United States Proceedings of the Symposium on the Department of Agriculture Forest Service Ecology, Manage ent, an Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station ilization of Ca ifornia Oaks P.O. Box 245 Berkeley California 94701 General Technical Report PSW-44 June 26-28, I 979, Claremont, California The views expressed in the papers included in this volume are those of the authors. Trade names of commercial products are used solely for information and no endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or other organizations is im- plied. This volume includes reports involving pesticides. It does not make recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that any uses described have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State or Federal agencies or both before they can be recommended. Publisher: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, California 94701 November 1980 Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology, Management, and Utilization of California Oaks June 26-28, 1979, Claremont, Callifornia Timothy R. Plumb Technical ~oordinhtor CONTENTS Opening Remarks ............................. 1 Canyon Live Oak Vegetation in the Sierra Robert Z. Callaham Nevada .................................. 86 Ecological Relationships Rodney G. Myatt Neogene History of the California Oaks .......... 3 Inventory and Quantification of Central Coast Jack Wolfe Hardwood Resources in California ............ 92 History of Cultural Influences on the Distribution and Norman H. Pillsbury Reproduction of Oaks in California. ........... 7 Oaks in California's Commercial Forests-Volume, Randall S. Rossi Stand Structure, and Defect Characteristics ..... 101 Taxonomy of California Oaks .................. 19 Charles L. Bolsinger John M. Tucker Silviculture and Management Natural Hybridization Between Two Evergreen Black Preliminary Recommendations for Managing Oaks in the North Central Coast Ranges of California Black Oak in the Sierra Nevada. ..... 107 California ................................ 30 John Tappeiner and Philip M. McDonald Michael C. Vasey An Approach to Managing California Black Oak and Tanoak (Lithocarpus densijlorus) Leaf Surface Hardwoods on a Deer Winter Range in Central Characteristics.. ............................ 36 California ................................ 112 M.G. King and S.R. Radosevitch Donald Potter and Barbara Johnston Adaptations of Mediterranean-Climate Oaks to Oak Management Harvest A: An Experimental Environmental Stress ....................... 43 Management and Utilization Project on Southern Phil@ W. Rundel California Private Ownership ................. 117 Wildfire and the Geographic Relationships Between James E. Asher Canyon Live Oak, Coulter Pine, and Bigcone Growth of Thinned and Unthinned Hardwood Stands in Douglas-fir Forests ......................... 55 the Northern Sierra Nevada. ..Preliminary Richard A. Minnich Findings .................................. 119 The Fire Resistance of Engelmann and Coast Live Oak Philip M. McDonald Seedlings.. ............................... 62 Radial Growth of California Black Oak in the San Gerald E. Snow Bernardino Mountains ...................... 128 Inventory and Distribution Records of Oaks in Barbara Gemmill California ................................ 67 Prescribed Burning in California Oak Timothy E. Paysen Management .............................. 136 Quercus sadleriana, R. Br. Campst., Its Distribution, Lisle R. Green Ecology, and Relationships to Other Oaks ...... 75 Nursery Propagation of California Oaks .......... 143 Gilbert J. Muth Suzanne Schettler and Michael Smith Change in Vegetative Cover of Oak Stands in Southern Nutrient-Microbial Considerations in Oak San Diego County: 1928-1970................ 81 Management .............................. 149 Carla R. Scheidlinger and Paul H. Zedler Paul H. Dunn Oaks and the California Landscape .............. 161 Acorn Storage by Acorn Woodpeckers in an Oak R. Burton Litton Jr. Woodland: An Energetics Analysis ............ 265 Measures That Can Help Offset the Detrimental Effects Walter D. Koenig That Urban Development Has on Oak Trees .... 167 Annual Oak Mast Yields from Visual Estimates ... 270 Paul A. Rogers Walter C. Graves Aspects of Water Relations in Coast Live Oaks and Mammals of California Oak Habitats-Management Valley Oaks Subjected to Root Damage from Land Implications.. ............................. 275 Development Operations .................... 171 Reginald A. Barrett Stephen W. Roberts and Robin L. Smith Ecological Relationships Between Southern Mule Deer Oak Tree Banks and Relocation ................ 176 and California Black Oak. ...................292 Richard D. Cross R. Terry Bowyer and Vernon C. Bleich Characteristics of Root Systems: California Oaks . 