significantly in this research and taught me ArcGIS. I would also thank especially my friends and colleagues for their support and encouragement throughout the research period.

Finally, and certainly not the last, I would like to express my very profound gratitude to my parents, my twins and my brother and all my family members. In addition, to my Husband Fetra Arivelo Rakotomandimby who has always been an inspiration for me. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them.

Thank you all. God Bless all of you!!

AbbREvIATIOns AnD ACROnyMs

ABH : Hydrographic Basin Agency AISH/ IAHS : International Association of Hydrological Sciences ANPE : National Agency for the Protection of the Environment ArcGIS: Aeronautical Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic Information System ANRH: National Water Resources Agency ASTEE: Technical Association for Water and Environment, Tunisia BOD: Biochemical Oxygen demand CES: Direction the Conservation of Water and Soils GEF: Global Environment Facility CIESIN: Centre for International Earth Information Networks CRDA : Regional agricultural development commission DGEDA: General Management of Agricultural Studies and Development at the Ministry of agriculture DGRE: General Directorate of Water Resources

DGGREE : General Directorate of Rural Engineering and Water Exploitation DHMPE : Directorate of Environmental Hygiene and Environmental Protection UN-ESCWA : United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia ESIER : Higher School of Rural Equipment Engineers Medjez Elbeb. FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization GAUL: Global Administrative Unit Layers GDA: Agricultural Development Groups GWP: Global Water Partnership GWP-Med: Global Water Partnership Mediterranean CBH : Hydrographic Basin Committee HEC-GeoHMS : Geospatial Hydrologic Modelling Extension ICM : Gabes Maghrebian Chemical Industry ILWIS: Integrated Land and Water Information System INAT: National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia INRGREF: National Research Institute of Rural Engineering of Waters and Forests of Tunisia INS: National Institute of Statistic IWRM: Integrated Water Resources Management IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature

III

JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency JTC: Joint Technical Committee MARD: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MARHP: Ministry of Agriculture Water Resources and Hydraulic Resources MDG: Millennium Development Goals MRB: Medjerda River Basin NewLocclim: Freeware tool to estimate local climatic NDP: National Development Plan NWSA: North Western Sahara Aquifer System OECD : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ONAS : National Office of Sanitation PDARE : Plan for Water Resources Development PHE: Highest Water (Plus Hautes Eaux) PPP: Public Private Partnership PSP : Private Sector Participation RGA : General Census of Agriculture SAEPA : Arab Society for Phosphate and Nitrogen Fertilizers - Gabes SONEDA : National Company for the Exploitation and Distribution of Water SIAPE: National Company for water Exploitation and Distribution SIWI: Stockholm International Water Institute Swim-sm: Sustainable Water Integrated Management- Support Mechanism STEP (WWTP) : Waste Water Treatment Plant UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNESCO-IHP: United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization - The International Hydrological Program UNDP: United Nations Development Program UN-IDFA: UN-Water/International Decade for Action WEAP: Water Evaluation and Planning System WFD: Water Framework Directive WRM: Water Resources Management WSSD: World Summit on Sustainable Development

LIsT OF TAbLEs

Table1:Analytical legal framework...... 8 Table 2: Comparison between water law in Algeria and Tunisia...... 12 Table 3: Comparative characteristics of the main facilities cited...... 20 Table 4: The Volume and Salinity of the Station at S1, S2 and S3...... 22 Table 5: The distribution of deep aquifer exploitation by use ...... 25 Table 6: Distribution of intensive irrigable areas according to irrigation sources (1000 ha) ...... 25 Table 7: Distribution of the surface irrigate end the water demand: ...... 26 Table 8: The percentage of population served by SONEDA and DGGREE in Tunisia and STEP in Algeria: ...... 26 Table 9: The distribution of the domestic water demand: ...... 27 Table 10: The distribution of the water needs in the industrial sector: ...... 28 Table 11:The Distribution of the water demand in the sector of touristic: ...... 28 Table 12: The distribution of the Collective water needs: ...... 29 Table 13: The different Temperatures in the 4 stations of Medjerda Watershed ...... 40 Table 14: The different Rainfall in the 4 stations of Medjerda Watershed...... 41 Table 15: Monthly average evaporation for the different station in the Medjerda watershed...... 42 Table 16: The catchments surface and the water use of the Dam in the watershed river basin...... 45 Table 17:Potentiality of groundwater resources in the Oued Mellegue basin: ...... 47 Table 18:The necessary information about the demand sites: ...... 57 Table19: Irrigation water use rate for the coming year in m3/ha/year ...... 67 Table20: Definition of climate type ...... 68 Table 21: The distribution of year types: ...... 69 Table 22: The locations of the sampling sites in Souk Ahars ...... 71 Table 23: Lists of elements to be modelled indicating the source of pollutants ...... 71 Table 24: Description of all scenarios ...... 75 Table 25: Flows from other water supplies ...... 82 Table 26: Water Demand for each scenario from 2020 to 2050...... 91 Table 27: The resume of the volume of the Unmet demand at all demand sites in Mm3: ...... 92 Table 28:The Total domestic and agriculture water saving with the reference scenario ...... 99 Table 29: Water Balance projections ...... 100 Table 30: Water balance in Algerian part: ...... 100 Table 31: Water balance in Tunisia part: ...... 101 Table 32: The Unmet Demand in Mm3...... 101 Table 33: The comparison of all Scenarios for all demand site ...... 107 Table 34: characteristic of the rainfall stations and their corresponding time series ...... 116 Table 35: characteristic of the rainfall in the Souk_Ahars station...... 117 Table 36: characteristic of the rainfall and Temperature in the Siliana Stations ...... 121 Table 37: The result for the water demand for all the demand site with the reference scenarios...... 126 Table 38: The result for the water demand for all the demand site with the high population scenarios...... 127 Table 39: The result for the water demand for all the demand site with the dry climate scenarios. ... 128 Table 40: The Result table of the Scenario...... 129 Table 41: The result of the water delivered for all of the sources...... 130

LIsT OF FIGUREs

Figure 1 : Transboundary rivers that link countries in a common future...... 1 Figure 2 Shared river basin between Tunisia and Algeria (Medjerda River basin) ...... 5 Figure 3 Transboundary basin of the world ...... 6 Figure 4: The Map of Medjerda watershed with the Dams...... 21 Figure 5 : The map of Medjerda watershed...... 23 Figure 6 Localization on map of Medjerda river ...... 39 Figure 7 : Temperature average variation in the 4 stations ...... 39 Figure 8 : Temperature mean variation in the 4 stations of Medjerda river basin...... 40 Figure 9 Regional differences in average monthly precipitations in the Medjerda river basin ...... 41 Figure 10 : The Evapotranspiration monthly in the Medjerda river basin in mm ...... 42 Figure 11 Land use Map of Medjerda...... 43 Figure 12 : Hydrographical Map of Medjerda...... 44 Figure 13 : Nébeur dam and Mellègue river and Sidi Salem dam...... 45 Figure 14: Mapping of Medjerda using ArcGIS...... 49 Figure 15: The five displays in WEAP...... 52 Figure 16: Cartography in WEAP ...... 53 Figure 17: Creating a new project in WEAP...... 54 Figure 18: World map and choice of the Medjerda study river...... 54 Figure 19 : Key assumption in WEAP ...... 55 Figure 20: The study area in WEAP...... 56 Figure 21: Demand Site Information...... 58 Figure 22:Water Resources (Surface water and Groundwater resources) modelled in WEAP...... 59 Figure 23: Water demand for the Domestic sector...... 60 Figure 24: Water demand with all the sector...... 60 Figure 25: Meteorological parameter data integrated into the WEAP model...... 62 Figure 26:Dialog box for choosing the calculation method...... 62 Figure 27: Different methods to simulate hydroclimatic processes...... 63 Figure 28: The various data needed to model water needs in WEAP...... 64 Figure 29: Scenarios creation...... 65 Figure 30: The different of scenarios...... 66 Figure 31: Time series data window of future irrigation water demands...... 67 Figure 32: Water Year Method" window definition of each climate type...... 68 Figure 33: Water Year Method" window with the sequence of year types...... 69 Figure 34: The scenarios using the water year method...... 70 Figure 35: Elements of water quality ...... 72 Figure 36: pH at the river Medjerda ...... 73 Figure 37: BOD at Souk_Ahras ...... 73 Figure 38: The Medjerda Watershed according to the WEAP 21 Model...... 76 Figure 39 Groundwater storage trends up to 2050...... 79 Figure 40:Groundwater inflow sc. Reference...... 80 Figure 41: Groundwater inflow sc. Dry climate sequence...... 80 Figure 42: Flow provided by other resources sc. Reference...... 81 Figure 43: Flow provided by other resources sc. Dry climate sequence...... 82 Figure 44: Evolution of surface water flows...... 83 Figure 45: Evolution of water quality in Oued Medjerda ...... 84 Figure 46: The evolution of the pollution of Demand Site...... 85 Figure 47: The evolution of the river water quality distribution in the Oued Medejrda ...... 85 Figure 48:Water Demand distribution at all the demand sites based on the reference scenario...... 87

Figure 49:Water demand distribution at all the demand sites based on population growth...... 88 Figure 50: Water demand distribution at all the demand sites based on Dry Climate Sequence Scenario ...... 89 Figure 51: Water demand distributing at all the demand site based on the Industrial Development scenario ...... 89 Figure 52: The water demand for all scenarios...... 91 Figure 53: Unmet Demand at all demand sites, the reference scenario and High population growth. . 92 Figure 54: The Water Demand for the time of horizon 2020 to 2050 for the agriculture sector...... 93 Figure 55: Domestic water demand between 2020 to 2050...... 94 Figure 56: Industrial water demand based on scenario of reference for the period 2020-2050 ...... 94 Figure 57: Water demand for the Tourism sector based on scenario of reference for the period 2020- 2050 ...... 95 Figure 58: Water demand for the Collective uses between 2020 to 2050 based on the reference scenario...... 96 Figure 59: Flow distribution for all the source for the period 2020-2050...... 97 Figure 60: Water year from 1960 to 2000 in the Medjerda Watershed ...... 125 Figure 61: The return flow for all the scenario in the agriculture Jendouba ...... 131

VII

TAbLE OF COnTEnT

ACKnOWLEDGMEnT ...... II AbbREvIATIOns AnD ACROnyMs ...... III LIsT OF TAbLEs ...... V LIsT OF FIGUREs ...... VI TAbLE OF COnTEnT ...... VIII AbsTRACT...... XI InTRODUCTIOn ...... 1 I.1. Background ...... 1 I.2. Problem Statement ...... 3 I.3. Significance of the study ...... 3 I.4. Objectives of the study ...... 5 I.4.1. Main Objective ...... 5 I.4.2. Specific Objectives ...... 5 I.5. Question Research: ...... 5 LITERATURE REvIEW ...... 6 II.1. Conceptual framework: Overview about transboundary water management: allocation and governance ...... 6 II.1.1. Transboundary Water ...... 6 II.1.2. Water management ...... 6 II.1.3. Transboundary Water management ...... 7 II.1.4. Water allocation ...... 7 II.1.5. Water governance ...... 7 II.2. Water policies and water laws ...... 9 II.2.1 Water Law in Tunisia: ...... 10 II.2.2 Water Law in Algeria: ...... 11 II.3. Analysis of water uses and governance practices at MRB and the stakeholder’s involvement in the water sector: ...... 13 II.3.1 Water Governance Practices: ...... 13 II.3.2 WATER USES AT THE MRB ...... 24 II.3.3 HISTORICAL WATER GOVERNANCE PRACTICES AT THE MRB: ...... 30 II.3.4 Conclusions ...... 37 MATERIALs AnD METHODs ...... 38 III.1 Description of the Study Area ...... 38

VIII

III.1.1 Location ...... 38 III.1.2 Hydro-climatology: ...... 39 III.1.3 Agriculture...... 43 III.2 Water Resources in MRB ...... 43 III.2.1 Hydrographic system of Medjerda river Basin: ...... 43 III.2.2 Water Resource and Demand in the Medjerda river Basin ...... 44 III.3 The Water Resources Management Models and Environment for River Basin Simulation ...... 48 III.3.1 Information system (ArcGIS) ...... 48 III.3.2 Software Structure (WEAP 21 systems) ...... 50 III.3.3 Cartography: ...... 52 III.4 How the WEAP Model Works ...... 53 III.4.1 Create a study area ...... 53 III.4.2 Create key assumptions and Reference ...... 54 III.5 WEAP software modelling and data entry: ...... 55 III.5.1 Data processed in both countries: ...... 56 III.5.2 Demand sites information: ...... 57 III.5.3 Resource Availability: ...... 58 III.5.4 Water Demand for domestic, irrigation, industrial and collective uses: ...... 59 III.5.5 Climate Modelling ...... 61 III.5.6 Presentation of the main Scenarios: ...... 64 III.5.7 Water quality modelling: ...... 70 III.5.8 Conclusions: ...... 73 REsULTAT AnD DIsCUssIOn: ...... 75 V.1. Final Cartographical presentation of the model: ...... 76 V.2. Water Resources Assessment: ...... 78 V.2.1. Quantitative availability of existing water resources: ...... 78 V.2.2 Quality availability of existing water resources ...... 84 V.3. Water demand assessment: ...... 86 V.3.1. Water distributed for all the demand site: ...... 86 V.3.2. Water distributed for each all demand site: ...... 93 V.3.3. The flow distributed for all demand sites: ...... 97 V.4. Water Budget:...... 97 V.5. Sustainable transboundary water resource management strategy for the MRB: ...... 102 sUMMARy, COnCLUsIOns AnD RECOMMEnDATIOn ...... 106 VI.1 Conclusions ...... 106 VI.2 Recommendations ...... 109

REFEREnCE ...... 110 APPEnDICEs ...... 116

AbsTRACT

Decisions related to water resources management are shaped by a range of considerations from traditional economic factors and physical constraints to political considerations such as the need to manage political support within a single state or to navigate complex international relationships with riparian countries. Water resources all over the world face two main challenges overexploitation and over pollution due to population growth, climate change and the lack of advanced water governance approaches in many countries. These challenges become more serious in transboundary river basins and it may lead to conflict between the riparian countries. The Medjerda River is the only sustainable river in Tunisia with a total length of 460 km including 350 km in Tunisia before reaching the Mediterranean Sea at the Gulf of Tunis. With its tributaries, the river collects 80% of the Tunisia’s northern surface water, about one million cubic meters representing 37% of Tunisia’s surface water and 22% of water resources of the country (Zahar , Ghorbel, & Albergel, 2008). The MRB begins in eastern Algeria (near Souk Ahras) and extends into Tunisia where it extends from the North-west to the North-East with a total area of 23,175 km2, of which 7,700 km2 in Algeria. This watershed produces more than 1.000 million m3 of surface water per year, which is used to irrigate an area of 33.173 ha. The main objective of this research is to assess the sustainability of the current transboundary water management strategies at the Medjerda River Basin (MRB) and to propose a transboundary water management strategy that can help to sustain water resources at the MRB. The research work in this thesis uses a mixed research design applying both quantitative and qualitative methods through collecting data and interviewing different stakeholders. Then, water governance and allocation strategies have been assessed and water budget has been estimated using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system based with the reference, climate sequence and high population growth scenarios. The reference scenario is based on the key assumption with the unit of domestic, irrigation and the Domestic variation. The climate changes scenario is based on the Water year Method in the period 2020 to 2050 and for the high population growth is based in the increasing of the rate 2.2% to 5% in the period 2020 to 2050. The results showed that, for groundwater the volume is varied between 1002.3 Mm3 to 1020 Mm3 for the climate change scenario and to 944.89 Mm3 for reference sceanrio in the period of 2020 to 2050. The monthly outflow and inflow for the reference scenario appear to be higher than the one of the monthly outflow and inflow for climate change scenario. For the surface water, there is an increase in river flow with a minimum of about 13.55 Mm3 in 2020, the mean of about 213 Mm3 and Maximum of about 480 Mm3 in 2025 for climate scenario. The flow

XI requirement scenario will present an average flow of 352.51 Mm3 with a very low flow of 13.55 Mm3. For the years of Climate and high population growth of scenarios, water demand varies from the 218 Mm3 to 509 Mm3 and for the reference scenario varies from the 218 Mm3 to 395 Mm3 for horizon 2020 to 2050 period. This leads to conclude that water demand remains satisfied for consumption, especially during prolonged periods of drought, in the case of climate change and for the Unmet demand. The volume of water that will be used in horizon 2020-2050 varies between 4 Mm3 to 3 Mm3 for the reference scenarios and 4 Mm3 to 0 m3 for high population growth and climate change scenarios. The demand sites are satisfied for some of them in both countries according to the reference scenarios because it is almost 0 Mm3 ( e.g. Industry sector, Tourism sector and Collective uses sector). The demand sites are not satisfied for other sites in each city because it is higher than 1 Mm3 (e.g. Agriculture sector, domestic sector). This means water shortage will be an issues in MRB in the future. To conclude, it can, therefore, be considered that the demand for water in MRB is satisfied from 2020 to 2050 for the different consumption centres according to all scenarios.

Keywords: Medjerda River Basin, water resources management, water demand, Water governance, water allocation, WEAP.

XII

InTRODUCTIOn

I.1. Background Water is vital to life, ecosystem, health and human dignity. It plays a vital role in the hydrological cycle and in covering the ecosystem needs. Water resources gather people around and sustain their life. However, lack of proper management and cooperation may create conflicts in using the shared water resources, which called transboundary water resources. More than 150 countries, 2.8 billion people, are sharing about 276 transboundary river basins. Figure 1 shown that many transboundary river basins (64 in Africa, 60 Asia, 68 in Europe, 46 in North America and 38 in South America) cover nearly one half of its land surface, accounting for an estimated 60% of the global freshwater flow and supplying toughly two billion people globally in about; 46% of the earth’s land surface area. They link populations both within and between countries and create hydrological and economic interdependencies (United Nation, 2008). Naturally, the utilization of transboundary waters is a potential source of friction among basin states vying for scarce resources. Sharing water resources ‘creates intricate diplomatic challenges… [often linking] Stateline symmetric upstream/downstream relationships, at a time when pressure on the world's water supplies are increasing substantially (Conca, 2006).

Figure 1 : Transboundary rivers that link countries in a common future. Source: Country boundaries- (CIESIN, s.d.) The competing roles in international water basins-engines of regional economic development and critical sites of biodiversity conservation make governance particularly

1 challenging. When basins encompass multiple sovereign states, a paramount concern is how to design and sustain institutions to equitably share and protect water resources (Sneddon, Fox, Tir, & Stinnett , 2006 and 2009) Recently, the management of water resources has been a subject of many discussion, as water scarcity has become a major problem with the increasing number of populations suffering from water scarcity and water quality deterioration. In a context of increasing water scarcity in the globe, the significance of resolving international, regional and local conflict in access to water are affected by water allocation plans and agreements, which are based on water availability and water needs. Thus, countries have to discuss how transboundary water resources can be shared. Water allocation is considered one of the big challenges that faces water managers and decision-makers, which is the distribution of water resources over time between different sectors and different uses. In the transboundary context, the growing competition for water resources between countries and the risks of political tension and conflicts make water allocation more relevant. The key of international water law, which is the principle of the equitable and reasonable use of shared water resources, the non-injury rule, which is the enshrined in the convention on the protection and use of transboundary rivers and international lakes offers guidance for the allocation of water in transboundary basins. Effective management of transboundary water resources can deliver benefits for individuals living in shared basins and aquifers. However, these basins and aquifers may have certain properties that make their management a particular challenge. For illustration, over- abstraction in the upstream can lead to water deficiencies and pollution for both individuals and ecosystems systems downstream, with potential impacts on livelihoods and health. Moreover, the management capacity and political approach of transboundary water create the differences between countries in socio-economic development, and water-use objectives. The complex conflict is the problem with “fair” and “efficient” reallocation of natural resources between stakeholders and States, which is likely to depend not only on economic attributes, but also on other criteria, such as socio-political and environment criteria. Transboundary water resources challenges and conflicts around the world have been a result of the water shortage at the basin level, which means water demands are usually greater than the available water. Water management is a long-term challenge. Today's management and investment decisions will potentially impact for better or for worse on many generations. The objectives of International Water Policy are to help its clients make better decisions and find better solutions

2 to current and future water challenges in: Water policy, legislation and governance; Water supply and resilience planning; Water resources management; Integrated catchment management. The water Policy International has an international reputation and experience that is second to none. They offer analysis, advice and authoritative comment on water issues for policy makers, the water supply industry and other water using sectors. I.2. Problem Statement Medjerda River Basin (MRB), between Algeria and Tunisia, (Figure 2), faces many challenges:

1) upstream water management in Algeria is causing floods in Tunisia, an issue that is expected to increase due to climate change (Zahar , Ghorbel, & Albergel, 2008);

2) the use of traditional irrigation techniques in some parts of the basin will increase drought probability (Hamdi et al., 2016);

3) land-use change in the MRB causes erosion during intense precipitation events (Pimentel & Burgess, 2013), which has enhanced the desertification in many parts of the basin and altered its hydrology (Jebari et al., 2012); and

4) salinity is a serious obstacle to crop selection throughout much of the MRB (Abidi et al., 2015) and farmers are restricted to a limited number of profitable salt-tolerant crops.

In Tunisia, at the level of the Medjerda watershed, the problems of floods and sedimentary transport are critical. In fact, the changes in the downstream flow regime have appeared in the form of a decrease in the flow rate since the commissioning of the Sidi Salem dam in 1981 in the Medjerda basin. This decrease has lowered the Wadi's capacity to transport the sediments and to favour their deposit. This caused a fattening of the bed, and consequently increased competition from the floods. (Gharbi, 2006)

Besides, MRB faces environmental and climatic problems such as erosion, drought, flood, sanitation and sedimentation, which reduced dam capacities and transport become critical, especially at the level of the Medjerda watershed.

I.3. Significance of the study Water is the most shared resources in the Earth by which, some river basins cross the political boundaries of two or more countries. Transboundary water resources management is considered one of the critical challenges that face the international community. This research

3 aimed at assessing water resources at the MRB, raising awareness among regional actors, assessing the situation of the MRB and proposing a sustainable water sharing initiative for the MRB based on cooperation and involvement. The study highlighted the need of stakeholder’s engagement to tackle challenges that go beyond borders focusing mainly on reducing the negative impacts of climate change, population growth, and land use, which have catastrophe consequences on water quality and quantity in the MRB. The Medjerda River Basin (MRB), shown in Figure 2, is a shared river basin between Tunisia and Algeria. The Medjerda River is the only sustainable river in Tunisia with a total length of 460 km including 350 km in Tunisia before reaching the Mediterranean Sea at the Gulf of Tunis. With its tributaries, the river collects 80% of the Tunisia’s northern surface water, about one millions cubic meters representing 37% of Tunisia’s surface water and 22% of water resources of the country (Zahar , Ghorbel, & Albergel, 2008). The MRB begins in eastern Algeria (near Souk Ahras) and extends into Tunisia where it extends from the North-west to the North-East with a total area of 23,175 km2, of which 7,700 km2 in Algeria. This watershed produces more than 1.000 million m3 of surface water per year, which is used to irrigate an area of 33.173 ha. Cultivated crops are orchards, cereals, legumes and fodder. The upstream bedrock was characterized by colluvium, calcareous crusts, encrusted pebbles, while the downstream by marl and cretaceous limestone. The Land area of Tunisia is occupying 9.8% in the basin. The yearly average precipitation in the basin is about 350 – 600 mm and the average rainy days ranges from 40 to 70 days. The rainy season extends from September to May with intense precipitation in autumn. The Medjerda watershed is composed of five majors soil types like Calcic Cambisols, Gleyic Luviols, Calcaric Fluvisols, Pellic Vertisols and chromic Luvisols. The most common irrigation method is surface irrigation with a low (50–70 %) comparing to other efﬁcient water systems such as spray (80–85 %) and drip (90–95 %) which represent 38 % of the total irrigated areas.

The hydrological networks of Wadi Medjerda (originates in the heights of Souk Ahras at 1408m of altitude) to the North-West and the flows towards the East. Wadi Medjerda has 26 big irrigated perimeters with the water and its tributaries. However, the lower Medjerda watershed has 9 of the biggest irrigated perimeters with two types of systems traditional and modernized.

Figure 2 Shared river basin between Tunisia and Algeria (Medjerda River basin). Source: (Hamdi & al, 2016) The MRB has eleven operating dams providing 59%, of the total resources (nearly 1200 Mm3) mobilized by dams in northern Tunisia and Seven dams are planned or under construction (300 Mm3). The MRB represents 37 % of surface water resources of Tunisia and 22 % of its renewable resources and 15% of surface water resources of Algeria. I.4. Objectives of the study I.4.1. Main Objective

The main objective of this research is to assess the sustainability of the current water management practices and strategies at the Medjerda River Basin (MRB) and to propose a transboundary water management strategy to sustain water resources at the MRB.

I.4.2. Specific Objectives

To achieve the main objective of this research, the following specific objectives are set: 1. To assess the historical change of water uses and governance practices at the MRB; 2. To assess stakeholder’s involvement in water related issues; 3. To assess water quality and conservation measures at the MRB; 4. To assess current (2020) and future (2050) water budget at MRB using WEAP System; 5. To contribute a sustainable transboundary water resources management strategy to the MRB based on the previous specific objectives.

I.5. Question Research:  How the governments of the both countries manage water uses at the MRB?  Are stakeholders involved in water management practices in the MRB?  What is the future water demand, challenges and possible management in the MRB?

 What is a good sustainable transboundary water resources management strategy can be?

LITERATURE REvIEW

II.1. Conceptual framework: Overview about transboundary water management: allocation and governance II.1.1. Transboundary Water Transboundary waters are aquifers, lakes or river basins that are shared by two or more countries and support lives and livelihoods of vast numbers of people at these countries. In an area of an increase water stress, managing these critical resources is vital to promote peaceful cooperation and sustainable development. According to IUCN Global Water Programme (2016), 276 river basins cross international borders, Figure 3, and serve a primary source of freshwater for approximately 40 % of the world’s population. These as basins are home to over 70 % of the world’s population and supply water for roughly 60 % of global food production. About 30–50 % of the world’s population depend on groundwater source from 608 transboundary aquifer systems (UNESCO-IHP; IGRAC, 2015)

Figure 3 transboundary basin of the world (Source: IUCN Global Water Programme in 2016)

II.1.2. Water management Water management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimal use of water resources, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This includes the management of "quantitative" risks of drought and scarcity, floods, marine intrusions and rainwater. (UNESCO-IHP; IGRAC, 2015)

II.1.3. Transboundary Water management

Water crosses bursaries and flows between many countries and regions of the world. For this reason, transboundary water bodies are striving to be managed by countries to resolve conflicts of interest in this area. For example, industrial pollution, infrastructure projects with downstream impacts and extreme floods or droughts encourage countries to communicate with each other to share information and manage expectations about water quality and quantity. The result of negotiations between different nations or provinces to determine how water resources can be shared has been created by transboundary water agreements. The difficulty due to the existence of multiple regulatory frameworks and different expectations between negotiators was examined by the appearance of common ground. According to United Nations standards, cooperation between nations, an adequate legal and institutional framework, as well as joint approaches to planning and sharing the costs and benefits of water management have been required by typical transboundary management. (UNESCO-IHP; IGRAC, 2015)

II.1.4. Water allocation Water management and allocation decisions that are made at international and national levels rely often on national and subnational organizations for their implementation and rely on civil society and/or local communities for their acceptance and legitimization. This chapter illustrates the imperative for the inclusion of non-state actors in the decision-making architecture of transboundary water governance (Neal & Marian , 2016).

Effective water allocation addresses interconnected needs such as drinking water and other water uses across the water-food-energy-ecosystems “nexus”. Promoting cooperation on water allocation can, therefore, make a direct contribution to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6 on clean water and sanitation, and in particular targets 6.5 on integrated water resource management and transboundary cooperation, 6.4 on increasing water-use efficiency and reducing the number of people suffering from water scarcity, 6.1 on achieving universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water, 6.3 on improving water quality by reducing pollution and 6.6 on protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems.

II.1.5. Water governance The concept of water governance is still evolving (TORTAJADA, 2010). Conventional ideas about what governance implies, how governance happens and what the processes of governance seek to attain are changing (ARMITAGE, PLUMMER, & LOË, 2012). Records on governance show that the water sector does not have a “natural centre of gravity” on a

7 worldwide level; there are a variety of competing actors and interests and no actually consensual process to deal with water science (GUPTA, 2013). In the same vein, the interface between transboundary and national water resources management should be an integral component of good water governance in transboundary river settings. (Kibaroglu & Aysegül, 2007) The governance can be policies, regulations, public institutions, informal networks or private-sector mechanisms such as markets and to regulate the way stakeholders interact with water and water related ecosystems. (Isabelle, Chantal, & Nicholas, 2016). 1) Multi-level Transboundary Governance?

Multi-level transboundary governance can be the international water law, national legal and institutional frameworks, Regional level planning and management, Basin level and Sub- catchment planning and management.

2) Analytical legal Framework: This table below described the following analytical components of the framework (including the main areas and the key elements). The Institutional Framework is the entities responsible for the management of waters and it may take through different name like Agencies, Commissions, Committees, Authorities and Water Users Associations. The Institutional Framework may include not only formal organizational arrangements but less formal meeting between the appropriate agencies or other representatives of the States.

For the formal organizational arrangements “Joint bodies” it can be: transboundary Committee, Bi-national Commission, Basin Authority and Stakeholder committees. However, for the less formal structures, it can be regular meeting between appropriate agencies entities of the states concerned or multi-stakeholders and cross-sectoral platform.

The role of institutions becomes indispensable when States aim at achieving equitable utilization and sustainable management; it becomes a coordinate competitive and concurrent needs between different actors; and provide the mechanisms for joint management of a basin.

Table1:Analytical legal framework.

Main areas Key elements Scope Legal reach (what water?) Definition (Watercourse; use)

Substantive rules Legal duties and entitlement Reasonable utilization Rules of substance

Procedural Rules Rules of procedure Notification/exchange of information Institutional framework Joint bodies Conference of the Parties Dispute settlement Dispute avoidance Dispute settlement

Source (IUNC Global Water Programme,2016) II.2. Water policies and water laws In most transboundary rivers, water laws are affected and based on the cooperation and mutual benefits (UN-IDFA, 2015). Individual countries, within their areas of political responsibility, have good reasons to implement integrated water resources management to protect and sustainably use water and related ecosystems and to reconcile the demands of different sectors for socio-economic development. Potential transboundary impacts and conflicting interests can best be solved by cooperation, adequate legal and institutional frameworks, joint approaches to planning and sharing of benefits and related cost (UN-IDFA, 2015). The UNECE 1992 provided the convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and International Lakes. According to Article 2 part (c). The parties shall, in particular, take all appropriate measures: to ensure that transboundary waters are used in a reasonable and equitable way, taking into particular account their transboundary character, in the case of activities which cause or are likely to cause transboundary impact. (Attila Tanzi). The international freshwater agreements identify 400 water agreements adopted since 1820, then there was a significant increase in treaty adoption activity following the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development. For example, in Africa, there are 59 transboundary river basins. Of these transboundary river basins, which 16 are covered by basin- agreements and in Asia, there is 57 transboundary river basins. Then, 10 river basins, constituting 3. 270.600 km2 are covered by basin wide agreements. (Alistair, Ruby , & Bjorn- Oliver) In the decentralised structure of the Ministry of Agriculture, the CRDA (Commissariat regional de développement Agricole) is responsible for the enforcement of the law. This includes the “water police”, in conformity with the new Water Law. However, CRDA staff do

9 not have the expertise and the means to monitor groundwater resources and conditions on the ground and do not feel supported or driven by any political will to enforce water-related regulations. They do not have the means to carry out such monitoring and do not feel supported or driven by any political will to limit groundwater use. (Elloumi, 2016). The mandate of water policing needs to be reviewed and should be broad enough to act as a positive incentive, not just a negative enforcement rule (a stick) to be feared. Such an enforcement service could be linked to the various services provided by the Ministry’s local level offices and extension services. Since the 2011 revolution, the government’s presence in rural areas has diminished and lack of enforcement has become more frequent. (Alvar , Amar , & Insaf , April 2017)

To act as a positive incentive, the decree water police needs to be revised and has to be sufficient enough, not seen simply as negative enforcement rule to fear.

