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Home , Bihar Movement, Deendayal Upadhyaya, Rambriksh Benipuri, Samyukta Socialist Party, Shah Commission, The Emergency (India)

Ch- 6 DEMOCRATIC RESURGENCE

Introduction After independence adopted Parliamentary model of democracy. However the existence of democracy over the years has failed to solve the problem of illiteracy and democracy. To maintain the integrity in 1969 called on the need to make bureaucracy and judiciary committed.

The Backdrop to Emergency Since 1967 significant changes took place in Indian politics. Indira Gandhi emerged as towering leader with a charismatic personality. Party competition during this period became bitter and polarised. There were even tensions between executive and judicial wings of the government • Congress described court as a conservative institution which was becoming an obstacle in the implementation of programmes for pro-poor. • The opposition felt that the politics had been personalised and government machinery was being used to implement Indira Gandhi’s personal authority. • In 1975 Indira Gandhi imposed national emergency on the ground of maintaining national integrity.

Economic Situation • In 1971 elections, Congress gave the slogan of ‘Garibi Hatao’, however the social and economic conditions of the country did not improve. • crisis had put a heavy strain on the Indian economy. • Infiltration of about 8 million refugees from Bangladesh to India, war with Pakistan, stoppage of US aid to India led to increase in prices of products by 23% and in 1973 to 30% in 1974. • Slow growth rate and unemployment in rural areas. • In order to reduce government expenditure the government froze the salaries of its employees. • Failure of monsoon in 1972–73 led to decline in food productivity by 8%. • Non-Congress parties organised mass movements to protest against the worsening situation. • Marxist-Leninist groups known as became dominant in states of Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.

Student movements in and • was started by students in Bihar in 1974 which was led by veteran socialist against the corrupt and inefficient regime of Bihar, rising prices of essential commodities, unemployment. • Jayaprakash Narayan called upon people of Bihar to launch a total or comprehensive movement to change not only the government but also the society and the individual. • The movement aimed for a new evolution. • He accepted it on the condition that the movement will remain non-violent and will not limit itself to Bihar. • A series of bandhs, gehraos hours and strikes were organised in protest against the Bihar government but the government refused to resign.

Gujarat movement • In 1974 students in Gujarat started an agitation against rising prices of food grains, cooking oil, and other essential, commodities and against corruption in high places. • The students were joined by major opposition parties and became widespread leading to imposition of President’s rule in the state. • The opposition parties demanded fresh elections and specially who was the leader of Congress (O) threatened the government to go on indefinite hunger strike if fresh elections were not held. So under immense pressure from students, supported by the opposition parties assembly elections were held in Gujarat in where in Congress was defeated.

The movement • In 1967 a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling Hills district in under the leadership of the local cadres of the (Marxist). Beginning from the Naxalbari police station, the peasant movement spread to several states of India and came to be referred broadly as the Naxalite movement. • In 1969, they broke of the CPI (M) and a new party, Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) (CPI- ML) was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar. • It argued that democracy in India was a sham and decided to adopt a strategy of protracted guerrilla warfare in order to lead to a revolution.

Methods used by Naxalites • The Naxalite movement has used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the poor and the landless. • Its supporters advocate the use of violent means to achieve their political goals. • The Naxalite movement has been a splintered into various parties and organisations. Some of these parties, like the CPI-ML (Liberation) participated in open, democratic politics. • Currently about 75 districts in nine states (Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh) are affected by Naxalite violence. Most of these are very backward areas inhabited by adivasis.

Why Naxalites are fighting? • In these areas the sharecroppers, under-tenants and small cultivators are denied their basic rights with regard to security of tenure or their share in produce, payment of fair wages etc. • Forced labour, expropriation of resources by outsiders and exploitation by money lenders are also common in these areas. These conditions lead to the growth of Naxalite movement.

Conflict with Judiciary • The Indian government strangely had many differences with the judiciary. • There was a long drawn conflict between Parliament and judiciary over each other’s roles. There were three issues: 1. The Supreme Court said that the Parliament could not abridge fundamental rights including right to property. 2. The court said that the Parliament could not amend in such a way that rights got curtailed. 3. The Parliament amended the Constitution on the ground that fundamental rights could be abridged for implementing directive principles. The Supreme Court rejected this proposition.

