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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Érudit Article "The Southern Tip of the Electroacoustic Tradition" Ricardo Dal Farra Circuit : musiques contemporaines, vol. 17, n° 2, 2007, p. 65-72. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/016840ar DOI: 10.7202/016840ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir. Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter à l'URI https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Université de Montréal, l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : [email protected] Document téléchargé le 9 février 2017 11:08 The Southern Tip of the Electroacoustic Tradition Ricardo Dal Farra Music and electronic technologies have been matching forces for a long time 1. César Bolaños studied music in Lima at the National Conservatory of Music, in Latin America. Many composers from different countries in the region were then in New York at the Manhattan attracted by the new possibilities that tape recording at first, then voltage- School of Music in 1959 and at the rca controlled synthesizer and computers, were offering. (Radio Corporation of America) between 1960 and 1963. He moved to Buenos This article includes excerpts from interviews held with composers César Aires in 1963, having received a fellow- Bolaños from Peru, Manuel Enríquez from Mexico and Alberto Villalpando ship to study at Centro Latinoamericano claem from Bolivia. These fragments were selected to offer the reader an approach to de Altos Estudios Musicales or (Latin American Higher Studies Musical the musical work and thought of some Latin American composers active in Centre), Torcuato Di Tella Institute. the electroacoustic music field from the pioneering years. Bolaños composed his first tape piece at claem, Intensidad y Altura (1964), which was also the first electroa- César Bolaños: Variation as finger work coustic music composition produced at Peruvian composer César Bolaños1 (b. Lima, Peru, 1931) composed the first the Centre, while its lab was still in its claem earliest stages of development. electroacoustic piece on tape at the (the Latin American Higher Studies He also composed, among other Musical Centre of the Torcuato Di Tella Institute), one of the main Latin works: Lutero, electroacoustic collage on American centres for contemporary art during the 1960s2. He also created tape (1965); Alfa-Omega, for two reciters, theatrical mixed choir, electric guitar, mixed media works integrating advanced technologies at that time, including double bass, two percussionists, two computer assisted composition. dancers, magnetic tape, projections and ricardo dal farra ricardo dal The following two excerpts from an interview with César Bolaños held in his lights (1967); I-10-AIFG/Rbt-1 for three reciters, French horn, trombone, electric house in Lima, Peru, were recorded by the author in August, 2004. guitar, two percussionists, two technical 65 operators (lights and radios), nine syn- chronized slide projectors, magnetic tape, amplified acoustic instruments and a programmed light signal system (controlled by perforated paper) acting as conductor (1968); and Canción sin palabras (esepco II), for piano with two performers and tape (1970), computer assisted composition created in collabo- ration with Argentinian mathematician Mauricio Michberg. More information on César Bolaños is available in English at: <http://www.fondation-langlois.org/ flash/e/index.php?NumPage=1598>, and in French at <http://www.fondation-langlois.org/ flash/f/index.php?NumPage=1598> 2. Other photos of the Latin American Higher Studies Musical Centre at the Torcuato DiTella Institute in Buenos Aires are available through the Daniel claem – Instituto Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentine, 1966. The claem’s lab was renovated in 1966, Langlois Foundation web site: following a project by its new technical director, Fernando von Reichenbach (Collection de musique élec- <http://www.fondation- troacoustique latino-américaine, Fondation Daniel Langlois). langlois.org/flash/e/index.php?NumPag e=545> [the old laboratory] and *** <http://www.fondation- 1958 1963 langlois.org/flash/e/index.php?NumPag César Bolaños: I went to New York in and stayed there until , imme- e=549> [the new laboratory] diately after that I went to Argentina. Ricardo Dal Farra: And then in Argentina, was Intensidad y Altura [1964] your first piece? c. b.: Yes, Intensidad y Altura was the first work using electroacoustic media that I produced at the Di Tella Institute. r. d. f.: And how did the lab get started? You were in charge of setting it up? c. b.: The laboratory was very… [hesitates] there was no lab, really, at the begin- ning. The engineer Bozarello was contracted, and we built the first lab together. The intention at that time was to put creative ideas into practice using elec- tronics. And it was built up from whatever we had at our disposal, a home tape recorder, later an Ampex arrived, and then a Neumann microphone. That was more or less all, besides some modulators built by Bozarello himself. Everything volume 17 numéro 2 numéro 17 volume was so simple. For speed variation, I would simply use my fingers. r. d. f.: Do you mean tape speed variations? circuit c. b.: Exactly. Intensidad y Altura was produced that way… with my finger! 