Divine Artiface and Robert Boyle's Mechanical and Experimental Natural Philosophy
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History of Hyperbaric Medicine ROBERT S
American Osteopathic College of Occupational and Preventive Medicine 2015 Mid Year Educational Conference, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida How Did We Get From Here History of Hyperbaric Medicine ROBERT S. MICHAELSON, DO, MPH MARCH 14, 2015 To Here 3 History of Hyperbaric Medicine Discuss history of diving Discovery of the atmosphere Five major milestones in the development of hyperbaric medicine Triger’s caisson Eads and Brooklyn Bridge Haldane and staged decompression Rescue of the USS Squalus Donnell and Norton 5 Gourd Breathing About 375 AD Diving as a Profession Salvage Operations From as early as 9th century BC Pay scale based on depth of dive Military Operations Early attempts to bore into hull of ships or attach crude explosives to vessels Confined to shallow waters and for short duration dives Very Hard to be Stealthy and Effective T-1 American Osteopathic College of Occupational and Preventive Medicine 2015 Mid Year Educational Conference, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida DivingHood by Flavius Vegetius Renatus about 375 AD in Leonardo’s (1452-1519) Design For Swim Fins Epitome Institutionum Rei Militaris Diving Rig of Niccolo Tartaglia Canon Recovery Mid-1600’s about 1551 Probably First Diving Bell Mid-1600’s T-2 American Osteopathic College of Occupational and Preventive Medicine 2015 Mid Year Educational Conference, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida T-3 American Osteopathic College of Occupational and Preventive Medicine 2015 Mid Year Educational Conference, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida Diving as a Profession Salvage Operations From as early as 9th century BC Pay scale based on depth on dive Military Operations Early attempts to bore into hull of ships or attach crude explosives to vessels Confined to shallow waters and for short duration dives Very Hard to be Stealthy and Effective Diving Bell-1664 Klingert’s Diving Suit -1797 The Vasa, a Swedish ship sunk within a This equipment is the first to be called mile of her maidenvoyage in 1628. -
Role and Important of Hydrogen in Plant Metabolism
Kheyrodin and Kheyrodin, World J. Biol. Med. Science Volume 4 (3) 13-20, 2017 Indexed, Abstracted and Cited: Index Copernicus International (Poland), ISRA Journal Impact Factor, International Impact Factor Services (IIFS), Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), International Institute of Organized Research and Scientific Indexing Services, Cosmos Science Foundation (South-East Asia), International Innovative Journal Impact Factor, Einstein Institute for Scientific Information {EISI}, Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources, Science Indexing Library (UAE), Swedish Scientific Publication (Sweden), citefactor.org journals indexing, Directory Indexing of International Research Journals World Journal of Biology and Medical Sciences Published by Society for Advancement of Science® ISSN 2349-0063 (Online/Electronic) Volume 4, Issue-3, 13-20, July to September, 2017 Journal Impact Factor: 4.197 WJBMS 04/03/119/2017 All rights reserved www.sasjournals.com A Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal / Refereed Journal [email protected]/[email protected] REVIEW ARTICLE Received: 04/08/2017 Revised: 04/09/2017 Accepted: 05/09/2017 Role and Important of Hydrogen in Plant Metabolism Hamid Kheyrodin and *Sadaf Kheyrodin Faculty of Desert Science, Semnan University, Iran *Urban Planning in Mashad Azad University, Iran ABSTRACT Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the entire universe. According to astrophysicist David Palmer, about 75 percent of all the known elemental matter that exists is composed of hydrogen. The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is made out of a single proton, which is a positively charged particle. One electron orbits around the outside of the nucleus. Neutrons, which can be found in all other elements, do not exist in the most common form of hydrogen.Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced predominantly in plant cells during photosynthesis and photorespiration, and to a lesser extent, in respiration processes. -
Alchemical Culture and Poetry in Early Modern England
Alchemical culture and poetry in early modern England PHILIP BALL Nature, 4–6 Crinan Street, London N1 9XW, UK There is a longstanding tradition of using alchemical imagery in poetry. It first flourished at the end of the sixteenth century, when the status of alchemy itself was revitalised in European society. Here I explain the reasons for this resurgence of the Hermetic arts, and explore how it was manifested in English culture and in particular in the literary and poetic works of the time. In 1652 the English scholar Elias Ashmole published a collection of alchemical texts called Theatrum Chymicum Britannicum, comprising ‘Several Poeticall Pieces of Our Most Famous English Philosophers’. Among the ‘chemical philosophers’ represented in the volume were the fifteenth-century alchemists Sir George Ripley and Thomas Norton – savants who, Ashmole complained, were renowned on the European continent but unduly neglected in their native country. Ashmole trained in law, but through his (second) marriage to a rich widow twenty years his senior he acquired the private means to indulge at his leisure a scholarly passion for alchemy and astrology. A Royalist by inclination, he had been forced to leave his London home during the English Civil War and had taken refuge in Oxford, the stronghold of Charles I’s forces. In 1677 he donated his impressive collection of antiquities to the University of Oxford, and the building constructed to house them became the Ashmolean, the first public museum in England. Ashmole returned to London after the civil war and began to compile the Theatrum, which was intended initially as a two-volume work. -