• All the three factors created a controversy between government and judiciary. • Further tension was added between executive and judiciary due to two reasons: 1. A vacancy of had arisen in 1973. As the convention says senior most judge of Supreme Court should have been appointed but seniority of three judges was superseded and A.N. Ray was appointed as the Chief Justice which generated political controversy. Political ideology and constitutional interpretation got mixed and people close to Indira Gandhi talked of committed judiciary and executive to implement division of people’s representation. 2. The climax was of course the ruling of the declaring Indira Gandhi’s election invalid. This petition was filed by , a socialist challenging Indira Gandhi’s election as invalid as she has used government machinery for election campaign. The High Court declared her election as invalid so legally she was no more an MP and therefore, could not remain the PM unless once again elected as an MP within six months

Imposition of Emergency • The stage was set for a political turmoil. Opposition parties led by J.P. Narayana organised a massive demonstration in Ram Leela grounds on 25 June 1975 for resignation of Indira Gandhi. • Jaypee announced a nationwide satyagraha for her resignation and asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey “illegal immoral orders “. • The response of the government was to declare a . • Emergency was then invoked under article 352 whose provisions are that the government can declare a state of emergency on grounds of external threat or a threat of internal disturbances. • Article 356 provides that if the President, on receipt of a report from the government of a state or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on by the provisions of the Constitution, the President may issue a proclamation. • Article 360 states that if the President is satisfied that a situation-anything whereby the final stability or the credit of India or any part thereof is threatened, President may declare a state of financial emergency. • Once is proclaimed the federal distribution of powers remain practically suspended and all powers are concentrated in the hands of the Union government. • Secondly, the government also gets the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the fundamental rights during emergency. • On the night of 25 June 1975, the PM recommended the imposition of emergency to President without consulting or informing the Cabinet ministers. • After midnight the electricity to all major newspaper offices was disconnected and early morning she informed her cabinet about imposition of emergency.

Consequences 1. Agitations were brought to an abrupt stop. Strikes were banned and many opposition leaders were put in jail. 2. Government suspended all the freedom of press thereby newspapers were asked to take prior approval before publishing any article. This is called press .

3. Due to fear of social and communal disharmony, the government banned parties like RSS and Jamaat-e-Islami. Protests and strikes were disallowed. 4. Fundamental rights of people were suspended and people even did not have the right to move to courts for protection of their fundamental rights. 5. Under preventive detention, people were arrested and detained not because they have committed offence but on the apprehension that they may commit an offence and moreover arrested persons were not informed about the reason of their arrest and also could not challenge their arrest through habeas corpus. 6. Many journalists were arrested for writing against the emergency. 7. Kannada writer Shivarama Karnath awarded with and Hindi writer Fanishwaranath Renu awarded with Padma Shri returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy. 8. Many political workers went underground and organised protest against the government. 9. Newspapers like Indian express and Statesman protested against the censorship by resorting to leaving blank spaces of censored news. Magazines like Seminar and Mainstream closed down. 10. An amendment was made in the background of ruling of Allahabad High Court that henceforth, nobody can challenge the elections of PM, President, and Vice-President. 11. The 42nd amendment was also passed during emergency which was considered as the most controversial amendment. The 42nd amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in Indian history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Court to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. It laid down the fundamental duties of Indian citizens to the nation. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a ‘mini-Constitution’ or the ‘Constitution of Indira’. 12. The government also passed certain amendments to Constitution curbing powers of judiciary and President. It even extended tenure of the Parliament from 5 to 6 years.

Controversies regarding Emergency • The most controversial episode in Indian politics was emergency due to the following reasons: 1. There were differing viewpoints on the need to implement emergency. 2. By using the powers of Constitution, the government practically suspended democratic functioning or lessons we learn from Emergency. 3. later found out that excesses were committed during emergency and the lessons we learn from Emergency. Was Emergency essential? • It was contested on the following grounds: 1. The Constitution gave internal disturbance as reason for declaring emergency whereas emergency was never proclaimed before 1975. 2. The government argued that in a democracy opposition must allow ruling party to operate as it liked. Congress felt that agitations and protests were not good for democracy. 3. Congress contended that use of extra-parliamentary methods hindered development and lead to instability as all energy had to be spent on maintenance of law and order. In this regard, Indira Gandhi wrote to Shah commission that emergency was implemented as subversive forces tried to dislodge the government by using extra-constitutional methods.

