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Labouring Finns Migration Studies C 20 Labouring Finns Transnational Politics in Finland, Canada, and the United States Edited by Michel S. Beaulieu Ronald N. Harpelle Jaimi Penney Institute of Migration Turku 2011 Copyright © Authors & Institute of Migration A version of Chapter 7 appears in Mikko Saikku, Maarika Toivonen & Mikko Toivonen, eds. In Search of a Continent: A North American Studies Odyssey (Helsinki: Renvall Institute for Area and Cultural Studies, 1999). A version of Chapter 8 previously appeared in Michel S. Beaulieu, ed. Essays in Working Class History: Thunder Bay and Its Environs (Thunder Bay: Centre for Northern Studies, 2008). We thank those publishers for permission to reprint. Institute of Migration Eerikinkatu 34, 20100 Turku, Finland www.migrationinstitute.fi Layout & cover design: Jouni Korkiasaari Cover photo: “Just up, Hecla shaft No. 2” [Calumet and Hecla Mine]. Calumet, Mich. ca. 1906. Library of Congress, Digital Collections, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/det1994006017/PP/ ISBN 978-952-5889-21-5 (printed) ISBN 978-952-5889-22-2 (pdf) ISSN 0356-780X Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy, Sastamala 2011 Acknowledgements Publication of this volume has been made possible through the support of a number of individuals and organizations. FinnForum IX, from which the discus- sion of this volume began, was one of the many efforts by the Chair of Finnish Studies Advisory Committee at Lakehead University to engage academics, both Canadian and International, and the local community, in conversations regarding a wide range of issues on Finland and the Finnish Diaspora. The backdrop for this book is the Finnish Labour Temple in Thunder Bay, Ontario, which celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2010. Although the events depicted in this volume happened elsewhere, the Finnish Labour Temple stands today as a symbol of politics and agitation Finnish immigrants brought with them to North America. With the 100th Anniversary in mind, we agreed to host FinnForum IX in Thunder Bay and we counted on the vibrant Finnish community that has kept the Finnish Labour Tem- ple alive for all these years for their support with the event. With the labour temple and the community as our foundation, we were able to attract leading scholars from across, Canada, the United States, Finland and Europe to the conference. We are grateful to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of of Thunder Bay for its enthusiastic participation in the event. We are also grateful Canada for its financial support for FinnForum IX and to the Finnish community Advanced Institute for Globalization and Culture for their support for FinnForum IX.to Lakehead The support University’s of the Institute Centre of for Migration Northern is Studies,key to bringing Office of this Research volume and to life. the We are grateful Ismo Söderling for his enthusiastic support. Many individuals assisted with the organization of the event. We are especially grateful to Chris Southcott, Raija Warkentin and Samira Saramo for their efforts. We would also like to thank Kelly Saxberg for providing support on the home front. This volume is dedicated to the memory of Varpu Lindström, a woman who ensured that the Finnish Diaspora in Canada became a part of mainstream Canadian history. 4 ■ ■ 5 Table of Contents Introduction: The Finnish Workers’ Experience at Home and Abroad in Historical Perspective ................................................... 7 — Michel S. Beaulieu, Ronald N. Harpelle & Jaimi Penney 1 Between autocracy and revolution: Formation of Finnish nation state, 1890–1926 ................................... 13 — Aapo Kähönen 2 Transnational socialist imagination: The connections between Finnish socialists in the USA and Finland at the turn of the 20th century .............................................. 26 — Ralf Kauranen & Mikko Pollari 3 American impact on Finnish communism in the 1920s ...................... 50 — Tauno Saarela 4 Finnish in the Communist Party in the Upper Mid-Western United States .......................................... 70 — William C. Pratt 5 Forging a Unique Solidarity: Finnish Immigrant Socialists and the Early 20th Century Socialist Party of America ........................ 84 — Gary Kaunonen 6 Tanner, Pasanen, and Laukki: Emissaries of Labour Reform and Ethnic Integration ........................ 107 — Paul Lubotina 7 A. B. Mäkelä as a Political Commentator in Early Twentieth Century Canada ................................................. 131 — J. Donald Wilson 8 “A socialist movement which does not attract the women cannot live”: Finnish Socialist Women in Port Arthur, 1903–1933 ... 