Scuba Diving History
Scuba diving history Scuba history from a diving bell developed by Guglielmo de Loreno in 1535 up to John Bennett’s dive in the Philippines to amazing 308 meter in 2001 and much more… Humans have been diving since man was required to collect food from the sea. The need for air and protection under water was obvious. Let us find out how mankind conquered the sea in the quest to discover the beauty of the under water world. 1535 – A diving bell was developed by Guglielmo de Loreno. 1650 – Guericke developed the first air pump. 1667 – Robert Boyle observes the decompression sickness or “the bends”. After decompression of a snake he noticed gas bubbles in the eyes of a snake. 1691 – Another diving bell a weighted barrels, connected with an air pipe to the surface, was patented by Edmund Halley. 1715 – John Lethbridge built an underwater cylinder that was supplied via an air pipe from the surface with compressed air. To prevent the water from entering the cylinder, greased leather connections were integrated at the cylinder for the operators arms. 1776 – The first submarine was used for a military attack. 1826 – Charles Anthony and John Deane patented a helmet for fire fighters. This helmet was used for diving too. This first version was not fitted to the diving suit. The helmet was attached to the body of the diver with straps and air was supplied from the surfa 1837 – Augustus Siebe sealed the diving helmet of the Deane brothers’ to a watertight diving suit and became the standard for many dive expeditions. -
John Hedley Brooke Interviewed by Paul Merchant C1672/8
NATIONAL LIFE STORIES ‘Science and Religion: Exploring the Spectrum’ John Hedley Brooke Interviewed by Paul Merchant C1672/8 This transcript is copyright of the British Library Board. Please refer to the Oral History curators at the British Library prior to any publication or broadcast from this document. Oral History The British Library 96 Euston Road NW1 2DB 020 7412 7404 [email protected] IMPORTANT Access to this interview and transcript is for private research only. Please refer to the Oral History curators at the British Library prior to any publication or broadcast from this document. Oral History The British Library 96 Euston Road London NW1 2DB 020 7412 7404 [email protected] Every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this transcript, however no transcript is an exact translation of the spoken word, and this document is intended to be a guide to the original recording, not replace it. Should you find any errors please inform the Oral History curators ([email protected]) The British Library National Life Stories Interview Summary Sheet Title Page Ref no: C1672/08 Collection title: ‘Science and Religion: Exploring the Spectrum’ Life Story Interviews Interviewee’s surname: Hedley Brooke Title: Professor Interviewee’s John Sex: Male forename: Occupation: Historian of science Date and place of birth: 20th May 1944, and religion Retford, Nottinghamshire, UK Mother’s occupation: Father’s occupation: teacher teacher Dates of recording, Compact flash cards used, tracks (from – to): 21/5/15 (track 1-3), 26/06/2015 (track 4-5), 22/09/2015 (track 6-7), 20/10/2015 (track 8-9), 08/12/15 (track 10-11), 02/02/16 (12-14), 26/04/16 (track 15) Location of interview: Interviewees' home, Yealand Conyers near Lancaster and the British Library Name of interviewer: Paul Merchant Type of recorder: Marantz PMD661on compact flash Recording format : audio file 12 WAV 24 bit 48 kHz 2-channel Total no. -
Metabolism Picton, 2019
History of Science Metabolism Picton, 2019 Metabolism An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump Joseph Wright of Derby, 1768 In a previous presentation we followed studies of how the human body works up to the 17th Century. As the Scientific Revolution proceeded the old dogmas such as the humors were cast aside and experiments became the way to understand the processes of life. The painting shows the new scientific approach to understanding life. The scientist removes air from a glass container and shows that the bird can no longer live without air. The painting was based on one of the experiments conducted in by Robert Boyle (1627-1691) and published in 1660. Oxygen in the air is essential to human life. Metabolism is the name given to the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms. It derives from the Greek meta (beyond) and ballein (throw) – it signifies the changes that are effected. It is composed of anabolism (ana, upward) – the production of new compounds – and catabolism (cato, down) – the breakdown of compounds. From the Wikipedia notes on the painting The witnesses display various emotions: one of the girls worriedly watches the fate of the bird, while the other is too upset to observe and is comforted by her father; two gentlemen (one of them dispassionately timing the experiment) and a boy look on with interest, while the young lovers to the left of the painting are absorbed only in each other. The scientist himself looks directly out of the picture, as if challenging the viewer to judge whether the pumping should continue, killing the bird, or whether the air should be replaced and the cockatoo saved. -