4. Some parties like CPI backed the Congress during emergency and said there was an international conspiracy against the unity of the India. 5. Leaders like JP felt that since independence people had a right to protest. Movements of Bihar and Gujarat were peaceful. Those arrested were never tried for anti-national activities. There was no need to implement draconian measures like a emergency to curb such protest. 6. Critics of emergency argued that India had history of such movements including freedom movement and also people had the right to protest against government in democracy. Even the Home Ministry which was monitoring the internal situation of the country did not express any concern about law and order situation in the country. 7. Even if some agitations had overstepped their limits, there was no need to use draconian measures like emergency.

What actually happened during emergency? • It was said that government misused its emergency powers in the name of maintaining law and order, restoring efficiency and implementing pro-poor programmes. • Government led by Indira Gandhi announced a twenty-point programme which included measures like: 1. Land reformation 2. Land redistribution 3. Review of agricultural wages 4. Worker’s participation in management 5. Eradication of bonded labour • In the initial stage, urban-middle class was happy that implementation of emergency would discipline government employees and protests would come to an end. • Critics of emergency felt that promises made to the poor were to divert the attention of people from the excesses that were taking place. • the younger son of PM was not holding any official position yet he gained control over the administration and allegedly interfered in the functioning of the government. • His role in the demolition and forced sterilisation in became very controversial. • Apart from the arrests of political workers and the restrictions on the press, the emergency directly affected the lives of common people. • Torture and custodial deaths occurred during the emergency. • Arbitrary relocation of poor people also took place and over enthusiasm about population control led to cases of compulsory sterilisation.

Shah commission of Inquiry • In May 1977, the government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by Justice J.C. Shah, retired Chief Justice of the , to enquire “into several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of emergency proclaimed on the 25th June, 1975”. • The commission examined various kinds of evidence and called sources of witnesses to give testimony. These included Indira Gandhi who appeared before the commission but refused to answer any questions. • The accepted the findings, observations and recommendations contained in the two interim reports and third and final report of the Shah commission. The reports are also tabled in the two houses of Parliament.

Lessons learnt from Emergency • The emergency had a few lessons for us to learn: 1. It brought out the weakness and strength of India’s democracy. India perhaps ceased to be a democracy during emergency, normal democratic functioning resumed very soon and it was proved that no emergency can kill the democratic spirit of India. 2. It brought out the ambiguities related to emergency provisions in the Constitution. Internal emergency can now be proclaimed only on the grounds of armed rebellion and any such advice to President must be written from the Council of Ministers. 3. It made everyone aware of the importance of . Courts also took an active role in resorting and protecting civil liberties of people. 4. The most valuable lesson we learnt from emergency is that governments which are perceived to be anti-democratic are severely punished by the voters. 5. Lastly we have learnt another lesson from emergency that governments which are unstable and quarrelsome or punished by voters.

1977 elections and formation of Janata Party • After 18 months of emergency the government decided to hold elections in 1977. • The 1977 elections after emergency decisive as opposition parties fought on the slogan of ‘Save Democracy’ and for the first time Congress got defeated. • All the leaders and activists were released from jail. All the major opposition parties came together on the eve of elections and formed a new party known as ‘Janata Party’ under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan. • Some leaders who were opposed to Emergency also joined this new party. • Some of the Congress leaders also came out and formed a separate party under the leadership of named, and merged Janata party. • The Janata party referendum on the emergency. • Its campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the rule and on the various excesses that took place during this period. • The formation of Janata Party also ensured that non-Congress votes would not be divided. • The results took everyone by surprise as for the first time since Independence the Congress party got defeated in the elections and was able to win only 154 seats and its shares of words fell to less than 35%. • The Janata party won 330 out of 542 seats in the Lok Sabha and Janata party itself won 295 seats and thus enjoyed a clear majority. • The Congress lost in every constituency in Bihar, Delhi, Haryana and Punjab and could win only one seat in and MP. • Indira Gandhi was defeated from Rae Bareli as was her son Sanjay Gandhi from Amethi. • The middle class from North India were beginning to move away from the Congress and the Janata party became a platform for many of the sections to come together.

