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Identification Des Ectoparasites Et Des Endoparasites Chez Le Héron Garde-Bœufs (Bubulcus Ibis) Dans La Région De L'est- Algérien

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Identification Des Ectoparasites Et Des Endoparasites Chez Le Héron Garde-Bœufs (Bubulcus Ibis) Dans La Région De L'est- Algérien République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Larbi Ben Mhidi Oum El Bouaghi Faculté Des Sciences Exactes et des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Thèse Présentée en vue de l’obtention du doctorat En sciences de la nature Option: Parasitologie Thème Identification des ectoparasites et des endoparasites chez le Héron garde-bœufs (Bubulcus ibis) dans la région de l'Est- algérien. Présentée par : ABDESSAMED Amina Membres du Jury: Présidente: BOULAHBEL Souad Pr Université Larbi Ben Mhidi, Oum El-Bouaghi. Rapporteur: SAHEB Menouar Pr Université Larbi Ben Mhidi, Oum El-Bouaghi. Examinateurs: BOULAKHSSAIM Mouloud Pr Université Larbi Ben Mhidi, Oum El-Bouaghi SIBACHIR Abdelkrim Pr Université de Batna II. BENSACI ettayib MCA Université de Msila. BARA Mouslim MCA Université de Bouira. Année universitaire: 2017-2018 Remerciements REMERCIEMENTS A l’issue de ce travail, je remercieREMERCIEMENTS avant tout ALLAH le tout puissant, de m’avoir donné la volonté, le courage et la patience pour enfin arriver à mon but. A l’issue de ce travail, je remercie avant tout DIEU, tout puissant, de m’avoir donné volonté, Je tiens àcourage exprimer et patiencemes sincères pour remerciements enfin arriver à àmonM. but. SAHEB MENOUAR , mon encadreur, pour avoir accepté de diriger avec beaucoup d’attention et de soin ma thèse. Je lui suis très reconnaissante pour sa bienveillance, ses précieuxJe conseils, tiens à exprimersa patience mes et sincèressa disponibilité. remerciements J’espère à qu’ilM. SAHEB trouve ici MNOUAR l’expression, mon de maencadreur, profonde gratitude. pour avoir accepté de diriger avec beaucoup d’attention et de soin mon mémoire. Je lui suis Je tiens trèsà exprimer reconnaissante mes sincères pour saremerciements bienveillance, à sesM. précieuxDJMOUI conseils, MERZOUG, sa patiencequi etnoussa disponibilité. a donné la chance de poursuivreJ’espère ce parcours.. qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma profonde gratitude. J’adresseJe mes tiens vifs à remerciementsexprimer mes sincèresaux membres remerciements du jury : à M. DJMOUI MERZOUG, qu’il mous a Mmedonne: BOULAHBEL la chance d’avoir SOUAAD un magister.., Professeur du département de Biologie, Université L’Arbi ben Mhidi (Oum el Bouaghi) ; J’adresse mes vifs remerciements aux membres du jury : M : Si –EL BACHIR ., professeur du département de biologie, Université El Hadj l’Akhbar (Batna) . M :OULDJAOUI ABDELAH ., maître de conférences du département de biologie, M : BOULAKHSAIM MOULOUDE ., Professeur du département de Biologie, Université de L’Arbi ben Universite L’Arbi ben M’hidi (oum el bouaghi) ; Mhidi (oum el bouaghi) ; M : BOULAHBELSOUAAD., maître de conférences du département de Biologie, M : BENSACI ETTAYIB. , MCA- du département de Biologie, Université de Msila. Universite L’Arbi ben M’hidi (oum el bouaghi) ; M : BARA MOUSLIM. ., MCA - du département de Biologie, Université de Bouira. M : BOULAKHSAIM MOULOUDE ., maître de conférences du département de Qu’ils trouvent ici toute ma gratitude et mes remerciements pour avoir accepté de faire partie du jury et pour Biologie, Université de L’Arbi ben M’hidi (oum el bouaghi) ; avoir bien voulu évaluer ce travail. Qu’ils trouvent ici toute ma gratitude et mes remerciements pour avoir accepté de faire partie Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement : du jury et pour avoir bien voulu évaluer ce travail. Monsieur Sadik, G, qui nous a beaucoup aide sur terrain. Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement : Madame Boulahbel pour sa disponibilité et son aide. Amii Sadik ,G ., qui nous a beaucoup aide sur terrain. Touts ingénieurs de laboratoire pour leurs aides ( Sabah khanfouf, Sabrina….). M : AISSI Merien ., maître de conférences de l’ecole vétérinaire d’Alger, pour leurs aides M : Bilal Dik., Professeur de l’école vétérinaire Selçuk, Konya , Türkiye , pour son aide lors de l’identification lors de l’identification des ectoparasites . des ectoparasites . M. MANAA Mohcen.,chargé de cours de l’Université dOum el Bouaghi pour les analyses M. Sobhy ., professeur de l’Université d’Egypte pour la confirmation de l’espèce de tique. Statistiques des resultats. M. le Maire de la commune d’Oum el bouaghi, pour son aide précieuse durant toute la période de travail, en M. Khalil A. , le Maire de la commune d’Oum el bouuaghi . pour son aide précieuse par le vue d’accéder aux nids du Héron garde-bœufs. camion-nacelle durant toute la période de travail , en vue d’accéder aux nids de Héron garde- boeufs. les deux chauffeurs du camion A. Bouzid et . M. le Maire de la commune de Sigus. Pour son aide précieuse. M. le MaireM. le deMaire la commune de la commune d’ElMaader de