Rahul Sagar, Hindu Nationalists and the Cold
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Discourses of Ethno-Nationalism and Religious Fundamentalism
DISCOURSES OF ETHNO-NATIONALISM AND RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM SRI LANKAN DISCOURSES OF ETHNO-NATIONALISM AND RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM By MYRA SIVALOGANATHAN, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Myra Sivaloganathan, June 2017 M.A. Thesis – Myra Sivaloganathan; McMaster University – Religious Studies. McMaster University MASTER OF ARTS (2017) Hamilton, Ontario (Religious Studies) TITLE: Sri Lankan Discourses of Ethno-Nationalism and Religious Fundamentalism AUTHOR: Myra Sivaloganathan, B.A. (McGill University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Mark Rowe NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 91 ii M.A. Thesis – Myra Sivaloganathan; McMaster University – Religious Studies. Abstract In this thesis, I argue that discourses of victimhood, victory, and xenophobia underpin both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalist and religious fundamentalist movements. Ethnic discourse has allowed citizens to affirm collective ideals in the face of disparate experiences, reclaim power and autonomy in contexts of fundamental instability, but has also deepened ethnic divides in the post-war era. In the first chapter, I argue that mutually exclusive narratives of victimhood lie at the root of ethnic solitudes, and provide barriers to mechanisms of transitional justice and memorialization. The second chapter includes an analysis of the politicization of mythic figures and events from the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahāvaṃsa in nationalist discourses of victory, supremacy, and legacy. Finally, in the third chapter, I explore the Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam’s (LTTE) rhetoric and symbolism, and contend that a xenophobic discourse of terrorism has been imposed and transferred from Tamil to Muslim minorities. Ultimately, these discourses prevent Sri Lankans from embracing a multi-ethnic and multi- religious nationality, and hinder efforts at transitional justice. -
Introduction
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Introduction The Invention of an Ethnic Nationalism he Hindu nationalist movement started to monopolize the front pages of Indian newspapers in the 1990s when the political T party that represented it in the political arena, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP—which translates roughly as Indian People’s Party), rose to power. From 2 seats in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian parliament, the BJP increased its tally to 88 in 1989, 120 in 1991, 161 in 1996—at which time it became the largest party in that assembly—and to 178 in 1998. At that point it was in a position to form a coalition government, an achievement it repeated after the 1999 mid-term elections. For the first time in Indian history, Hindu nationalism had managed to take over power. The BJP and its allies remained in office for five full years, until 2004. The general public discovered Hindu nationalism in operation over these years. But it had of course already been active in Indian politics and society for decades; in fact, this ism is one of the oldest ideological streams in India. It took concrete shape in the 1920s and even harks back to more nascent shapes in the nineteenth century. As a movement, too, Hindu nationalism is heir to a long tradition. Its main incarnation today, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS—or the National Volunteer Corps), was founded in 1925, soon after the first Indian communist party, and before the first Indian socialist party. -
Hindutva and Anti-Muslim Communal Violence in India Under the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990-2010) Elaisha Nandrajog Claremont Mckenna College
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2010 Hindutva and Anti-Muslim Communal Violence in India Under the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990-2010) Elaisha Nandrajog Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Nandrajog, Elaisha, "Hindutva and Anti-Muslim Communal Violence in India Under the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990-2010)" (2010). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 219. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/219 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE HINDUTVA AND ANTI-MUSLIM COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA UNDER THE BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY (1990-2010) SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR RODERIC CAMP AND PROFESSOR GASTÓN ESPINOSA AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY ELAISHA NANDRAJOG FOR SENIOR THESIS (Spring 2010) APRIL 26, 2010 2 CONTENTS Preface 02 List of Abbreviations 03 Timeline 04 Introduction 07 Chapter 1 13 Origins of Hindutva Chapter 2 41 Setting the Stage: Precursors to the Bharatiya Janata Party Chapter 3 60 Bharat : The India of the Bharatiya Janata Party Chapter 4 97 Mosque or Temple? The Babri Masjid-Ramjanmabhoomi Dispute Chapter 5 122 Modi and his Muslims: The Gujarat Carnage Chapter 6 151 Legalizing Communalism: Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (2002) Conclusion 166 Appendix 180 Glossary 185 Bibliography 188 3 PREFACE This thesis assesses the manner in which India’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has emerged as the political face of Hindutva, or Hindu ethno-cultural nationalism. The insights of scholars like Christophe Jaffrelot, Ashish Nandy, Thomas Blom Hansen, Ram Puniyani, Badri Narayan, and Chetan Bhatt have been instrumental in furthering my understanding of the manifold elements of Hindutva ideology. -