The Epistemology Under Locke's Corpuscularianism
THE EPISTEMOLOGY UNDER LOCKE’S CORPUSCULARIANISM Michael Jacovides 1. MACHINES AS MODELS OF INTELLIGIBILITY The intelligibility of our artifacts suggests to many seventeenth century thinkers that nature works along analogous lines, that the same principles that explain the operations of artifacts explain the operations of natural bodies.1 We may call this belief ‘corpuscularianism’ when conjoined with the premise that the details of the analogy depend upon the sub-microscopic textures of ordinary bodies and upon the rapidly moving, imperceptibly tiny corpuscles that surround these bodies.2 Locke’s sympathy for corpuscularianism comes out clearly where he describes the implications of our inability to perceive the sub-microscopic world. If we could, he conjectures, various perplexities would be unknotted. We would solve mysteries of pharmacology, since did we know the Mechanical affections of the Particles of Rhubarb, Hemlock, Opium, and a Man, as a Watchmaker does those of a Watch, whereby it performs its Opera- tions, and of a File which by rubbing on them will alter the Figure of any of the Wheels, we should be able to tell before Hand, that Rhubarb will purge, Hemlock kill, and Opium make a man sleep; as well as a Watch-maker can, that a little piece of Pa- per, laid on the Balance, will keep the Watch from going, till it be removed; or that some small part of it, being rubb’d by a file, the Machin would quite lose its Motion, and the Watch go no more3 (4.3.25). Locke borrows the expression ‘mechanical affections’ from Robert Boyle, who uses it to denote mo- tion, size, figure, and arrangement of parts “because to them men willingly refer the various opera- tions of mechanical engines”4. -
A Lexicon of Alchemy
A Lexicon of Alchemy by Martin Rulandus the Elder Translated by Arthur E. Waite John M. Watkins London 1893 / 1964 (250 Copies) A Lexicon of Alchemy or Alchemical Dictionary Containing a full and plain explanation of all obscure words, Hermetic subjects, and arcane phrases of Paracelsus. by Martin Rulandus Philosopher, Doctor, and Private Physician to the August Person of the Emperor. [With the Privilege of His majesty the Emperor for the space of ten years] By the care and expense of Zachariah Palthenus, Bookseller, in the Free Republic of Frankfurt. 1612 PREFACE To the Most Reverend and Most Serene Prince and Lord, The Lord Henry JULIUS, Bishop of Halberstadt, Duke of Brunswick, and Burgrave of Luna; His Lordship’s mos devout and humble servant wishes Health and Peace. In the deep considerations of the Hermetic and Paracelsian writings, that has well-nigh come to pass which of old overtook the Sons of Shem at the building of the Tower of Babel. For these, carried away by vainglory, with audacious foolhardiness to rear up a vast pile into heaven, so to secure unto themselves an immortal name, but, disordered by a confusion and multiplicity of barbarous tongues, were ingloriously forced. In like manner, the searchers of Hermetic works, deterred by the obscurity of the terms which are met with in so many places, and by the difficulty of interpreting the hieroglyphs, hold the most noble art in contempt; while others, desiring to penetrate by main force into the mysteries of the terms and subjects, endeavour to tear away the concealed truth from the folds of its coverings, but bestow all their trouble in vain, and have only the reward of the children of Shem for their incredible pain and labour. -
Styles of Experimental Reasoning in Early Modern Chemistry
Styles of Experimental Reasoning in Early Modern Chemistry By Victor Dan Boantza A thesis submitted in conformity with requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Victor Dan Boantza 2009 Styles of Experimental Reasoning in Early Modern Chemistry Victor Dan Boantza Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto 2009 Abstract The science of chemistry has undergone two major transformative changes during the early modern period, both closely related to two of the most revolutionary episodes in the history of Western science. The dissertation consists of a historical-analytical comparative exploration of early modern chemical thought and practice based on two series of interconnected case studies related, respectively, to the seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution and the eighteenth-century Chemical Revolution. Although rarely considered together in the context of the history of chemistry, during both Revolutions, similar forces combined to generate crises in chemical knowledge and practice, to use a well-known Kuhnian notion. Differences in nature and historical evolution notwithstanding, both instances featured attempts at quantification and physicalist reductions of chemistry: during the 1660s-1680s Boyle advanced a reconciliation of chymical experimental knowledge with the budding mechanical philosophy, predicated upon the physically governed laws of matter and motion; during the last third of the eighteenth-century, Lavoisier (et al.) submitted chemical phenomena to the ‘rule of the balance’, as a part of an all-encompassing experimentalist, theoretical and linguistic reformation anchored in the conservation of weight principle. -