The use of water police force needs to be put into context and lessons learned from other countries should be used to assess the real potential of a force such as this one. Deterrence of violations of the law must be applied with a real capacity to locate the offence and punish the offender. (Alvar , Amar , & Insaf , April 2017)

Water scarcity could reinforce users and decision-makers of any state in enforcing new laws and regulations on water resources management.

II.2.1 Water Law in Tunisia:

Tunisia’s Water Code is the overarching legislation covering the water sector. It covers aspects related to the sector’s organization, water rights, water resources conservation and penalties that should be applied should its principals be breached. All decrees and ordnances that apply to water and wastewater treatment reference the water code. (GWI , 2012).

Tunisia has two norms for the production of drinking water:

 The NT09-13 (1983) concerning the surface water used for the production of drinking water, which distinguishes between three water categories and the type of treatment required to produce drinking water in each category, which are: 1) the simple physical treatment disinfection; 2) the standard physical, and chemical treatment, and disinfection and 3) the advanced physical and chemical treatment, filtering, disinfection.  The NT09-14 (1983) which is applicable to drinking water. In these norms, there are two different values for each of the parameter/characteristic of the surface water: the desirable standard (G) and the required standard (I). (GWI , 2012).

The water resources of the MRB, which is, shared between Algeria and Tunisia and the Northern Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS), do not have transboundary water agreement or treaties between the both countries (UNEP, GEF). But there was a big attention and related, information was shared about literature resources available under the water convention, by which climate change adaptation approaches can be used as a catalyst for cooperation at transboundary level. (UNECE, ESCWA, GWP, 3-4 March 2020)

Tunisia presented the status of data and information exchange in the NWSAS, with a common database and common monitoring indicators, supporting the coordinated management of the shared water resources between Algeria and Tunisia. This water achieved despite technical constraints and countries disparities. The necessity to move towards more independence of the institutional frameworks was highlighted as crucial to be overcome in order to jointly address the overuse and degradation of the aquifer resources. (UNECE, ESCWA, GWP, 3-4 March 2020)

Article 107 and 120 in the Tunisia water law focus on the pollution by:

 The provisions of these sections are aimed at combating water pollution in order to meet or reconcile the requirements: of the drinking water supply; of public health; agriculture, industry, and all other human activities of general interest; the biological life of the receiving environment; conservation and water flow. It applies to spills, runoff, discharges, deposits direct or indirect material of any kind and more generally to any fact likely to cause or increase the degradation of water by modifying its characteristics physical, chemical, biological or bacteriological, whether it is surface water, groundwater, or water within territorial waters.  The public drinking water supplies must be protected against any accidental or deliberate cause likely to affect the quality of the water prescribed by the decree referred to in Article 98 of this code. II.2.2 Water Law in Algeria:

Article 1. - The purpose of the present law is to fix the principles and rules applicable to the use, the use of, and the management and sustainable development of water resources as a national community asset.

Article 2: The objectives for the sustainable use, management and development of water resources are to ensure that :

 the supply of water through the mobilization and distribution of water in sufficient quantity and quality to satisfy, as a priority, the needs of the population and the watering of livestock and to cover the demand of agriculture, industry and other economic and social water-using activities;

Article. 56 - For each natural hydrographic unit, a master plan for the development of water resources is instituted which defines the strategic choices for the mobilization, allocation and use of water resources, including non-conventional waters, with a view to ensuring:

 the satisfaction of water needs corresponding to domestic, industrial, agricultural and other economic and social uses;  the protection of the quantity and quality of ground and surface water

Table 2 shows the difference between water laws of Algeria and Tunisia.

Table 2: Comparison between water law in Algeria and Tunisia.

 Algeria Law 83-17 of  Tunisia Law 75-16 of 31 March 1975 on the Water July 1983 on the Water Code. Code.  Article 95  Article 102: Water-using industries must recycle used water for their needs, Any establishment and in whenever such recycling is technically and economically particular any industrial unit feasible, without prejudice to the provisions of articles 129 and whose discharges are recognized 130 of the present code. as polluting must provide for  Tunisia Decree 85-56 of 2 January 1985 on the purification installations. regulation of discharges into the receiving  Article 137: environment. Treated waste water may be  Article 3: used either for certain needs in Discharges, whatever their origin, must in no case alter the the industrial sector or for the quality of the receiving environment as set by the relevant irrigation of certain crops in the standards. agricultural sector.  Article 4: The use of wastewater, even Wastewater discharged into the receiving environment must purified, for the irrigation of raw comply with the discharge standards set in accordance with the vegetables is prohibited. methods provided for by the aforementioned Law No. 82-66 of  Article 139: 6 August 1982. Irrigation of crops, other than  Tunisia Order of 20 July 1989 approving the those mentioned in paragraph 2 Tunisian standard relating to the discharge of of Article 137 above, using effluents into the water environment. waste water, whether purified,  Article 2: must be authorized by the The standard referred to in Article 1 is of compulsory administration concerned. application subject to the derogation provided for in Article 16 A decree will determine the of the above-mentioned Law No. 82-66 of 6 August 1982. terms and conditions for the APPENDIX issuance of this authorization. (….)

3- More or less strict measures may be laid down by the Ministry of Agriculture.

Source: (BOUTEFLIKA, 2005).

II.3. Analysis of water uses and governance practices at MRB and the stakeholder’s involvement in the water sector: II.3.1 Water Governance Practices:

The management of transboundary river basins is a major issue that has attracted great attention in recent years. The WFD (European Water Framework Directive) recommends managing the resources at a river basin level, overlooking any national or administrative borders. This new managerial approach impels water managers to disregard the transboundary nature of the water resources while considering an integrated river basin where only geographical boundaries exist.

Fruitful cooperation generates benefits that propagate across sectors at both national and transboundary levels. Sharing water resources sometimes constrains the achievement of these objectives; their uncoordinated management can create tension and undermine trust countries, reducing opportunities for regional cooperation. As a result, improved transboundary cooperation can greatly benefit riparian countries in many ways, also (but not only) in economic terms.

A governance analysis help in generating a better understating of the extent to which conditions are being met, in order to achieve coherent (and sustainable) integration of different sector (consumers) of resources and identify its regulatory capacities at different levels.

For scientists and water managers, the establishment of water agreements between countries sharing water resources is vital. These agreements should aim at the settlement of tension and conflict while providing the essential framework for cooperation and consensus building. Apparently, the content of these agreements should comply with international law and the relevant international conventions especially, as noted by the WFD, the UNECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary watercourses and International lakes, approved by the European Council in 1995.

1. IWRM concept:

IWRM is a concept has been around from at least 30 years. According to the International Conference of Dublin in 1992, concerning water and the environment, four principles in the

13 interest of the concept of IWRM were born. In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) encourages all countries to start, practice IWRM and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals conference (MDG): “Halve by half the proportion of people without local water and sanitation services 2015”. According to the Global Water Partnership (GWP, 2000): IWRM is a challenge to practices, conventional professional attitudes and certainties.” No one can claim that meeting the IWRM challenge will be easy, but it is essential that a start is made now to avoid the burgeoning crisis.” The Poor water resources management has negative impacts on health, environment and the economy, jeopardizing poverty reduction effort in IWRM relates to the macro-economy. The objectives of IWRM are more equitable access to water resources and benefits of water resources management to fight poverty and the efficient and more sustainable use of water to preserve the environment. According to the Dublin Declaration (1992), the basic principles of IWRM are as follows:  Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource essential for the sustaining life, development and environment.  Water use and management should be based on a participatory approach involving users, planners and policy makers at all levels of government.  Women play a central role in the supply, management and protection of water, water has an economic value in all competitive uses and must be recognized as an economic good. The notions of IWRM integration are based on:  the interaction between natural and human systems, integrated water management freshwater and coastal waters,  intersectoral integration in national policymaking,  Integration of land and water, surface water and water management groundwater, upstream and downstream interest, water resources, water and waters worn out,  Integrating notions of quality and quantity in water management.

The advantages of implementing the IWRM concept include:

 Environmental advantages

IWRM can help the sector by making other users aware of the needs of ecosystems watershed protection, pollution control and environmental flows.

 Agriculture advantages:

It calls for integrated planning for use of land, water and other resources in a sustainable manner, seeks to increase water productivity within constraints imposed by the socio-economic context of a region or a country.

 Water Supply Advantages:

It considers the efficiency of water supply and the efficiency of consumers, the strategic allocation of water, the optimization of investments made in infrastructure and the resolution of intractable problems through multisectoral approaches conventional.

2. The Natural Water Resources Management System:

The different water balance terms in a hydrological system must be considered particular the hydrological catchment which is the natural management system for the water resources. This watershed, in a section of a watercourse, is defined as the surface drained by this watercourse and its tributaries upstream of the section. Any flow originating within this surface must therefore pass through the section under consideration, called an outlet, to continue its journey downstream. A hydrological catchment area consists of the topographical or hydrographic Watershed, the surface water domain, forming the part located above the soil surface, a hydrogeological watershed, domain of the groundwater, the part below where there is the aquifer system. This river basin should be used as the basic unit for the implementation of IWRM. It has three functions:

 Hydrological: to collect precipitation water, accumulate it in quantity for varying lengths of time, returning the excess water by runoff and by evapotranspiration,  Ecological: By providing good exchange sites and essential mechanisms for the proper development of the chemical reactions necessary for living organisms and habitats with aquatic fauna and flora and wetlands,  Socio-economic: “Any person living or working in a watershed, has an impact on conditions of the basin and on the water resources it supports”

“Healthy” watershed is necessary to ensure a healthy socio-economic environment (Complies on environment, 2011). To get an idea on the environmental situation in the watershed, it is necessary to know its context.

3. IWRM approach and methodologies in the watershed a. Eco-systemic approach

Flooding is one of the most destructive disasters in the world. Several cities around Medjerda has affected the flooding during the century. The region between Ghardimaou and Sidi Salem Dam is among the regions most affected by this flooding in Tunisia. They result from the combination of several and anthropogenic factor, the main ones being linked to the climate and edaphic characteristics of the environment. This is a serious problem in Tunisia in the watershed of the upper Medjerda valley, which has been flooded several times in recent years. This region, where urban sprawl has been amplified at an accelerated pace in recent years at the expense of agricultural land, is increasingly subject to intense runoffs that generate floods causing significant damage to urban areas and agricultural land. (Sahar Abidi, Olfa Hajji, Wael Essaleh, Ahmed Ezzine, & Taoufik Hermassi, december 2019). The only precaution to fight this issue is the controlling and the rehabilitation of the infrastructure such as the dam.

b. Multisectoral Approach  Agriculture

Tunisia is characterised by an arid and semi-arid climate over the majority of its territory where drought is a natural and frequent phenomenon. In order to develop, the agricultural sector has to rely on irrigation to cope with the low profitability of rain-fed agriculture and the high seasonal variability of rainfall. The majority of Medjerda water is used for agriculture purpose covering about 80% of its land. Most in Tunisia use the water from Medjerda for the agriculture, but others use groundwater for the agriculture. The main cultivated crops in this area (vegetables) like Tomato, Potato, and chili; and fruits trees like (Orange, apple, Palmier, and Olive). There are seven main large dams in the Medjerda Watershed: Nebeur, Benim’Tir, Laroussia, Kasseb, BouHertma, Sidisalem, Siliana, Ain Dalia, Battoum. The irrigated land covers 23500ha, distributed in large areas of recent creation in the upper Medjerda valley and 18000 ha distributed in Béja (middle Medjerda Valley). Management is modern and uses powerful means. Already, the irrigation water comes directly from the Medjerda river. In the government of Bizerta: there are about 10000 ha of irrigated land, including 4200ha affected by salt, spread over a dozen perimeters. Irrigation water comes from the Joumine dams.

(130,106 m3 of total capacity) and Ghezala (12,106 m3), some hill lakes and surface wells for the surroundings of Bizerte In the government of Ariane, the irrigated area is 26300 ha, divided into 17 perimeters. The irrigation water comes either from the El Aroussa Dam on the Mejerda River or from the Choutrana wastewater treatment site (for Cebala only). In Zaghouan the perimeters are large. Only five perimeters, ranging in size from 300 to 1400 ha, share with 4260 ha of irrigated land. The Irrigation water is pumped directly from the Bir Mchergua dam (53,106 m3 of total capacity) on the Méliane wadi, supplemented by wells and boreholes. In Cap Bon, there are few large irrigated perimeters, but a highly developed traditional irrigated agriculture. For the supply of the Cap Bon, the water, from good quality, is brought by the Mejerda-Cap Bon canal, known as the Canal du Nord. In Siliana, the area of irrigated land reaches 6244 ha, divided into 8 recent development perimeters, six of which are less than 300 ha. The irrigation water comes from the Siliana dam (70,106 m3 of capacity) for the two large perimeters and from boreholes for the rest, and the crops are: market gardening, fodder crops and arboriculture. In Kef, there are 19 small perimeters, ranging in size from 25 to 190 ha, covering a total of 1200 ha. In Kasserine, there are 13,000 ha of irrigated land, divided into small, recently created perimeters, dominated by arboriculture (apple trees) on the soils of the wadi terraces in the large perimeters, market gardening and fodder crops in perimeters smaller than 100 ha.  Water Supply

In the Tunisian Part, drinking water supply is provided jointly by SONEDE and the GDAs in rural areas outside SONEDE's area of intervention. In 2016 SONEDE supplied 60,000 subscribers in 12 delegations from 39 boreholes, 34 reservoirs, 850 km of distribution pipes and 70 pumping stations. Kasserine alone (Kasserine Sud, Kasserine Nord and Ezouhour), with a total of 22,000 subscribers, is supplied from 12 boreholes with a capacity of 200 liters/second, via 2 large reservoirs. The coverage rate is 100% in urban areas and 95% in rural areas, where 13% of the service is provided by SONEDE and 81.02% by GDAs. In 2016 SONEDE produced 11.2 Mm3. The efficiency of the distribution network is 70%. According to the history provided by SONEDE's 2015 statistical report, there were 4,200 leaks and 262 breakages on the distribution network. The loss index on the distribution network was evaluated in 2015 at 7.5 m3/km/day. As shown in Table 14, between 2002 and 2015 the volume distributed by SONEDE

17 almost doubled, while the volume distributed by SONEDE in 2015 almost doubled. That the population served increased by only 20.6%. (International Alert, 2017). In the Algerian part, drinking water supply is provided jointly by ANRH. The waters mobilized at the level of our basin are divided into 03 sectors of use which are:  drinking water supply: the main resource has been supplied by the Ain Dalia dam with an annual volume of about 12.85 Hm3, and other very important quantities mobilized from underground resources with a volume of 15.91 Hm3 ; therefore the total is 28.76 Hm3.  Agricultural water supply: this sector is supplied by several types of mobilization works, as follows:  Small dam of Tiffech: (2.60 Hm3/year)  Boreholes and wells either: (2.77 Hm3/year) taken from the 02 small basins of Tiffech and Khedara (according to DHW Souk-Ahras) + 30% of the total flow of the wells or: (0.80 Hm3/year)  Collinear Retention: all contributions (0.07 Hm3/year)  Souk-Ahras STEP: gives a volume that can exceed 11 Hm3/year.  Industrial water supply: this sector is supplied either from a public network or from their own boreholes, with an annual volume reaching 0.3 Hm3 (Hichem, 2010). c. Gender approach

IWRM requires gender awareness and equity. Even though women play a role the central focus on water resources development and management should also involve the men. To accelerate water management in an integrated and sustainable manner, the gender approach is therefore really important.

In water resources management, the opportunity to create a paradigm shift has been offered by IWRM. The global environment crisis, increasing poverty in the both urban and rural areas and the persistence of gender inequalities underline the need for a paradifm shift in water resources management.

In Algeria, there is a little integration of the gender dimension in the National Statistical Information System. The General Census of agriculture (RGA) of 2001, published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD, 2003), provides a limited amount of data on gender and agriculture. In particular, it shows a low participation of women in agricultural work, at 18 per cent of the labour force employed in the sector. Women are reported

18 to account for 17% of permanent workers and slightly more than 19% of the seasonal agricultural labour force. Female heads of farm are estimated to constitute only 4.1% of the total number of farmers and this only exist when there is no adult male in the household. As they usually have small areas, farms managed by women account for only 3.1% per cent of the area under dry land cultivation and 2.6% of the area irrigated. These women farmers are mostly of advanced age (52% of them are over 60 years old compared to 37% of men) and have a very low level of education (85% of them are without advanced education compared to 64% of men). Nevertheless, it appears that the proportion of female farm managers with primary school education is higher (9.5%) than men (5.8%).

In Tunisia, the statistical information system is more gender-sensitive and gender- disaggregated data on the agricultural labour force are more abundant. There are two main statistical sources, the National Institute of Statistics (INS) and the Ministry of Agriculture, who make it possible to identify women’s contribution to agricultural activity. However, since they are based on different definitions of the agricultural labour force, they reveal significant differences in the assessment of the number of workers employed in the sector and their gender distribution. According to the 2004 population census, women account for 32% of the workforce employed in the agriculture and fisheries sector. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, women constitute 69% of the family labour force employed in the sector. According to the survey on monitoring of the 2000/2001 agricultural year, the number of women workers in the sector is 541.915, of whom almost 87% are family workers and slightly more than 13% are wage earners. But while women account for only 9.3% of permanent agricultural workers, their place among seasonal workers is increasing sharply (37%). On the other hand, women continue to occupy a small share of farm managers (5.6%). However, there has been a recent trend towards an increase in the number of women in agricultural projects, a trend that has been encouraged by the greater access of women to agricultural training and credit, as well as to programmes for the allocation of agricultural land to technician: 7% of plots in favours of female technicians or engineers in 1994/1995. (FAO, 2014)

d. Water resources valorisation approach  Quantitative valorisation

The Sid Salem reservoir dam, which is in operation since 1982 at 70 km as the crow flies west of Tunis, is very important for the development of the wadi Medjerda basin which covering more than 18.000 km2. It is the largest Tunisian dam, with the highest average flow rate, and

the site is the last clearly marked narrowing of the valley before the great downstream plain, developed within the framework of the Northern Water Master Plan.

Several other reservoir dams contribute to controlling the water of this basin, starting with two structures commissioned in 1955: Nebeur on the Oued Mellègue, Controlling 57% of the catchment area at Sidi Salem, which is now very heavily silted (200 Mm3 of capacity lost in 50 years, Out of 335 initially under the PHE), and Ben Metir, controlling 0.6% of the catchment area in a zone of high rainfall with very good quality water.

The Sidi Salem, Nebeur, Bou Heurtma and Siliana dams have an important role in flood management and control and provide regulated water to downstream users.

Table 3 shows that the total of disharge flow in the Medjerda watershed is reaching a total of the 20680 m3/s.

Table 3: Comparative characteristics of the main facilities cited.

Dam completio Watershed Capacity (millions m3=hm3) Discharge flow n areas (km2) Initial Current Rolling (m3/s) Nebeur-Mellegue 1954 10300 182 22 125 6030 Ben Metir 1954 103+287=390 62 57 990

Bou Heurtma 1976 103+287=390 118 112 2660 Kasseb 1968 101 82 70 440 Sidi Salem 1981 7950 814 643 286 5530 Total Watershed of Sidi Salem 18250 km2 Lakhmess 1966 127 8 7 7 1000 Siliana 1987 1040 70 53 53 3220 R’Mil 2002 232 4 4 4 810 Total Discharge 20680 flow Watershed upstream the Sidi Salem without control 3700 km2 Source: (Abdelhamid , Khalil , Bernard , & Sandrine , 2009)

Figure 4: The Map of Medjerda watershed with the Dams. Source: (Abdelhamid , Khalil , Bernard , & Sandrine , 2009)  Qualitative valorisation

The quality of the water of the main courses of the wadi Medjerda was marked, from upstream to downstream, by a longitudinal regression. A longitudinal increase in turbidity, mineralisation, oxidability, BOD5 and coliform load was indeed noted in this watercourse in relation to the discharge of pollutants either directly (treatment plants) or indirectly (through tributaries). The analysis of water quality of some tributaries: Boujaarin, Bouhertma and Kasseb wadi, has shown that they have indeed contributed to the worsening of the state of the main river by strong organic pollution. (Abidi, Bejaoui, Jemli, & Boumaiza, 2015)

However, the raw water comes from the Medjerda Cap Bon Canal, the El Mornaguia reservoir and the Ghédir El Golla reservoir. The manager of the distribution of domestic water (SONEDA) manages the three sources of the raw water to satisfy a daily demand for drinking water. Depending on the distribution history and climatic conditions, the drinking water network managers forecast their daily water demands and request the treatment plant to supply them with their needs. Thus, the production of the treatment plant must be adjusted to provide

21 the requested volume while minimizing production costs and respecting the maximum salinity acceptable to consumers.

The Medjerda Canal Cap Bon (Source S1) is also characterized by a high salinity of 2.0 g/l . The Ghedir El Golla dam (Source S2) and El Mornaguia (Source S3) have a total storage capacity of 20 Mm3. Their salt concentration is acceptable 1.0 g/l, Table 16. Table 4: The Volume and Salinity of the Station at S1, S2 and S3.

3 3 3 Source of water Vmax (Mm ) Vmin (Mm ) Vini (Mm ) Qini (g/l) S1 1000 1 1000 2.0 S2 15 5 15 1.0 S3 5 1 5 1.0 Source: (Issam, Outils d’aide à la décision pour la gestion optimale des ressources en eau, 2016) Where:

3  Vmax: Volume Maximum per Mm

3  Vmin: Volume Minimal per Mm

3  Vini: Volume initial per Mm

-1  Qini: Salinity initial per g.L e. Watershed approach

Watershed based water resource management looks at the various activities and realities of the watershed as a whole, rather than at individual aspects in isolation. It requires consideration of a wide range of processes, including hydrology and land use, as well as the political, economic, social and ecological dynamics that influence water availability and quality. A watershed approach encourages organizations to consider holistically the extent to which competing demands on water resources from a range of stakeholders (domestic water users, industry, regulators, politicians) can create pressures and lead to conflict if not managed properly. It also requires bringing together people from different sector to identify problems and agree on priorities for action and, ultimately, to build local partnerships to implement these actions. Among these different IWRM approaches, the Watershed approach is the most important because IWRM is done at the level of a catchment. We then take into account all the types of water resources; water uses and development systems that exist in the watershed of Medjerda:  Agriculture

 Livestock  Water Supply  Urban  Groundwater

The zoning of the watershed is therefore necessary to see the location of the different uses and activities in the watershed. The map below shows the zoning of the Medjerda watershed.

Figure 5 : The map of Medjerda watershed.

Analysing the Watershed: The major problem facing water development is the losses in the water uses in agricultural and for domestic supply. Losses are estimated at 27 % in the drinking water sector (Société Nationale d’Exploitation et de distribution des distribution des Eaux (SONEDA)) and 40% in agriculture. They are due to the dilapidated state of the water supply networks, poor maintenance, evaporation from open canals and infiltration. Irrigation methods are often poorly adapted. Wastage is also due to a lack of knowledge of crops water requirement and cultivation techniques as tools for saving water. Water use efficiency is still low. Yields are close to those

23 of rainfed crops in a normal year. In industry, water is used as a convenient and inexpensive vector for industrial discharges.

Salinity and pollution are sometimes a serious limitation of water exploitation. In the north, certain rivers such as the Mellègue wadi, the Tessa wadi, both tributaries of the Medjerda, carry water whose dry residue can exceed 3 g/l.

The problem of pollution is particularly acute in the urban tributaries of the Medjerda and in the vicinity of cities and industrial areas.

II.3.2 WATER USES AT THE MRB

In the MRB, the rivers are the main source of life for many communities. They provide water for irrigation, navigation, drinking and washing and fishing as a source of mechanical energy and have many other uses. Many countries may share rivers, and cooperative management is not always ensured. A government, or an individual, may try to use the river for its own benefit without taking into account other users or existed regulations.

The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water (82% of the overall volume) and will remain so far, a long time. Water is used mainly for intensive irrigation, but also for supplementary irrigation. The drinking water sector, the second largest water consumer, uses only 14% of the resources, but has the first priority in meeting needs. The overall rate of drinking water supply is 88%. The main users of drinking water are households (67%) but in terms of daily volume it is tourism which, with complete and ultramodern sanitary facilities, consumes the most water (560 l/day per occupied bed compared to 100 l/day/person for households). The tourism sector consumes a total of 6% of the country’s drinking water and its demand is increasing fairly rapidly with the increase in the number of beds occupied. Industry uses very little water resources (4%). In addition, several plants produce their own water by desalination of brackish water or by recycling wastewater (the National Company for Water Exploitation and Distribution (SIAPE) in Skhira produces 8.000 m3/day).

While the agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water, the rate of the use of the water mobilised is still modest. Indeed, the exploitation rate of irrigated perimeters is 73% and the intensification rate of existing perimeters is 80%. The rate of use of available dam water for irrigation is only 60%. Only 43% of the developed hillside lakes are exploited, and 51% of the potentially irrigable areas are actually irrigated (Direction de la Conservation des Eaux et des

Sols (CES), 1997). There is also a low use of hydro-agricultural resources and facilities, and a slow adoption and control by farmers of irrigators, only 1.6 million m3 were used).

Under-utilization of treated wastewater: 27% of the total is reused (6 % for golf course irrigation and 21% for agriculture). This water is available at times dictated by the use of water the problem of storage and transfer of this water.

Table 5: The distribution of deep aquifer exploitation by use

Agricultural 1275 Mm3 Water supply 312 Mm3 Industry 43 Mm3 Tourism 3 Mm3

Every living organism is characterised by its minimum water requirement. We have distinguished five sectors of water use: Agriculture Sector, Drinking supply sector, Tourism Sector, Industry Sector and Collective uses Sector.

1. Agricultural Sector:

Water demand of the agricultural sector is estimated at range of 1900 and 2100m3/year, of which 30 m3 is treated wastewater. Some strategic studies showed that agricultural water demand will stabilise by 2030 at 2035 m3 due to the competition with other sectors that are considered as priorities. The current average water demand per hectare actually irrigated is estimated at 4.500 m3. It should be noted, however, that this demand varies considerably depending on the crops and climatic zones: it can be as low as 1000 and 2000 m3/ha for cereals and fodder in the north and as high as 15 000 to 20 000 m3/ha for date palms.

Water requirements of crops depend on three main factors: the climate, the crop’s species and the time of the vegetative cycle. The water dosage depends on the quality of the soil. To estimate the water needs of this sector, we used on the standard given by the Ministry of Agriculture in Tunisia and FAO during the 2014- 2015 crop year concerning the areas per type of crop in the region and the theoretical needs of the crops.

Table 6: Distribution of intensive irrigable areas according to irrigation sources (1000 ha)

Groundwater poll 35.64 Mm3 Surface well 37.16 Mm3 Conventional water Surface water Dam 132.68 Mm3 Hill Dam 7.40 Mm3 Pumping on wadi 13.80 Mm3 Treated wastewater 5.57 Mm3

Non-Conventional Other sources 0.57 Mm3 water Source: DGEDA, MARHP Table 8 presents the distribution of the agriculture water demand of the Two Country: Table 7: Distribution of the surface irrigate end the water demand:

Surface irrigate in ha Water needs m3/day m3/year Jendouba 20930 188 192 68 690 000 Le Kef 2680 45 096 16 460 000 Siliana 3370 13 699 5 000 000 Beja 15390 145 452 53 090 000 Souk Ahars 5000 54 795 20 000 000 Source: (DIRECTION CENTRAL DE LA PLANIFICATION ET ETUDES GENERALES, Société National d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, Septembre 2019). 2. Domestic water Sector:

Domestic wastewater comes from the use of the potable. The composition of domestic wastewater can be extremely variable and depends on three factors:

 The original composition of the drinking water, the quality of its treatment, the sanitary standers of the country concerned, the nature of the pipes, etc…  The various uses by private individuals, which can bring an almost infinite number of pollutants: all cleaning products, detergents, but also paint solvents, products from car and machine washing (e.g. motor oils, etc.).  The users themselves who will discharge organic matter into the sewers (urine and feces), organic matter is the main pollutant in domestic water. This type of discharge also brings micro-organisms and various contaminants.

Domistic water is provided by SONEDA and DGGREE in Tunisia and STEP in Algeria Table 9, at the level of the chief towns of the two country. In the Tunisian Part, most of the population is supplied with the drinking water. But in the rural areas, most of the water points installed are traditional wells, modern well or boreholes equipped with a manual or pedal pump implanted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

Table 8: The percentage of population served by SONEDA and DGGREE in Tunisia and STEP in Algeria:

BEJA (%) Siliana (%) Jendouba (%) Le Kef (%) Souk Ahars (%)

SONEDA 45 42 40 32 DGGREE 65 68 60 68

STEP 89.5 Source : (DIRECTION CENTRAL DE LA PLANIFICATION ET ETUDES GENERALES, Société National d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, Septembre 2019)

The SONEDA AND DGGREE are the responsible for disturbing the water in Tunisian part and STEP is the responsible for disturbing the water in Algerian part.

The estimate of domestic water demand is based on the number of habitants in the study area, according to the need of unit flow (q), although consumption is different in urban and rural areas. For the Tunisia part, q is about the 120.6 l/day/inhabit and for the Algeria part, q is about the 120 l/day/hab. (DIRECTION CENTRAL DE LA PLANIFICATION ET ETUDES GENERALES, Société National d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, Septembre 2019). The calculation Hypothesis: For the q= 120.6 l/day/inhabit in Tunisia and 120 l/day/ inhabit in Algeria. N= Number of the population. Cj = consumption per day = N*q

Table 10 presents the distribution of the domestic water demand of the Two Country: Table 9: The distribution of the domestic water demand:

Number of the population Water needs of drinking Water needs of drinking water in m3/day water in m3/year Jendouba 444772 23 964 8 747 000 Le Kef 274757 15 071 5 501 000 Siliana 306478 14 120 5 154 000 Beja 329931 24 529 8 953 000 Souk Ahars 438127 53 451.49 19 509 795.31 Source : (DIRECTION CENTRAL DE LA PLANIFICATION ET ETUDES GENERALES, Société National d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, Septembre 2019) Safe drinking water and sanitation are essential for economic and social development of the country and are crucial for health. This is why this sector has always been one of the top priorities of Tunisia’s and Algeria’s economic and social development policy. By 2012, the coverage rates for urban and urban-rural drinking water supply reached 100% and 91% respectively.