India Freedom Fighters' Organisation
A Guide to the Microfiche Edition of Political Pamphlets from the Indian Subcontinent Part 5: Political Parties, Special Interest Groups, and Indian Internal Politics UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA A Guide to the Microfiche Edition of POLITICAL PAMPHLETS FROM THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT PART 5: POLITICAL PARTIES, SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS, AND INDIAN INTERNAL POLITICS Editorial Adviser Granville Austin Guide compiled by Daniel Lewis A microfiche project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Indian political pamphlets [microform] microfiche Accompanied by printed guide. Includes bibliographical references. Content: pt. 1. Political Parties and Special Interest Groups—pt. 2. Indian Internal Politics—[etc.]—pt. 5. Political Parties, Special Interest Groups, and Indian Internal Politics ISBN 1-55655-829-5 (microfiche) 1. Political parties—India. I. UPA Academic Editions (Firm) JQ298.A1 I527 2000 <MicRR> 324.254—dc20 89-70560 CIP Copyright © 2000 by University Publications of America. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-829-5. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................. vii Source Note ............................................................................................................................. xi Reference Bibliography Series 1. Political Parties and Special Interest Groups Organization Accession # -
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) – Sangh Parivar – Christians – Punjab
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: IND34592 Country: India Date: 2 April 2009 Keywords: India – Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) – Sangh Parivar – Christians – Punjab This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. What is the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Hindu Sangh Parivar? 2. What anti-Christian activities have they been involved in, in Punjab, over the past couple of years? RESPONSE 1. What is the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Hindu Sangh Parivar? An RRT research response dated 13 February 2009 provides information on the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Sangh Parivar (RRT Research & Information 2009, Research Response IND34298, 13 February (Question 1) – Attachment 1). The documents referred to in the research response include a research paper dated 2 May 2007 by the International Affairs and Defence Section of the UK Parliament House of Commons Library which indicates that: The BJP [Bharatiya Janata Party] is the political wing of the Sangh Parivar, a group of Hindu nationalist organisations which includes the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a national volunteer organisation, and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), an organisation of Hindu monks. -
Gandhi's View on Judaism and Zionism in Light of an Interreligious
religions Article Gandhi’s View on Judaism and Zionism in Light of an Interreligious Theology Ephraim Meir 1,2 1 Department of Jewish Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; [email protected] 2 Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa Abstract: This article describes Gandhi’s view on Judaism and Zionism and places it in the framework of an interreligious theology. In such a theology, the notion of “trans-difference” appreciates the differences between cultures and religions with the aim of building bridges between them. It is argued that Gandhi’s understanding of Judaism was limited, mainly because he looked at Judaism through Christian lenses. He reduced Judaism to a religion without considering its peoplehood dimension. This reduction, together with his political endeavors in favor of the Hindu–Muslim unity and with his advice of satyagraha to the Jews in the 1930s determined his view on Zionism. Notwithstanding Gandhi’s problematic views on Judaism and Zionism, his satyagraha opens a wide-open window to possibilities and challenges in the Near East. In the spirit of an interreligious theology, bridges are built between Gandhi’s satyagraha and Jewish transformational dialogical thinking. Keywords: Gandhi; interreligious theology; Judaism; Zionism; satyagraha satyagraha This article situates Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi’s in the perspective of a Jewish dialogical philosophy and theology. I focus upon the question to what extent Citation: Meir, Ephraim. 2021. Gandhi’s religious outlook and satyagraha, initiated during his period in South Africa, con- Gandhi’s View on Judaism and tribute to intercultural and interreligious understanding and communication. -
