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Dynamics of Governance and Development in India a Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar After 1990

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Dynamics of Governance and Development in India a Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar After 1990 RUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITÄT HEIDELBERG FAKULTÄT FÜR WIRTSCHAFTS-UND SOZIALWISSENSCHAFTEN Dynamics of Governance and Development in India A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after 1990 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. rer. pol. an der Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Erstgutachter: Professor Subrata K. Mitra, Ph.D. (Rochester) Zweitgutachter: Professor Dr. Dietmar Rothermund vorgelegt von: Seyedhossein Zarhani Dezember 2015 Acknowledgement The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the help of many individuals. I am grateful to all those who have provided encouragement and support during the whole doctoral process, both learning and writing. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude and appreciation goes to my supervisor, Professor Subrata K. Mitra, for his guidance and continued confidence in my work throughout my doctoral study. I could not have reached this stage without his continuous and warm-hearted support. I would especially thank Professor Mitra for his inspiring advice and detailed comments on my research. I have learned a lot from him. I am also thankful to my second supervisor Professor Ditmar Rothermund, who gave me many valuable suggestions at different stages of my research. Moreover, I would also like to thank Professor Markus Pohlmann and Professor Reimut Zohlnhöfer for serving as my examination commission members even at hardship. I also want to thank them for letting my defense be an enjoyable moment, and for their brilliant comments and suggestions. Special thanks also go to my dear friends and colleagues in the department of political science, South Asia Institute. My research has profited much from their feedback on several occasions, and I will always remember the inspiring intellectual exchange in this interdisciplinary environment. I would like to express my gratitude to my wonderful friends and colleagues Dr. Jivanta Schötlli and Dr. Markus Pauli for their comments, feedbacks, and constant supports. I would also like to thank Markus for his remarks, critiques, and suggestions during the review meeting, which proved to be very useful in the next stages of research. Furthermore, I would like to thank Dr. Stefan Diederich, Dr. Michael Liebig and Mr. Bernhard M. Beitelmair-Berini for sharing their tips, knowledge and academic perspectives with me. Finally, my heartiest gratitude goes to my wife Samareh for her love, patience, supports, and her imperturbable belief in my abilities. Also, I would like to thank Samareh for her critiques and comments on my work. She has been a never-ending source of love, encouragement, and motivation. Undoubtedly, this dissertation could not have been written without her. Thank you Samareh! Of course, the acknowledgments would not be complete without giving thanks to my parents. Both have instilled many admirable qualities in me and taught me hard work, self-respect, and persistence. They have supported my academic pursuit, and I could always rely on them. I do not imagine a life without their love and blessings. This thesis is dedicated to them. i Table of Content Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................................... i Table of Content ............................................................................................................................................ ii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. ix Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... x 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Casting the Context ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Ongoing Debate: Role of State in Development in India ............................................................... 7 1.3 State of Problem and Significance of Study ................................................................................... 9 1.4 Gaps in Existing Literature ........................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Selection of Cases ........................................................................................................................ 20 1.6 Locating Puzzle ............................................................................................................................ 24 1.7 Objectives and Main Questions of the Study .............................................................................. 27 1.8 Arguments and Hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 28 1.9 Methodological Approaches and Their Implications ................................................................... 33 1.9.1 Analytic Narrative Approach ................................................................................................ 33 1.9.2 The Subnational Comparative Method................................................................................ 34 1.9.3 Source of Data ..................................................................................................................... 35 1.10 Structure of Current Study .......................................................................................................... 36 2 State of Art: Governance and Comparative Political Economy ............................................................. 38 2.1 An Overview ................................................................................................................................ 38 2.2 From Government to Governance: a Paradigm Shift .................................................................. 38 2.3 Defining Governance: Complexities and Diversities .................................................................... 41 2.4 Different Conceptualizations of Governance .............................................................................. 48 2.5 Neo-liberalism and Good Governance ........................................................................................ 55 ii 2.5.1 Roots and Context of Good Governance ............................................................................. 55 2.5.2 Defining Good Governance ................................................................................................. 61 2.5.3 Good Governance as a Theoretical Tool: Assessments and Critiques ................................. 64 2.5.3.1 Question about the Causality Assumption .................................................................. 64 2.5.3.2 Normative Roots of Good Governance........................................................................ 64 2.5.3.3 Neglecting Different Contexts ..................................................................................... 66 2.5.4 Good Governance and Study of Interrelations of Governance and development in India .. 66 2.6 Neo-Institutionalism, Governance and Comparative Political Economy ..................................... 67 2.6.1 Developmental State Theory ............................................................................................... 69 2.6.2 Neo-statism, Governance and Study of Development in India ............................................ 71 2.6.3 Subnational Analysis of Governance in India ....................................................................... 72 3 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................................ 73 3.1 Neo-institutional Rational Choice Model of Governance ............................................................ 74 3.2 Polycentric Hierarchy Theory ...................................................................................................... 76 3.1 Regional Elite Strategy analysis ................................................................................................... 78 4 Elite Agency and Development in Andhra Pradesh: From Tollywood Superstar to CEO of AP ............... 84 4.1 An Overview ................................................................................................................................ 84 4.2 State Profile ................................................................................................................................. 85 4.2.1 Geography ........................................................................................................................... 85 4.2.2 Population and Demography ............................................................................................... 86 4.2.3 Economy .............................................................................................................................. 86 4.3 Pre the1990s Politics in Andhra Pradesh ..................................................................................... 89 4.3.1 Historical Backgrounds: From State Formation to First Telangana Movement ..................
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