145 — Samira Saramo 9 Between Minnesota Rock and a Hard Place – Matt Halberg as an Example of Southern Ostrobothnian Immigration to the United States ..................................................... 167 — Tuomas Savonen 10. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 189 Contributors ............................................................................................ 192 6 ■ The Finnish Workers’ Experience at Home and Abroad in Historical Perspective Michel S. Beaulieu Ronald N. Harpelle & Jaimi Penney At the heart of every Finnish community, no matter where in the world it is nfound, are its workers. This book celebrates Finnish workers as actors in a drama that has shaped working class politics in Finland, Canada and the United States. The chapters in this book tap into recent scholarship that suggests any study of immigration, and the exploration of power struggles inherent in migration studies, must examine the role played by workers from a variety of perspectives. As Marcel van der Linden and Lex Heerma van Voss have suggested, the scholarship of the 1980s and 1990s “provoked questions as to whether working-class solidarity was in fact self-evidently a logical phenomenon.” As they remarked, “women’s and ethnic history made clear that workers were not only wage-earners with specific occupational and class interests, but also had other identities, including gendered and religious identities. Reality could no longer be reduced to class struggle” (van der Linden 2002, 18). Consequently, Labouring Finns offers a variety of entry points into the world of class struggle and its impact on the transnational politics of the Finnish Diaspora. This book combines some of the best presentations from the FinnForum IX held in Thunder Bay, Ontario Canada in May 2010. Since 1974, FinnForum has developed into a premier international conference where scholars from several countries working in a wide variety of disciplines are able to present the results of their research on aspects of Finnish Studies. While every conference organized 8 ■ Michel S. Beaulieu Ronald N. Harpelle & Jaimi Penney under the banner of FinnForum has offered opportunities to present research within the realm of Finnish Studies, the gathering began primarily as an oppor- thistunity spirit for thosethat a working selection on of the presenters history of at Finnish FinnForum migration, IX were and, invited since tothe share first theirconference, work on the these Finnish issues workers’ are they experience relate to hasthe figuredFinnish prominently. workers’ experience It is within at home and abroad. As many of the contributors to this volume demonstrate, the presence of Finnish workers in North American communities added an “ethnic” dimension to the ever-changing nature and characteristic of socialism on that continent. In a more pronounced interclass turmoil with its distinguishing feature being eth- nicmany difference respects, rather underneath than material the class interests. conflict Muchof the asearly anthropologist twentieth century Vron Ware was understands “race to be a socially constructed category with absolutely no basis in biology,” so does any understanding that the closely-related idea of ‘ethnicity’ is similarly constructed and owes much to how people are recognized by others.1 The emphasis on ethnic Finns sets this volume also apart from the work of those Marxists who have tended to treat ethnicity as “of only passing interest,” in the words of Peter Vasiliadis (1989, 5).2 Rather, the works in this volume are in keeping with the ideas recently articulated by Canadian historian Ruth Frager. She argues, Whereas many scholars have contended that intense ethnic identity has generally precluded the emergence of strong class consciousness among early twentieth-century immigrant workers in Canada and the United States, others have emphasized histori- cal situations where key groups of immigrant workers have simultaneously displayed deep class consciousness and a deep commitment to ethnic identity. (Frager 1992, 4).3 The collection begins with Aappo Kähönen’s examination of how Finnish - cial revolution that occurred in Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.society and “Between its political Autocracy system and was Revolution: shaped by Formationthe conflicts of Finnishof autocracy Nation and State, so 1890–1926” provides not only a detailed overview of the beginnings of independ- ofent political Finland ideologies and the specific and parties nature in of Finland. the social His and article international explores the challenges origins ofit conservative,faced, but explores liberal the and significance socialist thought that the within Russian Finland empire and had provides on the a formation backdrop to which Finnish workers’ social and cultural experiences and their role in both the Finnish and international
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