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Les Parasites De Poisson : Agents De Zoonoses

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Les Parasites De Poisson : Agents De Zoonoses Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19700 To cite this version: Falaise, Pauline. Les parasites de poisson : agents de zoonoses. Thèse d'exercice, Médecine vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - ENVT, 2017, 248 p. Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected] ANNEE 2017 THESE : 2017 – TOU 3 – 4072 LES PARASITES DE POISSON, AGENTS DE ZOONOSES _________________ THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VETERINAIRE DIPLOME D’ETAT présentée et soutenue publiquement devant l’Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse par FALAISE, Pauline Née, le 06/06/1991 à AMIENS (80) ___________ Directeur de thèse : M. Emmanuel LIENARD ___________ JURY PRESIDENT : M. Alexis VALENTIN Professeur à l’Université Paul-Sabatier de TOULOUSE ASSESSEURS : M. Emmanuel LIENARD Maître de Conférences à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE Mme Emilie BOUHSIRA Maître de Conférences à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE Remerciements A Monsieur le Professeur Alexis Valentin Professeur des Universités Praticien hospitalier Zoologie et Parasitologie, Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse Service Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse Qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence du jury de thèse Hommages respectueux A Monsieur le Docteur Emmanuel Liénard Maitre de Conférences de l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse Parasitologie - Maladies Parasitaires - Zoologie Qui m’a fait l’honneur de me proposer ce sujet de thèse Pour son encadrement, son aide, ses conseils et sa disponibilité Mes plus sincères remerciements A Madame le Docteur Emilie Bouhsira Maitre de Conférences de l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse Parasitologie - Maladies Parasitaires - Zoologie Qui m’a fait l’honneur de participer à mon jury de thèse Mes plus sincères remerciements Table des matières Table des illustrations ............................................................................................................... 13 Figures .................................................................................................................................. 13 Tableaux ............................................................................................................................... 14 Cartes .................................................................................................................................... 15 Table des abréviations .............................................................................................................. 16 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 17 I. Les distomatoses ............................................................................................................... 18 A. Position systématique .................................................................................................... 18 1. Classification ............................................................................................................. 18 2. Apport de la biologie moléculaire dans la phylogénie .............................................. 20 B. Étiologie ........................................................................................................................ 21 1. Trématodes parasites hépatiques ............................................................................... 21 a. Morphologie des différents stades parasitaires ...................................................... 21 b. Mode de nutrition ................................................................................................... 25 2. Trématodes parasites intestinaux ............................................................................... 25 a. Morphologie des différents stades parasitaires ...................................................... 25 b. Mode de nutrition ................................................................................................... 29 C. Cycle évolutif ................................................................................................................ 29 1. Phase exogène ............................................................................................................ 29 2. Phase endogène .......................................................................................................... 31 D. Épidémiologie ............................................................................................................... 32 1. Répartition géographique .......................................................................................... 32 2. Influence de la mondialisation et des paramètres environnementaux ....................... 35 a. Rôle des migrations et des facteurs socio-économiques ........................................ 36 b. Influence des pratiques agricoles et aquacoles ...................................................... 37 c. Influence des paramètres environnementaux ......................................................... 39 3. Modalités de l’infestation .......................................................................................... 40 4. Facteurs de risque et favorisants ................................................................................ 49 a. Rôle des animaux ................................................................................................... 49 b. Rôle des hôtes intermédiaires ................................................................................ 52 c. Risques inhérents à l’homme ................................................................................. 54 E. Pathogénie, symptômes et lésions ................................................................................. 56 1. Mécanismes impliqués .............................................................................................. 56 7 a. Mécanismes généraux lors d’infestation par les douves hépatiques ...................... 56 b. Mécanismes impliqués dans la cancérogénèse lors d’infestation par les douves hépatiques ...................................................................................................................... 58 c. Mécanismes impliqués lors d’infestation par les douves intestinales .................... 60 2. Signes cliniques ......................................................................................................... 61 a. Lors d’infestation par les douves hépatiques ......................................................... 61 b. Lors d’infestation par les douves intestinales ........................................................ 63 3. Lésions ....................................................................................................................... 64 a. Lors d’infestation par les douves hépatiques ......................................................... 64 b. Lors d’infestation par les douves intestinales ........................................................ 65 F. Diagnostic ...................................................................................................................... 66 1. Diagnostic clinique .................................................................................................... 66 2. Mise en évidence des douves ..................................................................................... 66 a. Chez l’homme ........................................................................................................ 66 b. Chez les poissons ................................................................................................... 69 G. Traitement et prophylaxie médicale .............................................................................. 70 II. Les Diphyllobothrioses ..................................................................................................... 73 A. Position systématique .................................................................................................... 73 1. Classification ............................................................................................................. 73 2. Quelques éléments de phylogénie ............................................................................. 74 B. Étiologie ........................................................................................................................ 75 1. Morphologie générale des différents stades parasitaires ........................................... 75 2. Morphologie des adultes ............................................................................................ 75 a. Morphologie des œufs ................................................................................................... 77 b. Morphologie du coracidium .......................................................................................... 78 c. Morphologie de la larve procercoïde ............................................................................ 78 d. Morphologie de la larve plérocercoïde .......................................................................... 78 e. Mode de nutrition .......................................................................................................... 79 3. Particularités chez certaines espèces ........................................................................
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