PAN-AFRICAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE FOR WATER AND ENERGY SCIENCES (including CLIMATE CHANGE) Master Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master degree in Water Engineering Presented by Sedera, Andrianirina RAJOSOA WATER MANAGEMENT IN TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS: ALLOCATION AND GOVERNANCE, THE CASE OF MEDJERDA RIVER BASIN. Defended on 23/09/2020 Before the Following Committee: Chair Kumar Navneet Ph.D University of Bonn, ZEF Supervisor Khaldoon Mourad Ph.D Lund University Co- Supervisor Chérifa Abdelbaki Ph.D PAUWES, Tlemcen External Examiner Loudyi Dalila Ph.D University Hassan II, Casablanca Internal Examiner Ammari Abdelhadi Ph.D ENSH, Blida Academic year 2019/2020 I DECLARATIOn STUDENT’S DECLARATION I, ANDRIANIRINA SEDERA RAJOSOA, hereby declare that this thesis titled “WATER MANAGEMENT IN TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS: ALLOCATION AND GOVERNANCE, THE CASE OF MEDJERDA RIVERS BASIN” is my original work to the best of my knowledge and has not been submitted to the University or any other institute or published earlier for the awrad of any degree or diploma. I also declare that all the information, materials and results from other works presented in this thesis have been duly cited and recognised a required of academic rules and ethics. Name: ANDRIANIRINA SEDERA RAJOSOA. Date: 05/09/2020 Signature: SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION I, Professor Khaldoon A. Mourad, hereby declare that I supervised the preparation of this Master thesis submitted therein in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of Master thesis laid down by the Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences, Algeria. Name: Dr Khaldoon A. Mourad Date: 30/07/2020 Signature: I ACKnOWLEDGMEnT All Glory and honour to the Lord GOD Almighty for enabling me this far; it is a dream that comes true. The work marks the ultimate peak of a journey that started steadily and developed to the colossal task. It would be unfair not to acknowledge everyone who in one way or another offered their support through the entire MSc study and research period. The brevity of this acknowledgement in any way does not downplay the enormous support I received from everybody mentioned or not mentioned in this section. I express special thanks to the African Union Commission (AUC) for their support that allowed me to pursue this degree. Special thanks to all staff at the Pan African University of Water and Energy Sciences, including climate change for presenting a pleasant schooling environment as well as facilitating my stay in Algeria. In a special way, I would like to thank the Research Centre of Environment (CRE) in Annaba for their assistance and data provision. I am really grateful for my committee members for their guidance, patience and support during this process. My gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr. Khaldoon A. Mourad, co- supervisor Dr Chérifa Abdelbaki, Dr Hamouda Boutaghane, and Prof Habib Abida, for their continuous guidance, patience and support through the whole research period. My appreciation also goes to all staff at the Department of Hydraulic in the Faculty of Engineering in Badji Mokhtar Annaba University who contributed significantly in this research and taught me ArcGIS. I would also thank especially my friends and colleagues for their support and encouragement throughout the research period. Finally, and certainly not the last, I would like to express my very profound gratitude to my parents, my twins and my brother and all my family members. In addition, to my Husband Fetra Arivelo Rakotomandimby who has always been an inspiration for me. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you all. God Bless all of you!! II AbbREvIATIOns AnD ACROnyMs ABH : Hydrographic Basin Agency AISH/ IAHS : International Association of Hydrological Sciences ANPE : National Agency for the Protection of the Environment ArcGIS: Aeronautical Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic Information System ANRH: National Water Resources Agency ASTEE: Technical Association for Water and Environment, Tunisia BOD: Biochemical Oxygen demand CES: Direction the Conservation of Water and Soils GEF: Global Environment Facility CIESIN: Centre for International Earth Information Networks CRDA : Regional agricultural development commission DGEDA: General Management of Agricultural Studies and Development at the Ministry of agriculture DGRE: General Directorate of Water Resources DGGREE : General Directorate of Rural Engineering and Water Exploitation DHMPE : Directorate of Environmental Hygiene and Environmental Protection UN-ESCWA : United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia ESIER : Higher School of Rural Equipment Engineers Medjez Elbeb. FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization GAUL: Global Administrative Unit Layers GDA: Agricultural Development Groups GWP: Global Water Partnership GWP-Med: Global Water Partnership Mediterranean CBH : Hydrographic Basin Committee HEC-GeoHMS : Geospatial Hydrologic Modelling Extension ICM : Gabes Maghrebian Chemical Industry ILWIS: Integrated Land and Water Information System INAT: National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia INRGREF: National Research Institute of Rural Engineering of Waters and Forests of Tunisia INS: National Institute of Statistic IWRM: Integrated Water Resources Management IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature III JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency JTC: Joint Technical Committee MARD: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MARHP: Ministry of Agriculture Water Resources and Hydraulic Resources MDG: Millennium Development Goals MRB: Medjerda River Basin NewLocclim: Freeware tool to estimate local climatic NDP: National Development Plan NWSA: North Western Sahara Aquifer System OECD : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ONAS : National Office of Sanitation PDARE : Plan for Water Resources Development PHE: Highest Water (Plus Hautes Eaux) PPP: Public Private Partnership PSP : Private Sector Participation RGA : General Census of Agriculture SAEPA : Arab Society for Phosphate and Nitrogen Fertilizers - Gabes SONEDA : National Company for the Exploitation and Distribution of Water SIAPE: National Company for water Exploitation and Distribution SIWI: Stockholm International Water Institute Swim-sm: Sustainable Water Integrated Management- Support Mechanism STEP (WWTP) : Waste Water Treatment Plant UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNESCO-IHP: United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization - The International Hydrological Program UNDP: United Nations Development Program UN-IDFA: UN-Water/International Decade for Action WEAP: Water Evaluation and Planning System WFD: Water Framework Directive WRM: Water Resources Management WSSD: World Summit on Sustainable Development IV LIsT OF TAbLEs Table1:Analytical legal framework. ........................................................................................................ 8 Table 2: Comparison between water law in Algeria and Tunisia.......................................................... 12 Table 3: Comparative characteristics of the main facilities cited. ......................................................... 20 Table 4: The Volume and Salinity of the Station at S1, S2 and S3. ...................................................... 22 Table 5: The distribution of deep aquifer exploitation by use ............................................................... 25 Table 6: Distribution of intensive irrigable areas according to irrigation sources (1000 ha) ................ 25 Table 7: Distribution of the surface irrigate end the water demand: ..................................................... 26 Table 8: The percentage of population served by SONEDA and DGGREE in Tunisia and STEP in Algeria: .................................................................................................................................................. 26 Table 9: The distribution of the domestic water demand: ..................................................................... 27 Table 10: The distribution of the water needs in the industrial sector: ................................................. 28 Table 11:The Distribution of the water demand in the sector of touristic: ............................................ 28 Table 12: The distribution of the Collective water needs: .................................................................... 29 Table 13: The different Temperatures in the 4 stations of Medjerda Watershed .................................. 40 Table 14: The different Rainfall in the 4 stations of Medjerda Watershed. .......................................... 41 Table 15: Monthly average evaporation for the different station in the Medjerda watershed. .............. 42 Table 16: The catchments surface and the water use of the Dam in the watershed river basin. ........... 45 Table 17:Potentiality of groundwater resources in the Oued Mellegue basin: ...................................... 47 Table 18:The necessary information about the demand sites: ............................................................... 57 Table19: Irrigation water use rate for the coming year in m3/ha/year ................................................... 67 Table20: Definition of climate type ...................................................................................................... 68 Table 21: The distribution of year types: .............................................................................................