Janata party • After the election there was stiff competition among leaders for the post of Prime Minister – Morarji Desai, who was the rival to Indira Gandhi ever since 1966-67; leader of and farmers leader from UP; Jagjivan Ram who had vast experience as a senior minister in the Congress governments. • Morarji Desai became the PM but did not bring the power struggle within the party to an end.

Why did Janta government fail? • Critics felt that Janata party lacked direction, leadership and a common programme. • It could not bring about a fundamental change in politics from those perceived by the Congress. • The Janata party split and the government which was led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months. • Another government headed by Charan Singh was formed on the assurance of the support of the Congress party but later Congress party withdrew support as a result the government got dissolved within four months. • Fresh Lok Sabha elections were held in January 1980 in which Janata party suffered a comprehensive defeat especially in north India. • Congress party led by Indira Gandhi nearly repeated its great victory in 1971 and won 353 seats and came back to power.

Legacy • Between the elections of 1977 and 1980 the party system had changed dramatically. • Since 1969, the Congress party had starting shedding its character as an umbrella party which accommodated leaders and workers of different ideological dispensations and viewpoints. • The Congress party now identified itself with a particular ideology, claiming to be only socialist and pro-poor party. • Opposition parties relied more and more on what is known as ‘Non-Congressism’. • Welfare of backward castes became an important election issue since 1977. • Leaders of backward castes played an important role in assembly elections of North India and Janata party appointed Mandal commission. • The period of emergency witnessed constitutional crisis between Parliament and judiciary due to important issues. • It was a period of political crisis as the party in power had absolute majority and yet its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process. • Framers of the constitution thought that the democratic governments would utilise the emergency provision as it would be needed and protests and its role became significant as parties failed to meet expectations of people. • It even led to the rise of civil liberties organisation. • Also it led to a clash between institution based embassy and democracy based on instant mass protest and struggle.

‘DEMOCRATIC UPSURGES’ Increasing participation of the people in the democratic politics of the country is broadly characterised as democratic upsurge. Based on this principle, social scientists have characterized three democratic upsurges in post-independence . The ‘First Democratic Upsurge’ could be attributed from the 1950s till which was based on the participation of Indian adult voters to the democratic politics both at the centre and in states. Falsifying the western myth that the success of democracy requires modernization, urbanization, education and access to media, the successful holding of elections to both Lok Sabha and legislative assemblies all across states on the principle of parliamentary democracy were the testimony of India’s first democratic upsurge.

During the 1980’s, the increasing political participation of the lower classes of the society such as SCs, STs and OBCs has been interpreted as ‘Second Democratic Upsurge’ by Yogendra Yadav. This participation has made Indian politics more accommodative and accessible for these classes. Although this upsurge has not made any major change in the standard of living of these classes, especially , the participation of these classes into the organizational and political platforms gave them the opportunity to strengthen their self- respect and ensure empowerment in the democratic politics of the country. The era of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization from the early 1990s is attributed to the emergence of a competitive market society encompassing all important sectors of economy, society and polity thus paving way for the ‘Third Democratic Upsurge’. The Third Democratic Upsurge represents a competitive electoral market which is based not on the principle of survival of the best but rather the survival of the ablest. It underlines three shifts in India’s electoral market: from State to Market, from Government to Governance, from State as Controller to State as Facilitator. Moreover, the Third Democratic Upsurge seeks to promote the participation of the youth who constitute a significant chunk of Indian society and have emerged as the real game changers in view of their increasing electoral preference for both development and governance in India’s contemporary democratic politics.

‘RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA AND SOCIALISM’

➢ Ram Manohar Lohiya was a socialist leader and thinker, freedom fighter and among the founders of the Congress , after the split in the parent party, the leader of the Socialist Party and later Samyukta Socialist Party member. ➢ Member of Lok Sabha from 1963-67, founder editor of Mankind, known for original contribution to a non European Socialist Theory. ➢ As a political leader, best known for sharp attacks on Nehru, strategy of Non-Congressism, advocacy of reservation of backward castes and opposition to English. ➢ Ram Manohar Lohiya has been one of the main proponents of . He championed the idea of ‘Democratic Socialism’ while associating his socialism with democracy. ➢ Lohiya considered both capitalism and socialism equally irrelevant for Indian society. His principle of Democratic Socialism has two objectives - the economic objective in form of food and housing and the non-economic objective in form of democracy and freedom. ➢ Lohiya advocated Chouburja Rajneeti in which he opines four pillars of politics as well as socialism: Centre, Region, District and Village – all are linked with each other. Giving consideration to affirmative action, Lohiya argued that the policy of affirmative action should not only be for the downtrodden but also for the women and the non-religious minorities. ➢ Based on the premise of Democratic Socialism and Chouburja Rajneeti, Lohiya supported a ‘Party of Socialism’ as an attempt of merging all political parties. ➢ The Party of Socialism according to Lohiya should have three symbols, viz., Spade [prepared to make efforts], Vote [power of voting], and Prison [Willingness to make sacrifices].