3. Industrial Sector:

All discharges resulting from non-domestic water use are classified as industrial discharges. This definition concerns discharges from factories, but also discharges from craft or commercial activities: Laundry, medical analysis laboratories, etc. In 2018, the volume of water consumed for this use fell at a sustained rate of 13.4% to 22.4 Mm3, compared with 25.9 Mm3 in 2017 and 32.9 Mm3 in 2010, resulting in a loss of 0.6 point of their share in the global consumption. In parallel, the three main chemical industries of Gabes (ICM1, ICM3 and SAEPA) recorded a decrease in their consumption of about 9% (0.677 Mm3 in 2018 against 0.744 Mm3 in 2017). Table 11 presents the distribution of the water needs for industry in the two country: Table 10: The distribution of the water needs in the industrial sector:

Number of the Industry Water needs m3/day m3/year Jendouba 227 687.67 251 000 Le Kef 425 268.49 98 000 Siliana 94 265.75 97 000 Beja 60 1 386.30 506 000 Souk Ahars 150 2 349 857 143 Source : (DIRECTION CENTRAL DE LA PLANIFICATION ET ETUDES GENERALES, Société National d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, Septembre 2019). 4. Tourism Sector:

In 2018, the volume of water consumed by subscribers grew by 3.8% in 2018 (14Mm3 compared to 13.5 Mm3 in 2017). This can be explained by the evolution of the main performance indicators of this use:  The number of overnight stays at: 22.8 % in 2018 against 20% in 2017.  The number of beds used: 3.3 % in 2018 against 2.5% in 2017.  The occupancy rate: 6.5 points (40.8% in 2018 versus 34.3 % in 2017).

This study area is one of the areas with high tourist potential, we have identified 77 reception and restoration establishments in the Tunisian part. For the estimation of the water demand of this sector (Table 12), the calculation is based on the accommodation capacity according to the categories by estimating that the capacity of a room is 2 persons with average water need of 160 l/day/ tourist. Table 11:The Distribution of the water demand in the sector of touristic: Number of the Hotels Water needs m3/day m3/year

Jendouba 49 1 132 413 000 Le Kef 16 41.09 15 000 Siliana 4 10.96 4 000 Beja 8 30.14 11 000 Souk Ahars 20 86.58 31 601 Source : (DIRECTION CENTRAL DE LA PLANIFICATION ET ETUDES GENERALES, Société National d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, Septembre 2019)

5. Collective uses Sector:

The Collective uses sector is a set of the elementary uses of Commerce, Municipal and Administration. The volume of the collective use consumption fell in 2018 by 2.7% to reach a level of 46Mm3 comparing to 47.2 Mm3in 2017 which represents 10.3% of the total volume in 2017. This evolution is the result of fluctuation recorded at the level of its basic use:  For the commerce: 11.4% bringing the volume consumed at the level of 13.7 Mm3.  For the Municipal (Public Appliances, Services and Public Buildings, Stadiums and Markets): - 10.4% bringing the volume consumed at the level of 7.7 Mm3  For the Administrations (Administrative Services, Educations, Health, defence etc.…): -6.7 % bringing the level of the volume consumed of the 24.6 Mm3. Table 13 presents the distribution of the Collective water uses needs in the two country: Algeria and Tunisia in the Watershed Medjerda. Table 12: The distribution of the Collective water needs:

Number of the Commerce, Water needs Administration and m3/day m3/year Municipal Jendouba 2364 3 419 1 248 000 Le Kef 2574 2 139.7 781 000 Siliana 1495 1 759 642 000 Beja 1896 2 835.6 1 035 000 Souk 1525 2 198.4 802 403 Ahars Source : (DIRECTION CENTRAL DE LA PLANIFICATION ET ETUDES GENERALES, Société National d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, Septembre 2019).

So, for the conclusion, the evaluation of the available resources and identification of the different users and their needs (agriculture, industry, tourism, drinking water and the collective water uses) are very necessary before doing the modelling on the WEAP software. Fieldwork and documentation were conducted for the preparation of this research report. This is useful to know about the initial status of the study area and make the diagnostic in order to establish an allocation scenario so that the software

II.3.3 HISTORICAL WATER GOVERNANCE PRACTICES AT THE MRB:

In the last few years, water governance has grown increasingly as a theme in the work of international agencies and organizations. The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), recognized the gaps in water management entail risk for national economies, and published 20publications related to water governance between 2011 and 2015 (OECD,2016). Since 2005, the Water Governance Facility (WGF), has published the results of its work with a 10 years collaborative program organized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). For this program, water governance is one of the most critical areas to consider for the sustainable development of water resources and water-related services (SIWI,2015). For some authors, governing in the sense of governance is a way of improving the decision-making process and institutions simply because it includes other non-governmental actors. Since it is difficult to observe the process of governance, studies and discussions usually focus on systems of governance or frameworks under which such systems operate, which is to say, the associated agreements, procedures, conventions and policies (GRAHAM, AMOS, & PLUMPTRE, 2003). Institutions are understood as the “rules of the game” and the interested stakeholders as the actors, allowing assessments to be undertaken to understand how the different stakeholders interact, the power dynamics between them and how they influence policies (JACOBSON & Al, 2013). Water governance refers to the process in which new paths, theories and practices are proposed and adopted in the aim of establishing an alternative relationship between government and social demands and managing different interests. Indeed, proposals for diverse “paths” exist in the literature on governance and other related themes, which have influenced the way in which governance has been apprehended and used. (CAMPOS & FRACALANZA, 2010). 1. The political, legislative and regulatory framework in the Tunisian part:

Despite apparent centralisation, a strategic vision is needed for the coming years, and national authorities have difficulty in imposing a strategic vision in the water sector. At this time, there is no clear sector strategy for the provision of water and sanitation services. A strategy for the water sector up to 2030 was formulated since 1998 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources and a new strategy up to 2050 is currently being developed, with no clear indication as to its finalisation and adoption. A previous study by the OECD and the Global Water Partnership Mediterranean (GWP-Med) identified the need for a clear,

30 updated and comprehensive strategy for the water sector, covering the relevant sub-sectors and issues like (water resources management, drinking water supply, sanitation, water quality and conservation), physical infrastructure like (wastewater treatment plants, distribution systems, boreholes, etc.) water supply and sanitation, and time-bound action plan. Now, due to the country’s political transition, the sectoral strategy is being reformulated. A strategy for a green economy, including the water sector, is also being developed. (OECD, 2014). A strategy for a green economy, including the water sector, is also under development. (OECD, 2012). The 2030 strategy for the water sector focuses on the long-term management of water resources, an inventory of existing resources and projections of future supply and demand. However, less attention is paid to drinking water and sanitation services. The 12th National Development Plan (NDP 2010-2014) gives priority to sanitation projects such as networks, pumping stations, improving the quality of sanitation services and extending wastewater treatment facilities in urban and rural areas. The 12th NDP sets the dual objective of extending access to drinking water in rural areas to 98.5% by 2014, and sanitation coverage to 88.4%. Although this target reflects the relatively low rate of access in rural areas, there is a risk that urban districts do not have the same incentive to improve services. In particular, in a context where urban areas already have near universal access, specific targets should address the cost- effectiveness and reliability of service delivery, as well as the quality of service. (OECD, 2014) 2. Promoting a good water governance at the MRB:  Carrying out the reforms: Currently, the post-revolutionary reconstruction situation offers an opportunity to consider the unprecedented major reforms that the country wishes to implement. The PSP (Private Sector Participation) is also getting more attention in the country, as illustrated by the development of the Public Private Partnership (PPP) law and the high-level support it has received. In this context, water sector authorities in Tunisia and Algeria need to examine water governance framework and especially the roles that the PSP could play in the development of the water sector. The encouragement of water governance framework will help in managing the trade- offs across water users, rural and urban areas, and generations through : promoting non- discriminatory participation in decision-making across people; empowering local authorities and users to identify and address barriers to access the quality of the water services and resources; promoting public debate on risks and costs and encouraging evidence-based assessment of the distributional consequences of water users and water related policies on citizens and places to guide decision-making.

 Promoting regular monitoring and evaluation of water policy and governance where appropriate, share the results with the public and make adjustments when needed: encouraging the dedicated institutions to monitor and evaluate policies is endowed with sufficient capacity, appropriate degree of resources and necessary instruments; to develop reliable monitoring and reporting mechanisms to effectively guide decision-making; to assess to what extent water policy fulfils the intended outcomes and water governance frameworks are fit for the planned purpose.  Encouraging the policy through an effective cross-sectoral co-ordination such as other policies dealing with water, environment, health, energy…etc: To promote the organization of specific mechanisms to that can help promoting the policies across ministries, public agencies the government; To promote coordinated management of the use, protection and sanitation of water resources, including policies affecting water availability, quality and Demand (e.g. agriculture, forestry, mining, energy, fisheries, transport, recreation and navigation) and risk prevention; To identify, assess and remove barriers affecting policy coherence resulting from practices, actions and regulations in the water sector and beyond, using monitoring, reporting and reviews; the last is to provide incentives and regulations to mitigate conflict between different sectors, aligning these strategies with water management needs and finding solution that consistent with local governance and standards.  Introducing integrity and transparency practices in water policies and institutions and water governance framework for greater accountability and confidence in the decision-making process through: Supporting legal and institutional frameworks that hold decision makers and stakeholders accountable, such as the right to information and to independent authorities to investigate water issues and to enforce the law; foresting standards, codes of conduct or charters on integrity and transparency in the national or local contexts and monitoring their implementation; establish clear accountability and oversight mechanisms for the development and implementation of a transparent water policy; diagnosing and mapping existing or potential corruption drivers and risks in all water-related institutions at different levels, including public procurement and finally adopting multi stakeholders approaches, specified tools and action plans to identify and address gaps in water integrity and transparency like integrity analyses or packages, risk analysis.  Promoting Stakeholders engagement for informed and result-oriented contributions to water policy design and implementation, by the following

framework: Mapping the public, private and no-profit actors who have a stake in the outcomes or who are likely to be affected by water-related decisions, as well as their responsibilities, underlying motivations and interactions; paying particular attention to under-represented categories like (women, indigenous peoples, youth, the poor, domestic users), the newcomers like (the property developers, institutional investors) and other water-related stakeholders and institutions; establishing the decision line and the intended use of stakeholders inputs, and mitigate power imbalances and risks of capturing the consultation of over-represented or overly vocal categories, as well as between the voices of experts and non-experts; encouraging the development of the capacity of relevant stakeholders and the dissemination of accurate, timely and reliable information; evaluating the process and outcomes of stakeholders engagement in order to learn and adapt, improve accordingly, including the assessment of the cost and benefits of engagement processes; foresting legal and institutional frameworks, organizational structures and responsible authorities that are conductive to stakeholders engagement and then to adapt the type and level of stakeholder engagement to needs and maintaining the flexibility of the process to adapt it to changing circumstances.  Encouraging regular monitoring and evaluation of water policy and governance, so that the results can be shared with the public and any necessary adjustments can be made by: promoting specialized monitoring and evaluation institutions with sufficient capacity, independence and appropriate resources, as well as the necessary instruments; developing reliable monitoring and reporting mechanisms to guide effective decision-making; assessing the extent to which water policy is achieving its intended results and water governance frameworks are fit for purpose and the last for encouraging the timely and transparent sharing of evaluation results and the adaptation of strategies as new information becomes available. 3. Stakeholder’s Involvement

The stakeholders should be involved in all activities related to the management of transboundary waters. It is really needed to identify all key stakeholders in the transboundary issue, which might include the following at the MRB from the two countries:

 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs  The Ministry of Agriculture, irrigation and Livestock  The Ministry of the Mine and Petroleum  The Ministry of the Water and Environment

 National Environmental Protection Agency.  Water users Association  Ministry of Health  Ministry of Education  Universities and research centres  NGOs: Water and Climate, AISH, INRGREF, INAT, ASTEE, WaterAid, ANRH  International partners: GIZ, UNESCO, Swim-sm, World Bank, International Hydrological Programme, UNICEF.  MRB commission

The responsibilities of stakeholders in drinking water and wastewater standards are affected by the following laws: (GWI , 2012)

 Law No 68-22 (2 July 1968): Creates National water supply and Distribution Company (SONEDA) in Tunisia  Law No 74-73 (3 Aug 1974): Creates National wastewater Agency (ONAS)  Modification of the Law behind: Law No 93-41: Broadens ONAS’s remit from wastewater network operator to Tunisia’s main body for the protection of water resources.  Law No 88-91 (2 Aug 1988) Creates National Environmental Protection Agency (ANPE) in Tunisia  Decree No 81-793 (9 June 1981): indicates that the DHMPE is responsible for the monitoring of drinking water quality, the protection of the environment, the prevention of pollution and must monitor the enforcements of the relevant standards in Tunisia.

In Tunisia and Algeria, the responsible for sharing water transboundary surface water and groundwater is the North-Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSA or SASS). In 2002, the three country (Tunisia, Algeria and Libya) decided to establish a “consultation mechanism” for the NWSA system, which aim to “coordinate, promote and facilities the rational management of NWSA water resources”. The mechanism, which started in 2008, is the first structure dedicated to a transboundary aquifer in the region and one of the few existing in the world. (FAO and UNESCO, 2005).

The regional basin committee:

According to (l’Imprimerie Officielle de la République Tunisienne, 2010), river basin committees (CBH article 64) issue opinions and recommendations at the regional level on:

 PDARE project  The mobilized water resources management plans  The ABH’s programme activities in this area: qualitative and quantitative protection of water resources; information and awareness-raising of water users.

There was an international conference of the Scientific of Medjerda in Tunisia on 25 – 27 October 2017. This conference discussed recent achievements in water resources and agro- industrial frameworks as well as related disciplines in order to improve their managements, in regard to climate change. (ESIER, IRESA, 2017) It was organized at the Higher School of Rural Equipment Engineers of Medjez el Bab (ESIER). The objective of this edition was to share knowledge, related to this watershed and similar contexts, to provide the necessary remedies for sustainability of hydrological, energy, sustainable development systems.

ESIER mobilized its partners at the national and international level to organize the Medjerda Scientific Days, with an international perspective.

The meeting was a high-level forum which allowed to put the emphasis on:

 The management of natural resources (water, soil and vegetation) in view of climate change.  Bio-processing, energy and the environment  The Potential for sustainable territorial development: Waste management and treatment, water and the environment

This meeting discussed these three main themes in 10 sessions in the forum of oral presentations and one session for poster presentations. The conference was organized as follows:

 Six sessions for the first theme: Hydrological modelling, water treatment and quality, Tillage, Anti-erosion and erosion risk management, Valorisation of non-conventional water resources and irrigation practices;  Three sessions for the second theme: Energy Optimization of Processes, Agro-industry and Agro-food and Numerical Modelling;  A single session for the third themes: Potentialities of sustainable territorial development: Waste management and treatment, water and environment.

The ambition of the organizing committee was to bring together stakeholders, including researchers and development actors, working directly or indirectly in the basin Medjerda or

35 under comparable conditions in terms of pressure on resources, of the hydrological, environmental, energetic, economic system, …

4. Comparing with the Drin Basin management practices:

Managing transboundary river basins in a sustainable manner is of critical importance for social, economic and environmental in riparian countries.

Drin basin has the following measure for water governance and management practices:

For the water governance:

 Clearly allocate and distinguish roles and responsibilities for water policymaking, policy implementation across their responsible authorities.  Promoting the regular monitoring and evaluation of water policy and governance where appropriate, share the results with the public and make adjustments when needed.  Encouraging the policy through the effective of cross-sectoral coordination with the policies for water and environment, health, energy.  Introduce integrity and transparency practices in water policies and institutions and water governance framework for greater accountability and confidence in decision-making.  Promoting Stakeholders engagement for informed and result-oriented contributions to water policy design and implementation, by following framework.  Encouraging regular monitoring and evaluation of water policy and governance, so that the results can be with the public and any necessary adjustments can be made.

The management practices of Drin basin:

 Consolidating a common knowledge base  Building the foundation for multi-country cooperation  Institutional strengthening for Integrated River Basin Management  Demonstration of technologies and practices for IWRM and ecosystem management.

 Stakeholders involvement, Gender Mainstreaming and communication Strategies. II.3.4 Conclusions

The main problematic practices, which challenge the MRB management and therefore, need to be addressed to achieve its sustainability are:

 The eco-systematic practices: affecting the Tunisian part with flooding between Ghardimaou and Sidi Salem Dam.  Drinking water practices affecting the salinity.  Agriculture practices: affecting water demand as: most of available water in Medjerda watershed is used for the agricultural sector.

MATERIALs AnD METHODs

This chapter discusses the materials and methods used in collecting and analysing the data for this research. It encompasses the characteristics of the study area in terms of location, Physiographic characteristics of the study area, population, sampling methods, data collection methods, analysis procedures, ethical considerations, and limitations.

III.1 Description of the Study Area III.1.1 Location

The Medjerda River originates in the Tell Atlas, part of the Atlas Mountains, in north- eastern Algeria and flows eastwards Tunisia, then entering the Gulf of Utic of the Mediterranean Sea. The Medjerda watershed is divide into six sub-basins, the first stretches in a straight line of East- North-East direction over a length of 130 km and a width of 25 to 30 km including the watershed of the Raghai, Meliz, Bouhertma and Kasseb wadis. The second is the watershed of the Mellègue wadi, the main southern tributary of the Medjerda, very large, 2/3 of which is located in Algeria. The next is the watershed of the Tessa Wadi, upstream from the town of Bousalem. It flows into the main course of the Medjerda, offering it considerable liquid and solid contributions. The fourth watershed is that of the Siliana wadi, with outlet located in Testour, is long and very narrow. The Khaled watershed has an outlet located just downstream from the Sidi Salem dam. The last basin is subdivided into two parts: the Medjerda sub-basin of the Trajan Bridge in Medjez El Ben Containing the watersheds of the Beja and Zarga wadi and the Medjerda sub-basin of Medjez El Beb with the sea, comprising the watersheds of Lamar and Chafrou wadi.

Figure 6 Localization on map of Medjerda river Source: ArcGIS III.1.2 Hydro-climatology: 4 rainfall stations data (Souk Ahras, Tebesse, Le kef and Jendouba) in the Medjerda watershed have been collected between 2000-2019 from ILWIS (using ISOD with stations map of Global surface summary of day product produced by the NCDC. This is Online Istitu Cliamte databases), NewLocclim and Water resources Direction. These stations are representing the longest period available for the highest quality data covering the area. 1) Temperature: The main climatic parameters are temperature, rainfall, evaporation and wind. The extreme north and northern areas of Tunisia where the Medjerda river basin is situated can be distinguished by a mild and wet winter, and hot and dry summer. Usually, temperature, evaporation, and sunshine duration reach their maximums in July and August in the Medjerda river basin, whilst humidity and precipitation become smallest during these months. In the study area the annual average temperature ranges between 16°C and 22°C and the monthly mean temperature in these months (July and August) is from 24ºC to 27°C, and then the monthly mean maximum temperature reaches 33ºC to 37°C. The annual mean relative humidity at the major stations ranges from 57% to 81%. It becomes highest from December to January, 80%, and lowest in July, 58%. As shown in Figure 6 and 7 below, the monthly average temperature increases between June, July and August in the 4 stations of pluviometry of the Medjerda basin and then the monthly average temperature decreases between October and December.

40 35 30 25 20 15 Temperature 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 T° mean yearsT° max T° min Figure 7 : Temperature average variation in the 4 stations. Source: New LocClim and DGRE in Tunisia

Temperature mean Variation of the 4 stations

Souk Ahars Tebesse LeKef Jendouba

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Figure 8 : Temperature mean variation in the 4 stations of Medjerda river basin. Source: New LocClim and DGRE in Tunisia. Table 13: The different Temperatures in the 4 stations of Medjerda Watershed

T°mean J F M A M J J A S O N D Souk Ahars 5 6,4 8,6 11,3 15 19,3 22,8 23,1 20,2 15 10,1 6,4 Tebesse 6,5 7,5 10,6 13,5 18 22,8 26 25,7 22,2 15,8 11,1 7,9 Lekef 7 8,1 10,8 13,8 18 22,7 26,5 26,2 22,5 17,7 12,3 8,3 Jendouba 9,8 10,5 11,8 14,6 19 23,7 27 27,1 24,2 19,3 14,3 11 Average 7,08 8,125 10,45 13,3 17 22,1 25,6 25,53 22,28 16,95 11,95 8,4

T° max Souk Ahars 11,1 13,3 15,6 18,8 23 27,7 32,7 32,7 29,3 22,7 17,2 12,1 Tebesse 10,6 12,1 16,1 20,5 25 31,1 35 33,9 29,3 21,7 16,1 11,6 Lekef 10,6 12,1 16,1 20,5 25 31,1 35 33,9 29,3 21,7 16,1 11,6 Jendouba 15,5 19 19,7 22,2 28 29,1 35,2 35 30,2 26,7 23,5 18,2 Average 12 14,125 16,88 20,5 25 29,8 34,5 33,88 29,53 23,2 18,23 13,38

T° min Souk Ahars 2,7 3,9 5,5 7,1 11 15 17,7 18,2 16,7 11,1 6,6 3,2 Tebesse 1,7 2,7 4,4 7,1 12 16,1 18,8 18,2 16,1 11,1 6,6 2,7 Lekef 1,7 2,7 4,4 7,1 12 16,1 18,8 18,2 16,1 11,1 6,6 2,7 Jendouba 5,6 7 8,6 10 14 15,5 18,6 19,7 17,7 13,6 10,6 8,5 Average 2,93 4,075 5,725 7,83 12 15,7 18,5 18,58 16,65 11,73 7,6 4,275 Source: New LocClim and DGRE in Tunisia

2) Rainfall Tunisia is at risk of drought in several years due to climate change. Given that, the Medjerda river represents 83% of the Tunisian Resources, conserving its water is becoming an important subject that the government is concentrated on. For many experts in the world, conserving water is made by managing river basins sustainably so that building a strategy of available resources and water uses, is needed. Medjerda basin contains several tributaries which some of them are controlled by hydraulic managements. The climate of the study area is Mediterranean throughout the year, and the rainfall is irregular; the average annual rainfall of the basin varies from 85 to 771 mm . (Sahar , Olfa, & Hamadi , 2017). The estimation of precipitation associated with extreme events is a subject which is arousing more and more interest in all water-related fields. Knowledge of the quantiles of Precipitation of rare frequencies is necessary for the design of hydraulic works such as flood protection works, storm water networks and in many engineering applications. The mean annual rainfall on the watershed varies between 400-600 mm/year, with the greatest precipitations occurring in December and January and the lowest in July and August. Table 14: The different Rainfall in the 4 stations of Medjerda Watershed.

Souk Ahars Tebesse Le Kef Jendouba Average Coordinate Lat: 36.28 Lat:35.383 Lat:36.182 Lat:36.501 systems Long:7.97 Long:8.2 Long:8.715 Long:8.779 Mean (mm) 547 355 357 414 418.25 Max ( mm) 882 624 628 741 718.75 Min (mm) 170 185 58 204 154.25 Source: New LocClim and DGRE in Tunisia

1000 900 800 700 Souk Ahars 600 500 Tebesse 400 LeKef 300 Jendouba 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4

Figure 9 Regional differences in average monthly precipitations in the Medjerda river basin Source: (“Sustainable Use of Transboundary Water Resources and Water Security Management (Water SUM)” of the Regional Environmental Center (REC), funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) 41

3) Potential Evapotranspiration The Evaporation is defined by the conservation of water from the liquid state to the vapor state of the factor involved (Wind, humidity, etc.). The data for monthly inter-annual evaporation are the monthly average values measured in the station in Medjerda watershed. These values are recorded in (table 5), their distribution is illustrated in (figure 8) below.

As shown in Figure 8 below, the seasonal variation of evaporation is around 35- 42 mm, observed in December and January (the winter period). However, the maximum evaporation is marked during the dry season with a value of 200 mm in July. Average annual evaporation is around 100,67 mm.

PET 250

200

150

100

0 JFMAMJJASOND

Figure 10 : The Evapotranspiration monthly in the Medjerda river basin in mm. Source: New LocClim and Water Resource Direction. Table 15: Monthly average evaporation for the different station in the Medjerda watershed.

month J F M A M J J A S O N D PET (mm/100m) 42,94 48,86 74,47 95,31 128,6 148,85 200 165,07 121,09 87 56,48 39,24 Source New LocClim

III.1.3 Agriculture

More than half of the Tunisian population (about more than 5 million inhabitants) are dependent on the Medjerda river as the main watercourse and water supply source. The primary economic activity in this basin is agriculture for providing the bulk of production and employment (35%) and occupying an essential place in the national strategy for food security. Within this basin, 90 000 ha are irrigated with water from the Medjerda and 18 000 ha in the plains of Cap Bon irrigated with Medjerda’s water following the transfer through the Larrousia dam. Additionally, it is also used for domestic water supply to several regions in the country. (“Sustainable Use of Transboundary Water Resources and Water Security Management (Water SUM)” of the Regional Environmental Center (REC), funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)). The Medjerda basin in the Tunisian part is the most important agricultural area (Fig.10). During raining periods, Medjerda river is the main source to irrigate the cultivated lands. Much irrigation is based on a system of family farms using thousands of shallow wells, many of which are uncontrolled by the Ministry of Agriculture.

Figure 11 Land use Map of Medjerda. Source: (Ihab , 09/06/2015) III.2 Water Resources in MRB III.2.1 Hydrographic system of Medjerda river Basin: As the main watercourse in Algeria and Tunisia by the merges of two streams is the river Medjerda basin. This river basin is characterized by a dense hydrographic network. The total length of the river is 450 km of which 350 km are in Tunisia. The main tributaries of the river are: wadi Mellègue (this take it source in Algeria and covers a distance of 317 km before joining Jendouba with the Medjerda river at 140m above the sea level) ,Tessa, Kalled, Lahmar,

Chaffrou, Bou Heurta, Kasseb Beja, Zerga, El Hmar, le Meliane, Hma, Bezirk, Abid, Hajar, Lebna, Chiba, Masri and Siliana it is taking the source in the mountains of the Tunisian Atlas at 840m above sea level and convers with the river Medjerda after a course of 171 km.

Figure 12 : Hydrographical Map of Medjerda. III.2.2 Water Resource and Demand in the Medjerda river Basin 1) Surface Water resources In the Tunisian river system, the Hydrological studies have evaluated the average intake of surface water in the approximately 2630 millions m3 per year with significant across the years. These resources are divided between the major river as follows:  Medjerda: 1000 millions m3 per year,  The far North: 585 million m3 per year,  Ichkeul and Bizerte: 375 million m3 per year,  Cap Bon and Meliane: 230 million per year  Sahel and Centre ( Zeroud-Merguellil, Sahel and Sfax): 320 million m3 per year,  South (Chotts Basin and Djeffara): 120 million per year

The water sources are used for covering the different water demands. Table 16: The catchments surface and the water use of the Dam in the watershed river basin.

Evacuated Watershed Original max flow Dams Km2 capacity (hm3) (m3/s) Destination irrigation, hydropower,flood Nebeur 10300 182,2 44,4 control Ben Metir 103 61,63 57,63 Drinking water,hydropower Lkhamès 127 8,22 7,22 irrigation Kasseb 101 81,09 69,62 Drinking water,hydropower Bou Heurtma 390 117,5 109,8 irrigation irrigation, hydropower,flood Sidi Salem 18000 814 674,48 control Siliana 1040 70 53,04 irrigation R’Mil 232 4 4 Sources: (“Sustainable Use of Transboundary Water Resources and Water Security Management (Water SUM)” of the Regional Environmental Center (REC), funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)

As shown in Table 5, the Nébeur dam on the Mellègue is the main tributary South of Medjerda watershed in Tunisia it is a dam controlling the watershed of 9000 km2 and it is used also for the flood control of the Oued Mellègue, irrigation and hydropower generation.

Figure 13 : Nébeur dam and Mellègue river and Sidi Salem dam. Source: (Panoramic, Google). The second study area is in the Algerian part, with an average agricultural vocation and average agglomeration where the drinking water is insufficient what makes the construction of the dam is essential, it counts two dams: the operational dam and the dam projects.

Operational dam:

Ain Dalia Dam: The work is carried out downstream of the Medjerda wadi in sub-basin with a surface area of 193 km2, it mobilizes 82 Mm3 including a regulable volume of 45 Hm3. This dam is the main source of the drinking water supply of the chief town of the wilaya with a current authorized abstracted volume of 75,000Hm3/day, and another part of the regulated volume is transferred towards the South where the two localities El Aouinet and Ouenza are currently supplied since 2006 whose volume allocated is 12,000 m3/day for household needs.

Dam projects:

Ouldjet Mellegue Dam: Currently under construction, the site is located at 75Km North of the city of Tebessa and some upstream from the city of Ouenza, it is located at the outlet (Ouldjet) of Oued Mellegue. The dam should allow the regulation of 38.8 Mm3/year, i.e. an average of 106,000m3/day, corresponding to 57% of the average annual inflow from the Oued Mellegue. (STAMBOUL , Fevrier 2017) The planned objective is:

 Firstly, to provide the necessary water of a volume of 15 Mm3 for the operation of the future phosphate processing complex of Oued Keberita.  Secondly, for securing the drinking water supply to the towns of EL Aouinet and Ouenza from the Ain Dalia dam to meet the needs of the Souk Ahras regions.

2) Groundwater resources:

The Medjerda is the only perennial stream in both countries (Tunisia and Algeria). The Medjerda Watershed is the largest in Tunisia in of water resources and contributes almost 25% of the country’s total mobilizable resources. (Trabelsi, Zairi, triki, & Ben Dhia H, 2006)

 Tunisian:

The groundwater at the Northern Tunisia (Medjerda watershed) are estimated at 978 Mm3. Among these resources, 372 Mm3 are phreatic groundwater resources and 306 Mm3 are deep groundwater resources. The evolution of these resources is monitored using a piezometric network consisting essentially of surface wells and piezometers. This piezometric networks in Northern Tunisia have nearly 1460 monitoring points composed as follows:

 1125 surface wells  329 piezometers

 Piezometric monitoring began in the North of the country in 1912 at the level of the Morang slick (Ben Arous governorate), then in 1938 at Cap Bon at the level of the Grombalia slick.  Among other things, the piezometric network in the North has benefited from a study optimization that proposed the elimination of tracking points no and the addition of new representative piezometers in areas where no piezometers are available networks. The two following figures show the piezometric networks the North West Region and North East of Tunisia.

