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Turkey, Migration and the EU: Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities

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Turkey, Migration and the EU: Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Paçacı Elitok, Seçil (Ed.); Straubhaar, Thomas (Ed.) Book Turkey, migration and the EU: Potentials, challenges and opportunities Edition HWWI, No. 5 Provided in Cooperation with: Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI) Suggested Citation: Paçacı Elitok, Seçil (Ed.); Straubhaar, Thomas (Ed.) (2012) : Turkey, migration and the EU: Potentials, challenges and opportunities, Edition HWWI, No. 5, ISBN 978-3-937816-94-4, Hamburg University Press, Hamburg, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-3-1187 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/55531 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/de/ www.econstor.eu Turkey, Migration and the EU: Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities edited by Seçil Paçacı Elitok and Thomas Straubhaar EDITION HWWI Hamburg University Press Turkey, Migration and the EU: Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities Series Edition HWWI Volume 5 Turkey, Migration and the EU: Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities edited by Seçil Paçacı Elitok and Thomas Straubhaar Hamburg University Press Verlag der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky Imprint Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (German National Library). The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. The online version is available for free on the website of Hamburg University Press (open access). The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek stores this online publication on its Archive Server. The Archive Server is part of the deposit system for long-term availability of digital publications. Available open access in the Internet at: Hamburg University Press – http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de PURL: http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/HamburgUP/HWWI5_Elitok_Migration Archive Server of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek – http://deposit.d-nb.de ISBN 978-3-937816-94-4 (printed version) ISSN 1865-7974 (printed version) © 2012 Hamburg University Press, publishing house of the Hamburg State and University Library Carl von Ossietzky, Germany The contents are available under the terms of an open content licence of the type Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Germany (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)“(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/de). In essence, this licence al- lows to freely use the content, but not change it and only for non commercial purposes and only under the condition of the usual rules of citation. This publication contains figures. If the authors of the articles are not the authors of the figures, it is necessary to seek permissions for use (licences) from third parties according to copyright. Printing house: Elbe-Werkstätten GmbH, Hamburg, Germany http://www.ew-gmbh.de Cover design: Benjamin Guzinski, Hamburg Cover illustration: “Migrant”, courtesy of Alessandro Gatto Table of Contents List of Figures 7 List of Tables 8 Acknowledgement 9 Introduction 11 Seçil Paçacı Elitok and Thomas Straubhaar Demography and Migration in Transition: Reflections on EU-Turkey Relations 19 Ahmet İçduygu and Ayşem Biriz Karaçay Turkey’s “Critical Europeanization”: Evidence from Turkey’s Immigration Policies 39 Juliette Tolay Turkey’s New Draft Law on Asylum: What to Make of It? 63 Kemal Kirişçi Is Migration Feminized? 85 A Gender- and Ethnicity-Based Review of the Literature on Irregular Migration to Turkey Gülay Toksöz and Çağla Ünlütürk Ulutaş Turkey in the New Migration Era: Migrants between Regularity and Irregularity 113 Sema Erder and Selmin Kaşka Causes and Consequences of the Downturn in Financial Remittances to Turkey: A Descriptive Approach 133 Giulia Bettin, Seçil Paçacı Elitok and Thomas Straubhaar 6Table of Contents Bordering the EU: Istanbul as a Hotspot for Transnational Migration 167 Barbara Pusch Emigration of Highly Qualified Turks 199 A Critical Review of the Societal Discourses and Social Scientific Research Yaşar Aydın Continuity and Change: Immigration Policies in Germany