178 Trends in oak Utilization-Fuelwood, Mast W.D. Thomas Production, Animal Use .....................297 California Oaks and Outdoor Recreation ......... 180 John W. Menke and Michael E. Fry Sam S. Ayano Livestock Utilization of California's Oak Damage Factors Woodlands ............................... 306 Insects Feeding on California Oak Trees ......... 184 D.A. Duncan and W.J. Clawson Leland R. Brown Effect of Blue Oak on Rangeland Forage Production in Diseases of Oaks in California ................. 195 Central California .......................... 314 Robert D. Raabe V.L. Holland Response of Oaks to Fire ...................... 202 Effect of Blue Oak on Nutritional Quality of Rangeland Timothy R. Plumb Forage in Central California ................. 319 Sprouting in Fire-Damaged Valley Oaks, Chews V.L. Holland and Jimmy Morton Ridge, California .......................... 216 Effect of Blue Oak Removal on Herbaceous Forage James R. Griffin Production in the North Sierra Foothills ........ 323 Effect of Chronic Oxidant Air Pollution Exposure on Burgess L. Kay and O.A. Leonard California Black Oak in the San Bernardino Oak Trees and Livestock-Management Options . 329 Mountains ................................220 Alfied H. Murphy Paul R. Miller, Gail J. Longbotham, Robert E. Van Energy Yield Potentials of California Oaks and Other Doren, and Maureen A. Thomas Wood Biomass ............................333 Sea-Salt Aerosol Damage to Quercus agrifolia and A1 Groncki Quercus lobata in the Santa Ynez Valley, Economics of Utilizing Oak for Energy .......... 345 California ................................230 Raymond Stine Gary L. Ogden Obse~ationson Wildlife Abundance in Several Tolerance of Oaks to Flooding .................238 California Black Oak Habitats in Northern Richard W. Harris, Andrew T.Leiser, andRobert E. California ................................354 Fissell Steven J. Kerns Animal Damage to Valley Oak Acorns and Seedlings, Acorns-Food for Modem Man ................ 360 Camel Valley, California ...................242 Jeanine A. Derby James R. Griffin Wood Products from California Oaks, Cal Oak Lumber Products Company Style ............................362 Guy Hall Birds of California Oak Habitats-Management Implications.. ............................. 246 Jared Verner PREFACE Grateful recognition is due the members of the Coordinating Committee, who provided technical support and encourage- In June 1979, more than 200 people met on the campus of ment: Scripps College in Claremont to share information about our native oaks, one of California's most important natural re- Leland R. Brown, University of California, Riverside sources. Historical records show that the beauty and value of Reginald Barrett, University of California, Berkeley the arborescent oaks were readily apparent to the early settlers, James R. Griffin, Hastings Natural History Reservation, but during the last 200 years, probably more effort has been University of California, Carmel Valley spent to remove and kiil oaks than to grow and manage them. Philip M. McDonald, Pacific Southwest Station, Redding Efforts by concerned individuals and public resource organi- Nonnan H. Pillsbury, California Polytechnic State Uni- zations to manage oaks have generally been ineffective. versity, San Luis Obispo Because of the "poor" stem form and the relatively slow Jared Verner, Pacific Southwest Station, Fresno growth of most oak trees, professional foresters have generally Herbert Hahn, Pacific Southwest Region (R-5), Forest concentrated their efforts on managing other trees, mainly Service, representing the Society of American Foresters. conifers. Recently, however, broad-scale interest in oaks has developed. The public has become aware of the limitations of The chairmen of the four sections of the meeting contributed our natural resources. The potential of the oak woodlands in greatly to the success of the symposium, and their work is meeting energy shortages and wildlife needs, as well as the sincerely appreciated: great immediate value of these woodlands to recreation, are Ecological Relationships, James R. Griffin now being recognized. This recognition, and the intense con- Silviculture and Management, Philip M. McDonald cern now felt about the urbanization of California's wood- Damage Factors, Leland R. Brown lands, have contributed to the success of the symposium. Products, Jared Verner The symposium was sponsored by Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Depart- We also thank the many individuals who took care of the ment of Agriculture, and the Society of American Foresters. multitude of jobs to be done, in particular, DiAnne Broussard, The background for the symposium