Saleem Akhtar Plant Genomics 2018 UAP PRR.Pdf
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
DNA BASED IDENTIFICATION AND GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES OF ANTLION SPECIES OF PAKISTAN BY SALEEM AKHTAR A dissertation submitted to The University of Agriculture, Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PLANT GENOMICS & BIOTECHNOLOGY) DEPARTMENT OF PLANT GENOMICS & BIOTECHNOLOGY PARC INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES IN AGRICULTURE, THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN APRIL, 2018 DNA BASED IDENTIFICATION AND GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES OF ANTLION SPECIES OF PAKISTAN By SALEEM AKHTAR Approved by: Foreigner Examiner 1 _______________________________________ Dr André Prost, M.D, PhD Secretary International Association of Neuropterology, Rue de l'église F 39320 Loisia- France Foreigner Examiner 2 _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Prof. Roberto A. Pantaleoni Università degli Studi di Sassari Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante Sezione di Entomologia, via Enrico De Nicola – 07100 SASSARI SS Italia TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iv ABSTRACT viii I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6 III. MATERIAL AND METHODS 11 IV. RESULTS 22 V. DISCUSSION 142 VI. SUMMARY 154 VII. RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 155 SPECIES CHECKLIST MYRMELEONTIDAE OF 156 PAKISTAN LITERATURE CITED 158 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Allah Almighty. I would like to thank my committee chair and advisor, Dr. Yusuf Zafar (T.I), for the opportunity to pursue a degree under his guidance and for all the hours of his invaluable advice and training. I would also like to thank my other committee members, Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq, Dr. Shoukat Ali, Dr. Syed Ahmed Zia, Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Ali and Dr. Farhatulla for their assistance during my research and in the completion of this thesis. Thanks also to the faculty, staff, and fellow students in the PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture, National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad for their excellent teaching, assistance and help in making my time here as a Ph.D. student enjoyable. I would like to specifically thank the members of the NIGAB and PEP laboratories for taking the time to help me during my research. I express my gratitude to the Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistan for financial support under 5000 Indigenous Scholarship and International Research Support Initiative Program (six month research training at Texas A & M University USA). International research scientists who helped me a lot to work in this hard area of study Dr. Levente Abraham Rippl-Rónai Museum, Natural History Department, Kaposvár, Hungary, Dr. Victor A. Krivokhatsky Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, Dr. Lionel A. Stange Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Dr. Andre prost, International Association of Neuropterology, Rue de l'église Loisia- France and Dr. Joshua Jones Department of Biology, Utah Valley University,USA and Dr. Roberto A. Pantaleoni of Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy for their help in this manuscript preparation, taxonomic identification and species verification. I am also thankful to people from TEXAS A & M University, Professor Dr. John Oswald for six month training and hosting in his lab. Also for his consistent support and round the clock help during my stay over there. Also to other professors at A & M, Dr. James B. Woolley, Dr. Albert Mulenga, Dr. J. Spencer Johnston, Dr. Mariana Mateos who added into my professional skill enhancement. Also to the student fellows, Tracy James, Lauren Ward, Lindsey porter, Meaghan Pimsler, Suhas Vyavhare, Charity Grace Owings, Ordom Brian Huot. Benjamin Diehl, Renato Jose i Pires Machado, Muhammad Umer, Sabheeullah, Sardar Bacha, Samiullah Jabarkhel, Mr. Abid Ali, for making my stay at Texas A & M University, USA enjoyable. I also thank to the director NIBGE and fellows Dr. Muhammad Asif Qadri, Dr. Arif Muhammad Khan, Dr. Akhtar Rasool, Dr. Muhammad Tayyab Nassem, Dr. Inam Ullah, Dr. Rafu Ahmed Khan, Dr. Khadim Hussain Khosa, Dr. Ahmed Zaheer, Dr. Amir Raza, Dr. Roman Iftikhar, Maryam Masood, Huma Mumtaz, Qamar Abbas, Qamar Islam, Muhammad Zia, Silahudin and Shahswar,. There is list of people who helped me in this venture in lot of different ways the top most was moral support. My friends, relatives and my class mates from past and present Irfan Shabbir Khan, Sami Ullah Khan, Syed Sada Hussain, Muhammad Sajid, Taqi Jawad, Muhammad Ali, Mansoor Baloch, Rana Muhammad Aadil, Muhammad Irfan, Javed Iqbal, Hidayat Ullah Kakar, Abdul Rehman Azeemi, Zahid Mehmood, Sikandar Bhagat, Abdul khaliq, Akash Zafar, Munawar Abbas, Muhammad Waseem Baloch, Dr. Abdul Jabbar, Abdul Qadir Baloch, Dr. Zaheer Abbas, Usman sial, Dr. Zulfiqar Ali, Amir Zia, Sabahat Noor, Nazia Rehman, Asia Sakeena, Sumera Aslam, Almas, Dr. Sara Sadiq, Almas, Khansa Jameel and My late friend Malik Nasir Abbas. At last I would thank to my inspiration towards this achievement my high school teacher Ijaz Hussain Bhutta, my father Allah Wasayia Khan my cousin Ameer Muhammad Khan. In end I would like to thank my Mother, my wife, brothers and sisters for continuous endurance and prayers. (Saleem Akhtar) ii Table No. List of tables Page No. Table No. .1 Localities visited and their geographical information 11 Table No. 2. Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) and maximum 129 intraspecific distances for Antlion species of Pakistan and other countries. iii Figure No. LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Fig.1. Physical map of Pakistan 16 Fig.2. Head and its morphology 22 Fig.3. Head and thorax morphology 23 Fig.4. Wing morphology and its parts 24 Fig.5. Leg morphology and its parts 25 Fig.6. Abdomen and Male genitalia 25 Fig. 7. Indopalpares pardus habitus, head and male genitalia 27 Fig. 8. Palparellus astutus habitus, face and female 30 terminalia Fig. 8. Palparellus astutus habitus, face and female 31 terminalia Fig.10. Palpares rajasthanicus habitus and male terminalia 34 Fig.11. Palpares trichogaster habitus, thorax and male 36 terminalia Fig.12. Parapalpares solidus habitus and male terminalia 39 Fig.13. Stenares clarus habitus and male terminalia 41 Fig.14. Stenares improbus habitus 43 Fig.15. Acanthaclisis neozelandica habitus and male 45 terminalia Fig.16. Acanthaclisis obscura habitus, thorax and male 48 terminalia Fig.17. Centroclisis indica habitus, thorax and male 50 terminalia Fig.18. Centroclisis thari n.sp habitus and male terminalia 52 Fig.19. Echthromyrmex orientalis habitus, face and pronotum 54 Fig.20. Neuroleon asirensis habitus, thorax and other 56 characters Fig.21. Neuroleon egenus habitus, wings and other parts 59 Fig.22. Neuroleon (Ganussa) leptaleus habitus, wings and 61 other parts Fig.23. Neuroleon (Ganussa) tenellus habitus, wings and 63 other parts iv Fig.24. Indoleon vartianorum habitus, wings and other parts 66 habitus Fig.25. Gepus invisus habitus, wings and other parts 68 Fig.26. Iranoleon vartianae habitus, wings and other parts 70 Fig.27. Myrmecaelurus laetus habitus, thorax and male 71 genitalia Fig.28. Myrmecaelurus longiprocessus habitus, thorax and 75 male genitalia Fig.29. Myrmecaelurus paghmanus habitus, wings, thorax 77 and male genitalia Fig.30. Myrmecaelurus (Nohoveus) vanharteni habitus, wings, 79 thorax and male genitalia Fig. 31. Solter felderi habitus and other body parts 81 Fig. 32. Solter hardei habitus and other body parts 84 Fig. 33. Cueta lineosa habitus and body parts 86 Fig. 34. Cueta minervae habitus and body parts 89 Fig. 35. Cueta plexiformia habitus and body parts 91 Fig. 36. Cueta striata habitus 93 Fig. 37. Cueta thaliae habitus and body parts 95 Fig. 38. Epacanthaclisis alaica habitus and body parts 97 Fig. 39. Psudoformicaleo gracilis Habitus and body parts 99 Fig. 40. Delfimeus intricatus habitus and body parts 102 Fig. 41. Distoleon cyrus habitus and body parts 105 Fig. 42. Distoleon nefandus habitus and body parts 107 Fig. 43. Distoleon obducens habitus and body parts 110 Fig. 44. Distoleon tesselatus habitus and body parts 112 Fig. 45. Ganguilus pulchellus habitus and body parts 114 Fig. 46. Myrmeleon asamiances habitus and body parts 116 Fig. 47. Myrmeleon bore habitus and body parts 118 Fig. 48. Myrmeleon hyalinus habitus and body parts 120 Fig. 49. Myrmeleon inconspicuus habitus and body parts 122 Fig. 50. Myrmeleon noacki habitus and body parts 125 Fig. 51. Myrmeleon trivialis habitus and body parts 127 v Fig. 52. Nighbour joing cluster for species in subfamily 132 Palprinae Fig. 53. Nighbour joing cluster for species of sub-family 133 Acanthaclisini Fig. 54. Neighbour joining cluster for species of genus 133 Neuroleon Fig. 55. Neighbour joining cluster for species of genus 134 Myrmelecerus and other close taxa Fig. 56. Neighbour joing cluster for species of genus Cueta 135 Fig. 57. Neighbour joing cluster for species of genus Distoleon 136 Fig. 58. Neighbour joing cluster for species of Genera 137 reprsented by single species Fig. 59. Neighbour joing cluster for species of genus 138 Myrmeleon Fig. 60. Maximum intraspecific desistance versus Nearest 139 Neighbor distances Fig. 61. Mean intraspecific distance versus Nearest Neighbor 139 distances Fig. 62. Number of individuals per species verses maximum 140 Intra-specific distance Fig. 63. Frequency histogram of distance to nearest neighbor. 140 Fig. 64. Histogram of Pairwise distance 141 Fig. 65. Ranked Pairwise distances 142 vi DNA BASED IDENTIFICATION AND GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES OF ANTLION SPECIES OF PAKISTAN Saleem Akhtar and Yusuf Zafar Department of Plant Genomics