In the Tunisian part, According to DGREE, groundwater is used for agricultural, domestic, industry and tourism and the percentages in 2000 were as the following: Agriculture 76.9 %, Domestic 16.2 %, Industry 6.4 % and the Tourism 0.4 %.  Algerian: The information’s likely to be of hydrogeological interest are the Middle Aptian, Middle Albian, lower Turonian and Quaternary. The boreholes, wells and spring that make up all the groundwater, with a total flow of 44.26 Hm3/year, are inventoried in the following tables. Table 17:Potentiality of groundwater resources in the Oued Mellegue basin:

Watershed Superficies of the Watershed The capacity (Hm3/an) (km2) Mellegue 4575 44.26 Source: (STAMBOUL , Fevrier 2017) The distribution of the capacity of water demand is shown below:

 Drinking water (93 Boreholes): 42.53 Hm3/year or 96,06%  Irrigation (05 boreholes): 0,95 Hm3/year or 2.15%  Industry (01 borehole): 0.78 Hm3/year or 1.76%

Tunisia and Algeria share the waters of several transboundary rivers, notably the Medjerda River, which accounts for 37% of Tunisia’s surface water and 22% of its renewable water resources. In order to improve access to this shared resource, the governments of the two countries have established a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) for water resources planning and management, exchange of information and data management, including monitoring water use, pollution and environmental conditions. (Louati & Bucknall, 2010). The mission and activities of the JTC are: To establish a monitoring system, which allows both countries to track pollution and water volumes at the MRB; To mobilize and use that water,

including agreeing the annual volume available in the relevant basins, and how to distribute it between the two countries and the last is to monitor the aquifer, and agreed to cooperate on its management in order to minimize cross-border impacts (this is one only two such agreements in the world). There is a one session in each year in Tunisia. The last session is on October 2018 concerning of its permanent Technical Committee in Tunisia. However, The JTC is not very active. (Sahara and Sahel Observatory, 2018) III.3 The Water Resources Management Models and Environment for River Basin Simulation Water resources management involves development, control, protection, regulation, and the beneficial use of water resources (surface and groundwater resources). Computer models and software play an important role in most aspects of water resources management including water resources management and decision-making process (Wurbs, 1994).

Modelling approaches in water resources management are concerned with the representation of spatial and temporal variations of water flows at the catchment area using mass, momentum and thermal energy.

Modelling or numerical decision support tools are tools and methods that help decision- makers to choose, in a rational and informed manner, between different possible alternatives. These choices must be based on recognized policies, available resources, environmental impact and social and economic consequences.

III.3.1 Information system (ArcGIS)

Having a wide range of applications, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are considered an efficient technology, in the field of water resource management and Geo- referencing. They are considered appropriate tools for the combination of spatial data and models on the same graphical support. Then can allow communication of information between stakeholders to ensure good coordination of activities (Trabelsi , Zairi , Triki , & Ben Dhia H, 2006).

GIS enable the integration of spatial variability in data by managing both their thematic and geo-referenced nature. More than a simple storage and display tools, they offer important spatial analysis and thus make it possible to extract the spatial relationships which link phenomena at the scale of the hydrological unit (Laurent , 1996).

GIS can present a good decision support tool helps in assessing the global water resources balance each year. The results provided can contribute to the updating and extension of areas with water potential and with water potential and identify areas at risk of water deficit in the future. In addition, it allows the possibility of optimising the dimensions of the areas for the protection of these resources (AHARIK & EL , Oujda 22-23 Novembre 2016).

The development and integrated management of watershed of the groundwater table can no longer be envisaged without GIS. Not only does knowledge of the phenomena and issues require it, but also the sustainability of the data (which represents a significant cost ad effort to collect) can only be ensured by this data management structure. A prospective and trend analysis of the large aquifer systems in particular, with renewal times of several years, will increasingly impose this notion of data sustainability and updates (Laurent , 1996).

However, GIS are not a unique solution, as they rely on temporal simulation when the number of increments is high. Other tools aim to represent the temporal and sometimes spatial variability of hydrological phenomena and must be used in the framework of integrated water resource management: hydrological models (Laurent , 1996).

However, HEC-GeoHMS will be used for delineating the watershed. HEC- GeoHMS is an ArcGIS extension developed by the U.S Army Corps of Engineers. HEC-GeoHMS is used for computing the flow direction, flow accumulation, stream delineation, watershed delineation and drainage networks derivation.

Figure 14: Mapping of Medjerda using ArcGIS.

III.3.2 Software Structure (WEAP 21 systems) The Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) System was developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) to enable evaluation of planning and management issues associated with water resources development. The WEAP model can be applied to both municipal and agricultural systems and can address a wide range of issues including sectoral demand analyses, water conservation, water rights and allocation priorities, streamflow simulation, reservoir operation, ecosystem requirements and project cost-benefit analyses (SEI, 2005) WEAP applications generally involve the following steps: o Problem definition including a time frame, spatial boundary, system components and configuration; Establishing the ‘current accounts’, which provides a snapshot of actual water demand, resources and supplies for the system; o Building scenarios based on different sets of future trends based on policies, technological development, and other factors that affect demand, supply and hydrology; o Evaluating the scenarios with regard to criteria such as adequacy of water resources, costs, benefits, and environmental impacts WEAP model has two primary functions (Sieber, Huber-Lee, & Purkey, 2005):  Simulation of natural hydrological processes (e.g., evapotranspiration, runoff and infiltration) to enable assessment of the availability of water within a catchment.  Simulation of anthropogenic activities superimposed on the natural system to influences water resources and their allocation (i.e., consumptive and non-consumptive water demands) to enable evaluation of the impact of human water use. To allow simulation of water allocation, the elements that comprise the water demand- supply system and their spatial relationship are characterized for the catchment under consideration. The system is represented in terms of its various water sources (e.g., surface water, groundwater, desalinization and water reuse elements); withdrawal, transmission, reservoirs, and wastewater treatment facilities, and water demands (i.e., user-defined sectors but typically comprising industry, mines, irrigation, domestic supply, etc.). The data structure and level of detail can be customized (e.g., by combining demand sites) to correspond to the requirements of a particular analysis and constraints imposed by limited data. A graphical interface facilitates visualization of the physical features of the system and their layout within the catchment.

The WEAP model essentially performs a mass balance of flow sequentially down a river system, making allowance for abstractions and inflows. To simulate the system, the river is divided into reaches. The reach boundaries are determined by points in the river where there is a change in flow as a consequence of the confluence with a tributary, or an abstraction or return flow, or where there is a dam or a flow gauging structure. Typically, the WEAP model is applied by configuring the system to simulate a recent “baseline” year, for which the water availability and demands can be confidently determined. The model is then used to simulate alternative scenarios (i.e., plausible futures based on “what if” propositions) to assess the impact of different development and management options. The model optimises water use in the catchment using an iterative Linear Programming algorithm, whose objective is to maximize the water delivered to demand sites, according to a set of user-defined priorities. All demand sites are assigned a priority between 1 and 99, where 1 is the highest priority and 99 the lowest. When water is limited, the algorithm is formulated to progressively restrict water allocation to those demand sites given the lowest priority. More details of the model are available in Sieber et al. (2004) and SEI (2001). WEAP has five main presentations like cartographic and graphical representation, display of data and results, and presentation of notes and observations. These displays are presented by graphical icons on the “display bar” located on the left side of the screen. Clicking on one of these icons displays the desired presentation.These five displays are shown in the Figure 15. The WEAP model is free for students in developing countries.

Figure 15: The five displays in WEAP. Source: (Stockholm Environment Institute, s.d.). III.3.3 Cartography:

This is the starting point for all activities in WEAP (Schematic). It is used to create, edit and also to add ArcView or other standard GIS layers like Vector or raster of the study area as a background layer. This allows quick access to data analysis and display of results for any node by clicking on the object of interest. The objects are shown in the second left window with the conventional signs used as shown in Figure 16.

Figure 16: Cartography in WEAP. Source: (Stockholm Environment Institute, s.d.).

III.4 How the WEAP Model Works III.4.1 Create a study area After creating a new project, Figure 22, man shall create a map of the study area in his project. Maps processed with map processing software (GIS) can be used, Figure 23, in particular ArcView. The map will be used as a background for the drawings of the elements necessary to be able to make the simulation such as: urban locations, rivers, groundwater sources, reservoirs, dams, industries, agricultural sites and other types of locations according to the study.

Figure 17: Creating a new project in WEAP. Source (Stockholm Environment Institute, s.d.)

Figure 18: World map and choice of the Medjerda study river. Source (Stockholm Environment Institute, s.d.) III.4.2 Create key assumptions and Reference

Since the software could make a simulation based on the calculation of water demand and supply, flow, infiltration, storage, and general pollution treatment, water quality, etc., it is therefore essential to create a database with the different key assumptions and scenarios (Messafta, 2015).

1) Key Assumptions These are user-defined variables in the software that serve as keys to perform the analysis. In this study, we have four key assumptions used as the baseline data for the software: domestic water use, water requirements for irrigation, monthly percentage of domestic water use, the population growth rate for the year of the future scenario ( Rakotondrabe, 2007)

Figure 19 : Key assumption in WEAP. Source (Stockholm Environment Institute, s.d.) 2) References It is necessary to have a reference year or period to serve as a model. All data to be used must fall within this reference year or period (Messafta, 2015)

III.5 WEAP software modelling and data entry: Modelling under WEAP is a multi-step process that can be divided into two groups:  The assembly of the model where the system to be modelled is defined (time period to be analyzed, spatial limits of the area to be studied, system components and the calibration of the model).  The result sought includes the instantaneous evaluation of the real water demand. The assumptions that can integrated in the simulations are related: to supply and availability of the resource. Scenario development in WEAP is built on the current state and allows exploration of the impact of alternative assumptions or policies on future water availability and use. These scenarios are evaluated with respect to water availability, costs and benefits, compatibility with environmental objectives, and sensitivity to uncertainty in key variables.

Water mass balance is calculated by the WEAP model at each user-defined calculation point. Water is injected into the system to meet minimum flow and consumption requirements, subject to demand priorities, supply preferences, mass balance and other constraints. WEAP operates on a monthly time step. The months are independent, except for reservoirs and storage. Thus, water entering the system in a month (e.g.: head flow, groundwater recharge, or section runoff) is either stored or leaves the system at the end of the month. According to Droogers (2011), since the monthly time scale is relatedly long, flows are assumed to occur instantaneously. Thus, a site may remove the demand for water from the river, consume some, return the rest to a wastewater treatment plant, which it treats, and return to the river. This return flows are available for use in the same month to downstream demand. Since WEAP model is a computer-based tool for planning integrated water resources management, integrated water resources management requires some knowledge of:  The availability of the resource  Location of irrigated areas and their water requirements  Domestic and industrial water requirements  The supply or capture sites and Demand Sites

Collective data at these points have been collected at the level of some institution working in the water and sanitation sector.

Figure 20: The study area in WEAP.

III.5.1 Data processed in both countries:

We have chosen the years between 2019 and 2050 as the reference period. The data collected and reported in WEAP relate to:  The sites of demand with their location: Urban (City), culture area, tourist reception area, Industrial area, Collective area and the Other Various area.  Resources and catchment sites (supply site): diversion dam, river routes, groundwater resources, hydrological data and the other resources. III.5.2 Demand sites information: . The level of annual activity that determines the demand such as the agricultural area, the number of domestic and the industrial water users. . The annual water consumption or level of water consumption per unit of activity . The monthly variation or monthly share of annual demand . The rate of consumption or percentage of input flow consumed par estimations. The information at the level of the application sites is shown in the table below. Table 18:The necessary information about the demand sites:

Annual Activity Level Annual Water Use Monthly Consumption Demand Site (m3/year/pers) variation (m3/day/person ) Jendouba 444 772 peoples 19.67 0.05

Le Kef 274 757 peoples 20.02 0.05

Siliana Population 306 478 peoples 16.81 Proportional to 0.05 the number of Beja 329 931 peoples 27.13 0.07 days in a month Souk 438 127 peoples 44.53 0.16 Ahras

Jendouba 20 930 ha 3282 April – 5% 8.99 Agriculture Mai – June 10% (m3/day/ha) Le Kef 2680ha 6142 July 20% 16.83 August 30% (m3/day/ha) Siliana 3370 ha 1484 Sept 25% 4.06 Oct – March 0% (m3/day/ha) Beja 15390 ha 3450 9.45 (m3/day/ha) Souk 5000 ha 4000 10.96 Ahras (m3/day/ha)

Jendouba 49 (6 686 pers) 61.77 0.16 Le Kef Tourism 16 (2 865 pers) 7.68 0.02 Siliana 4 (600 pers) 6.67 Proportional to 0.02 Beja 8 (1 433 pers) 5.24 the number of 0.02 Souk 20 (4 580 pers) 6.90 days in a month 0.02 Ahras

Jendouba 227 (3 117 pers) 80.53 0.22 Le Kef 425 (7 233 pers) 13.55 0.03 Siliana Industry 94 (1 690 pers) 57.40 Proportional to 0.16 Beja 60 (1 428 pers) 354.3 the number of 0.97 Souk 150 (3564pers) 240.50 days in a month 0.66 Ahras

Jendouba Collective 2364 (89 191 pers) 13.99 0.04 Le Kef Uses 2574 (84 898 pers) 9.20 Proportional to 0.03 Siliana (Commerce, 1495 (64074 pers) 10.01 the number of 0.03 Beja Administrati 1896 (64 355 pers) 16.08 days in a month 0.04 Souk on and 1525 (71230 pers) 11.26 0.03 Ahras Municipal)

Jendouba 64 (3 560 pers) 13.76 0.04 Le Kef 16 (1 230 pers) 7.32 0.02 Siliana Others 9 (850 pers) 10.59 Proportional to 0.03 Beja Various 16 ( 4 530 pers) 17.44 the number of 0.05 Souk days in a month Ahras Sources: (DIRECTION CENTRAL DE LA PLANIFICATION ET ETUDES GENERALES, Société National d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, Septembre 2019).

Figure 21: Demand Site Information. III.5.3 Resource Availability:

Water resources are all available water, or that can be mobilized, to satisfy in quantity a given demand in a given place, for an appropriate period of time. Water resources depend on a variety of interrelated factors, such as the study area, the conditions of the area, and the availability of water, meteorological conditions, soil moisture, etc… (Droogers.2011). Given the unavailability of most of the data concerning the Sidi Salem, it was included in the model as a water resource.

Figure 22:Water Resources (Surface water and Groundwater resources) modelled in WEAP III.5.4 Water Demand for domestic, irrigation, industrial and collective uses:

Domestic water requirements are based on population size and endowment. For agriculture these needs are proportional to the irrigated area, the type of crop and endowment. Water needs for industry depend on the type of the industry. The last is for the water needs of the collective uses are based for the different sector for the Administration, Education and the establishment for the health.

Figure 23: Water demand for the Domestic sector. Souk Ahras is cities who most uses the water from medjerda river in the domestic uses sector.

Figure 24: Water demand with all the sector. Source: (DIRECTION CENTRAL DE LA PLANIFICATION ET ETUDES GENERALES, Société National d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, Septembre 2019).

The demand priority can be any number between 1 and 99 (99 is a default value) and allows the user to specify the order of satisfaction of water demand from the demand sites. WEAP will attempt to satisfy the water requirement of demand sites with a priority of 1 before demand sites with a priority of 2 or higher. If two demand sites with a priority, WEAP will attempt to satisfy their water requirement equitability. Absolute values no meaning for priority levels; only the order relative to one direction. For example, if there are two demand sites, the same result will be obtained if the demand priorities are 1 and 2 or 1 and 99. The demand priority allows the user to present in WEAP the allocation of water as it is in their systems. Given the soil nature of the soil and the chemical quality of the water, our region has a medium agricultural vocation, with domestic water demand being the first priority, followed by Collective uses, industry and agriculture. The principals and choices for resource allocation depend on the nature of the needs, the origin of the resource and the types of mobilization structures.  The domestic needs are satisfied primarily on the basis of conventional water resources.  The mobilized resource can be underground (spring, wells and boreholes) or surface (dams). After the satisfaction of domestic water demand, the infrastructures for mobilising and transferring surface water resources are dedicated to other uses (industry, agriculture, collective uses) according to the following priority choices:  The reservoir and the transfers are mainly dedicated to domestic supply and industry.  The allocation of aquifer resources should be considered on a case-by-case basis according to their situation, other available resources and the needs called for by the various users. The principle adopted is to limit as far as possible the pressure of exploitation of groundwater resources in order to preserve them and enable them to recharge naturally or artificially. III.5.5 Climate Modelling Climate data (precipitation and evapotranspiration) ware fed into the WEAP model using the Monthly Temperature Series Wizard.

Figure 25: Meteorological parameter data integrated into the WEAP model. With the current version of WEAP (2015), it is possible to choose from five methods to simulate hydroclimate processes such as evapotranspiration, runoff, infiltration, and crop water demands, Figure 27: 1. FAO rainfall runoff method; 2. FAO method limited (irrigation demands); 3. Soil moisture method, which proposes a model structure with 2 reservoirs representing a surface layer and a deep layer; 4. Mabia method, which is based on the Crop-water formulation; and 5. Plant growth method (daily; CO2, water effects and Temperature stress).

Figure 26:Dialog box for choosing the calculation method.

Figure 27: Different methods to simulate hydroclimatic processes. We choose the first method (FAO rainfall runoff) for the calculations, Figure 28 for the modeling the impact of climaet change by changing the precipitation record (under the climate tab) for the watershed. To vary the inflows to the model (in this case the Head flow of the “main river”) over time, WEAP offers two strategies. If detailed forecasts are available, they can be read using the “ReadfromFile” function. Another method is the “Water Year Method”. Under this method, each year over the life of the model can be defined as normal, wet, very wet, dry and very dry. Different scenarios can then change the chosen sequence of dry and wet years to test the impact of natural variations on water resources management. The Water Year Method is a simple way to represent variations in climate data such as rainfall and groundwater recharge. The method first involves how to define climate regimes (e.g. very dry, dry, very wet) in comparison with a normal year, which is assigned the value 1. Dry year have a value less than 1, very wet have a value greater than 1.

Figure 28: The various data needed to model water needs in WEAP. III.5.6 Presentation of the main Scenarios: The WEAP model used in the study involves multiple parameters, which allowed for the development of many scenarios by combining these parameters, each of which are therefore assumptions of water uses or demand variation and can be calculated with the model. The components of a simulation scenario are all broadly organized according to their families of data and information:  Observed data that impacts four main areas: natural data, climate data, demographic data and heritage data.  Evaluated data, which are based on estimation methodologies and assumption conditioning the evaluation of the observed data. The intervention policies that reflect measures aimed at improving the level of satisfaction of the various users and concern three lines of action:  Policies to mobilise new resources  Resources allocation principles;  Improvement of the condition for the exploitation of resources and use of resources. Different scenarios have been defined to determine the measures that make it possible to reach a water balance situation for the 2030 horizon. These scenarios are based on the current development programmes of the Ministry of water Resources, on water resources and demand, and on technical generally used in Algeria and Tunisia.

The current account has been created since we created the study area. We just change the year of the end of the scenario, Figure 34.

The year 2020 was used as the ‘Current Account’ for this project and the year in 2050 was chosen to serve as the base year of the model and the whole information system (e.g. demand and distribution data) is introduced in the current state.

Figure 29: Scenarios creation. Scenarios are built on the basis of the Current State. They explore the impacts of alternative assumptions or policies on water availability and use in the future. Finally, the scenario is evaluated with respect to water sufficiency and benefits, compatibility with environmental objectives and sensitivity to uncertainty in the estimation of key variables. Set the Time step boundary to “Based on calendar month” and staring in January. The impact of development scenarios was analysed using the WEAP model. These scenarios are as follows:  High Population Growth  Water year Method  Extended Dry Climate Sequence

 Industrial development

Figure 30: The different of scenarios. 1) Changing the unit of water use rate for irrigation

To interpolate the future water needs, WEAP has a function that generates an expression on “Expression Generator”, select “Annual Series Wizard,” and then enter the year time series and the requirement in corresponding of water.

Food production areas will increase in the coming years, so it is necessary to assess the rate of water requirement for irrigation in the baseline scenario.

The calculation of future water requirements is based on the formula:

n D = Di ( 1+ Yi) (1) 2

Where:

 Di = Current water requirement (m3/ha/year)  Yi = 2% threshold  - n = Number of years counted from the base year.

3 Table19: Irrigation water use rate for the coming year in m /ha/year

Years Total water demand m3 2020 3450 2030 4205.53 2040 5126.52 2050 6249.20

Figure 31: Time series data window of future irrigation water demands. This brings the growth rate of last year down to 0%. After entering the time series Data for linear interpolation, the unit iirgation needs uses for growth after last year supposed egal 0%.

2) Application of the function for the calculation of the population growth rate:

The population growth rate of 2.2% is reduced in the option “constructor of expression” function “Growth rate”, then use the corresponding key assumption “Population growth rate for the year of the future scenario.

3) Creating a new scenario to model the impact of the high population growth rate:

A new scenario should be created to assess the impact of a growth rate higher than 2.2% for the period 2020-2050.

To assess and compare the growth rate of the population if the growth rate increases from 2.2% to 5.0%. We have a “high growth” scenario of population.

4) Creation of “Water Year Method” scenario:

The goal is to define different climatic regimes (very dry, wet, very wet, normal…) and to compare with a normal year by giving a value between 0.7 to 1.45 to each type of climate.

a) Definition for each climate types:

The simulation software only recognizes numerical values. Each type of climate must have a numerical value shown in table below for the software to be able to model.

Table20: Definition of climate type Water Year Type Inflow relative to Normal

Year inflows ( %)

Very Dry 0.7 Dry 0.8 Normal 1

Wet 1.3 Very wet 1.45

Figure 32: Water Year Method" window definition of each climate type. b) Creation of a climate sequence for the future:

The climate sequence for the future year scenario is given from the climate data. The 50- year average (56-06) taken as the basis for the definition of types for the year below. (Table 21). The climate change scenario models are in (appendix II figure 60). Considering that the flow rate in a normal year, for example if the wet year flow rate is greater than 25% compared to the normal year, the year is wet so in a row.

Table 21: The distribution of year types:

Year Types of year hydrology Year Types of year hydrology

2020-2023 Normal 2037-2039 Wet 2024-2025 Wet 2040 Very wet 2026-2028 Normal 2041-2043 Normal 2029-2030 Dry 2044 Dry 2031 Very Wet 2045 Normal 2032-2033 Normal 2046-2048 Wet 2034-2036 Dry 2049-2050 Normal

Figure 33: Water Year Method" window with the sequence of year types. c) Scenario for the water year method

The purpose of this method is to assess the impact of climate change on the resources in water (precipitation, runoff, groundwater recharge, etc.) in relation to the needs of the population of the users.

After the creation of the water year sequences, the model should be changed based on the water resources water Year Method. This model requires the creation of other scenarios (Figure below):

 Scenario inherited from the water year method “high growth rate and climate variable”  Inherited reference scenario called “climate change”

The aim of all its scenarios is to be able to compare results and see the evaluation of the supply and the demand.

Figure 34: The scenarios using the water year method. III.5.7 Water quality modelling: This is to establish of a reference state of water quality in the main course of the Medjerda. Water quality of the main course of the Medjerda wadi was marked, from upstream to downstream, by a longitudinal regression. A longitudinal increase in turbidity, mineralisation, oxidability, BOD5 and coliform load was indeed noted in this watercourse in relation to the discharge of pollutants either directly (treatment plants) of indirectly (through tributaries). Compared to the quantity of nitrates noted in the Medjerda: Souk Ahras it has decreased: 13 – 30 mg/L in Algeriea against 16 – 21 mg/L in Tunisia. For organic pollution, our analyses and surveys have shown that the tributaries (Boujaarin and Bouhertma) and the treatment plants at the exit of the cities of Jendouba and Bousalem constitute a considerable source of oxidisable

70 organic matter. The upstream-downstream enrichment of the waters of the main course of the Medejrda river enhances the self-purifying power of this watercourse. This remark is reinforced by the comparison with the work of Guasmi (2004) on the river in the Souk Ahras region where he found that the 02 contents oscillate between 7.5 mg/L, whereas they are between 8 and 9 mg/L. (Sondes, Mustapha , Meryem, & Moncef, 2015) 1. Water quality Data Information

The choice of the sampling sites was established according to a plan based on the research of the most polluted sites and in order that this choice is logical, representative and justified, we opted for the hypothesis of the diversity of the sources of pollution of this watercourse it is for this reason that we choose 02 main sites: one in the upstream of the chief town of the wilaya of Souk Ahras and the others downstream which are respectively sites 1 and 6. The other sites were chosen downstream of each probable source of pollution for example Site 2 is located downstream of a moderately dense urban area, where sites 3 (downstream of the Zaarouria city). The GPS data from the 6 sampling sites are summarized in the following table. (Elmoutaleb BAROUR , 2014-2015)

Table 22: The locations of the sampling sites in Souk Ahars

Sites North East Altitude Site 1 36°.16.199 7°.53.682 515 m Site 2 36°.14.853 7°.56.883 495m Site 3 36°.15.544 7°.58.647 465m Site 4 36°.16.202 7°.59.827 463m Site 5 36°.16.224 8°.00.332 460m Site 6 36°.16.972 8°.00.807 441m Source: (Elmoutaleb BAROUR , 2014-2015)

We chose this site supposedly representative of each municipality to of the water quality modelling, with 9 parameters: pH, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, temperature, nitrites, nitrogen, nitrate, DBO, DO.

Table 23: Lists of elements to be modelled indicating the source of pollutants

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Turb (NTU) 11 41 28 18 25 26 pH 6.2 7.1 7.2 7 6.8 6.8

T° C 17 18 25 17 18 23 CO (µS/cm) 640 1150 1400 1400 1550 1500 Salt (mg/l) 0.17 0.175 0.16 0.2 0.33 0.14 DBO (mg/l) 18 65 11 48 43 15 DO (mg/l) 32 90 28 98 59 30 + NH4 (mg/l) 3.2 3.2 5.4 3.5 4.9 3.9 Nitrite (mg/l) 0.39 1.58 0.65 0.2 0.5 0.4 Nitrate (mg/l) 3.12 3.00 4.25 3.75 3.89 2.50 Source: (Elmoutaleb BAROUR , 2014-2015)

2. Creation of a set of pollutants:

In order to model water quality, the set of pollutants to be modelled must be created. For this modelling, go to the General menu and then the water quality elements, Figure 35.

Figure 35: Elements of water quality 3. Water Quality Data Capture Data is entered into the database/ supply and resources/the main river and in the some of the demand site. By clicking on the water quality branch. The same procedure is followed for all the sum of demand site. The Figures 36 show some windows concerning water quality.

Figure 36: pH at the river Medjerda

Figure 37: BOD at Souk_Ahras III.5.8 Conclusions: Interest in digital tools as a decision support system for water resource management is currently booming among decision-makers and scientists in many government agencies and research centres around the world. This growth coincides with a shift from traditional intervention-based management to integrated resource management based on planning and sustainable development of resources. (Dupont , Smitz , Rousseau , Mailhot , & Gangbazo , 2016).

Water management involves the development, control, protection, regulation, and efficient use of water resources by effectively meeting water demands. With increasing competition for water use between sectors and regions, a river basin has been recognized as the appropriate unit of analysis to meet the challenges of water resource management (Zahidul I, 2011). At this stage, we will estimate the water balance in the Medjerda basin through the WEAP approach.

REsULTAT AnD DIsCUssIOn:

This section presents results obtained after applying the different procedures explained in the Methodology. The results are in five parts; parts: 1) The final cartography of MRB, 2) Water resources assessment, 3) Water Demand assessment, 4) Water Budget and 5) Sustainable transboundary water resource management strategy for the MRB.

The results of the application of the WEAP 21 model in the Medjerda watershed are presented in cartographic and graphical form by considering four scenarios:

 Reference scenario  Climate scenario  High population growth scenario  Industrial Development scenario

These scenarios are presented simultaneously in the results and compared with each other to determine the impact on aquatic systems or water resources.

Table 24 shows the presents the characteristic of the used scenarios.

Table 24: Description of all scenarios

Scenarios Characteristic Where it is Why it is used used Reference A default scenario, the "baseline" or The current For simulating water Scenario "business-as-usual", takes the data situation resources and uses of the from the current account within the (2020) is MRB if no changes occur in specified project duration and serves extended to the system as a benchmark for other scenarios in the future which changes are made to the system (2020-2050) data (SEI 1999) Climate It is constructed from the dry and wet It is used in Assessing the impact of Scenarios sequences. future climate variation on water It can be defined using the water year projections resources (precipitation, method till 2050. runoff, groundwater recharge etc.) in relation to user’s needs.

High This scenario looks at the impact of It is used for Assessing the impact of a Population increasing the population growth rate future growth rate higher than 2.2% Growth for the cities from a value of 2.2% to projections for the period 2020-2050. 5%. till 2050. Evaluating and comparing the population growth rate if the growth rate increases from 2.2% to 5%. This scenario looks at the impact of It is used for Evaluating and comparing the Industrial increasing the industrial growth rate future industrial growth rate and to Development from of value of 2% to 2.5% projections increase the industrial water Growth till 2050. consumption.

The future projection horizon considered is 2020-2050.

V.1. Final Cartographical presentation of the model: The Medjerda watershed created with the WEAP 21 model is shown in the figure below.

Figure 38: The Medjerda Watershed according to the WEAP 21 Model.

This map shows the Medjerda watershed area (red line) with the existing of the boundary between Algeria and Tunisia (black line) and the water resources: groundwater (green square); demand or users sites (red dot): large cities (drinking water supply), irrigation, Industry, tourism and Collective uses; hydrographic networks, reservoirs (green triangle). There is a relationship between resources and users according to priority of water demand. For example, let’s see the transmission links from the rivers to the big city and the agriculture sector ( Souk Ahras, Beja, Jendouba, Siliana and Le Kef), and the transmission links from big city to the others demand site ( tourist sector, collective uses sector and Industry sector), and the transmission links from the reservoir and the groundwater to the big city and the agriculture. However, this is referred to as return flow. Some of them should be created according to priority of water demand. For example, let’s see the links of return flows with the location of uses (domestic, agriculture, industry, tourist and Collective uses) to the river in order to study the load and spread of pollution. Transmission links or power zones and users are connected by a green arrow. After use, any excess water assumed to be discharged into the river is indicated with the red arrows. The procurement priority for usage can be changed by creating a scenario called “change priority request”. This scenario is inherited from the Reference scenario and the 1 in 2 supply preference can be changed for the current account. The priorities for the allocation of water resources are of three levels, which must be specified in the resolution programme:  Demand priorities: these indicate the order in which the needs of sites are satisfied. Households and collective uses services are given priority in meeting their water needs in relation to industry.  Supply preferences: when a demand site can be supplied by several sources (treatment plants, transfers or other sites), the priority of supply must be specified.  The priorities for feeding system (satisfying demand) in relation to the filling of tanks (water storage). Since the reservoirs have a capacity negligible storage compared to the annual water flow, the problem does not arise not in this case. The distribution of water resources in the different sites is then carried out by the model under the constraints of demand priorities and preferences of supplies retained. Considering only the main resources, we identify as resources:  A river: Medjerda river  The reservoirs: 9  The two groundwater bodies

 The others source  25 of demand sited were identified

V.2. Water Resources Assessment: V.2.1. Quantitative availability of existing water resources: The resources in the watershed are the Groundwater, surface water, rainwater. To evaluate their quantities, we analyse the results given by the “Resource distribution” option and at the “catchment is” level in the results display. 1) Groundwater and vulnerability Groundwater is a key resource for socioeconomic development and a strategic buffer resource during periods of drought in arid and semi-arid countries. (Custodio, LIamas, & M, 2001) Groundwater provides most of the drinking water supply in the watershed. It is exploited by SONEDA, STEP and for the village water supply. Figure 47 shows the evolution of quantities of the groundwater available or the evolution of water storage in the aquifer in the watershed up to 2050, with a reference situation or without climate change and taking into account the effect of the changes. In Algeria, groundwater is an essential capital in regard to the water reserves. The repeated dryness put forward the weakness of balance between resources regarding the surface water and the needs. The groundwater has an advantage, of result from the characters of their occurrence, regime of the natural environment and the distribution. In Tunisia, the groundwater use has given rise to several term of short- and medium-term socioeconomic benefits, by providing a basis mainly for extension of the irrigated agriculture areas and domestic areas in remote rural areas. The groundwater management is affected by uncertainties related to climate change and the socio-economic growth, as well as inefficient governance structures affecting resource use, the protection and the implementation of alternative strategies needed to achieve sustainable management. Figure 39 shows that from Jan 2020 - Jan 2050, groundwater storage evolves in a similar way for both the scenario but there are some differences between the both. This corresponds to a normal year for the climate change scenario. For example: from January 2020 to June 2022, the two Groundwater (one from Tunisia and one from Algeria) is also decreased in storage until 944.89 Mm3 and from June 2022 to August 2023 the both Groundwater is also increased in

78 storage 1020 Mm3. From August 2023 until December 2050, the volume of Groundwater for the climate change scenarios is remains constant at around 1022.26 Mm3 and for the reference scenario the volume of the Groundwater is also decreased until 993.89 Mm3. For the reference scenario, in April 2038 and 2048 the volume of each groundwater is decreased until 959.54 Mm3. The impact on the water resource already appeared through, the reduction in the rivers flow, the low level of filling dams and the global fall of the piezometric level of the principal country aquifers. In the future, the current deficits of the water resources will increase. This means to obvious problems of management and strategy to ensure a durable development for the both countries.