‘JAI PRAKASH NARAYAN AND TOTAL REVOLUTION’ ➢ Jayaprakash Narayan (11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), popularly referred to as JP or Lok Nayak (The People's Leader), was an Indian independence activist, theorist, socialist and political leader.

➢ He is also known as the "Hero of Quit India Movement" and he is remembered for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, for whose overthrow he had called for a "total revolution". His biography, “Jayaprakash”, was written by his nationalist friend and an eminent writer of , Rambriksh Benipuri. ➢ In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the , India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his social work. Other awards include the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965. ➢ Jai Prakash Narayan is known for three key contributions: Fight against Corruption, Principle of Communitarian Socialism and Championing of ‘Total Revolution’. ➢ Jai Prakash Narayan was the first leader in post-independence India who undertook a tirade against corruption through the participation of youth, particularly in Gujarat and Bihar. ➢ He advocated the office of Lokpal against corruption. His principle of Communitarian Socialism views India as a society of communities encompassing three key layers, viz., community, region and rashtra– all combining together as an example of true federation. ➢ Based on the above principles, Jai Prakash Narayan advocated transformation of individual, society and state through his call for ‘Total Revolution’. His call for total revolution sought to encompass moral, cultural, economic, political, educational and ecological transformations. ➢ His political transformation included the right tore call, the importance of village/mohalla samities in democratic politics, and his call for Upper Ke Log to join political struggle for a clean politics in the country. ➢ The essence for transformation according to Jai Prakash Narayan revolves around ‘Man’ who could be the real catalyst of change in India.

Concept of Total Revolution The call for ‘Total Revolution’ was the last revolutionary quest of Jayaprakash Narayan. It is the only indigenous revolution in the post-independence era. Though a Sarvodaya activist, a revolutionary Jayaprakash could not remain indifferent to the crumbling of Indian polity. Corruption, manipulation, exploitation, social discrimination, unemployment and rise of authoritarianism provoked an old guard of freedom movement like Jayaprakash to launch a total revolution in post-independence polity. On 5th June, 1974 addressing a mammoth gathering of 5 lakh people in at , he launched the revolutionary programme called Total Revolution. He defined total revolution as a combination of 7 revolutions: • Social Revolution (Establishing equality and brotherhood in the society). • Economic Revolution (Decentralization of economy and making efforts to bring about economic equality by taking village as the unit of development). • Political Revolution (Ending political corruption, decentralization of politics and making public partner by giving them more rights). • Cultural Revolution (Defending Indian culture and regeneration of cultural values in common man). • Educational Revolution (Making education occupation based and changing of education system). • Spiritual Revolution (Developing moral and spiritual values, and turning materialism towards spirituality). • Thought Revolution (Revolution in the way of thinking).

Causes of Total Revolution: Jayaprakash’s total revolution can be traced to the socio-economic, education, moral and political maladies existing in Indian society. He gave his note on Total Revolution in his book ‘Prison Diary’, written during his year of arrest and solitary confinement in which he talks about why he gave call for ‘total revolution’. Since independence, he observed, there has been no real change in social, economic and political structure of the society. Zamindari is abolished, land reform laws have been passed, untouchability has been legally prohibited and so on. But village in most parts of still in the grip of higher castes and bigger and medium land owners. Harijans are burnt alive. Adivasis are still the most backward section and money-lenders still cheat and exploit adivasis. Inspite of nationalization, there is no element of trait of socialism. There is no economic democracy, which is much talked about. The educational system inspite of several committees and commissions remains basically what it was during British rule. Since independence there is steady decline in the political, public, and business morality. Population growth goes racing forward. Poverty is also growing; more than 40 percent of people are below poverty line. The basic necessities of the people are also not getting fulfilled. Therefore there is the need of a systematic change in the society i.e., a total revolution in every sphere and aspect of society Conclusion Narayan spent the first 25 years of independence as the patron saint of lost causes: the , the Sarvodaya movement, even self-determination for Kashmir. His most enduring contribution to the life of the Republic was the movement he led to unseat Mrs. Gandhi, which provoked the Emergency. As the eminence grise of the Janata Party, the first non-Congress party to run the central government, he can take credit for catalysing the political forces that set in train the Congress’s political decline. Narayan also wrote several books, notably Reconstruction of Indian Polity. He promoted Hindu revivalism, but was initially deeply critical of the form of revivalism promoted by the .