sigus.. Pour sonpour aide son précieuse aide précieuse durant par le tempsle camion du travail-nacelle, au lessite. deux chauffeurs du camion , pour leur patience durant le temp du travail au site. Mes remerciements les plus profonds vont également à : Mes remerciements les plus profonds vont également à : MA Mère. M : MA Mére , pour sa contribution dans la réalisation du tavail de terrain au site de Sigus. A MA PETITE FAMILLE (Mon Mari, mes enfants, mon frère, et ma sœur) pour leur soutient. M : Mon Fére ABDELBASSET , pour son aide , et sa disponibilité. M : NADIA DJERMANE, pour son aide, et sa disponibilité. Mlle Kenza.,et son Pére pour leur contribution dans la réalisation du tavail de terrain . Je tiens à remercier aussi tous les scientifiques qui ont répondu à mes e-mails et pour leur aide, je cite particulièrementLes responsablesMonsieur auOTIFI niveau dedes l’Egypte différentesCentre directions de recherche de la wilayadu Caire de. Oum el Bouaghi: La conservation des forets Khlil amina , et la direction de la planification et de l’aménagement Enfin, jeduremercie territoire. tous ceux qui ont contribués de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail. M : Amina S., technicienne au laboratoire de , département bioloogie (Oum el Bouaghi). M. yacine H., responsables de la bibliothèque centale de l’ ecole vétérinaire d’Alger. Je tiens à remercier aussi tous les scientifiques qui ont répondu à mes e-mails et pour leuraide, je cite particulièrement Melle. boukhtach N., de l’Institut Agronomique (BATNA). Mes plus profonds remerciements vont à ma petite famille (ma soeur Hanene), mon soutien psychique, qui avécu avec ardeur toutes les étapes de la réalisation de ce mémoire. Enfin, je remercie tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail. SOMMAIRE Sommaire Introduction 01 Chapitre I: synthèse bibliographique sur le parasitisme chez le héron garde-bœufs. 04 I- Aperçu générale sur le parasite et le parasitisme 04 I- I-1 Relation hôte-parasite 06 I-2 Ectoparasites chez les oiseaux sauvages 07 I-3 Ectoparasites de l'Ordre Phthiraptera 08 II-Présentation générale du Héron garde-bœufs (Bubulcus ibis) 09 II- 1 Nomenclature 09 II-2 Systématique et sous espèce 09 II-3 Identification 11 II-4 Répartition géographique 11 II-5 Evolution des populations du Héron garde-bœufs 12 II-6- la reproduction 13 13 - Maturité sexuelle 13 - Choix des colonies de nidification et du site du nids 14 - Accouplement 14 - Construction du nid 14 - La Ponte et couvaison 14 - Nourrissage et élevage des jeunes II-7- Ecologie trophique 15 III- Les modèles ectoparasites chez les Ciconiiformes 16 III-1 Poux à mâcher 19 III-2 Classification 19 III-3 Cycle évolutif et mœurs 20 III-4-Les mallophages chez les Ciconiiformes 21 III-5 Aperçu sur les tiques 25 IV-Morphologie générale des Argasidae 26 IV-1 Biologie et cycle de vie 26 V- Répartition géographique 27 VI-Pathogénie des tiques 28 VII-Les endoparasites des Ardéides 29 Chapitre : II Matériel et méthodes 31 V - Présentation des sites d’étude 31 VI- Présentation de la région d’Oum el Bouaghi 31 1- Situation administrative 31 2- Aspect physique 32 2-1 Relief 32 2-2 La région des plateaux 33 2-3 Potentialités hydro- agricoles 33 3- La végétation de la région d’Oum el Bouaghi 34 34 VII- Présentation des sites d’études V I1I- Etude climatologique de la région d’Oum elBouaghi 36 1 - Précipitation 36 2-La température 37 3-Humidité 37 4-Le vent 38 V- Synthèse climatique 39 1- diagramme ombrothermique de Gaussen 39 2- Quotient pluviométrique d’Emberger 40 3 VI-Présentation générale de la région de Batna 3 42 1- Situation géographique 3 42 2- Orographie 3 42 3-Hautes plaines Telliennes 42 4- Hautes plaines Steppiques 3 42 5- Hydrographie 3 42 6- Caractéristiques de la flore 3 43 7-Répartition générale des terres 4 43 XI- Description générale de la zone échantillon d'El Maadher 4 44 3 44 1- Caractéristiques climatiques de la région d'étude 4 44 2-Température 4 44 3-Pluviométrie 5 45 4- Humidité relative de l'air 5-Climagramme d'Emberger. 4 46 VIII-Méthodologie générale 4 48 1- La Collecte des Héron garde-bœufs 4 48 2-La récolte des ectoparasites 4 48 3- Préparation des lames permanentes 5 49 4- La collecte et conservation des endoparasites 5 50 VIIII- Identification des endoparasites 5 51 X- Quantification de la charge parasitaire 5 52 Chapitre III : Résultats et discussion 54 1-Le parasite: Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval et Lacordaire, 1885). 54 2- Identification d’Argas (Persicargas) arboreus (Kaiser et al., 1964). 56 2-1 Identifications des stades adultes 56 2-2 Identifictionn de larve d’Argas arboreus 75 2- Description de larve d’Argas arboreus 76 II- Identification des endoparasites 84 II-1 Description morphologique de Nephrostomum ramosum (Sonsino, 1895) 84 2-Identification de Porrocaecum reticulatum (Linstow, 1899) 90 Résultats partie II 94 I- Distribution des indices parasitaires 94 I -1 Les indice parasitaire des nids 94 2-Variation du parasitisme chez les adultes selon le sexe.
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