Remarks Upon Alchemy and the Alchemists
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Research Library, The Getty Research Institute http://www.archive.org/details/remarksuponalcheOOhitc NEW THOUGTIT LIBRARY ASSOCIATION' No. REMARKS ALCHEMY AND THE ALCHEMISTS, INDICATIXG A METHOD OF DISCOVEKI^'G THE TEUE NATURE OF HERMETIC PHILOSOPHY; A^D SHOWING THAT THE SEARCH AFTER HAD NOT FOR ITS OBJECT THE DISCOVERY OF AN AGENT FOR THE TRANSMUTATION OF METALS. BEING ALSO AS ATTEMPT TO RESCUE FROM UNDESERVED OPPROBRIUM THE REPUTATION OF A CLASS OF EXTEAORDIXARY THINKEES IN PAST AGES. ' Man shall not live by bread alone." BOSTON: CROSBY, NICHOLS, AND COMPANY, 111 Washington Street. 1857. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by Crosby, Nichols, and Company, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. cambsidge: metcalf and company, printers to the tjnrversitt. NE¥/ THOUGHT LIBRARY ASSOCIATION No. PEEFACE. ED.W. PARKER, L ittle Ruc k, Ark. It may seem superfluous in the author of the fol- lowing remarks to disclaim the purpose of re vivino- the study of Alchemy, or the method of teaching adopted by the Alchemists. Alchemical works stand related to moral and intellectual geography, some- what as the skeletons of ichthyosauri and plesio- sauri are related to geology. They are skeletons of thought in past ages. It is chiefly from this point of view that the writer of the following pages submits his opinions upon Alchemy to the public. He is convinced that the character of the Alchemists, and the object of their study, have been almost universally misconceived ; and as a matter of fact^ though of the past, he thinks it of sufficient importance to take a step in the right direction for developing the true nature of the studies of that extraordinary class of thinkers. -
Empirical Support for the Corpuscular Theory in the Seventeenth Century
EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR THE CORPUSCULAR THEORY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the empirical content and experimental foundation of the early seventeenth-century corpuscular hypothesis. Supported by ontological, epistemological, and mathematical arguments, observational and experimental evi• dence played an important part in creating those patterns of thought that were instrumental in the transformation and, even• tually, acceptance of the corpuscular theory of matter. Compared to the rise of astronomy and mechanics, the success of seventeenth-century atomism is ambiguous. Unlike other physical theories of the time the atomic doctrine was not based on exper• iments likely to be accepted by today's scientific standards. In Galileo's inclined plane and his law of falling bodies or in Newton's theory of colors and his experimentum crucis with the prism, for example, theory and experiment, observation and conclu• sion were connected in a way still acceptable to us. In atomism, however, this is not the case, although almost all corpuscular theories of the seventeenth century explicitly claimed to be derived from and based upon experience. Yet, it was not until the nineteenth century that experimental results made the atoms at least plausible. The difficult relationship between seventeenth century atomism and its experimental foundation has been obscured to some extent by later historians. When the standard histories of atomism were written at the end of the nineteenth century1, a final experi• mental confirmation of the corpuscular nature of matter was still lacking. Twentieth-century historians, on the other hand, have underestimated the empirical difficulties involved in early modern atomism.2 Knowing that there are atoms in nature, they could hardly imagine how the protagonists of the scientific revolution should not have arrived at this same conclusion. -
Alchemylab Articles\374
Alchemical Theory The One Thing (or the Subtle Ether) Space, whether interplanetary, inner matter, or inter-organic, is filled with a subtle presence emanating from the One Thing of the universe. Later alchemists called it, as did the ancients, the subtle Ether. This primordial fluid or fabric of space pervades everything and all matter. Metal, mineral, tree, plant, animal, man; each is charged with the Ether in varying degrees. All life on the planet is charged in like manner; a world is built up in this fluid and move through a sea of it. Alchemical Ether, which some Hermeticists call the Astral Light, determines the constitution of bodies. Hardness and softness, solidity and liquidity, all depend on the relative proportion of ethereal and ponderable matter of which they me composed. The arbitrary division and classification of physical science, the whole range of physical phenomena, proceeds from the primary Ether, for science has reduced matter as we know it to nothing but Ether, which, although not solid matter, is still matter, the First Matter of the alchemists. When most of us speak of matter, of course, we usually visualize solid substance, but it has been proved by that matter is not actually solid, but merely a stress, a strain in the etheric field of time and space. The atom and the electrons and protons of which it is composed, all move in a sea of Ether, so, that in accordance with this theory of alchemy, the very air we breathe, the very bodies we inhabit, all things most likewise be moving in this sea of Ether, the parent element from which all manifestation has come.