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2 a Primer in Biotechnology

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2 a Primer in Biotechnology Wtp $0 Public Disclosure Authorized 210 E2lWorldK Bank Discussion Papers Public Disclosure Authorized AMarine Biotechnology and Developing Public Disclosure Authorized Countrles Raymond A. Zilinskas Carl GustafLundin Public Disclosure Authorized Recent World Bank Discussion Papers No. 151 Transport Development in Soutilern China. Clell G. Harral, editor, and Peter Cook and Edward Holland, principal contributors No. 152 Tle UrbaniEnvironment and PopiulationiRelocation. Michael M. Cernea No. 153 Funding Mechanismsfor HighzerEducation: FinanicingforStability, Efficiency, and Responisiveness. Douglas Albrecht and Adrian Zidermiai No. 154 Earnings, OccipationialChioice, atid Mobility in Seymented Labor Markets of tIdia. Shahidur R. Khandker No. 155 Manag0ingExternal Debt in Dcveloping Counitries: Proceedingsofa Joint Seniinar,Jeddah, May 1990. Thomiias M. Klein, editor No. 156 Dev clopingrAgricultural Extension ior W`omen Farmers. Katrine A. Saito and Daphline Spurling No. 157 Aiakeningl the A'arke: ['iet N'am 's Econonoc:Transition. D. NI. Leipziger No. 158 I-l,7qePolicy duritngthe Transition to a Mfarket Econoty: Poland 1990-91. Fabrizio Coricelli and Ana I(everiga, editors No. 159 International Trade anid the Environment. Patrick Low, editor No. 1 6i International Migration anld nterniationalTrade. Sharoni Stanton lRusselland Michael S. Teitelbauni No. 161 Civil Service Re/orm atid the World Bank. Barbara Nunberg andJohlnl Nellis No. 162 Rmral Enterprics Dev'elopment in China, 1986-90. Antlhonv J. OdY No. 163 7'ie Balance bctu'ceniPlublii and Private SectorActiv'ities in the Dclivcry of Livestock Services. Din a L. Uminali,Gerslhon Feder, and Cornelis de Haan No. 1 64 How' Do N\'ationalPolicies A/hot Long-rui Grouthi?: A Rcscar.l A gcida. William Easterly, Robert King, P.oss Levinie, and Sergio IRebelo No. 165 FisiheriesDc1 'lopncit, FisherieSManjagement, arndExternalities. Kichard S. johmnston No. I 6f) The Building Blo-ks ofPanrticipation.Testiny Botrom-u p Plamnmn. Micliael NI. Cernea No. 167 Seed Sy)stem Deivelopmnent:7Iic Appropriate Roles of/ti'e Priilatct,iid Public Settors. Steven Jaffec andJiteiidra Srivastava No. 168 EniironimcntitalXIanayientint antd Urbajn1ildnerability. Alcira Krciniler anid Mohani Muniasiiigle, editors No. 169 ComnmnonProperty Resoirces: .A AhissingDimension 0/ Dcv clopienwtStrate ics. N. S. Jodh a No. 170 .4 .ChmineseProvince as a Rfiionn Etpenvient:The Casc oflf-ainani. Paul Ni. Cadario, Kazuko Ogawa, and Yin-KaliTi Wen No. 171 IsulicstOr Ilnfrastriuctiurc Alaaemcnlei in tic 1990s. Arturo Israel No. 172 Japanese .National Railu'ays Prii'atizatioti Study. Koiclhiro Fukui No. 173 Tle Livestock Sector iti Eastcrn iiurope: Cuonstraintsand Optportimiiics. Corn elis dc Haan , Tj art Schillhorin Van Veeri, arid KarenLBrooks No. 174 Asscssing DvcielopmentFinanic hisim4tions: A Puliic lInterct Analy si.Jacob Yaron No. 175 Rt'sourceManagement and Pastoralinstitiution Budilding in ihe Wl'estAjrican Sahel. Nadarajah Shanintigaratnani, Troiid Vedeid, Anine Mossige, arid Mette Boviii No. 1 70 Public anjtIPriva t SectforRoles iinAgricultural Researcih:Theory arid Experience. Dinia L. Uminali No. 1 77 Thie Reglatotry Impedinents ttotie PrivateIndiustrial Settor Developmentin Asia: A ComparativeStiudy. Deena Khatkhate No. 178 China: ReJrng Inetertolietal Fiscal Relations. Ranigo.pal Agarwala No. 179 Nilppon Telegraph arndTelephtone Prittatizationi Study: Experience ol'Japartaid Lessonsl/or Deielopintg Countries. Yoshiro Takanio (Contitinued on the inside hack cover.) 2 1 0 = WorldBank Discussion Papers Marine Biotechnology and Developing Countries Raymond A. Zilinskas Carl Gustaf Lundin The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright C 1993 The International Bank for Reconstruction anid Development/THE WORLD 1BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States otfAmerica First printinig August 1993 Discussion Papers present results of country analysis or research that is circulated to encourage discussion and comlmuleintwithinl the developmenit conununity. To present these results with the least possible delay, the typescript of this paper has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bantk accepts no responsibility for errors. The findinigs. interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and shotuld nlot be attributed in alny manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive LDirectors or the couLtries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of tle data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence oftheir use. Aly maips that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers: the designations and presentationi of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion vhatsoever on1the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any countrv, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimnitation of its boundaries or its nationial affiliation. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Pulblisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will norrnally give pemission promptly and, when the reproduction is for iioncoiiunmercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classrooml use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970, U.S.A. The complete backlist ofppublications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Pnblications, which containis an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher. The World Banik, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avellue d'lena, 75116 Paris, France. ISSN: 0259-2 1 iX Raymond A. Zilinskas is a consultant and Carl Gustaf Lundin an environmental specialist in the Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division of the World Bank's Environment Department. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zilinskas, Rkaymonid A. Marine biotechnology and developinig countries / Raymond A. Zilinskas, Carl G. Lundin. p. cni. -- (World Bank discussion papers; 210) Incltudes bibliographical referenices. ISBN U-X2]3-2590-6 1. Marine biotechnology-Developing countries. 1. Lundin, Carl G., 1964- . 11. Title. IIl. Series. TP248.27.M37Z55 1993 333.95'2'(0)91724-dc2U 93-26137 CIP Foreword Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam has named this report, capability-buildingin biotechnolo- the twenty-first century, "The Biological gy is a complex, expensive and long-term Age." What he is alluding to, I believe, is effort that requires sustained funding until that the current evolution in biotechnology both the scientific base and the industry are will reach an even more exciting stage in the established.Governments must also promote next twenty years or so, profoundlyaffecting conditions supportive to the biotechnology the wellbeing of individuals and the econo- industry, such as cooperative R&D ventures mies of nations. Eventually, biotechnology between research facilities and the private will influence in some way virtually all of sector to transform research findings into mankind'sproductiveactivities-whetherthey commercial products or processes. This be agriculture,health delivery, environmental cooperationand support is crucial in biotech- remediation, industry or energy production. nology both (I) because of the inherentrela- It is important then to approach biotechnolo- tionship between discovery and application gy cautiously by planning wisely, acting (for example, when a particular genetic deliberately, and monitoring applications process is discovered, it introducesa process closely over the long term to ensure that of interest to industry at the same time); and these influences are constructive,benefitting (2) because of the need for continuedscienti- both mankind and the environment. fic involvementin the industrialdevelopment "The BiologicalAge" can alsobe expected of that process (a situationquite unlike that of to benefit more than just the rich, industrial other technologies, regardless of how com- countries. Professor Salam and many others plex they are). have shown clearly that biotechnology is For example, a country can set up an particularly appropriate for the developing automobileindustry by importing the exper- world. There are several reasons for this tise and technologies necessary to do so. favorable assessment: (1) many developing Setting up and operating the automobile countries are in the semi-tropicaland tropical operation, as complex as it is, can be done climatesthat produce rich and diverse biolog- without involving research scientists in the ical resources,the substrate for biotechnology effort. Not so with biotechnology. Because and for sustainable economic development; the biotechnologyindustry involves the ma- (2) most developingcountries have sufficient nipulation of living and therefore dynamic grounding in the biological sciences and biological systems to achieve products or technologiesthat underliebiotechnology to be
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