May 23, 2005 Annual Transfer Office Memorandum No
High Court Of Judicature At Allahabad OFFICE MEMORANDUM No.132/DR(S)/2005 Dated: Allahabad : May 23, 2005 The following Judge Small Causes Courts/ Additional Judge Small Causes Courts/ Civil Judge (Senior Division)/ Additional Civil Judge (Senior Division)/ Chief Judicial Magistrate/Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate/ Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate (Railway)/ Chief Metropolitan Magistrate/Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate have been transferred to the places in- dicated against their names below. They shall keep themselves ready to hand-over charge at their present place of posting on June 06, 2005 afternoon. The notification regarding their inter-se posting at the station to which they have been trans- ferred will follow. Sl Id Name of Present Place Place to which No No Officer of Posting transferred 1 5290 PRAVEEN KUMAR Agra Jhansi 2 5340 RAJIV SHARMA Agra Muzaffar Nagar 3 5675 SURENDRA SINGH Agra Bareilly 4 5434 ANOOP KUMAR GOEL Aligarh Barabanki 5 5439 NALIN KUMAR SRIVASTAVA Aligarh Fatehpur 6 5688 ALOK KUMAR PARASAR Aligarh Chitrakoot 7 5745 MOHD. IBRAHIM Aligarh Jhansi 8 5749 MUKESH KUMAR SINGHAL Aligarh Bijnor 9 5687 SATYA PRAKASH TRIPATHI Ambedkar N. at Akbarpur Lucknow 10 5298 AMAR NATH SINGH Auraiya Raebareli 11 5460 ASHOK KUMAR-VI Auraiya Gonda 12 5314 DINESH CHANDRA TRIPATHI Azamgarh Chitrakoot 13 5408 RAMESH CHANDRA-V Azamgarh Nagina-Bijnor 14 5229 SATISH KUMAR KAIN Bahraich Bijnor 15 5307 RAM ADHAR Balrampur Varanasi 16 5627 VIKASH SAXENA-II Banda Agra 17 5312 SHANTI PRAKASH ARVIND Barabanki Agra 18 5409 SANT -
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Who is Deendayal Upadhyaya? \n\n \n Deendayal Upadhyaya was born in a poor family in Nagla Chandrabhaan village near Mathura, UP, on 25 September, 1916. \n As a child, Deendayal had to face the profound grief of several deaths in the family. Deendayal moved from place to place and completed his masters degree. He was introduced to RSS and became a full timer in the late 1930s. \n Deendayal was a prolific writer and a successful editor. He wrote a number of books including Samrat Chandragupt and Jagatguru Shankaracharya, and an analysis of the Five Year plans in India. \n He was deputed to work in the Jana Sangh by Shri Golwalkar when the party was founded in 1951 by Dr Syama Prasad Mukherjee. From then till 1967 he remained the Jana Sangh All India General Secretary. \n It was during this time that he propounded the political philosophy of Integral Humanism. It is now 50 years since the Jana Sangh adopted Integral Humanism as its political-economic manifesto. \n Deendayal Upadhyaya died on February 11, 1968 under mysterious circumstances at the age 52. The murder of Pandit Deendayal still remains unresolved. \n \n\n What are some of his ideals? \n\n \n The concept of Integral Humanism he propounded envisages remedies for the post-globalisation maladies of the world. \n Upadhyaya conceived a classless, casteless and conflict-free social order. He stressed on the ancient Indian wisdom of oneness of the human kind. \n For him, the brotherhood of a shared, common heritage was central to political activism. -
India's 2019 National Election and Implications for U.S. Interests
India’s 2019 National Election and Implications for U.S. Interests June 28, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45807 SUMMARY R45807 India’s 2019 National Election and Implications June 28, 2019 for U.S. Interests K. Alan Kronstadt India, a federal republic and the world’s most populous democracy, held elections to seat a new Specialist in South Asian lower house of parliament in April and May of 2019. Estimates suggest that more than two-thirds Affairs of the country’s nearly 900 million eligible voters participated. The 545-seat Lok Sabha (People’s House) is seated every five years, and the results saw a return to power of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who was chief minister of the west Indian state of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014. Modi’s party won decisively—it now holds 56% of Lok Sabha seats and Modi became the first Indian leader to win consecutive majorities since Indira Gandhi in 1971. The United States and India have been pursuing an expansive strategic partnership since 2005. The Trump Administration and many in the U.S. Congress welcomed Modi’s return to power for another five-year term. Successive U.S. Presidents have deemed India’s growing power and influence a boon to U.S. interests in Asia and globally, not least in the context of balancing against China’s increasing assertiveness. India is often called a preeminent actor in the Trump Administration’s strategy for a “free and open Indo-Pacific.” Yet there are potential stumbling blocks to continued development of the partnership. -