Figure 39 Groundwater storage trends up to 2050.

Figure 40:Groundwater inflow sc. Reference.

Figure 40 and Figure 41 shows groundwater inflows and Outflows.

Figure 41: Groundwater inflow sc. Dry climate sequence.

Figure 39, 40 and 41 have enables us to analyses the variations in storage, emptying and natural and artificial groundwater recharge. From these figures, we can notice that:  For the “Reference scenario” and the Climate change scenario “Dry climate sequence” the increase in storage for each groundwater varies the same value from 0 Mm3 to - 10Mm3 and to – 8.07 Mm3 but, for the reference scenario in January 2040 the increasing for the Groundwater from Algeria up to -7.09 Mm3. This indicates that the maximum will always remain the same (10Mm3) as depends on the geological formation.  For decreasing storage, it is remains constant for all the years for the both scenario “Reference and climate change scenario”, but in October 2040 the decreasing storage for Groundwater in Algerian part up to 1.42 Mm3. This would correspond to dry years.  For the recharge, the basin aquifer receives no artificial recharge, whereas natural recharge varies from 0 m3 to 20Mm3 for the both scenario “Reference and Climate Change Scenario”. Figures 42 and 43 show the flows provided by others supply resources (boreholes, supply) and the vulnerability of these other resources to climate change.

Figure 42: Flow provided by other resources sc. Reference.

Figure 43: Flow provided by other resources sc. Dry climate sequence. Comparing Figure 42 and 43 reveals that the sum of the monthly outflow and inflows for the reference scenario appears to be higher than that of the monthly outflow and inflow for the climate change.

Table 25: Flows from other water supplies

Scenario Reference Climate changes Outflows -8.73 -7.66 Inflows 8.73 8.73

This indicates that there is a decrease in water resources for the coming year, although there is a rate of aquifer recharge and increase storage, this volume seems insufficient.

2) Surface water and vulnerability: The surface water in the basin is used largely for the agriculture and drinking water and industry. The figure below shows the corresponding graphs.

In order to study this vulnerability, three scenarios have been developed with the different key assumption of high population growth the unit of irrigation water needs and the unit domestic water uses and the input of the flow and the capacity storage in each reservoir:  Dry climate sequence  Reference  The flow requirement scenario

After analysis of the results obtained from these three scenarios, we can say that:

 For the Dry climate sequence, there is an increase in river flow with a minimum of about 13.55 Mm3, the mean of about 213 Mm3 in 2020, the mean of about 213 Mm3 a maximum of about 480 Mm3 in 2025 which will be a normal year.  For the Reference scenarios, there is an increase in river flow with a minimum of about 13.55 Mm3, the mean of about 213 Mm3 in 2020 and a Maximum of about 485 Mm3 in 2040 which will be a normal year.  On another hand, the flow requirement scenario will present an average flow of 352.51 Mm3 with very low flow of 13.55 Mm3 in 2030.

Figure 44: Evolution of surface water flows.

The water demand at each dam is calculated by WEAP to express reservoir inflows, losses, and distributions according to the conceptual design of each structure. The Figure 44 shown the streamflow outlets of the Sidi Salem dam, the core of the water mobilization system of Northen Tunisia.

WEAP also calculates the evolution of water volumes in the dams for the study period. The variation of the water volume at the Sidi Salem dam is very readable especially during the February 2012 flood where the water stock reached about 750 Mm3. The Ghardimaou station located on the Medjerda river recorder a flow of 1500 m3/s during this flood.

V.2.2 Quality availability of existing water resources

Figures 45, 46, 47 shows the quality of water and the evolution of the quality of water in the coming year for the river and the sum of demand sites with the reference scenarios and the water quality scenarios.

Figure 45: Evolution of water quality in Oued Medjerda

Figure 46: The evolution of the pollution of Demand Site

Figure 47: The evolution of the river water quality distribution in the Oued Medejrda The BOD concentrations in the Medjerda river (Below Main River Head flow) rise above the constraint (13.5 mg/l) for the demand site intake during the month of January every year,

Figure 45. Since the constraint is activated during the scenarios period (starting in 2020), coverage for the demand site decreases during February every year in the time of horizon 2020- 2050, because this demand site will not accept water that falls below the BOD constraint, and no other sources of water other than the Main River have been designated as supplies for the Cities.

Figure 46 shows, that the pollution of demand site activity is varied from the 0 to 320 kg for the BOD. The pollution generation for the agriculture sector is active in spring and summer months when the farming systems are active.

The Pollution Generation for the agriculture varies from the 50 kg up to 320 kg in the time of horizon 2020 to 2050. All the sites present values in the standards except for sites 2 and 4 during the summer period under the effect of accident pollution and the site 5 during both periods under the effect of diffuse pollution of total organic matter. The temporal evolution shows higher weight in summer than in winter under the effect of biodegradable organic matter (BOD5) which follows the same increasing gradient from winter to summer.

The evolution of the river water quality distribution in the main river (Oued Medjerda) varies from the 0.01g/l up to 0.2 g/l of the BOD.

To conclude, the water of the Medjerda river is critically polluted as DO decrease and BOD increase as the river flows towards the centre of the city. In this regards, BAROUR 2015, found that the water in MRB is not good of microbiological quality and therefore does not comply with international standards but it is polluted. (BAROUR, 2015)

V.3. Water demand assessment: V.3.1. Water distributed for all the demand site:

The MRB is a source of water for the different water use areas such as the irrigation, domestic, touristic, Collective uses area in the both countries (Algeria and Tunisia). An analysis of its water balance through the WEAP model allows decision-makers to control natural variability in water balance availability and frequent water shortages in the future. The water demand in the coming year has been assessed according to certain scenarios, including: Reference, high population growth, Climate sequences scenarios. The increase in population and water demand in the cities combined with increased irrigation will greatly increase the need for careful water resources management.

At some demand sites, such as touristic sites and collective uses sites, water uses may remain constant throughout the year, although other demands might vary considerably from month to month. If the demand does not change, all months are supposed to use the same quantity of water, based on the total number of days in the month.

Figure 48 shows the quantity of water and the evolution of the water demand distributed for each application site for the reference case. This distributed water will vary in urban locations, agriculture, breeding, industry. For the other sites, this variation is not very remarkable. The numerical data are presented in the appendix.

Figure 48:Water Demand distribution at all the demand sites based on the reference scenario.

The water distributed by these sites comes from the surface water, groundwater exploited by the SONEDA and STEP and from private drilling of the aquifer.

Figure 49:Water demand distribution at all the demand sites based on population growth.

Figure 50: Water demand distribution at all the demand sites based on Dry Climate Sequence Scenario

Figure 51: Water demand distributing at all the demand site based on the Industrial Development scenario

The comparing the reference scenario, high population growth, dry climate sequence and the industrial development scenarios, shows that distributed water will increase from 217.5 Mm3 to 509 Mm3 until 2050 for both scenario high population growth and dry climate sequence. However, the distributed water will increase from 217.5 Mm3 to 395 Mm3 until 2050 for the reference scenario. The industry is the third highest consumer of water in the MRB. The main sources of water for the industrial are the groundwater and the surface water from Medjerda. The industrial water demand has been increasing based on the industrial development. The growth rate in the water needs for the industry sector has been quite significant, which has increased pressure on industrial water demand. The problem of industrial water management is quite apparent. The first problem: there is a deficit of effective regulation and coordination among regulatory agencies and the second problem, there is limited incentives for industry to use water efficiently. As a result, conflict

89 between industry and local communities are increasing over water allocation and water pollution. Figure 51 shows the distributed water for all demand site from 217.5 Mm3 to 395 Mm3 until 2050 for the industrial development scenario. For the industry sector, the water demand varies from the different cities. For example:  Industry water demand in Jendouba in 2020 to 2050 vary from 251 012 m3 and 454 674 m3  Industry water demand in Beja in 2020 to 2050 vary from 505 940 m3 and 916 441 m3  Industry water demand in Le Kef in 2020 to 2050 vary from 98 007 m3 and 177 526 m3  Industry water demand in Siliana in 2020 to 2050 vary from 97 006 m3 and 175 713 m3  Industry water demand in Souk Ahras in 2020 to 2050 vary from 857 142 m3 and 1 552 594 m3.

Souk Ahras is the most uses water for the industry sector in the MRB. However, Algeria has suffered from a shortage of water resource since most of the water flows to Tunisia. A strategy to solve this problem is needed for reducing the flow by 50% in the next 5 years and for increasing the water stockage by adopting several solutions, including the construction of the dams and water reservoirs.

Figure 52: The water demand for all scenarios.

Figure 52 shows that:  From 2020 to 2050: the water supply will be the same for both scenarios (Reference, industrial development).  From 2020 to 2050: the water supply will be the same for both scenarios (Climate and High population growth).  From 2020 to 2050: The High population scenario, the distributed water supply will increase from 217.5 to 509 Mm3.  In the climate scenario and the high population growth from 2020 to 2050, distributed water will reach about 509 Mm3. This is due to the increasing in demand (increasing in population, surface areas, irrigable land, etc.) While the resources will also undergo a modification due to this change of climate and the increasing of population. Comparing the studies scenarios, it was found that water demand is projected to increase more under the Climate and the high Population Growth scenarios than the reference and the industrial development scenarios. The projected demands of all users under each scenario are shown in the Table 26. In 2020 the water demand was 217.5 Mm3 in all scenarios. In 2050, under the high Population growth and Climate sequence scenarios the future water demand will increase to 509 Mm3. Under the Reference scenario and the water year Method the future water demand will be 395 Mm3 in 2050. Table 26: Water Demand for each scenario from 2020 to 2050.

Scenarios (Mm3) 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Extended Dry Climate Sequence 217,5 248,7 283,5 326,9 376,2 437,8 509 Flow requirement 217,5 241 265,3 294,2 323,9 358,9 395 High Population Growth 217,5 248,7 283,5 326,9 376,2 437,8 509 Industrial development 217,5 241 265,3 294,2 323,9 359 395,6 Reference 217,5 241 265,3 294,2 323,9 358,9 395 Reservoir Added 217,5 241 265,3 294,2 323,9 358,9 395

The Unmet demand is due to the water use capacity by other sectors and the amount allocated to references. Water scarcity for all water use sectors in the watershed increases due to the high population growth according to the result of the WEAP model for the water demand.

In the high Population Growth scenario, unmet demand decreases from 4 Mm3 to 3 Mm3 and 0 m3 for the coming year 2050. Figure 53 shows the Unmet Demand for all the demand sites with the two scenarios (Reference and High population growth). Given the rates of increase in domestic demand sites; agriculture; industry and equipment, the volume of water required to meet the needs of the sectors must be greater than the demand. Therefore, a lack of intervention will result in a deficit or unmet demand for water. In the year 2020 to 2050 the two scenarios (High Population Growth, Climate) decrease from 4 Mm3 to 0 m3 and for the reference and industrial development scenarios, the unmet demand varies from 4Mm3 to 3 Mm3.

Figure 53: Unmet Demand at all demand sites, the reference scenario and High population growth. Table 27: The resume of the volume of the Unmet demand at all demand sites in Mm3:

Scenarios (Mm3) 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Extended Dry climate sequences 4 4 3 2 1 1 0 High Population Growth 4 4 3 2 1 1 0 Industrial development Growth 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 Reference 4 3 3 3 3 3 3

V.3.2. Water distributed for each all demand site:

Figure 54 shows the water demand for the time of horizon 2020 to 2050 in the agriculture sector. The scenario used to evaluate this result is the reference scenario.

Figure 54: The Water Demand for the time of horizon 2020 to 2050 for the agriculture sector. Figure 55 shows water demand between 2020 to 2050 in the Domestic sector for each city in Medjerda watershed according to the scenario of reference.

Figure 55: Domestic water demand between 2020 to 2050.

Figure 56 shows the water demand for the industry sector for each city in the Medjerda watershed. The scenario used to evaluate this result are the reference scenarios.

Figure 56: Industrial water demand based on scenario of reference for the period 2020-2050

Figure 57 shows water demand between 2020 to 2050 for the Tourism sector according to the scenario of reference.

Figure 57: Water demand for the Tourism sector based on scenario of reference for the period 2020-2050 Figure 58 shows water demand between 2020 to 2050 of the collectives uses according to the reference scenario.

Figure 58: Water demand for the Collective uses between 2020 to 2050 based on the reference scenario. From Figure 54-58, we can say that: Jendouba is the most uses for the water from the River Mejderda in the watershed followed by Beja and then Souk Ahars for the Agriculture Sector, Tourism Sector and Collective sector but for the Domestic sector Souk Ahars is the most uses water for this sector. For example, let’s see the Agriculture Sector: Jendouba will use 125 Mm3 water of agriculture for the future year and Siliana will use 10 Mm3 for the agriculture. For the Domestic sector: Souk Ahars will use 38 Mm3 water and Siliana will use 10 Mm3. The table for this result is in the appendix III, Table 38. Agriculture water demand is one of the key assumptions in the development of the scenarios when evaluating the future needs and impacts of the used water in the study area. Agriculture water needs vary de pending on crops; irrigation technology and evapotranspiration. The seasonal climatic (dry and wet) is the main factor that affects the variation of monthly consumption. Domestic water demand is another key assumption in the development of the scenarios. Domestic water needs vary inter-annually, depending on the domestic variation and the population growth rate. The Reference, the Population Growth and Climate scenarios are established to evaluate the impact of possible future irrigation in the watershed on the city’s water balance. These

96 scenarios are based on the key assumption that the expansion in irrigable will be developed near the main river and the tributaries.

V.3.3. The flow distributed for all demand sites: Figure 59 shows the inflows and outflows for each demand site from all the sources as well as consumption, the scenario used to evaluate this result are the reference scenarios. The flow consumed is divided into two parts:  The flow consumed by domestic needs, tourism, industry and collective uses.  The flow consumed by agriculture (irrigated such as Jendouba, Beja and Souk Ahars) which is extracted directly from the Medjerda river. For both scenarios, all inflows are consumed directly except precipitation. For water consumption in agriculture, an increase in consumption is observed between 2020 and 2050. This increase corresponds to a dry and normal year, which cause the overexploitation of the river Medjerda, its consumed flow increases.

Figure 59: Flow distribution for all the source for the period 2020-2050.

The reference scenario shows that there is still unused flow from supply sources, it is the flow to Ain Dalia, dam Battoum for example.

V.4. Water Budget:

Managing water resources requires socio-economic acceptance and sustainable management in water reuse and allocation plans. Therefore, monitoring water resources can help in protecting these resources and achieving water sustainability. Thus, smart water allocation is needed to distribute water resources between different users. Then, all users/sector should work together to set a proper allocation plan at national and regional levels; which can reduce water-related conflicts and increase water sustainability.

Net water resources flow can be estimated by the following equation:

Qs= Qe – Qu (2)

where:

Qs: Outflow at the outlet of the watershed

Qe: Inflow or flow from all resources

Qu: Flow rate used, or volume of water consumed by each use branch.

If we take into account the reference scenario, the inflow into the basin is less than 308 Mm3 for the period 2020-2050. The used flows (consumed by the users) is estimated at 308 Mm3, which implies that the outflow will be 8.73 Mm3. This outflow is evaporated or exported from the basin, which changes over time.

The basis of the water budget equations is the principle of conservation of mass, and it takes into account all flows entering and leaving the system, and the amount of stored water in the system at a certain time. Water budget or balance can be estimated using the following equation:

Water balance = water resources – water demand ( 3)

The annual water budget of the MRB from 2020 to 2050 is estimated at 394 Mm3, Table 29. The available amount of water resources in MRB in 2020 and 2050, it was estimated at 217.5 Mm3 and 509 Mm3, respectively, which include surface water, groundwater and other sources.

The projected water demand reflects a lack of sustainable management of the available resources; therefore, integrated water resources management approach is the solution. The integrated water resources management approach aims to deploy efforts for development of water resources and the reduction of water demand, and to achieve and maintain a supply and demand situation to meet the sustainable water budget to the extent possible. (Rachid, 2011). The water resources are estimated at 137.9 Mm3 for all the scenarios in each source between 2020 to 2050 in the MRB. This water resources are the total of the water delivered in the MRB like the surface water from river and reservoir, from groundwater in Algerian part and in Tunisian part; and from the others sources used in the MRB. An active management of water resources allows for water a saving and reduces water deficit in the cities (reduction of the loss in the water distribution networks, recycling of water used by industrial companies, awareness campaigns of the population to reduce the losses of drinking water etc.). So, to conclude the results of the Unmet Demand for the current account (in our case this year 2020) as well as for the year 2050 for the two scenarios (Reference and high population growth) show that the demand sites are satisfied for both scenarios. The unmet demand varies from 4 Mm3 to 0 m3 (High Population growth and Climate scenarios) and to 3 Mm3 for the reference scenario. For the water demand, the application of this model on our site shows the water demand for each demand site as well as the vulnerability of the water resource to the demand. For the years of the scenarios of climate and the high population growth, the water demand varies from 218 Mm3 to 509 Mm3 and for the reference scenario vary from 218 Mm3 to 395 Mm3 in 2020 and 2050, respectively, which means water demand is insufficient for consumption, especially during prolonged periods of drought, in the case of climate change. Table 29 shown the resume of the water demand in 2020 to 2050 and the save water between 2020 and 2050. Table 28:The Total domestic and agriculture water saving with the reference scenario

Water Demand 2020 Mm3 Water Demand 2050 Mm3 Save water Mm3 Domestic Agriculture Industry Domestic Agriculture Industry Domestic Agriculture Industry Beja 8.95 53.1 0,505 17.2 96.2 0,9 8.2 43 0,395 Jendouba 8.75 68.7 0,25 16.8 124.4 0,45 8 55.6 0,2 Kef 5.50 16.5 0,1 10.6 29.9 0,17 5 13.4 0,07 Siliana 5.15 5 0,1 9.9 9.05 0,75 4.8 4 0,65 S_A 19.5 20 0,85 37.5 36.2 1,55 17.9 16.2 0,7

Table 29: Water Balance projections

Water Balance 2020 Mm3 2050 Mm3 Mm3 Save Water Water Water Water water Scenarios Demand Resources Demand Resources 2020 2050 Mm3 Extended Dry Climate Sequence 217,5 137.9 509 137.9 -79.6 -371.1 -291.5 High Population Growth 217,5 137.9 509 137.9 -79.6 -371.1 -291.5 Reference 217,5 137.9 395 137.9 -79.6 -257.1 -177.5 Reservoir Added 217,5 137.9 395 137.9 -79.6 -257.1 -177.5

Table 28 shows that there is an increase in water demand in MRB for the agriculture and domestic sectors for example, water demand for agriculture will increase by 43 Mm3 during 2020 to 2050. Table 29 shows the water balance in MRB during the period 2020 to 2050 is about 177.5 Mm3 for both scenarios Reference and Reservoir Added. For Climate scenarios and High Population growth, the balance water is about the 292 Mm3. The annual water budget of the MRB in the Algerian part from 2020 to 2050 is varies depending on each scenario. For the reference scenario the water demand from 2020 to 2050 is estimated at 75.7 Mm3, Table 30. For the climate and High Population Growth scenarios, the water demand is estimated at 41 Mm3 and 122.24 Mm3.

The annual water budget of the MRB in the Tunisian part from 2020 to 2050 is varies depending on each scenario. For the reference scenario the water demand from 2020 to 2050 is estimated at 319 Mm3, Table 31. For the climate and High Population Growth scenarios, the water demand is estimated at 177 Mm3 and 387 Mm3.

Table 30: Water balance in Algerian part:

Algeria 2020 Mm3 2050 Mm3 water balance Mm3 Water water Water water Save Water Scenarios Demand resources Demand resources 2020 2050 Mm3 Climate change sequence 41.2 34.6 122 34.6 -6.6 -87.4 -80.8 Reference 41.2 34.6 75.7 34.6 -6.6 -11.2 -4.6

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Table 31: Water balance in Tunisia part:

Tunisia 2020 Mm3 2050 Mm3 water balance Mm3 Water water Water water Save Water Scenarios Demand resources Demand resources 2020 2050 Mm3 Climate change sequence 176.7 103.2 387 103.2 -73.5 -283.8 -210.3 Reference 176.7 103.2 319.3 103.2 -73.5 -216.1 -142.6

Comparing Table 30 and 31 shows that, Tunisia is the most uses of water in MRB.

The Unmet Demands for the current year (2020) as well as for 2050 based on the reference scenario is shown in Table 32. The demand sites are satisfied at some demand sites of each cities in the both countries according to the reference scenarios because it is almost 0 m3 for example ( Industry sector, Tourism sector and Collective uses sector). The demand sites are non satisfied at other demand sites in each cities because it is higher than 1 Mm3 for example (Agriculture sector, domestic sector). This means water shortage is an issues in the MRB in the future. Table 32: The Unmet Demand in Mm3. Demand Site (Mm3) 2020 2030 2040 2050 Agriculture Beja 26,5 32,3 39,4 48 Agriculture Jendouba 20 25 30,6 37 Agriculture Le Kef 5 6 7 8 Agriculture Siliana 1,5 1,8 2 2,7 Agriculture Souka Ahars 6 7 9 10 Beja 4 5 6 8 Collective uses Beja 0,9 0,88 0,84 0,82 Collective uses Jendouba 1 1 1 1 Collective uses Le Kef 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 Collective uses Siliana 0,5 0,5 0,05 0,5 Collective uses Souka Ahras 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 Industry Beja 0,15 0,19 0,22 0,27 Industry Jendouba 0,12 0,11 0,11 0,13 Industry Le Kef 0,09 0,011 0,014 0,17 Industry Siliana 0,009 0,011 0,014 0,017 Industry Souk Ahars 0,085 0,1 0,12 0,15 Jendouba 2,6 3,2 4 5 Le Kef 1,6 2 2,5 3 Siliana 1,5 1,9 2,3 2,9 Souk Ahars 5,8 7 9 11

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Tourism Beja 0,006 0,006 0,006 0,006 Tourism Jendouba 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 Tourism Le Kef 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 Tourism Siliana 0,003 0,003 0,003 0,003 Tourism Souk Ahars 0,025 0,025 0,025 0,025 Total 80 97 117 143

Table 32 shows that, for the touristic and collective uses sectors the unmet demand may remain constant or decreased throughout the year, although other demands might vary considerably from month to month due to the high Population growth, Climate and the industrial development scenarios. If the demand does not change, all months are supposed to use the same quantity of water, based on the total number of days in the month. So, we can compare the result with other researchers result from the MRB. According to Stamboul (2017), he found that, water demand is satisfied from 2015 to 2030 for the different consumption centres according to the all scenarios in the Algerian part of MRB. The three periods of the time of horizon: 1998-2006,2006-2015 and 2015-2030, there is an evolution of the balance for all scenarios. From 1998 to 2015, he found the deficit tends to decrease, this is explained by the fact that irrigation is done directly by groundwater. For the third period, the water demand is satisfied from 2015 to 2030 for the various consumption centre’s according to all scenarios. (STAMBOUL , Fevrier 2017). Issam and Larbi (2016) found that for drinking water demands, there is an increasing evolution for the Ghedir El Golla demand site given the growing demographic weight of the governorates supplied in Greater Tunis in Medjerda Tunisian part. They also found that out of 16 demand sites, there are only 2 sites with fluctuations in satisfaction. These 2 sites are: the Lakhmess perimeter fed from the Lahkmes dam and the Rmil perimeter fed from the Rmil dam. The comparison between the observed and simulated balances for the dams studied shows an overestimation of the inflows for the Sidi Salem and Mellègue dams and consistency for the other dams. Among the simulation results, the evolution of water volumes in the dams was established for the study period. (Issam & Larbi, 2016) V.5. Sustainable transboundary water resource management strategy for the MRB:

The sustainable transboundary water resources management for the MRB is provides and focus of negotiation and treaty-making from navigation towards the use, development, protection and conservation of water resources. The treaty provides general principles, for preventing and resolving disputes with waters shared between Algeria and Tunisia. For

102 example, they need to do the water agreements in regulation shared water uses, improving water quality, improving air quality.

For the regulating shared water uses, it means makes a decision on application for projects like dam that affect the natural level and flow of water across the boundary. Algeria and Tunisia also need to agree about the certain project that can change the amount of water in the rivers.

Algeria and Tunisia need to agree for improving the water quality and air quality. In the boundary treaty, the both countries will agree neither country will pollute boundary waters, water that flow across the boundary, to an extent that would cause injury to health.

The sustainable solution for transboundary water resource management can consider both management and technological practices, in the context of well-defined national and international environmental policies and associated legislations. In addition to efforts to promote and enforce environmental laws harmonized with legislation, there is a need to strengthen cooperation among stakeholders, with a clear focus on educational and participatory programmes that involve the public.

The best solution for the sustainable transboundary water resource management strategy for MRB are:

 To help the both countries of sharing transboundary surface and groundwater  To establish priorities, adopt policy legal and institutional reforms in sectors facing degradation and  To test the feasibility of various investments to address conflict and reserve degradation.  To provide assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition to improve cross-sectoral management of transboundary basins and aquifers.

On the other hand, some general adaptation measures for the conservation and protection of water resources in transboundary should be mentioned, such as the implementation of a realistic water pricing regime to avoid water wastage, including:

 The forecasting of the necessary infrastructures against flood risk  Improvement of sanitation systems in large cities  The establishment of an integrated water resources management strategy.

For the IWRM, there are two types of management plan:

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 The action plan and  The management plans.

Given our level of study, we have chosen the management plan.

The river environment presents an imminent danger for the prevention of these resources. Indeed, the watershed is ravaged by the inundation, and the agriculture sector which receives most of the water volume from the watershed.

According to the article 121 in water’s Law in Tunisia’s, to protect ” the water from the borehole, spring, well or any structure used to the supply of drinking water to towns and cities, it is set up a protective perimeter” must be established: one is immediate; closed protection perimeter and the last remote protection. (l’Imprimerie Officielle de la République Tunisienne, 2010)

The immediate protection perimeter prohibits all activities and is materialized in such a way that no one can access or penetrate (by means of a fence or belt against the spill).

The close protection perimeter authorizes certain regulated actions.

The promoting protections perimeter studies the vulnerability of water resources to ensure their sustainability. This is the watershed boundary.

The establishment of the protective perimeter is really essential in the watershed.

To avoid conflicts of use that could occur in the future and for the development of this catchment, we propose the following solutions:

 Delimitation of the immediate protection zones on a strip 100m before the watershed dam  Rehabilitation of the structure (dam, intake pipe) and repair of leaks in the networks,  Reinforcement of the treatment plant in the upstream and downstream parts, water saving (good control of overflow)  Water pricing to avoid wastage and at the same time, respect for everyone’s right to a basic minimum amount of water.  Regulation of housing and livestock, especially in terms of sanitation and hygiene.  Separation of water used for the waters supply and the other water uses (the main watercourses that feed the watershed are intended only for the water supply and the others for the rest)

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 Due to population growth, the establishment of inhabited areas over an area of 0.7 km2 is necessary. All of these are impractical without support, support from funding and capacity. The participation of all stakeholders is the most important i.e. from top (Ministry of water) to bottom (in the village).

Thus, in order to improve and enhance the decision support tool developed under WEAP, the following operations are proposed:

 Applying water balance equations at the lowest level (storage facilities). For example, the Journal article of the Simple water balance modelling of surface reservoir systems in a large data-scarce semiarid region by Andrea Güntner, Maarten S. Krol, José Carlos De Araujo and Axel Bronstert in 2005 talking about the describing of simple water balance modelling scheme for representing water availability in a large number of surface reservoirs in a macroscale dryland area.  To spatialize the rainfall data from point measurements  Using developed technologies like remote sensing in the characterization of land use in the Medjerda watershed area for the Algerian part and Tunisian part.  Modelling Rainfall-Flow in addition to the FAO method that is integrated in WEAP.  Controlling and stabilising water demands for each sector in the both countries  Assessing and reducing water losses in the MRB because the water saving policy and use non-conventional resources with the aim of reducing loss rates estimated at 30% for the drinking water networks and 40% for the irrigation networks. (Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche;Bureau de la Planification et des Equilibres Hydrauliques, 2017).

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sUMMARy, COnCLUsIOns AnD RECOMMEnDATIOn

VI.1 Conclusions

This research was carried out to assess the sustainability of the current water management strategies and practices at the MRB and to propose a transboundary water management strategy that will help to sustain water resources through the development of the assessing the historical water uses and governance practices at the MRB; assessment of the current and future water budget at MRB in the time of Horizon 2020 to 2050; sustainable transboundary water resources management strategy to the MRB. The research methodology developed around the objectives and involved distribution selection; development of the different water uses in all sectors through the application WEAP.

International transboundary river is contested in terms of water rights, impact and changes and it also effects on the ecology, humanity and Politics. The rivers are useful as a barrier against migration and therefore politically important. But River basin management is hampered by the division of international river basins in different countries.

The practices of transboundary waters resources are a source of friction between basin states competing for scarce resources. “Creates intricate diplomatic challenges” have been created by the sharing water resources, says the asymmetric relationships between upstream and downstream, as pressures on the world’s water supplies are increasing substantially.

The water resources management sharing with these two countries (Algeria and Tunisia) satisfied the two crucially important needs, i.e. the need for drinking water and irrigation water, which are strategic components that makes it possible to clarify the resource-need balance.

The integrated water resources in Algeria and Tunisia, as everywhere else, is a complex subject, as it depends on many variables, in particular climatic, economic, social, demographic, and on aspects relating to the hydrotechnical infrastructure used to mobilize, exploit and distribute water to the users/consumers.

From a meteorological point of view, the study region constitutes a transition zone between several climatic phenomena, in particular, the transition from the Mediterranean climate regime to the Saharan climate characterized by drying influences that prevail, for part of the year, over the northern Sahara. The relief characterized by the last mountain range of the Saharan Atlas and forming a barrier to Mediterranean influences accentuates the climatic contrasts between the Saharan Atlas and the Saharan Platform.