from the Sixties to the Present 229 Mehmet Okyayuz Conclusion 259 Seçil Paçacı Elitok and Thomas Straubhaar List of Abbreviations 271 International Workshop on Migration Potentials from and to Turkey 273 Contributors 275 List of Figures Kirişçi Figure 1: Asylum Application in Turkey (1995–2010) 70 Bettin, Paçacı Elitok and Straubhaar Figure 1: Remittances to Turkey, 1974–2009, Million USD 135 Figure 2: Remittances and FDI to Turkey, 1988– 2008, Billion USD 136 Figure 3: Interest Rate (%) and Tax (Million Euro) for FXA and SFX 152 Figure 4: Tax Applied to Remittances, 1987–2004, Percentage Change 153 Figure 5: Comparison of Interest Rates Applied to Remittances, Percentage 154 Figure 6: Remitting Behavior in Crisis Periods, 1992–2009, Monthly Million USD 155 Pusch Figure 1: Map of Global Cities According to GaWC 2008 168 Figure 2: Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey in Million USD (1995–2009) 177 Aydın Figure 1: Emigration of Germans from Germany 200 Figure 2: Emigration of Medical Doctors from Germany 200 Figure 3: Net Migration from Germany 210 Figure 4: Immigration from Germany to Turkey 210 Figure 5: Emigration of Turkish Citizens from Germany 211 Paçacı Elitok and Straubhaar Figure 1: Per Capita GDP (in Purchasing Power Parities USD) in Turkey and Germany, 1980 to 2008 261 Figure 2: Simulation of the Gap in Per Capita GDP (in Purchasing Power Parities USD) between Turkey and Germany, 2008 to 2050, under the Assumption of Different Annual Growth Rates for the GDP 262 List of Tables Kirişçi Table 1: Applications under 1994 Regulation in Turkey (1995–2010) 71 Table 2: Resettlement out of Turkey by Country of Origin and Country of Settlement 72 Erder and Kaşka Table 1: Arrival of Foreigners in Turkey 117 Table 2: Reasons for the Arrival of Foreigners in Turkey 118 Table 3: Foreigners Living with a Residence Permit 119 Table 4: Total Number of Illegal Migrants and Human Smugglers Apprehended in Turkey 119 Table 5: Some Indicators on the Turkish Labor Market (2009) 121 Pusch Table 1: Residence Permits in Turkey (2000–2008) 170 Table 2: Asylum Applications in Turkey (1997−2008) 172 Table 3: Four Ideal Types of Migration 181 Acknowledgement This book is produced as part of the Marie Curie Research Training Network on “Transnationality of Migrants”, TOM, which is funded by the European Com- mission through the Human Resources and Mobility action of its Sixth Frame- work (MRTN-CT-2006) under grant agreement No. 035873. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not neces- sarily reflect the views of the European Commission. We would like to thank the contributors for their valuable efforts to make the completion of this edited volume possible. We are very grateful to (ex-) Senior Programme Officer Anna Pietka at the Centre for Economic Policy Re- search (CEPR) for supporting us. We would like to thank Daria Braun and Dr. Yaşar Aydın for helping at the earlier workshop organization. We appreciated the collaboration of our partners, the TurkeiEuropaZen- trum (TEZ) and the Transatlantic Academy. We would also like to tender our thanks to Alessandro Gatto who was so kind to share his award-winning cartoon entitled “Migrant” as the front page of our book. We are very grateful to all of our colleagues at Hamburg Institute of Inter- national Economics (HWWI) and the University of Hamburg who provided en- couragement. Special thanks to Elzbieta Linke for her invaluable efforts in the publishing process of this book. Introduction Seçil Paçacı Elitok and Thomas Straubhaar Two things have inspired us to edit a volume on migration, Turkey and the European Union (EU). Firstly, the year 2011 is the 50th anniversary of the bi-lateral agreement between Turkey and Germany on labor recruitment in 1961. In half a century, enormous political and economic changes took place both in Germany and Turkey. Thanks to the so-called “Guest-Workers” Programs, the labor shortage of Germany during the reconstruction and recovery period after World War II has been met by a migrant labor force. On the other hand, it suited very well the excess labor problem of Turkey. For Turkey, there were two main premises behind the bilateral agreements. First, migrants were expected to return with new skills, which would have had positive externalities on the labor market. Second,
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