International Training Programme on Management
INTERNATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMME providing Social Security benefits in the nature of ON Provident Fund, Pension and Insurance. In the year MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS 2015-16, EPFO was awarded the Gold National Award 22nd October to 26th October 2018 on e-Governance for making Innovative use of Technology in e-Governance. PANDIT DEENDAYAL UPDHYAYA NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SECURITY Aims & Objectives of the Training Programme: (PDNASS) The Programme is designed to enable participants to: NEW DELHI 1. Understand the principles and various components of social security. 2. Gain exposure to the parameters involved in designing of Social Security Schemes. 3. Learn about various types of benefits in social security systems. 4. Learn about financing and investment procedures in Social Security Systems. 5. Understand the roles and responsibilities of Senior Management in administering Social Security Systems. 6. Learn the best practices in Social Security Systems across the world. 7. Understand the importance of capacity building to improve overall social security administration. Broad Course Contents: Development of Social Security and its culmination Course Title: „MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL in the framing of ILO standards SECURITY SYSTEMS’ Socio-economic impact of Social Security Various Designs of Schemes in Social Security Duration & Period: 5 Days, from 22nd October to Systems 26th October 2018 Types of Benefits in Social Security Systems Financing of Social Security Systems Venue: Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya National Managing -
Bharatiya Jana Sangh
BHARATIYA JAKA SANGHj THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POLITICAL PARTI IN INDIA by - PRABHA SHARMA B.A. , Isabella Thoburn College, University of Lucknow, 19^5 A MASTER'S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Political Science KANSAS STATE UTIIVSRSITI Kanha 11 an , Kansas 1969 Approved by: Ka.ior Professor ^ ii &-1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my Major Advisor Dr. William L. Richter for his invaluable guidance that has brought this paper to completion. I am grateful to Dr. Micheal W. Suleiman and Dr. E. Terrence Jones, members of the Advisory Committee for their careful perusal of this thesis and suggestions. I would like to acknowledge the consideration of Dr. William W. Boyer, Dr. Albert B. Franklin, and other Faculty members and students of the Department of Political Science at Kansas State University with whom it has been a pleasure to associate. I am also indebted to the members of the South Asia Library Staff at the University of Pennsylvania who were most helpful during my research there in the Spring of 1968. Affectionate thanks are due to my husband Govind, who gave freely of his time and was throughout this writing a source of great encouragement and help. For the typing of the manuscript in its various stages I am grateful to Mrs. Cheryl Smith, Mrs. Bonnie McCurdy, and Mrs. Karen Area. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE JANA SANGH 10 III. PARTI ORGANIZATION 21 IV. PARTY IDEOLOGY 35 a. -
The Kashmir Problem Ixty-Seven Years After Jammu & Kashmir Joined the Indian Union, All Issues About S the State Have Got Clouded in Claims and Counter-Claims
Everything you wanted to know about the Kashmir problem ixty-seven years after Jammu & Kashmir joined the Indian Union, all issues about S the state have got clouded in claims and counter-claims. This ebook is intended to put the facts in some perspective. -Sanjeev Nayyar The author is a Chartered Accountant and independent columnist. The article is based on inputs from Arvind Lavakare’s The Truth behind Article 370 and Daya Sagar’s History of Delimitation in J&K n 26 October 1947, the princely state *Nehru chose to go to the UN on 1 January 1948 of Jammu & Kashmir formally became on the Pakistani/Pathan aggression. O a part of the Indian Union. Pakistan never accepted the decision of Maharaja Hari *Resolutions adopted by UN Commission for Singh, who was legally empowered to sign the India and Pakistan on 13 August 1948 and 5 instrument of accession, as final. It has repeat- January 1949 provide for a plebiscite after the edly tried to use force and terrorism to change withdrawal of troops from Pakistan. the status quo, in the process muddying the issue. *The regent of J&K, Yuvraj Karan Singh, is- sued a proclamation on 25 November 1949 that Even today, whenever the issues of J&K’s acces- legally declared total oneness with the Constitu- sion to India and article 370 – which gives J&K tion of India. special status - are raised, emotions run high. Information is cherry picked, arguments are *Article 370, which gave J&K the right not to aggressive and thus, a meaningful discussion implement certain laws passed by parliament, becomes impossible.