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These regions are a part of the arid to semi-arid zones and is characterized by low rainfall with high annual and interannual variability. The average annual rainfall is between 275 and 305.6 mm.

Assessing water management is a major step forward in the development of a new water policy. Climate change and the population growth in the Medjerda watershed show that all vital sectors are affected. The Medjerda watershed area still has significant potential in terms of resources in water that can be exploited both as groundwater and surface water.

The WEAP system is very favourable for establishing a water resources management plan, taking into account vulnerability in the near future. It also allows the establishment of a hydrological balance and a manageable balance. This system also offers an opportunity for possible studies on sectoral analyses, of the cost of a water supply project for a village or a study of the location of a hydroelectric plant, on the quality of water and the routing of pollution, and on the proposal for a treatment plant. This model was applied to simulate the current water balance and evaluate water resource management strategies in the study regions under different scenarios to 2050.

The results of the Unmet Demand for the current year (2020) as well as for year 2050 for two scenarios (Reference and high population growth) show that the demand sites are satisfied for both scenarios. The unmet demand is expected to vary from 4 Mm3 to 3 Mm3 for the reference scenario and 4 Mm3 to 0 m3 for the period 2020 to 2050 for the high population growth and climate sequences scenarios. The demand sites are satisfied for some of them in the both countries according to the reference scenarios because it is almost 0 m3 for example ( Industry sector, Tourism sector and Collective uses sector). The demand sites are not satisfied for other sites in each cities because it is higher than 1 Mm3 for example (Agriculture sector, domestic sector). This means water shortage will be an issues in MRB in the future.

For the water demand, the application of this model on our site shows the water demand for each demand site as well as the vulnerability of the water resource to the demand. For years the scenarios of Climate and high population growth, water demand varies from 218 Mm3 to 509 Mm3 and for the reference scenario the water demand varies from 218 Mm3 to 395 Mm3 in 2020 and 2050, respectively, which means that water demand is sufficient for consumption, especially during prolonged periods of drought, in the case of climate change.

Table 33: The comparison of all Scenarios for all demand site

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Scenarios 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Extended Dry Climate Sequence 217,5 248,7 283,5 326,9 376,2 437,8 509 Flow requirement 217,5 241 265,3 294,2 323,9 358,9 395 High Population Growth 217,5 248,7 283,5 326,9 376,2 437,8 509 Industrial development 217,5 241 265,3 294,2 323,9 359 395,6 Reference 217,5 241 265,3 294,2 323,9 358,9 395 Reservoir Added 217,5 241 265,3 294,2 323,9 358,9 395

The sites in Souk Ahars in the Algerian part, show an increase in water demand between 2020 and 2050, which were estimated at 38 Mm3 and 36 Mm3 for domestic and agriculture uses respectively.

The sites in Jendouba in the Tunisian part, show an increase in water demand between 2020 and 2050, which was estimated at 17 Mm3 and 124 Mm3 for domestic and agriculture uses respectively. This means most water uses in the MRB is for the agriculture in the Tunisian part Jendouba followed by Beja then Souk Ahars.

The use of water-efficient irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation, requires participatory actions and specific developments to provide access to the resource for a large population of farmers. Surface water in the basin is largely used for agriculture and is vulnerable to climate change as other water resources.

Encouraging farmers to grow trees is highly recommended, to of improve the lifespan of dams like dam Sidi Salem. The principal of acting on water demand, reduces water losses and wastage, hence the need for the imperative installation of individual or collective water meters by the managing body.

The Medjerda river waters are highly mineralized, which depends on the nature of the crossed lands, the season, rainfall, works, and discharges….Most of the water in the studied stream is moderately hard, however, there is soft water at some sites; this difference is related to the leaching from the surrounding lands.

Medjerda has a high value of BOD with a range of 4.5 g/l to 13.5g/l. These values are higher in summer than in winter. This increase in dry period contents can be explained by the establishment of conditions for the degradation of organic matter by microorganism whose activity, which consumes a lot of oxygen, participates fully in the self-purification.

In addition, and in the framework of an optimization of the management of water resources in irrigated perimeters, it is recommended to implement a development program aimed at:

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 The rehabilitations of existing hydraulic infrastructures (perimeters, dams);  An optimal use of model means of irrigation for a better water saving (drop by drop, sprinkling…). VI.2 Recommendations

After a careful and critical assessment of all issues emphasized in the current study, the following suggestions act as possible solutions based on their application and efficiency in similar transboundary river basins. (Andjelkovic, 2001)

 Flood risk management is a critical issue and needs an integrated approach for successful and effective implementation. Besides, any mitigation and control measure must factor in the whole transboundary river basin; otherwise, the problem will move from one geographical location to another downstream.  A framework of an optimization of the management of water resources of the irrigated perimeters in the transboundary river basin, is recommended to implement a development program aiming at:  The rehabilitation of existing hydraulic infrastructures (perimeters, dams);  An optimal use of model means of irrigation for a better water saving (drop by drop, sprinkling…).  Achievement of international sustainability is to issue water rights for use, pollution, storage and flood control. The rights of developing countries that under exploit their rivers could be exchanged with developed countries.”  Last but not least, all the axes of the present study require further in-depth studies that could be the subject of other research work: a detailed, well-argued and completed socio-economic forecasting study must be carried out in order to protect water resources for what is hoped to be sustainable management. More studies are needed about modelling crop water requirements and irrigation systems.

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APPEnDICEs APPENDIX I Table 34: characteristic of the rainfall stations and their corresponding time series

Annual rainfall (mm) Station ID Station name Lat. (°N)Long. (°E) Alt (m) Period Gaps (%) min mean max 1 Tala PF 35,58 8,63 889 1970-2007 3,73 253 414 658 2 Tala SM 35,57 8,65 1020 1970-2007 0 299 470 793 3 Ain Kerma 1 36,16 8,39 601 1975-2007 0,51 192 364 634 4 Ain S'Koum 1 35,85 8,87 990 1970-2007 5,48 134 262 431 5 Ain Zeligua 35,85 8,82 853 1974-2007 2,94 203 399 661 6 Cite du Mellegue SM 36,31 8,71 256 1970-2007 0 259 437 744 7 Jerissa Delegation 35,84 8,62 633 1975-2006 1,04 149 344 583 8 Dehmani Elevation 35,91 8,79 652 1970-2003 5,15 227 412 714 9 Dehmani Municipalite 35,93 8,81 622 1970-2007 0 301 541 874 10 Fath Tessa 36,05 8,93 532 1977-2007 1,08 202 374 696 11 Kalaa Khasba 35,65 8,56 856 1974-2007 1,23 188 387 692 12 Kalaat Essenam 35,76 8,32 623 1976-2007 0,26 144 336 619 13 Kef Birh 36,17 8,71 620 1972-2007 2,78 201 389 647 14 Kef Heliopolis 36,21 8,69 455 1973-2007 0,24 58 357 628 15 KefCMA 36,12 8,73 491 1970-2007 0 236 436 709 16 Ksour Ecole 35,89 8,87 720 1976-2007 0,78 266 404 671 17 Oued Mellegue 13 36,12 8,49 324 1970-2007 0,22 126 338 522 18 Sakiet Sidi Youssef SM 36,24 8,34 803 1970-2007 0 284 496 834 19 Sers Agricole 36,05 9,03 501 1972-2007 0,23 227 407 695 20 Sers Delegation 36,08 8,98 501 1970-2007 0,66 233 401 658 21 Tajerouine Ain Zouagha 35,93 8,57 750 1976-2007 1,04 169 406 776 22 Tajerouine Ferme d'Etat 35,93 8,48 511 1970-2007 0 132 368 609 23 Tajerouine Agricole 35,88 8,54 650 1970-2007 10,09 168 386 667 24 Tessa Sidi Medien 36,29 8,95 280 1974-2007 1,23 266 418 696 25 ZOUARINE Gare 36,02 8,89 571 1970-2007 1,1 206 388 671 26 Ain Tounga SE 36,5 9,35 110 1976-2007 0,26 216 396 668 27 Ain Guesil 36,23 9,57 563 1970-2007 1,75 164 365 576 28 Ain Tabia 36,26 9,17 416 1970-2007 2,85 244 426 819 29 Akouat Gare 36,24 9,25 350 1970-2007 0,44 198 349 671 30 Krib Ferme Cossem 36,3 9,13 447 1970-2007 0,22 336 538 843 31 Ksar Bou Khris 36,22 9,6 510 1970-2005 6,25 173 425 711 32 Makthar PF 35,84 9,19 900 1970-2007 0,22 255 507 811 33 Porto Farina Ghar El Meleh 37,13 10,18 10 1970-2007 0 311 589 988 34 Cherfech CRGR 36,92 10,05 59 1970-2007 0,22 232 480 785 35 Sidi Thabet Domaine Haras 36,88 10,03 14 1973-2007 0,24 173 407 673 36 Beja Inrat 36,65 9,11 230 1970-2007 0 289 573 892 37 Beauce Tunisienne 36,69 9,45 234 1970-2002 0 209 391 588 38 Mejez El Bab PF 36,57 9,4 142 1970-2007 0 191 406 616 39 Montarnaud 1 36,62 9,74 108 1975-2007 3,03 142 350 597 40 Sk El Khemis B.S.CFPA 36,38 8,88 146 1973-2003 5,65 204 414 741 41 Testour SM 36,52 9,43 112 1970-2007 0,22 255 503 811 42 Siliana Agricole 36,07 9,35 431 1970-2007 5,26 185 405 682 43 Jantoura 36,49 8,78 390 1970-2000 0 298 468 787 44 Gar Diamaou DRE 36,44 8,43 195 1970-2007 0 293 450 745 45 Bou Salem DRE 36,59 8,96 138 1970-2007 0,22 245 421 700 46 Souk Ahras 36,27 7,9 590 1970-2007 3,73 170 547 882 47 Khemissa 36,2 7,65 845 1978-2007 5,83 250 477 844 48 Taoura 36,17 8,04 850 1971-2003 0,76 68 461 861 49 Meskiana 35,65 7,65 845 1978-2007 4,17 89 253 434 50 Ain Dhalaa 35,47 7,53 953 1973-2007 14,79 106 332 562 51 Tebessa 35,4 8,12 890 1970-2007 0 185 355 624 52 Boukhadra 35,75 8,03 900 1970-2007 0 136 291 514 53 Hammamet 35,45 7,95 875 1971-2007 0 143 348 638 54 Bekkaria 35,36 8,19 920 1972-2007 4,63 169 374 628 55 Ouenza 35,99 8,13 520 1970-2007 2,63 49 273 508 56 Mdaourouch 36,08 7,82 870 1970-2007 0,22 135 351 700 57 Messloula 35,88 7,88 660 1978-2007 12,5 133 362 743 58 Ain Seynour 36,36 7,87 800 1970-2003 6,37 602 1024 1486 59 Ras El Aioun 35,54 8,28 1065 1973-2007 8,1 146 301 568 60 El Kouif 35,51 8,31 1015 1975-2007 8,08 91 285 503

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Table 35: characteristic of the rainfall in the Souk_Ahars station.

STN--- YEARMODATEMP DEWP SLP STP VISIB WDSP MXSPD MAX MIN PRCP SNDP 604230 20190101 46.3 44.2 9999.9 928.6 5.2 10.0 14.0 47.3* 44.4 0.03G 999.9 604230 20190102 50.0 38.8 9999.9 924.1 11.7 12.2 15.9 53.8* 42.6 0.04G 999.9 604230 20190103 45.1 41.3 9999.9 924.8 8.1 6.8 10.1 50.4* 41.4* 0.08G 999.9 604230 20190104 39.3 37.6 9999.9 926.5 3.2 7.6 15.0 40.1* 38.3 0.08G 999.9 604230 20190105 41.3 38.9 9999.9 927.8 4.8 10.0 12.0 42.8* 38.1 0.35G 999.9 604230 20190106 46.4 41.0 9999.9 924.8 7.5 13.1 17.1 50.2* 40.8 0.16G 999.9 604230 20190107 44.3 41.5 9999.9 926.7 8.1 8.8 13.0 45.5* 42.1 0.04G 999.9 604230 20190108 42.0 38.7 9999.9 925.9 5.5 11.2 15.0 44.1* 39.0 0.01G 999.9 604230 20190109 43.3 39.3 9999.9 915.5 6.6 11.8 22.0 45.0* 41.0 0.04G 999.9 604230 20190110 37.1 34.7 9999.9 913.2 4.7 13.1 18.1 38.7* 35.6* 0.55G 999.9 604230 20190111 35.3 33.0 9999.9 917.4 5.5 7.8 12.0 39.6* 33.3* 0.24G 999.9 604230 20190112 36.2 34.4 9999.9 923.2 5.7 11.8 14.0 40.1* 32.5 0.31G 1.2 604230 20190113 42.6 39.8 9999.9 922.9 6.1 14.9 20.0 45.7* 36.7 0.39G 999.9 604230 20190114 46.7 37.6 9999.9 918.1 8.1 12.6 15.0 50.4* 40.8 0.08G 999.9 604230 20190115 46.5 42.6 9999.9 921.9 8.1 8.4 14.0 48.6* 44.1 0.04G 999.9 604230 20190116 47.0 39.3 9999.9 922.3 7.1 3.6 10.1 54.0* 39.4 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190117 46.0 37.1 9999.9 919.0 9.9 4.8 8.9 52.2* 36.9 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190118 44.8 38.5 9999.9 918.0 8.1 7.6 14.0 49.1* 37.8 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190119 43.9 38.5 9999.9 916.6 7.0 7.0 12.0 50.0* 39.6* 0.12E 999.9 604230 20190120 46.0 36.1 9999.9 913.8 9.9 4.0 8.0 52.0* 35.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190121 45.4 40.7 9999.9 911.9 7.7 11.2 18.1 50.9* 41.2* 0.04G 999.9 604230 20190122 40.0 36.5 9999.9 913.5 7.8 9.2 13.0 41.2* 37.9 0.47G 999.9 604230 20190123 39.7 35.1 9999.9 903.2 7.2 10.4 15.9 43.2* 33.8 0.02G 999.9 604230 20190124 32.2 30.4 9999.9 896.5 3.5 21.8 31.1 33.3* 26.6 1.85G 3.9 604230 20190125 34.1 32.5 9999.9 907.9 4.3 16.4 18.1 35.6* 30.2 0.94G 9.8 604230 20190126 40.6 37.8 9999.9 915.5 6.7 16.6 25.1 42.8* 34.9 1.22G 11.8 604230 20190127 47.6 37.5 9999.9 914.1 10.6 6.0 10.1 53.6* 36.9 0.03G 999.9 604230 20190128 40.3 36.4 9999.9 910.3 6.1 12.2 22.0 41.4* 38.3* 0.16G 999.9 604230 20190129 40.5 36.2 9999.9 912.4 7.5 11.7 20.0 44.1* 35.6 1.54G 999.9 604230 20190130 43.9 40.2 9999.9 910.7 7.8 15.5 23.1 46.6* 39.0 0.91G 999.9 604230 20190131 46.6 40.7 9999.9 912.3 8.7 10.2 15.0 51.3* 37.2 0.12G 999.9 604230 20190201 54.2 41.5 9999.9 909.6 10.6 11.2 21.0 60.1* 42.6 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190202 45.6 37.8 9999.9 906.1 8.5 9.4 15.0 50.4* 41.9* 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190203 36.2 33.4 9999.9 912.3 6.5 11.4 15.9 39.2* 32.4* 0.08G 999.9 604230 20190204 33.9 32.8 9999.9 917.0 2.7 999.9 999.9 35.1* 32.7 0.51G 2.0 604230 20190205 40.4 38.7 9999.9 922.3 4.7 999.9 999.9 41.9* 34.9 2.48G 11.8 604230 20190206 44.6 42.2 9999.9 922.8 7.6 999.9 999.9 47.7* 38.7 0.43G 999.9 604230 20190207 48.0 42.8 9999.9 923.1 8.7 999.9 999.9 53.6* 42.6 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190208 46.7 41.9 9999.9 924.3 9.3 999.9 999.9 48.6* 42.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190209 51.9 39.1 9999.9 925.8 10.6 999.9 999.9 58.3* 39.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190210 57.8 37.4 9999.9 925.6 11.2 999.9 999.9 67.1* 43.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190211 47.2 42.7 9999.9 924.5 7.3 999.9 999.9 50.0* 41.9* 0.16E 999.9 604230 20190212 40.7 37.1 9999.9 927.4 6.3 999.9 999.9 44.6* 37.6 0.35G 999.9 604230 20190213 44.1 38.2 9999.9 932.7 10.6 0.0 999.9 51.3* 37.0 0.08G 999.9 604230 20190214 49.5 30.1 9999.9 933.2 10.6 999.9 999.9 56.5* 38.5 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190215 50.1 32.2 9999.9 929.2 11.2 999.9 999.9 58.3* 36.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190216 47.6 34.1 9999.9 929.1 11.2 999.9 999.9 54.0* 37.9 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190217 49.0 37.5 9999.9 927.8 10.6 999.9 999.9 57.6* 31.8 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190218 47.6 38.6 9999.9 923.6 8.7 999.9 999.9 56.3* 34.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190219 50.9 39.9 9999.9 921.8 11.2 999.9 999.9 59.4* 32.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190220 50.5 41.3 9999.9 923.7 11.2 999.9 999.9 58.3* 36.3 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190221 48.0 43.2 9999.9 928.9 8.7 999.9 999.9 54.9* 37.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190222 45.6 42.1 9999.9 927.7 8.7 999.9 999.9 50.4* 39.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190223 45.5 43.2 9999.9 923.3 5.5 999.9 999.9 48.6* 40.1 0.16G 999.9 604230 20190224 36.5 34.5 9999.9 925.5 7.0 999.9 999.9 38.7* 29.7 0.16G 999.9 604230 20190225 40.6 37.0 9999.9 928.0 8.7 999.9 999.9 45.0 32.4 0.28G 999.9 604230 20190226 38.5 35.7 9999.9 925.2 6.1 999.9 999.9 41.4* 30.9 0.87G 0.4 604230 20190227 43.4 39.2 9999.9 927.2 9.3 999.9 999.9 48.2* 32.4 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190228 49.1 37.4 9999.9 927.3 11.2 999.9 999.9 54.9* 36.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190301 51.2 38.9 9999.9 924.4 10.6 999.9 999.9 56.3* 41.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190302 48.8 42.3 9999.9 923.5 9.3 999.9 999.9 52.7* 42.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190303 49.2 40.0 9999.9 925.2 11.2 999.9 999.9 54.5* 36.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190304 55.9 36.7 9999.9 923.7 9.9 999.9 999.9 66.2* 36.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190305 59.3 41.0 9999.9 922.0 11.2 999.9 999.9 68.2* 44.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190306 63.0 42.2 9999.9 920.4 10.6 999.9 999.9 75.4* 43.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190307 60.5 41.3 9999.9 920.4 9.9 999.9 999.9 69.1* 51.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190308 54.2 46.8 9999.9 922.3 8.7 999.9 999.9 60.3* 44.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190309 53.5 46.3 9999.9 930.2 10.6 999.9 999.9 59.0* 41.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190310 54.1 42.4 9999.9 929.6 11.2 999.9 999.9 63.9* 37.0 0.00I 999.9

117

604230 20190311 50.7 42.8 9999.9 927.1 8.5 999.9 999.9 55.6* 43.9 0.02E 999.9 604230 20190312 47.3 41.2 9999.9 928.2 9.3 999.9 999.9 53.1* 38.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190313 53.9 42.5 9999.9 921.8 11.7 999.9 999.9 64.9 35.4 0.00E 999.9 604230 20190314 45.3 41.0 9999.9 925.4 7.0 999.9 999.9 48.4* 38.5 0.12G 999.9 604230 20190315 50.2 42.5 9999.9 925.9 12.4 999.9 999.9 56.3* 39.2 0.03G 999.9 604230 20190316 57.8 41.6 9999.9 925.5 12.4 999.9 999.9 64.8* 40.6 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190317 64.0 38.9 9999.9 920.6 12.4 999.9 999.9 73.8* 43.9 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190318 49.8 44.9 9999.9 920.4 8.5 999.9 999.9 52.2* 44.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190319 45.3 39.3 9999.9 920.3 9.3 999.9 999.9 48.6* 37.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190320 40.6 38.8 9999.9 919.7 5.3 999.9 999.9 42.3* 36.7 0.08G 999.9 604230 20190321 43.5 41.2 9999.9 915.8 5.7 999.9 999.9 46.0 36.9 1.65G 999.9 604230 20190322 45.1 42.2 9999.9 920.4 5.6 999.9 999.9 51.1* 36.3 0.20G 999.9 604230 20190323 50.1 46.1 9999.9 923.1 7.8 999.9 999.9 55.4* 40.5 0.67G 999.9 604230 20190324 54.8 45.5 9999.9 925.5 8.7 999.9 999.9 60.1* 39.9 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190325 56.1 46.5 9999.9 921.5 11.8 999.9 999.9 62.1* 41.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190326 49.1 44.8 9999.9 918.8 7.8 999.9 999.9 54.7* 44.2 0.01G 999.9 604230 20190327 43.2 41.3 9999.9 920.9 6.1 999.9 999.9 44.8* 37.4 0.02G 999.9 604230 20190328 45.4 43.2 9999.9 924.5 6.5 999.9 999.9 50.2* 40.1 0.28G 999.9 604230 20190329 50.4 42.7 9999.9 927.4 11.8 999.9 999.9 54.7* 37.6 0.31G 999.9 604230 20190330 55.5 45.5 9999.9 924.7 8.3 999.9 999.9 64.6* 37.6 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190331 57.3 46.6 9999.9 917.8 9.3 999.9 999.9 63.0* 43.9 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190401 47.2 45.6 9999.9 915.4 3.5 999.9 999.9 48.2* 43.9 0.31G 999.9 604230 20190402 55.0 48.8 9999.9 919.4 11.2 999.9 999.9 61.9* 40.1 0.12G 999.9 604230 20190403 56.8 51.4 9999.9 913.3 9.9 5.2 13.0 61.7* 44.1 0.16G 999.9 604230 20190404 52.3 50.3 9999.9 907.4 4.8 6.4 21.0 60.1* 46.6 1.26G 999.9 604230 20190405 48.4 46.2 9999.9 908.2 6.1 4.2 7.0 52.7* 43.2 0.59G 999.9 604230 20190406 45.7 43.2 9999.9 911.1 6.7 7.0 18.1 51.8* 39.9 0.08G 999.9 604230 20190407 43.5 39.7 9999.9 912.8 7.3 10.4 17.1 49.5* 33.4 0.24G 999.9 604230 20190408 50.6 43.3 9999.9 918.3 8.7 8.8 11.1 54.9* 34.0 0.59G 999.9 604230 20190409 53.9 48.4 9999.9 916.6 7.3 8.4 19.0 62.1* 41.9 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190410 51.4 42.4 9999.9 915.0 11.8 10.8 14.0 57.6* 40.8 0.55G 999.9 604230 20190411 47.5 41.8 9999.9 915.5 10.6 7.8 13.0 50.0* 39.4 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190412 47.6 42.4 9999.9 916.9 7.1 11.3 17.1 51.8* 37.4 0.08G 999.9 604230 20190413 48.9 42.7 9999.9 919.4 8.7 10.2 14.0 53.6* 36.5 0.24G 999.9 604230 20190414 55.3 37.3 9999.9 920.1 11.8 7.0 11.1 63.0* 37.8 0.02G 999.9 604230 20190415 57.8 44.3 9999.9 920.2 12.4 6.6 10.1 63.9* 43.0 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190416 62.6 49.7 9999.9 920.7 9.3 11.6 15.0 68.4* 45.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190417 65.7 47.3 9999.9 921.1 12.4 3.0 5.1 75.2* 43.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190418 69.4 55.4 9999.9 918.5 8.7 2.2 4.1 80.6* 49.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190419 61.7 52.3 9999.9 920.4 9.3 9.6 13.0 69.1* 50.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190420 60.3 50.7 9999.9 915.8 9.3 11.6 15.0 65.5* 50.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190421 61.0 54.4 9999.9 908.4 5.2 10.5 15.0 69.3* 49.3 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190422 61.9 49.9 9999.9 903.3 3.7 10.5 17.1 69.8* 49.6 0.04E 999.9 604230 20190423 61.7 47.9 9999.9 910.6 12.4 7.0 12.0 70.0* 44.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190424 59.9 53.2 9999.9 917.9 9.3 7.8 14.0 65.7* 47.3 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190425 67.3 56.0 9999.9 920.5 6.8 5.0 8.0 74.7* 49.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190426 60.1 50.9 9999.9 924.3 10.6 11.5 18.1 67.1* 51.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190427 56.4 47.2 9999.9 926.6 11.8 8.2 10.1 62.8* 44.8 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190428 59.5 46.1 9999.9 924.1 12.4 5.8 8.9 67.1* 40.8 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190429 57.8 50.2 9999.9 920.6 11.8 6.4 14.0 62.1* 43.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190430 55.9 47.8 9999.9 919.3 12.4 4.0 8.0 63.0* 40.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190501 59.4 41.0 9999.9 919.0 12.4 4.5 8.9 67.1* 37.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190502 64.0 51.2 9999.9 917.8 9.9 2.6 7.0 74.3* 42.6 0.20E 999.9 604230 20190503 60.0 56.6 9999.9 911.8 5.6 7.0 11.1 65.3* 53.8 0.01E 999.9 604230 20190504 49.5 48.9 9999.9 912.4 2.9 11.2 15.0 51.3* 46.6 0.24G 999.9 604230 20190505 51.9 46.5 9999.9 916.9 10.7 9.7 12.0 58.5* 39.4 0.28G 999.9 604230 20190506 54.1 43.4 9999.9 921.8 11.2 7.7 10.1 59.4* 35.8 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190507 62.2 44.7 9999.9 923.2 11.8 6.2 10.1 69.1* 40.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190508 71.1 51.0 9999.9 919.9 12.4 6.4 8.0 79.2* 48.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190509 68.2 54.1 9999.9 918.6 12.4 9.4 15.9 72.9* 56.8 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190510 71.6 58.3 9999.9 920.4 12.4 7.0 8.0 78.1* 55.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190511 73.9 62.3 9999.9 921.2 12.4 6.6 13.0 81.0* 57.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190806 94.4 55.1 9999.9 921.3 8.7 5.4 8.0 101.7* 75.9 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190807 94.6 53.8 9999.9 920.4 9.3 6.8 12.0 103.5* 76.3 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190808 89.6 62.7 9999.9 920.5 9.3 9.4 17.1 97.2* 77.9 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190809 89.4 58.5 9999.9 922.0 9.9 7.8 13.0 96.1* 75.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190810 90.6 50.6 9999.9 923.5 12.4 6.4 10.1 97.2* 71.8 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190811 90.7 51.1 9999.9 921.3 12.4 4.2 10.1 99.0* 71.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190812 89.0 61.8 9999.9 919.7 12.4 7.4 8.0 97.9* 74.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190813 79.3 67.8 9999.9 921.0 12.4 10.3 14.0 88.7* 69.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190814 72.4 61.9 9999.9 923.5 9.3 6.6 8.9 77.2* 63.3 0.01G 999.9 604230 20190815 75.4 57.6 9999.9 923.8 9.3 5.6 8.9 84.4* 58.6 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190816 78.8 56.1 9999.9 923.6 12.4 5.0 8.9 86.2* 59.9 0.00I 999.9

118

604230 20190817 84.8 57.9 9999.9 922.8 12.4 3.6 7.0 92.3* 64.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190818 87.4 61.1 9999.9 919.9 12.4 4.0 6.0 95.9* 69.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190819 85.7 64.3 9999.9 920.3 12.4 7.2 15.0 93.2* 71.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190820 84.5 64.0 9999.9 920.5 12.4 7.8 17.1 95.2* 68.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190821 81.0 67.0 9999.9 922.4 12.4 6.0 10.1 90.9* 66.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190822 79.1 67.5 9999.9 922.5 10.7 8.8 18.1 90.9* 63.0* 0.51E 999.9 604230 20190823 74.9 68.6 9999.9 923.4 7.2 3.6 8.0 83.7* 61.9 1.10G 999.9 604230 20190824 73.5 67.9 9999.9 922.3 6.3 3.0 6.0 79.2* 66.6 0.12G 999.9 604230 20190825 74.8 67.1 9999.9 921.8 7.1 7.4 24.1 82.4* 66.6 0.91G 999.9 604230 20190826 80.8 66.6 9999.9 921.5 9.3 3.0 5.1 89.1* 64.0 0.16G 999.9 604230 20190827 82.2 65.0 9999.9 921.9 11.8 7.2 13.0 88.0* 69.8 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190828 76.0 67.0 9999.9 921.0 9.3 8.4 11.1 81.0* 68.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190829 75.0 62.9 9999.9 922.9 11.2 7.7 13.0 82.6* 64.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190830 74.1 64.7 9999.9 924.0 12.4 7.4 8.9 80.1* 62.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190831 70.0 64.6 9999.9 920.3 6.7 4.2 8.0 77.4* 64.8* 0.16G 999.9 604230 20190901 63.5 61.7 9999.9 918.6 5.6 12.8 20.0 67.3* 61.0* 0.16G 999.9 604230 20190902 67.2 66.3 9999.9 921.4 13.7 9.4 14.0 68.9* 60.3 1.18G 999.9 604230 20190903 70.4 63.9 9999.9 924.5 11.8 7.7 10.1 76.5* 61.2 0.98G 999.9 604230 20190904 69.7 61.4 9999.9 922.3 12.4 8.4 11.1 75.4* 58.8 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190905 70.4 62.6 9999.9 920.6 10.6 9.6 11.1 76.1* 59.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190906 68.8 60.4 9999.9 922.9 12.4 7.6 11.1 76.1* 59.9 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190907 68.8 60.3 9999.9 923.6 9.3 3.1 5.1 77.0* 55.8 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190908 66.7 61.8 9999.9 922.3 7.2 3.8 8.9 75.4* 59.4 0.08E 999.9 604230 20190909 69.6 63.6 9999.9 921.2 9.9 3.8 5.1 75.4* 59.2 1.18E 999.9 604230 20190910 71.0 61.3 9999.9 916.8 10.9 5.4 8.9 78.1* 58.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190911 65.3 62.3 9999.9 920.7 7.6 5.6 7.0 71.8* 60.4 0.20E 999.9 604230 20190912 72.8 66.3 9999.9 927.0 9.3 9.4 12.0 79.7* 62.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190913 78.6 68.4 9999.9 928.3 11.8 5.4 8.0 86.9* 65.3 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190914 82.1 69.5 9999.9 927.4 11.8 3.8 7.0 89.1* 67.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190915 79.2 66.5 9999.9 926.3 8.7 7.8 18.1 86.9* 66.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190916 81.2 65.4 9999.9 923.8 9.3 6.4 10.1 87.1* 68.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190917 80.3 66.7 9999.9 922.3 11.2 4.2 7.0 89.8* 68.5 0.08G 999.9 604230 20190918 78.4 63.0 9999.9 922.0 11.8 4.4 8.0 85.1* 63.5 0.87G 999.9 604230 20190919 77.6 63.6 9999.9 922.0 9.3 5.0 8.0 82.4* 65.5 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190920 75.3 65.9 9999.9 922.5 9.3 3.3 8.9 83.7* 64.4 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190921 74.3 63.3 9999.9 923.0 8.8 6.8 23.1 87.8* 65.3 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190922 76.3 64.9 9999.9 921.4 11.8 2.0 5.1 81.5* 64.6 0.59G 999.9 604230 20190923 73.3 64.5 9999.9 923.4 9.3 8.2 10.1 77.9* 69.8* 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190924 71.9 63.5 9999.9 923.1 9.9 5.4 8.0 78.8* 61.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190925 74.2 58.1 9999.9 921.0 12.4 5.4 10.1 81.7* 60.3 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190926 70.8 60.3 9999.9 923.8 12.4 6.8 8.9 76.5* 60.8 0.00G 999.9 604230 20190927 72.1 60.5 9999.9 924.0 10.6 3.4 6.0 80.1* 57.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190928 73.2 61.8 9999.9 924.7 12.4 3.8 10.1 79.7* 60.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190929 73.2 60.7 9999.9 923.2 11.2 4.6 8.0 81.7* 59.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20190930 73.0 52.1 9999.9 922.5 11.8 4.0 8.0 80.8* 57.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191001 74.4 53.7 9999.9 919.2 11.8 2.6 8.0 83.5* 57.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191003 60.8 56.5 9999.9 919.0 17.4 12.0 15.9 65.3* 53.4 1.10G 999.9 604230 20191004 62.4 56.7 9999.9 921.8 10.1 7.5 9.9 68.4* 56.7 0.12G 999.9 604230 20191005 68.6 53.5 9999.9 920.9 11.2 5.6 8.9 76.3* 51.4 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191006 67.3 49.7 9999.9 921.8 11.8 6.0 10.1 72.0* 57.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191007 58.7 54.6 9999.9 915.4 7.5 13.8 19.0 65.7* 54.0* 0.59E 999.9 604230 20191008 60.2 55.7 9999.9 921.6 8.8 7.8 10.1 65.3* 52.0 0.03E 999.9 604230 20191009 62.1 52.4 9999.9 922.0 11.8 5.0 7.0 68.4* 47.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191010 63.9 58.6 9999.9 924.1 11.2 5.2 10.1 70.2* 52.9 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191011 67.3 57.5 9999.9 926.4 12.4 1.6 2.9 75.2* 52.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191012 69.6 55.9 9999.9 925.3 11.2 3.4 8.0 78.3* 55.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191013 67.0 56.6 9999.9 924.5 11.2 2.1 2.9 73.6* 55.8 0.00I 999.9