‘DEENDAYAL UPADHYAYA AND INTEGRAL HUMANISM’

Deendayal Upadhyaya (25 September 1916 – 11 February 1968) was an Indian politician and thinker of right-wing ideology espoused by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the leader of political party Bhartiya Jana Sangh (BJS) the forerunner of Bhartiya Janata Party(BJP). Upadhyaya’s writings and speeches on the principles and policies of the , his philosophy of ‘Integral Humanism’ and his vision for the rise of modern India, constitute the most comprehensive articulation of what might be described as a BJP ideology. In 1951, when Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Deendayal became the first general secretary of its UP branch. Next he was chosen as all-India general secretary. The acumen and meticulousness shown by Deendayal deeply impressed Dr Mookerjee and elicited his famous remark: ‘If I had two Deendayals, I could transform the political face of India.’ After Dr. Mukherjee’s death in 1953, the entire burden of nurturing the orphaned organisation and building it up as a nation-wide movement fell on the young shoulders of Deendayal. For 15 years, he remained the outfit’s general secretary and built it up, brick by brick. He raised a band of dedicated workers imbued with idealism and provided the entire ideological framework of the outfit.

Chief Architect of Doctrine of Integral Humanism: ➢ Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya was a philosopher, sociologist, economist and politician. ➢ The philosophy presented by him is called 'Integral Humanism' which was intended to present an 'indigenous socio-economic model' in which human being remains at the centre of development. ➢ The aim of Integral Humanism is to ensure dignified life for every human being while balancing the needs of the individual and society. ➢ It supports sustainable consumption of natural resources so that those resources can be replenished. Integral Humanism enhances not only political but also economic and social democracy and freedom. ➢ As it seeks to promote diversity, it is best suited for a country as diverse as India. The philosophy of Integral Humanism is based on the following three principles: • Primacy of whole, not part • Supremacy of Dharma • Autonomy of Society ➢ Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya opposed both Western 'capitalist individualism' and 'Marxist socialism'. ➢ According to Deendayal Upadhyaya, capitalist and socialist ideologies only consider the needs of the human body and mind, so they are based on materialistic purpose whereas spiritual development is equally considered important for the complete development of human being which is missing in both capitalism and socialism. ➢ Basing his philosophy on the internal conscience, pure human soul to be called Chhitti, Deendayal Upadhyaya envisaged a classless, casteless and conflict-free social system. ➢ In Indian thought he said- dharm, kaam, arth, moksh – all four are important. If there is balance between them, there is social equilibrium. ➢ No society can live without dharma but can live without religion. Dharma is above religion. On the basis of this truth, he propounded Integral Humanism. Integral humanism consists of visions organized around two themes: 1)Morality in politics – can be a game changer. 2)Swadeshi and small-scale industrialization in economy – initiating self-reliance that reflects in Gandhiji’s philosophy as well. Thus, Integral Humanism revolves around the basic themes of harmony, primacy of cultural- national values and discipline. This doctrine of Pandit Upadhyay is quite relevant even in the present political and economic situation of India. Deendayal was of the view that India is in urgent need of a 'fresh breeze' to get rid of the post-independence westernisation. He felt Indian intellect had been suffocated, and Indian polity was no more rooted in the traditions of our ancient culture. Deendayal, just like all strong leaders, believed in the concept of Swaraj (Self Governance).

Deendayal Upadhyaya Literary 1) Samrat Chandragupta (1946) 2) Akhand Bharat Kyon? (1952) 3) Bharatiya Arthniti: Vikas Ki Disha (1958) 4) Devaluation: A Great Fall (1966) 5) Political Diary (1968) 6) Integral Humanism