66 Many things were done by finger [laughs]. r. d. f.: And what else did you use to produce Intensidad y Altura? 3. The complete recording as well as the score of Interpolaciones are fully avail- c. b.: Not much else. Some cymbals, small cans, and the voice reading the able online at the web site of The poem. The poem was read backwards. Daniel Langlois Foundation for Art, Science, and Technology as part of the r. d. f.: Really? Latin American Electroacoustic Music Collection created by the author. Audio c. b.: It was read backwards… but then the tape was played backwards [laughs]. recording: <http://www.fondation- langlois.org/flash/e/index.php?NumObj That way, the voice sounded distressed. It was difficult to get that quality from et=15780&NumPage=556> a voice in any other way. The title of the poem, by César Vallejos, was also Score: <http://www.fondation- “Intesidad y Altura”. langlois.org/flash/e/index.php?NumObj et=14580&NumPage=556> r. d. f. : And you were using an Ampex stereo tape recorder, a Grundig stereo, Video excerpt of Bolaños’ interview, in and a Philips mono? which he speaks about Interpolaciones: c. b. <http://www.fondation-langlois.org/ : That’s right. And the Neumann microphone. flash/e/index.php?NumObjet=36520&N umPage=547> r. d. f.: And a white noise generator. 4. Manuel Enríquez Salazar studied c. b.: That was also built by Bozarello; there was also a spring reverberator that music with his father, later with Ignacio Macarena and Miguel Bernal Jiménez he built. He contributed a lot at the beginning. and then at The Juilliard School of r. d. f.: And in 1966 you composed Interpolaciones,3 for electric guitar and Music in New York. In 1971 he was recip- ient of the Guggenheim Foundation’s tape. fellowship and studied at the Columbia- c. b. Princeton Electronic Music Center. : Exactly. Let’s start with the tape. Some of its sounds come from elec- In Mexico, Enríquez was violinist at tronic and others from concrète sources. But the original concrète sounds were the Guadalajara Symphonic Orchestra transformed in the lab in such a way that many of them seem to be generated and the National Symphonic Orchestra, and director of the National electronically as well. Conservatory of Music, the National r. d. f. Music Research and Documentation : And for the guitar, there was a little device used for the spatial distri- Centre and the National Institute of bution of its sound? Fine Arts. He was a prolific and innovative c. b.: It was originally a four-channel piece. The sound distribution over those composer, some of his works are: channels could be controlled using some micro-switches the guitar performer Cuarteto I for string quartet (1959); Cuatro piezas for cello and piano (1961); had close to his feet. Using those micro-switches you could make the sound Sonatina for cello (1962); Cuarteto II for jump from the front speaker to any other. string quartet; Díptico I for flute and piano (1969); 3 x Bach for violin and r. d. f.: Julio [Viera, who premiered the piece], was playing the guitar and tape (1970); Mixteria for actress, four controlling the guitar sound distribution over the concert space. musicians and electronic sounds (1970); Díptico II for violin and piano (1971); c. b.: Only the guitar sounds, not those from the tape. Viols for one string instrument (after Móvil II, 1969) and tape (1972); Láser I for tape (1972); Ritual for orchestra Manuel Enríquez: Electroacoustics through a crystal (1973); Trauma for actress, four musi- The composer, conductor and performer Manuel Enríquez4 (b. Ocotlán, cians and electronic sounds (1974); 1926 1994 Contravox for mixed choir, percussions farra ricardo dal Mexico, - d. Mexico City, Mexico, ) was one of the major figures of and tape (1976); Del viaje inmóvil for Mexican new music in the late 20th century. In Mexico, he was the director of voices, musical instruments, electronic 67 sounds and images (1976); La casa del sol several major music institutions and as a violinist he performed worldwide.
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