119

604230 20191014 71.1 55.8 9999.9 921.8 11.2 3.8 6.0 80.6* 56.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191015 66.7 59.8 9999.9 923.1 8.5 7.2 12.0 72.9* 60.8 0.01E 999.9 604230 20191016 64.1 57.0 9999.9 924.5 9.3 3.8 6.0 70.7* 56.3 0.51G 999.9 604230 20191017 66.8 57.3 9999.9 923.5 11.8 3.2 6.0 75.6* 52.9 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191018 68.4 59.3 9999.9 922.5 11.8 3.0 10.1 75.2* 55.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191019 71.0 57.5 9999.9 920.5 11.2 2.8 6.0 79.2* 55.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191020 73.1 53.2 9999.9 920.5 11.8 5.6 8.9 79.9* 57.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191021 69.3 57.3 9999.9 922.6 11.2 6.4 8.9 74.7* 58.3 0.02E 999.9 604230 20191022 71.4 57.5 9999.9 918.8 11.2 10.5 17.1 78.3* 58.3 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191023 73.4 57.3 9999.9 915.7 10.6 9.0 15.0 82.6* 63.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191024 58.2 53.2 9999.9 919.0 9.9 10.8 14.0 61.9* 52.5 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191025 53.3 50.8 9999.9 921.5 7.5 9.0 12.0 56.3* 49.3 0.08G 999.9 604230 20191026 55.5 51.9 9999.9 921.3 8.1 2.2 5.1 61.0* 48.6 0.35G 999.9 604230 20191027 55.0 52.8 9999.9 922.7 8.2 2.2 4.1 57.6* 47.5 0.08G 999.9 604230 20191028 57.6 54.6 9999.9 921.6 9.7 6.4 8.9 62.1* 48.4 0.03G 999.9 604230 20191029 60.5 53.3 9999.9 922.0 11.2 4.0 7.0 66.4* 48.4 0.08G 999.9 604230 20191030 60.4 54.7 9999.9 924.5 11.2 4.0 8.0 65.3* 50.2 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191031 62.1 55.4 9999.9 924.2 11.7 7.8 10.1 67.1* 50.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191101 56.2 55.0 9999.9 921.1 6.2 9.8 14.0 59.0* 52.7 0.59G 999.9 604230 20191102 59.5 56.3 9999.9 918.0 8.7 4.8 12.0 63.9* 48.2 0.75G 999.9 604230 20191103 62.1 54.2 9999.9 913.1 9.3 13.4 15.0 63.9* 54.1 0.04G 999.9 604230 20191104 62.1 53.5 9999.9 917.9 9.9 7.2 11.1 68.0* 53.2 0.20G 999.9 604230 20191105 63.6 54.2 9999.9 915.1 11.8 5.0 8.9 71.1* 51.6 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191106 52.7 47.1 9999.9 915.1 10.6 9.6 13.0 56.3* 48.6* 0.08G 999.9 604230 20191108 52.4 44.9 9999.9 914.6 8.5 11.4 17.1 59.9* 42.8 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191109 45.5 40.3 9999.9 918.6 8.1 16.0 20.0 48.2* 37.8 0.04E 999.9 604230 20191110 46.2 38.1 9999.9 912.5 8.5 10.0 15.9 50.0* 36.7 0.04E 999.9 604230 20191111 43.8 41.6 9999.9 908.9 6.7 7.8 12.0 46.6* 38.5 0.16G 999.9 604230 20191112 45.2 43.6 9999.9 904.4 4.0 15.6 27.0 46.8* 37.4 0.16G 999.9 604230 20191113 49.2 42.3 9999.9 912.7 10.6 7.4 12.0 54.5* 38.1 1.77G 999.9 604230 20191114 54.2 45.4 9999.9 912.5 10.6 8.0 11.1 60.3* 43.9 0.28G 999.9 604230 20191115 52.2 45.7 9999.9 909.7 10.6 3.4 7.0 57.4* 44.8 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191116 44.9 43.6 9999.9 909.3 5.0 8.0 13.0 46.8* 40.5 0.04G 999.9 604230 20191117 46.0 39.5 9999.9 916.8 9.9 12.2 14.0 50.4* 35.2 0.51G 999.9 604230 20191118 48.8 38.2 9999.9 915.2 10.6 9.2 15.0 55.4* 34.2 0.01G 999.9 604230 20191119 44.3 41.9 9999.9 917.8 5.5 11.1 12.0 46.6* 39.4 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191120 48.2 39.9 9999.9 918.1 10.6 4.8 7.0 55.4* 34.3 0.20G 999.9 604230 20191121 50.4 41.3 9999.9 916.6 9.3 5.8 10.1 56.5* 38.5 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191122 52.6 37.9 9999.9 915.7 9.3 6.4 13.0 58.5* 39.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191123 50.4 40.5 9999.9 908.7 7.5 10.8 14.0 52.7* 47.3 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191124 47.1 42.1 9999.9 911.8 7.8 14.3 17.1 50.9* 41.5 0.16G 999.9 604230 20191125 48.0 44.0 9999.9 915.2 8.5 10.6 14.0 50.2* 42.1 0.04G 999.9 604230 20191126 52.5 49.3 9999.9 918.2 9.0 6.8 11.1 55.6* 45.0 0.47G 999.9 604230 20191127 56.9 49.1 9999.9 917.9 11.8 4.4 11.1 63.9* 43.0 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191128 56.7 50.7 9999.9 920.8 9.3 7.3 10.1 62.1 47.8 0.00E 999.9 604230 20191129 55.5 46.5 9999.9 922.9 11.2 4.6 11.1 63.0* 42.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191130 55.6 48.8 9999.9 924.3 10.6 2.1 2.9 62.6* 43.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191201 56.4 47.6 9999.9 919.8 10.6 3.0 6.0 63.5* 43.7 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191202 55.4 45.5 9999.9 916.7 11.2 1.2 2.9 61.7* 42.8 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191203 55.3 49.2 9999.9 915.5 9.3 4.2 8.0 61.7* 43.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191204 50.1 42.8 9999.9 912.2 8.1 7.0 8.9 51.8* 47.5* 0.12E 999.9 604230 20191205 52.1 44.0 9999.9 921.9 10.6 4.2 7.0 57.6* 40.3 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191206 55.8 43.0 9999.9 925.6 10.6 1.7 2.9 63.5* 42.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191207 56.1 44.2 9999.9 925.1 10.6 3.2 10.1 62.1* 41.0 99.99 999.9 604230 20191208 53.6 49.2 9999.9 923.0 9.9 4.8 8.0 56.7* 50.2 0.16G 999.9 604230 20191209 48.5 46.9 9999.9 921.9 6.1 12.8 21.0 50.7 43.0 0.24G 999.9 604230 20191210 40.5 38.9 9999.9 918.7 4.3 13.1 20.0 42.1* 35.6* 0.63G 999.9 604230 20191211 44.2 41.7 9999.9 920.0 7.2 8.0 12.0 48.6* 34.9 1.93G 999.9 604230 20191212 46.1 42.7 9999.9 918.4 7.8 9.0 13.0 48.6* 39.4 0.35G 999.9 604230 20191213 50.8 45.0 9999.9 912.0 9.7 14.8 22.0 54.7* 39.4 0.02G 999.9 604230 20191214 54.1 48.6 9999.9 920.5 8.1 10.2 12.0 58.1* 50.0 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191215 55.9 46.8 9999.9 921.9 10.6 3.3 8.9 64.4* 43.0 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191216 57.0 44.6 9999.9 920.1 9.9 5.0 12.0 64.4* 42.4 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191217 54.1 41.4 9999.9 915.9 9.9 4.0 7.0 55.8* 48.9 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191218 49.4 46.7 9999.9 915.5 7.2 6.8 10.1 51.3* 47.5 0.08E 999.9 604230 20191219 52.4 46.4 9999.9 921.5 7.6 9.2 11.1 56.5* 42.3 0.91G 999.9 604230 20191220 52.4 40.7 9999.9 920.0 9.9 4.0 8.9 57.2* 38.8 0.02G 999.9 604230 20191221 58.2 49.0 9999.9 917.1 9.9 8.4 13.0 64.4* 42.6 0.01G 999.9 604230 20191222 56.2 44.5 9999.9 917.1 9.3 21.8 28.0 58.5* 51.1 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191223 51.1 46.0 9999.9 924.1 8.1 14.8 22.0 52.2* 48.2* 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191224 52.2 41.9 9999.9 928.8 9.9 10.6 13.0 57.4* 42.1 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191225 54.8 44.1 9999.9 926.9 9.9 7.2 10.1 59.0* 48.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191226 55.4 43.8 9999.9 926.2 10.6 7.5 10.1 60.3* 46.6 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191227 49.8 45.5 9999.9 928.0 9.3 14.5 19.0 53.1* 43.2 0.00I 999.9 604230 20191228 46.4 45.1 9999.9 927.8 4.8 11.2 15.9 48.6* 43.0 0.08G 999.9 604230 20191229 44.0 38.6 9999.9 929.7 9.7 6.6 10.1 46.4* 40.1 0.20G 999.9 604230 20191230 41.9 37.8 9999.9 928.5 7.5 5.6 8.0 45.9* 36.1 0.00G 999.9 604230 20191231 42.0 35.7 9999.9 930.7 8.1 3.8 6.0 46.8* 33.4 0.20G 999.9

120

Table 36: characteristic of the rainfall and Temperature in the Siliana Stations

STN--- YEARMODA TEMP DEWP SLP STP WDSP MXSPD MAX MIN PRCP 607340 20190101 49.9 46.3 1026.6 973.7 5.4 12.0 56.7 36.7 0.00G 607340 20190102 52.7 41.6 1021.4 969.0 7.4 9.9 59.9* 47.3 0.00G 607340 20190103 45.1 39.2 1024.5 971.1 4.2 8.0 52.9 33.6* 0.01G 607340 20190104 38.4 33.1 1028.1 973.8 3.0 5.1 52.3 28.8 0.00G 607340 20190105 42.4 38.5 1028.1 974.3 3.2 8.9 51.8 32.9 0.13G 607340 20190106 49.9 43.4 1023.2 970.5 7.7 9.9 57.2* 44.4* 0.00G 607340 20190107 49.3 43.1 1025.6 972.6 3.4 8.0 57.0 43.9* 0.00E 607340 20190108 47.2 41.1 1025.7 972.5 4.9 8.9 55.2 41.5 0.01G 607340 20190109 47.5 39.7 1014.2 961.6 7.7 9.9 55.0 44.4* 0.00G 607340 20190110 44.5 38.6 1012.2 959.4 4.6 9.9 51.3 39.2* 0.02G 607340 20190111 39.0 35.2 1017.6 964.0 3.4 7.0 44.6* 34.9* 0.00G 607340 20190112 40.6 35.2 1023.0 969.2 5.8 8.0 48.4 33.6 0.00E 607340 20190114 53.6 40.2 1014.1 962.1 10.8 18.1 58.3 45.9 0.01G 607340 20190115 49.6 42.8 1020.1 967.4 7.4 15.0 58.3 41.2* 0.00G 607340 20190116 48.3 39.1 1022.9 970.0 5.5 12.0 58.8 36.9 0.01G 607340 20190117 48.4 37.0 1019.5 966.7 3.0 4.1 60.1* 38.7 0.00G 607340 20190118 45.0 37.3 1017.6 964.5 2.5 4.1 59.5 32.2 0.00G 607340 20190119 48.2 40.7 1016.3 963.7 2.2 4.1 59.0 39.7 0.01G 607340 20190120 46.7 38.1 1013.7 961.1 2.6 5.1 59.7 35.2 0.01G 607340 20190121 51.6 41.2 1010.0 958.0 3.7 7.0 60.8 43.9 0.00G 607340 20190122 43.7 38.4 1013.0 960.1 4.5 8.0 50.4 34.5* 0.00G 607340 20190123 42.0 33.5 1002.9 950.3 6.0 12.0 52.7 29.7 0.01G 607340 20190124 39.7 36.0 993.5 941.2 12.0 18.1 46.8 34.5 0.71G 607340 20190125 41.4 37.9 1004.7 951.9 8.5 13.0 46.6 35.2 1.04G 607340 20190126 44.8 39.7 1013.4 960.6 8.3 14.0 50.5* 37.6 0.04G 607340 20190127 51.1 40.7 1013.0 960.8 3.4 7.0 64.9 42.6 0.00G 607340 20190128 45.9 40.0 1009.1 956.7 4.5 11.1 52.2 39.9 0.00G 607340 20190129 43.4 38.1 1009.1 956.4 8.0 17.1 50.4* 38.1 0.34G 607340 20190130 47.7 43.1 1009.0 956.7 4.6 8.0 53.4 38.8 0.01G 607340 20190131 47.7 39.9 1011.5 959.0 3.7 8.0 59.9 34.5 0.08G 607340 20190201 57.9 42.6 1008.1 956.9 4.6 9.9 70.0 45.9 0.00G 607340 20190202 53.4 38.6 1003.1 951.7 3.6 8.0 60.3 44.1 0.00G 607340 20190203 42.7 37.8 1010.8 957.9 4.1 8.9 49.5 36.0 0.00G 607340 20190204 39.9 38.0 1016.1 962.6 8.6 17.1 43.3* 35.4 0.25G 607340 20190205 46.5 41.9 1018.8 965.9 10.6 15.0 50.2 42.1 0.47G 607340 20190206 49.0 42.6 1021.2 968.4 9.2 12.0 56.7 41.4 0.02G 607340 20190207 47.1 41.4 1022.1 969.1 3.6 8.0 58.1 39.7* 0.00G 607340 20190208 44.6 40.4 1023.8 970.4 3.4 6.0 56.8* 35.8 0.00G 607340 20190209 49.5 42.5 1025.8 972.8 2.7 5.1 60.6 34.9 0.00G 607340 20190210 53.3 39.1 1024.7 972.1 3.9 6.0 72.5 39.4 0.00G 607340 20190211 47.9 41.3 1023.4 970.4 5.5 8.9 61.0 35.6 0.00G 607340 20190212 46.9 37.3 1025.9 972.6 8.2 12.0 54.9 40.6 0.06G 607340 20190213 45.0 37.4 1032.5 978.7 5.0 9.9 55.4* 34.0 0.00G 607340 20190214 43.0 38.1 1034.1 980.0 2.6 5.1 57.7 30.4 0.01G 607340 20190215 45.2 35.3 1030.5 976.8 3.0 5.1 61.5 30.0 0.01G 607340 20190216 43.6 36.3 1029.9 976.0 2.7 6.0 56.8 31.8 0.01G 607340 20190217 45.2 33.9 1029.4 975.8 3.4 5.1 60.4 32.2 0.00G 607340 20190218 46.9 35.6 1024.4 971.2 2.7 4.1 63.5 33.8 0.00G 607340 20190219 47.3 36.0 1022.1 969.1 3.7 6.0 65.3 31.8 0.00G 607340 20190220 48.8 37.7 1023.1 970.1 3.2 6.0 65.1 36.5 0.01G 607340 20190221 43.4 38.8 1029.2 975.4 2.1 7.0 58.1 33.1 0.00G 607340 20190222 43.9 40.5 1028.3 974.6 4.8 8.9 55.8 33.3 0.01G 607340 20190223 47.2 41.3 1021.7 968.7 8.0 15.9 57.9 38.3* 0.02G 607340 20190224 41.3 35.8 1025.0 971.2 7.4 14.0 49.3 33.8 0.01G 607340 20190225 42.5 36.3 1028.1 974.2 4.0 9.9 51.3 34.5 0.01G 607340 20190226 42.2 38.8 1025.9 972.1 3.4 7.0 51.1 37.0 0.31G 607340 20190227 45.4 40.5 1027.1 973.7 2.4 8.0 56.5 34.3 0.01G 607340 20190228 42.7 38.3 1028.1 974.3 2.8 4.1 58.1* 33.1 0.00G 607340 20190301 54.2 39.6 1021.9 969.6 1.6 2.9 63.0 32.9 0.00E 607340 20190302 49.8 41.9 1021.7 968.9 1.6 4.1 60.6 34.2 0.00G 607340 20190303 50.8 41.3 1024.0 971.3 0.9 5.1 61.5 41.2* 0.00G 607340 20190304 47.3 38.0 1024.3 971.1 2.6 4.1 66.7* 36.0 0.01G 607340 20190305 58.8 39.9 1019.7 967.9 2.0 4.1 74.3 39.2 0.00G 607340 20190306 58.4 39.8 1018.7 967.0 0.2 1.9 81.3 37.4 0.00G 607340 20190307 61.7 36.4 1017.4 966.0 0.2 1.9 78.8 46.8 0.00G 607340 20190308 50.7 44.6 1020.9 968.3 0.8 6.0 65.7 36.9 0.00G 607340 20190309 50.3 43.7 1028.9 975.8 1.0 4.1 66.6 34.5 0.00G 607340 20190310 51.2 40.0 1029.1 976.0 0.0 999.9 68.7 35.1 0.01G 607340 20190311 52.0 44.6 1025.4 972.8 0.0 999.9 63.5 41.0 0.00G 607340 20190312 50.5 37.7 1026.7 973.7 0.0 999.9 58.6 41.0* 0.00G 121

607340 20190325 59.1 47.5 1017.7 966.1 0.0 999.9 69.3 47.5* 0.08E 607340 20190326 53.2 45.9 1016.5 964.4 0.0 999.9 66.2 41.2 0.00E 607340 20190327 48.1 43.7 1019.0 966.2 0.0 999.9 54.0 46.4 0.04G 607340 20190329 49.2 43.2 1027.0 973.9 0.0 999.9 62.8 36.5 0.10G 607340 20190330 52.4 44.0 1024.4 971.8 0.0 999.9 68.0 36.9 0.01G 607340 20190331 56.1 47.1 1016.4 964.6 0.0 999.9 68.0 45.0 0.00G 607340 20190401 53.6 46.1 1013.0 961.1 0.0 999.9 59.2* 50.2 0.11G 607340 20190402 54.4 44.8 1017.1 965.0 0.2 1.9 69.3 39.9 0.00G 607340 20190403 57.8 51.2 1011.4 960.0 0.0 999.9 72.7 51.8 0.00G 607340 20190404 57.8 53.3 1004.3 953.3 0.0 999.9 71.8 51.4 0.11G 607340 20190405 49.6 47.4 1005.6 953.8 0.0 999.9 58.1 43.5* 0.39G 607340 20190406 49.3 46.2 1008.6 956.5 0.0 999.9 67.5 37.8 0.09G 607340 20190407 47.9 41.2 1011.0 958.6 0.0 999.9 62.6 37.2 0.61G 607340 20190408 52.6 43.2 1015.1 963.0 0.0 999.9 64.2 42.8 0.09G 607340 20190409 56.4 49.5 1013.9 962.3 0.0 999.9 70.0 46.2 0.01G 607340 20190410 52.8 45.7 1013.0 961.1 0.0 999.9 69.1 44.1 0.13G 607340 20190411 51.8 42.5 1013.1 961.0 0.0 999.9 64.2 40.5 0.00G 607340 20190412 51.7 43.6 1014.7 962.5 0.0 999.9 64.4 41.7 0.00G 607340 20190413 49.6 42.7 1017.2 964.7 0.0 999.9 61.3 41.2 0.01E 607340 20190414 53.5 40.2 1017.3 965.2 0.0 999.9 68.7 36.3 0.00E 607340 20190415 55.9 42.0 1017.1 965.2 4.0 14.0 68.2 45.5 0.00G 607340 20190416 57.0 47.9 1018.0 966.2 2.9 9.9 74.7* 41.5 0.00G 607340 20190417 59.2 51.4 1018.2 966.6 3.0 6.0 77.9 43.9 0.00E 607340 20190418 61.7 53.9 1016.7 965.5 6.8 9.9 71.4* 54.0 0.00G 607340 20190423 71.1 47.6 1004.9 955.1 6.3 9.9 79.0* 49.8 0.00G 607340 20190424 67.0 52.6 1013.4 962.8 5.3 9.9 79.7 41.9 0.00G 607340 20190425 65.6 54.5 1016.0 965.2 1.5 4.1 84.6 46.6 0.01G 607340 20190426 60.8 53.1 1019.9 968.4 3.6 8.9 75.4 47.1 0.00G 607340 20190427 57.8 46.4 1023.7 971.7 5.2 9.9 70.3 47.7* 0.00G 607340 20190428 56.0 44.3 1022.1 970.0 3.5 6.0 73.9 37.8 0.01G 607340 20190429 55.0 44.5 1019.2 967.1 2.2 4.1 73.4* 41.5 0.00G 607340 20190430 60.5 47.4 1016.1 964.8 3.5 5.1 71.1 43.3 0.00G 607340 20190501 55.8 41.5 1016.5 964.6 2.1 4.1 71.4 37.6 0.00G 607340 20190502 58.7 49.3 1015.3 963.8 2.8 6.0 78.3 42.1 0.00G 607340 20190503 63.9 55.2 1007.9 957.3 4.0 11.1 75.6 56.7* 0.06G 607340 20190504 57.7 52.4 1007.7 956.5 6.6 12.0 65.5 52.3* 0.09G 607340 20190505 56.5 44.2 1013.3 961.7 6.7 11.1 71.4 43.9 0.00G 607340 20190506 54.6 40.0 1019.1 967.0 5.9 14.0 68.2 38.1 0.00G 607340 20190507 57.5 39.1 1020.8 968.8 3.4 6.0 76.6 36.1 0.00G 607340 20190508 68.4 45.4 1015.6 964.9 4.1 7.0 89.4 44.6 0.00G 607340 20190509 68.9 51.1 1012.9 962.5 4.5 9.9 84.6 53.8 0.00G 607340 20190510 70.0 51.9 1015.0 964.7 3.2 7.0 87.3 52.0 0.00G 607340 20190511 72.6 54.7 1015.5 965.3 3.8 8.9 91.9 55.2 0.00G 607340 20190512 62.3 48.4 1017.4 966.2 12.4 18.1 77.0 55.2* 0.06G 607340 20190513 56.0 43.0 1014.1 962.4 9.4 12.0 64.6 50.4 0.00G 607340 20190514 56.3 51.5 1014.8 963.2 6.0 8.0 64.8 51.6 0.10G 607340 20190515 60.9 45.0 1012.3 961.2 3.9 8.0 77.4 45.1 0.02G 607340 20190516 60.3 43.3 1011.9 960.7 7.6 12.0 70.9 49.6 0.00G 607340 20190517 76.1 47.1 1006.3 955.6 6.5 8.9 94.1 61.9* 0.00E 607340 20190518 62.6 48.2 1008.2 957.5 4.1 8.0 73.4 53.8 0.00G 607340 20190519 61.3 47.3 1010.5 959.5 2.7 5.1 74.7 47.7 0.00G 607340 20190520 58.7 50.3 1014.0 962.6 2.8 8.0 69.3* 48.7 0.13G 607340 20190521 71.7 46.6 1015.8 965.5 4.6 8.0 81.9 59.9 0.00G 607340 20190522 63.2 54.0 1017.7 966.6 3.2 9.9 75.9* 55.4 0.00G 607340 20190523 63.0 47.9 1019.6 968.3 2.5 4.1 78.4* 49.1 0.19G 607340 20190524 72.9 56.2 1012.0 962.1 7.0 9.9 81.3 65.8 0.00G 607340 20190525 62.4 60.2 1010.3 959.6 3.4 11.1 67.8 59.9 0.43G 607340 20190526 57.5 55.3 1008.4 957.2 3.7 6.0 61.5 56.1 1.11G 607340 20190527 59.7 51.8 1010.1 959.0 7.2 13.0 69.4 54.5 0.01G 607340 20190528 67.3 49.2 1013.5 962.9 3.1 6.0 79.5* 47.8 0.00G 607340 20190529 62.9 53.6 1017.4 966.3 3.9 8.9 76.3 54.7 0.00E 607340 20190530 60.2 48.7 1022.7 970.9 4.7 9.9 72.1 50.4 0.16G 607340 20190531 59.3 48.5 1023.0 971.2 3.0 8.0 72.5* 44.4 0.00G 607340 20190601 60.1 48.1 1021.2 969.6 4.5 8.9 76.8 45.5 0.00G 607340 20190602 65.2 46.2 1019.8 968.7 3.0 5.1 82.2 47.1 0.00G 607340 20190603 71.6 49.4 1017.6 967.2 4.0 7.0 89.2 52.9 0.00G 607340 20190604 76.8 52.2 1013.0 963.4 4.4 7.0 91.4 59.5 0.00G 607340 20190605 80.9 47.8 1009.8 960.6 5.7 8.9 98.4 63.3 0.00G 607340 20190606 75.1 50.2 1014.6 964.7 4.5 7.0 90.5 61.0 0.00G 607340 20190607 88.4 45.7 1014.5 965.7 5.5 9.9 100.0 72.3 0.00G 607340 20190608 87.7 41.7 1018.0 969.0 8.1 12.0 99.1 71.2 0.00G 607340 20190609 90.2 36.9 1015.5 966.8 9.4 14.0 99.0* 79.3 0.00G 607340 20190610 83.0 48.8 1010.2 961.2 6.0 8.9 98.6 68.7* 0.00E 607340 20190611 73.2 58.5 1008.2 958.5 2.9 6.0 88.9 59.0 0.00G 607340 20190612 74.8 59.0 1011.4 961.8 4.2 8.0 90.9 66.4 0.00G 607340 20190613 80.5 52.9 1012.9 963.6 5.1 9.9 100.6 58.3 0.00G 607340 20190614 82.9 53.8 1013.1 964.0 5.9 9.9 96.1 70.0* 0.00G 607340 20190615 77.0 60.4 1015.8 966.1 2.2 6.0 96.4 60.6 0.00G 607340 20190616 77.4 59.2 1015.3 965.6 4.2 9.9 93.2 61.5 0.00G 122

607340 20190617 76.4 55.1 1013.9 964.2 4.2 11.1 91.6 63.3 0.00G 607340 20190618 76.4 49.2 1014.8 965.0 2.5 5.1 95.2 54.7 0.00G 607340 20190619 82.6 54.2 1012.9 963.8 3.5 8.9 100.4 61.5 0.00G 607340 20190620 84.3 54.0 1012.2 963.2 3.3 6.0 104.4 65.5 0.00G 607340 20190621 86.4 51.5 1012.5 963.7 5.0 15.0 106.9 73.6 0.00G 607340 20190622 93.5 47.7 1011.4 963.2 6.8 11.1 108.7 71.8 0.01G 607340 20190623 87.5 52.7 1012.2 963.5 4.6 8.9 110.7 63.0 0.00G 607340 20190624 92.6 48.0 1012.9 964.5 5.0 9.9 112.5 71.1 0.00G 607340 20190625 83.2 55.0 1016.3 967.1 2.8 8.9 109.8 63.3 0.00G 607340 20190626 82.4 53.6 1017.4 968.1 3.4 7.0 100.0 63.0 0.00G 607340 20190627 79.9 57.2 1016.7 967.2 2.7 8.9 94.8 61.3 0.00G 607340 20190628 80.7 57.6 1014.8 965.5 3.7 8.0 96.3 63.5 0.04G 607340 20190629 83.7 54.1 1013.9 964.9 4.3 8.9 100.8 65.8 0.00G 607340 20190630 81.9 54.1 1015.3 966.0 1.7 6.0 98.8 62.8 0.00G 607340 20190701 80.1 59.2 1015.6 966.2 3.6 8.0 94.1 61.5 0.00G 607340 20190702 86.5 53.2 1012.0 963.3 3.0 8.0 97.3 71.8* 0.00E 607340 20190703 86.0 52.6 1012.0 963.2 0.2 1.9 101.1 70.5 0.00G 607340 20190704 90.7 51.2 1012.7 964.3 1.3 4.1 106.0 73.9 0.00G 607340 20190705 90.8 53.4 1014.3 965.8 0.9 4.1 105.4 69.1 0.00G 607340 20190709 91.2 53.5 1011.0 962.7 0.0 999.9 111.7 74.5* 0.00E 607340 20190710 81.6 60.8 1011.7 962.7 0.0 999.9 98.1 66.7 0.00G 607340 20190711 80.9 59.2 1012.7 963.5 0.0 999.9 100.0 62.2 0.00G 607340 20190712 81.2 54.1 1014.6 965.3 0.0 999.9 97.9 64.8 0.00G 607340 20190713 85.8 48.5 1013.1 964.2 0.0 999.9 104.5 65.3 0.00E 607340 20190714 87.1 54.6 1008.2 959.7 0.0 999.9 107.2 66.6 0.00G 607340 20190715 79.1 56.0 1009.0 959.8 0.0 999.9 90.3 68.5 0.00E 607340 20190716 75.1 55.4 1012.5 962.7 0.0 999.9 84.6 64.9 0.00G 607340 20190717 76.4 52.7 1013.8 964.1 0.0 999.9 93.9 57.9 0.00G 607340 20190718 77.9 61.7 1012.2 962.8 0.0 999.9 92.1 68.4 0.00G 607340 20190719 77.9 54.5 1015.8 966.1 0.0 999.9 94.3 59.2 0.13G 607340 20190720 83.8 58.6 1014.7 965.7 0.0 999.9 97.7 70.3 0.00G 607340 20190721 83.8 55.3 1016.7 967.5 0.0 999.9 96.1 72.1 0.00G 607340 20190722 79.7 53.7 1019.6 969.9 999.9 999.9 92.7* 66.9 0.00G 607340 20190723 81.2 51.5 1016.9 967.5 1.7 8.0 97.3 59.9 0.00G 607340 20190724 83.8 51.6 1014.3 965.2 0.2 1.9 100.9 65.1 0.00G 607340 20190725 85.8 56.1 1013.0 964.2 0.8 4.1 102.4 68.7 0.00G 607340 20190726 90.0 50.9 1009.5 961.1 1.3 4.1 108.7 69.1 0.00G 607340 20190727 86.0 57.0 1005.4 957.0 1.3 6.0 102.9 72.1 0.00G 607340 20190728 81.0 54.4 1007.8 958.9 0.0 999.9 95.9 65.5 0.00G 607340 20190729 83.9 60.5 1010.5 961.7 0.6 4.1 100.4 65.1* 0.00E 607340 20190730 83.9 58.5 1011.9 963.0 0.8 4.1 100.4 67.3 0.00G 607340 20190731 86.1 49.1 1013.6 964.7 0.8 4.1 104.5 64.8 0.00G 607340 20190801 87.5 49.8 1013.4 964.6 3.0 9.9 105.6 69.3 0.00G 607340 20190802 92.4 49.1 1011.4 963.1 4.8 8.0 108.0 78.6 0.00G 607340 20190803 86.7 54.2 1011.6 962.9 4.1 8.9 103.8 70.5 0.00G 607340 20190804 87.8 50.7 1012.8 964.1 3.7 8.9 104.7 69.3 0.00G 607340 20190805 88.7 52.0 1013.0 964.4 5.2 11.1 103.5 73.8* 0.00E 607340 20190806 91.6 53.2 1012.7 964.3 6.7 15.9 105.8 75.9 0.00G 607340 20190807 94.3 46.9 1010.8 962.8 5.1 12.0 107.1* 83.3 0.00G 607340 20190808 93.1 51.8 1011.0 962.9 6.2 12.0 108.9 78.3 0.00E 607340 20190809 89.3 55.8 1013.0 964.5 3.7 8.0 105.1 72.7* 0.00E 607340 20190810 86.2 55.4 1015.1 966.2 4.3 8.0 104.5 67.5 0.00G 607340 20190811 86.8 56.1 1013.5 964.8 4.2 8.9 104.9 69.3 0.00G 607340 20190812 84.5 55.5 1011.9 963.0 3.3 5.1 104.5 69.6 0.00G 607340 20190813 82.4 62.3 1012.9 963.8 4.6 9.9 97.3 69.3 0.00G 607340 20190814 76.3 59.2 1016.6 966.8 6.2 9.9 88.9 68.7 0.00G 607340 20190815 75.8 58.2 1017.4 967.5 5.6 8.9 89.1 64.2 0.00G 607340 20190816 76.1 54.4 1017.4 967.5 4.9 8.0 93.6 57.9 0.00G 607340 20190817 79.1 56.5 1016.3 966.8 4.4 8.0 98.1 63.5 0.00G 607340 20190818 82.6 63.4 1013.8 964.8 3.2 5.1 99.0* 69.1 0.00G

123

607340 20190820 88.2 61.2 1013.5 964.9 9.2 11.1 94.8* 79.7* 0.00A 607340 20190821 83.0 62.0 1015.2 966.1 4.5 8.0 94.3* 70.2 0.00G 607340 20190826 83.3 64.0 1014.7 965.6 4.2 8.0 95.9 66.9 0.10G 607340 20190827 83.0 58.7 1014.3 965.2 5.1 9.9 100.0 68.2* 0.00G 607340 20190828 74.3 64.0 1014.6 964.8 3.9 7.0 93.7 67.3 1.78G 607340 20190829 74.3 67.5 1016.9 967.0 2.2 7.0 85.8 65.8 0.58G 607340 20190830 75.6 67.9 1017.8 968.0 3.2 6.0 86.9 68.2 0.00G 607340 20190831 69.7 68.2 1015.1 964.9 1.5 5.1 81.1 66.7* 0.01G 607340 20190901 67.8 66.0 1012.7 962.4 2.8 8.9 81.5 64.8 1.01G 607340 20190902 71.8 66.7 1014.0 964.0 7.2 9.9 81.1 67.1 0.44G 607340 20190903 71.5 63.9 1018.5 968.2 3.8 8.0 83.3 65.3 0.07G 607340 20190904 72.3 60.8 1016.5 966.4 4.1 8.0 84.6 60.6 0.00G 607340 20190905 72.6 60.4 1014.6 964.5 4.5 8.9 82.6* 62.8* 0.00A 607340 20190906 70.4 58.9 1017.1 966.8 4.6 9.9 83.5 61.7 0.00G 607340 20190907 70.0 58.4 1018.7 968.2 2.7 5.1 82.9* 57.7 0.01G 607340 20190908 69.8 62.0 1017.3 966.9 2.4 4.1 85.3 60.6 0.00G 607340 20190909 70.4 65.8 1016.1 965.9 2.1 5.1 82.2 63.5 0.17G 607340 20190910 69.3 64.7 1012.4 962.2 2.2 6.0 84.7 62.4 0.36G 607340 20190911 69.6 63.5 1014.6 964.3 3.6 8.0 82.8 62.2 0.39G 607340 20190912 76.3 69.4 1022.5 972.5 8.2 12.0 83.3 69.6 0.00G 607340 20190913 77.9 67.2 1023.0 973.1 4.3 6.0 88.5 68.5 0.00G 607340 20190914 76.4 68.9 1022.0 972.1 3.0 4.1 90.1 68.0 0.00G 607340 20190915 75.6 68.0 1020.5 970.6 2.7 4.1 88.2 67.6 0.00G 607340 20190916 78.1 65.5 1017.1 967.5 3.4 5.1 93.2 68.2 0.00G 607340 20190917 77.5 66.1 1015.6 966.1 3.2 6.0 95.4 66.9 0.00G 607340 20190918 75.3 65.8 1015.7 965.9 5.6 19.0 92.5 69.6* 0.00E 607340 20190919 77.3 63.3 1015.5 965.9 2.3 4.1 90.7 65.5 0.00G 607340 20190920 75.5 67.5 1016.1 966.4 3.1 6.0 92.3 65.5 0.00G 607340 20190922 81.3 69.9 1014.2 965.1 4.8 7.0 85.6 64.8 0.95G 607340 20190923 74.8 68.2 1016.7 966.9 2.3 4.1 84.4 68.9 0.01G 607340 20190924 71.4 65.0 1017.4 967.2 2.4 6.0 83.1 63.5 0.00G 607340 20190925 72.1 63.4 1015.3 965.2 2.1 5.1 86.4 61.9 0.00G 607340 20190926 68.6 59.8 1017.8 967.3 2.8 4.1 81.7* 60.3 0.00G 607340 20190929 70.1 61.0 1018.2 967.7 2.0 5.1 83.8 56.5 0.01G 607340 20190930 69.8 57.8 1017.0 966.6 2.0 4.1 84.7 58.8 0.00G 607340 20191001 71.5 56.7 1013.7 963.6 3.0 6.0 89.4 58.1 0.00G 607340 20191002 69.9 58.0 1009.6 959.6 4.7 7.0 84.2 60.3 0.00G 607340 20191003 66.7 55.6 1012.2 961.8 11.2 17.1 74.5 59.7 0.00G 607340 20191004 65.7 51.8 1016.4 965.5 5.2 8.0 76.6 58.8* 0.00E 607340 20191005 62.7 49.8 1016.8 965.6 3.4 7.0 82.4 48.6 0.00G 607340 20191006 63.9 52.5 1016.7 965.7 3.0 7.0 80.6 51.6 0.00G 607340 20191007 61.9 54.8 1010.9 960.0 8.4 17.1 75.4 54.9 0.00G 607340 20191008 62.5 59.3 1013.5 962.6 8.0 11.1 68.4* 59.2 0.16G 607340 20191009 64.0 60.8 1017.8 966.9 2.8 6.0 73.2 53.4 0.00G 607340 20191010 64.9 59.5 1019.4 968.4 2.6 7.0 78.1 57.0* 0.10G 607340 20191011 63.7 56.8 1022.7 971.4 2.7 4.1 77.9 51.6 0.00G 607340 20191012 69.1 57.6 1021.0 970.3 4.2 8.0 83.3 55.4 0.00G 607340 20191013 70.9 55.9 1019.8 969.3 4.1 6.0 84.0 57.2 0.00G 607340 20191014 72.0 57.3 1017.5 967.2 4.9 7.0 84.0 63.3 0.00G 607340 20191015 69.3 58.1 1017.7 967.2 2.9 6.0 77.7 60.6 0.00G 607340 20191016 64.3 57.2 1021.3 970.1 2.3 4.1 75.6* 57.0 0.00G 607340 20191017 63.9 54.1 1019.7 968.5 1.8 5.1 81.9 52.7 0.00G 607340 20191018 67.8 53.0 1017.8 967.1 2.6 4.1 84.9 55.0 0.00G 607340 20191019 65.3 54.1 1017.0 966.1 2.4 6.0 85.1* 51.4 0.00G 607340 20191021 75.8 58.3 1017.4 967.6 7.9 9.9 83.1 60.1 0.00G 607340 20191022 74.4 61.9 1014.2 964.4 11.7 15.9 82.0 64.9 0.00G 607340 20191023 75.3 61.8 1010.8 961.7 12.2 15.9 82.0 68.0 0.00G 607340 20191024 61.6 58.7 1014.3 963.2 2.5 5.1 75.0 53.6* 0.02G 607340 20191025 58.0 50.4 1017.9 966.2 4.7 9.9 69.1 52.0* 0.00G 607340 20191026 57.8 51.2 1018.7 967.0 0.8 1.9 66.6* 50.7 0.00G 607340 20191027 57.7 54.6 1019.9 968.1 1.7 4.1 63.7 51.1 0.00G 607340 20191028 59.2 56.9 1018.1 966.6 1.6 8.0 68.9 55.4 0.06G 607340 20191029 63.0 57.2 1018.3 967.1 2.0 4.1 73.8 53.6 0.01G 607340 20191030 59.4 53.5 1021.2 969.5 2.8 6.0 73.8 52.7 0.01G 607340 20191031 61.5 53.0 1020.8 969.3 2.5 7.0 75.6 50.7 0.00G 607340 20191101 59.9 56.5 1016.9 965.6 3.6 8.9 64.6 55.9 0.02G 607340 20191102 63.2 55.5 1014.3 963.4 2.7 5.1 75.9 51.1 0.07G 607340 20191103 67.1 53.4 1008.8 958.5 4.2 8.0 79.9 57.7 0.03G 607340 20191104 60.8 53.2 1013.0 961.9 4.1 8.9 76.1 54.5 0.09G 607340 20191105 65.5 49.9 1010.5 959.9 4.4 9.9 84.7 52.3 0.00G 607340 20191106 56.6 53.9 1011.8 960.4 2.0 6.0 59.2 51.4* 0.13G 607340 20191107 53.3 46.6 1013.9 961.9 3.0 4.1 65.1* 46.4 0.10G 607340 20191108 58.9 43.9 1011.7 960.4 5.4 9.9 71.2 43.3 0.00G 607340 20191109 52.2 40.3 1016.4 964.1 4.7 9.9 63.3 44.4* 0.00G 607340 20191110 53.6 35.7 1012.0 960.1 5.2 8.9 65.7 41.5 0.00G 607340 20191111 48.7 43.3 1007.1 955.0 2.9 6.0 54.5 43.9 0.08G 607340 20191112 46.8 44.7 999.2 947.3 4.5 9.9 51.3* 43.3 0.02G 607340 20191114 58.1 44.2 1009.3 958.0 4.0 7.0 66.7* 50.5 0.03G 607340 20191115 62.8 44.4 1006.4 955.3 4.9 12.0 71.6 56.7* 0.00G 607340 20191116 56.2 50.1 1006.7 9999.9 4.8 8.0 68.0 50.2* 0.00G 607340 20191118 52.6 34.1 1014.2 962.1 4.3 7.0 61.2* 33.8 0.00G 607340 20191119 50.0 38.3 1016.0 963.5 4.9 8.0 56.1 41.2* 0.00E 607340 20191120 47.6 36.8 1017.8 965.0 4.0 6.0 62.6 36.5 0.01G 607340 20191121 51.6 35.2 1014.9 962.7 3.5 6.0 65.5* 39.9 0.00G 607340 20191122 57.4 33.6 1013.7 962.1 4.4 7.0 67.5 44.6 0.00E 607340 20191123 57.0 34.9 1007.1 955.8 3.5 5.1 64.9 50.5 0.00G 607340 20191124 49.3 42.6 1008.7 956.6 4.8 13.0 60.1 44.2 0.09G 607340 20191125 52.4 41.9 1011.9 959.9 8.0 11.1 61.3 45.7 0.00G 607340 20191126 54.4 49.9 1014.8 963.0 4.8 8.0 64.6 47.5* 0.08G 607340 20191127 54.9 46.5 1015.4 963.5 3.2 6.0 70.3 44.6 0.01G 607340 20191128 55.2 47.6 1017.6 965.6 4.1 8.9 70.2 47.3 0.00G 607340 20191129 52.6 43.4 1020.9 968.4 2.9 6.0 69.6 40.1 0.00G 607340 20191130 52.7 46.4 1022.8 970.3 2.2 2.9 67.3 40.1 0.00G 607340 20191201 56.2 47.8 1018.1 966.2 7.4 14.0 70.0 46.6 0.00G 607340 20191202 58.0 49.8 1013.7 962.3 4.2 8.9 71.1 48.2 0.00G 607340 20191203 54.1 48.4 1013.3 961.5 2.3 6.0 70.5 42.8 0.00G 607340 20191204 54.2 45.6 1011.1 959.4 6.3 11.1 64.0 43.7 0.00G 607340 20191205 52.2 41.4 1019.6 967.2 3.2 6.0 68.0 42.3 0.00G 607340 20191206 54.3 38.4 1023.6 971.2 3.4 5.1 72.1 42.4 0.00G 607340 20191207 54.2 39.0 1023.2 970.8 3.2 5.1 72.0 40.8 0.00G 607340 20191208 54.5 47.3 1020.6 968.4 3.5 7.0 65.1 48.2 0.00G 607340 20191209 53.2 50.6 1019.2 967.0 8.8 19.0 57.9* 50.2 0.00G 607340 20191210 47.1 42.1 1016.2 963.5 10.0 14.0 53.6 43.7 0.12G 607340 20191211 47.3 42.3 1017.3 964.5 8.4 13.0 55.4 42.8 0.31G 607340 20191212 50.3 42.3 1015.4 963.1 6.3 14.0 58.5 42.6 0.00G 607340 20191213 52.8 43.0 1009.6 957.8 5.9 11.1 59.5* 44.1 0.00G 607340 20191214 58.0 48.9 1015.2 963.7 8.4 12.0 65.1 48.4* 0.00G 607340 20191215 54.1 44.6 1019.9 967.7 2.7 4.1 70.7 44.4 0.00G 607340 20191216 58.0 40.6 1018.1 966.3 5.5 14.0 75.4 41.2 0.00G 607340 20191217 58.5 43.6 1014.3 962.8 10.0 14.0 61.9 56.3 0.00G 607340 20191218 55.5 50.1 1012.9 961.3 3.5 5.1 59.0* 50.9* 0.00G 607340 20191219 53.3 47.6 1019.4 967.2 3.9 8.0 63.7 47.5* 0.35G 607340 20191220 55.2 38.5 1018.0 965.9 3.2 8.0 70.0 42.3 0.00G 607340 20191221 60.2 40.4 1013.9 962.6 3.3 8.0 66.4* 53.1 0.00G 607340 20191222 59.1 44.4 1012.8 961.4 10.0 21.0 67.1 50.2* 0.01G 607340 20191223 55.9 43.2 1020.1 968.1 10.3 17.1 61.9 48.7 0.00G 607340 20191224 52.5 41.0 1026.1 973.4 4.9 12.0 63.0 47.3 0.00G 607340 20191225 52.3 40.9 1024.7 972.1 4.1 12.0 65.8 43.2 0.00G 607340 20191226 51.4 41.2 1023.9 971.2 3.6 8.9 66.7 36.9 0.00G 607340 20191227 53.8 43.7 1025.9 973.3 5.6 9.9 62.2 45.5 0.00G 607340 20191228 51.9 46.8 1025.6 972.9 6.9 14.0 58.3 49.1 0.00G 607340 20191229 43.2 38.2 1029.5 975.6 4.2 6.0 51.4 35.6 0.01G 607340 20191230 44.2 38.7 1027.9 974.2 6.0 12.0 51.8 32.7 0.02G 607340 20191231 40.5 37.4 1031.0 976.8 2.6 7.0 51.1 31.5 0.24G 124

Appendix II

Figure 60: Water year from 1960 to 2000 in the Medjerda Watershed Source : (Zoubeida , Yves , Emmanuel , & Eric , 12 March 2013)

125

APPENDIX III Table 37: The result for the water demand for all the demand site with the reference scenarios.

Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM) (Cubic Meter) Levels, Selected Branches (25/29), Branch: Demand Sites and Catchments, Levels: 2, Scenario: Reference, All months (12), Annual Total

2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Sum Agriculture Beja 53095500 58909303,35 64723106,7 71810124,75 78897142,8 87536165,4 96175188 511146531 Agriculture Jendouba 68692260 76213874,1 83735488,2 92904293,3 102073098,4 113249718,4 124426338,4 661295070,8 Agriculture Le Kef 16460560 18262940,4 20065320,8 22262411,6 24459502,4 27137747 29815991,6 158464473,8 Agriculture Siliana 5001080 5548688,15 6096296,3 6763825,9 7431355,5 8245075,7 9058795,9 48145117,45 Agriculture Souka Ahars 20000000 22189950 24379900 27049425 29718950 32973075 36227200 192538500 Beja 8876436,13 9896761,66 11034371,22 12302746,33 13716918,19 15293645,79 17051614,53 88172493,85 Collective uses Beja 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 7243798,8 Collective uses Jendouba 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 8734474,63 Collective uses Le Kef 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 5467431,2 Collective uses Siliana 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 4489665,18 Collective uses Souka Ahras 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 5614348,6 Industry Beja 505940,4 558599,0832 616738,5244 680929,1654 751800,8199 830048,8531 916441,0044 4860497,85 Industry Jendouba 251012,01 277137,5416 305982,2395 337829,1168 372990,6426 411811,8083 454673,5121 2411436,871 Industry Le Kef 98007,15 108207,8129 119470,169 131904,7201 145633,4693 160791,1178 177526,3865 941540,8256 Industry Siliana 97006 107102,4624 118249,7727 130557,304 144145,8131 159148,6251 175712,9418 931922,9191 Industry Souk Ahars 857142 946354,0278 1044851,315 1153600,279 1273667,923 1406232,303 1552594,091 8234441,939 Jendouba 8675759,696 9673017,941 10784908,68 12024608,66 13406809,25 14947890,55 16666115,54 86179110,32 Le Kef 5454796,514 6081812,589 6780902,693 7560351,567 8429396,261 9398335,606 10478652,26 54184247,49 Siliana 5108962,72 5696226,012 6350993,842 7081025,7 7894973,01 8802481,655 9814306,292 50748969,23 Souk Ahars 19347213,68 21571130,55 24050681,46 26815250,93 29897601,18 33334260,37 37165955,47 192182093,6 Tourism Beja 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 52562,44 Tourism Jendouba 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 2890959,54 Tourism Le Kef 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 154022,4 Tourism Siliana 4002 4002 4002 4002 4002 4002 4002 28014 Tourism Souk Ahars 31602 31602 31602 31602 31602 31602 31602 221214 Sum 217506889,3 241026318,7 265192474,9 293994097,3 323599198,6 358871641,1 395142318,9 2095332939

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Table 38: The result for the water demand for all the demand site with the high population scenarios.

Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM) (Cubic Meter) Levels, Selected Branches (25/29), Branch: Demand Sites and Catchments, Levels: 2, Scenario: High Population Growth, All months (12), Annual Total

2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Sum Agriculture Beja 53095500 58909303,35 64723106,7 71810124,75 78897142,8 87536165,4 96175188 511146531 Agriculture Jendouba 68692260 76213874,1 83735488,2 92904293,3 102073098,4 113249718,4 124426338,4 661295070,8 Agriculture Le Kef 16460560 18262940,4 20065320,8 22262411,6 24459502,4 27137747 29815991,6 158464473,8 Agriculture Siliana 5001080 5548688,15 6096296,3 6763825,9 7431355,5 8245075,7 9058795,9 48145117,45 Agriculture Souka Ahars 20000000 22189950 24379900 27049425 29718950 32973075 36227200 192538500 Beja 8876436,13 11328831,77 14458779,12 18453473,2 23551827,61 30058763,35 38363445,45 145091556,6 Collective uses Beja 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 7243798,8 Collective uses Jendouba 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 8734474,63 Collective uses Le Kef 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 5467431,2 Collective uses Siliana 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 4489665,18 Collective uses Souka Ahras 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 5614348,6 Industry Beja 505940,4 558599,0832 616738,5244 680929,1654 751800,8199 830048,8531 916441,0044 4860497,85 Industry Jendouba 251012,01 277137,5416 305982,2395 337829,1168 372990,6426 411811,8083 454673,5121 2411436,871 Industry Le Kef 98007,15 108207,8129 119470,169 131904,7201 145633,4693 160791,1178 177526,3865 941540,8256 Industry Siliana 97006 107102,4624 118249,7727 130557,304 144145,8131 159148,6251 175712,9418 931922,9191 Industry Souk Ahars 857142 946354,0278 1044851,315 1153600,279 1273667,923 1406232,303 1552594,091 8234441,939 Jendouba 8675759,696 11072712,14 14131898,35 18036281,31 23019373,29 29379201,71 37496133,47 141811360 Le Kef 5454796,514 6961856,218 8885288,732 11340130,19 14473199,07 18471877,13 23575316,2 89162464,05 Siliana 5108962,72 6520474,923 8321961,923 10621166,57 13555599,06 17300761,15 22080642,47 83509568,82 Souk Ahars 19347213,68 24692492,11 31514572,41 40221467,72 51333917,66 65516532,65 83617542,66 316243738,9 Tourism Beja 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 52562,44 Tourism Jendouba 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 2890959,54 Tourism Le Kef 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 154022,4 Tourism Siliana 4002 4002 4002 4002 4002 4002 4002 28014 Tourism Souk Ahars 31602 31602 31602 31602 31602 31602 31602 221214 Sum 217506889,3 248683737,1 283503117,5 326882633,1 376187417,4 437822163,2 509098755,1 2399684713

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Table 39: The result for the water demand for all the demand site with the dry climate scenarios.

Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM) (Cubic Meter) Levels, Selected Branches (25/29), Branch: Demand Sites and Catchments, Levels: 2, Scenario: Extended Dry Climate Sequence, All months (12), Annual Total

2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Sum Agriculture Beja 53095500 58909303,35 64723106,7 71810124,75 78897142,8 87536165,4 96175188 511146531 Agriculture Jendouba 68692260 76213874,1 83735488,2 92904293,3 102073098,4 113249718,4 124426338,4 661295070,8 Agriculture Le Kef 16460560 18262940,4 20065320,8 22262411,6 24459502,4 27137747 29815991,6 158464473,8 Agriculture Siliana 5001080 5548688,15 6096296,3 6763825,9 7431355,5 8245075,7 9058795,9 48145117,45 Agriculture Souka Ahars 20000000 22189950 24379900 27049425 29718950 32973075 36227200 192538500 Beja 8876436,13 11328831,77 14458779,12 18453473,2 23551827,61 30058763,35 38363445,45 145091556,6 Collective uses Beja 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 1034828,4 7243798,8 Collective uses Jendouba 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 1247782,09 8734474,63 Collective uses Le Kef 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 781061,6 5467431,2 Collective uses Siliana 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 641380,74 4489665,18 Collective uses Souka Ahras 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 802049,8 5614348,6 Industry Beja 505940,4 558599,0832 616738,5244 680929,1654 751800,8199 830048,8531 916441,0044 4860497,85 Industry Jendouba 251012,01 277137,5416 305982,2395 337829,1168 372990,6426 411811,8083 454673,5121 2411436,871 Industry Le Kef 98007,15 108207,8129 119470,169 131904,7201 145633,4693 160791,1178 177526,3865 941540,8256 Industry Siliana 97006 107102,4624 118249,7727 130557,304 144145,8131 159148,6251 175712,9418 931922,9191 Industry Souk Ahars 857142 946354,0278 1044851,315 1153600,279 1273667,923 1406232,303 1552594,091 8234441,939 Jendouba 8675759,696 11072712,14 14131898,35 18036281,31 23019373,29 29379201,71 37496133,47 141811360 Le Kef 5454796,514 6961856,218 8885288,732 11340130,19 14473199,07 18471877,13 23575316,2 89162464,05 Siliana 5108962,72 6520474,923 8321961,923 10621166,57 13555599,06 17300761,15 22080642,47 83509568,82 Souk Ahars 19347213,68 24692492,11 31514572,41 40221467,72 51333917,66 65516532,65 83617542,66 316243738,9 Tourism Beja 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 7508,92 52562,44 Tourism Jendouba 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 412994,22 2890959,54 Tourism Le Kef 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 22003,2 154022,4 Tourism Siliana 4002 4002 4002 4002 4002 4002 4002 28014 Tourism Souk Ahars 31602 31602 31602 31602 31602 31602 31602 221214 Sum 217506889,3 248683737,1 283503117,5 326882633,1 376187417,4 437822163,2 509098755,1 2399684713

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Table 40: The Result table of the Scenario.

2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Sum Inflows to Area (Cubic Meter) Extended Dry Climate Sequence 87473790600 87794531300 87252329700 87252329700 87962044000 87469211400 87469211400 2,71386E+12 Flow requirement 87473790600 87794531300 87252329700 87252329700 87962044000 87469211400 87469211400 2,71386E+12 High Population Growth 87473790600 87794531300 87252329700 87252329700 87962044000 87469211400 87469211400 2,71386E+12 Industrial development 87473790600 87794531300 87252329700 87252329700 87962044000 87469211400 87469211400 2,71386E+12 Reference 87473790600 87794531300 87252329700 87252329700 87962044000 87469211400 87469211400 2,71386E+12 Reservoir Added 87473790600 87794531300 87252329700 87252329700 87962044000 87469211400 87469211400 2,71386E+12 00000000 Outflows from Area (Cubic Meter) Extended Dry Climate Sequence 2540053413 2860794164 2318592500 2318592486 3028291638 2535356410 2537732454 80920448553 Flow requirement 2540053413 2860794156 2318592503 2318592487 3028306832 2535465476 2535469736 80102274046 High Population Growth 2540053413 2860794164 2318592500 2318592486 3028291638 2535356410 2537732454 80920448553 Industrial development 2540053413 2860794156 2318592503 2318592487 3028306832 2535474223 2535941610 80916871570 Reference 2540053413 2860794156 2318592503 2318592487 3028306832 2535474223 2535931978 80916842912 Reservoir Added 2540053413 2860794156 2318592503 2318592487 3028306832 2535474223 2535474242 80102296792 00000000 Supply Requirement (including loss, reuse and DSM) (Cubic Meter) Extended Dry Climate Sequence 217506889,3 248683737,1 283503117,5 326882633,1 376187417,4 437822163,2 509098755,1 10529784517 Flow requirement 217506889,3 241026318,7 265192474,9 293994097,3 323599198,6 358871641,1 395142318,9 9249406003 High Population Growth 217506889,3 248683737,1 283503117,5 326882633,1 376187417,4 437822163,2 509098755,1 10529784517 Industrial development 217506889,3 241075756,9 265302993,5 294179403,9 323875393,3 359257592,7 395660096,3 9255956473 Reference 217506889,3 241026318,7 265192474,9 293994097,3 323599198,6 358871641,1 395142318,9 9249406003 Reservoir Added 217506889,3 241026318,7 265192474,9 293994097,3 323599198,6 358871641,1 395142318,9 9249406003 00000000 Unmet Demand (Cubic Meter) Extended Dry Climate Sequence 2332950,86 1944503,609 1448865,253 820355,8648 209445,8231 71258,27123 31159,8258 29335337,97 Flow requirement 2332950,86 2171313,77 2141019,418 1958769,116 1566324,612 1595293,571 1474962,961 57793124,07 High Population Growth 2332950,86 1944503,609 1448865,253 820355,8648 209445,8231 71258,27123 31159,8258 29335337,97 Industrial development 2332950,86 2171313,77 1991199,392 1790337,639 1566324,612 1316620,603 1195224,275 54846381,81 Reference 2332950,86 2171313,77 1991199,392 1790337,639 1566324,612 1316620,603 1195176,787 54851439,48 Reservoir Added 2332950,86 2171313,77 1991199,392 1790337,639 1566324,612 1316620,603 1194095,897 55546999,14 Source: WEAP

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Table 41: The result of the water delivered for all of the sources.

Supply Delivered (Cubic Meter) Selected Sources (12/39), Scenario: Extended Dry Climate Sequence, All Demand Sites (27), All months (12), Annual Total

2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Sum Ain Dalia 8040871,136 8941486,916 9895086,555 11003655,24 12178043,82 13542713,53 14989149,91 78591007,12 Battoum 8040871,136 8941486,916 9895086,555 11003655,24 12178043,82 13542713,53 14989149,91 78591007,12 BeniMtir 15523657,72 17232761,96 18964284,08 21053302,84 23170546,13 25721842,69 28309386,03 149975781,5 BouHeurtma 15523431,74 17232377,74 18964565,39 21052745,15 23170345,88 25721884,15 28309425,49 149974775,5 Groundwater 8037050,022 8937198,723 9890940,416 10998458,33 12172572,65 13536978,11 14983095,4 78556293,65 Groundwater2 34489170,94 38280852,77 42157851,56 46797634,28 51536802 57212631,03 63009376,63 333484319,2 Kasseb 4402556,303 4890533,909 5393061,699 5990895,953 6606904,858 7339374,745 8094434,049 42717761,52 LAhkmess 2041343,105 2270402,899 2513097,154 2795025,593 3094020,278 3441341,196 3809763,027 19964993,25 myarea River 21337881,83 23698745,97 26125211,32 29016248,46 31988765,36 35529266,05 39170970 206867089 Nebeur 4402632,35 4890592,16 5393132,103 5990918,03 6606872,225 7339374,745 8094434,049 42717955,66 Sidi Salem 12495575,31 13872932,82 15274843,29 16958760,05 18673172,36 20731972,01 22828648,71 120835904,5 Siliana Dam 2041409,744 2270355,457 2513056,13 2795081,781 3094005,095 3441341,196 3809763,027 19965012,43 Sum 136376451,3 151459728,2 166980216,2 185456381 204470094,5 227101433 250397596,2 1322241900

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Figure 61: The return flow for all the scenario in the agriculture Jendouba

131