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Rhodos Peraġasi Ve Rhodos‟Un Karġa Üzerġndekġ Etkġlerġ

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Rhodos Peraġasi Ve Rhodos‟Un Karġa Üzerġndekġ Etkġlerġ T.C. ĠSTANBUL ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ TARĠH ANABĠLĠM DALI ESKĠÇAĞ TARĠHĠ BĠLĠM DALI Yüksek Lisans Tezi RHODOS PERAĠASI VE RHODOS‟UN KARĠA ÜZERĠNDEKĠ ETKĠLERĠ Elif Yasemin GÜRER ÇATAL 2501080758 Tez DanıĢmanı: Prof. Dr. Mustafa H. SAYAR Ġstanbul, 2019 ÖZ RHODOS PERAĠASI VE RHODOS‟UN KARĠA ÜZERĠNDEKĠ ETKĠLERĠ ELĠF YASEMĠN GÜRER ÇATAL Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Helenistik dönemde, Rhodos‟un Karia‟da kontrol ettiği alanın sınırlarını, doğasını ve yarattığı etkileri tespit etmektir. Helenistik dönemin önemli güçlerinden biri olan Rhodos, Karia Khersonesosu‟ndan başlayarak Karia‟nın güney kısımlarını farklı şekillerde hâkimiyeti altına almış; ekonomi ve güvenlik odaklı çıkarları sebebiyle, bölgenin fiziksel, kültürel ve politik yapısında önemli değişiklikler yaratmıştır. Çalışmada, Rhodos‟un Karia anakarasındaki topraklarını ifade eden Rhodos Peraiası‟nın oluşumu, sınırları, fiziksel birimleri, fonksiyonu, organizasyon ve yönetim yapıları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, komşuları ve Karia‟daki diğer politik aktörlerle ilişkilerine bakılarak politik yapı üzerinde yarattığı etkiler anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak da Karia‟ya getirdiği kurumlar ve Tanrılar aracılığıyla, sosyal ve dini hayatta yarattığı değişimler ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Tezin hazırlanmasında, modern ve eski çağ kaynakları ile epigrafik bulgulardan yararlanılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Rhodos, Karia, Rhodos Peraiası, Karia Khersonesosu, demos, deme, koinon, Loryma, Bozburun, Bybassos, Amos, Khrysaorik Birliği iii ABSTRACT RHODIAN PERAIA AND THE IMPACTS OF RHODES ON KARIA ELĠF YASEMĠN GÜRER ÇATAL The main purpose of this study is to reveal the extent, nature and impact of Rhodian domination in Caria in Helenistic times. Rhodes as one of the most important powers of Helenistic era, starting from Karian Khersonesos, dominated the south parts of Caria in different ways and changed the physical, cultural and political structure of the region for economic and security reasons. The land on the Carian mainland that belonged to the Rhodes State was called „Rhodian Peraia‟. In this work, the formation of „Rhodian Peraia‟, its borders, physcial units, functions, organizational and administrative structures were observed. Also, the impacts that were created by Rhodes on the political structure of Caria were tried to be understood by looking at the relations with neighbours and other politic actors in the region. For last, the changes that Rhodes created in social and religious life of Caria through the institutions and Gods that she brought to Karia were tried to be revealed. Modern and ancient sources and epigrafic materials have been used during the preparation of this thesis. Keywords: Rhodes, Caria, Rhodian Peraea, Carian Chersonesos, Rhodioi, Khrysaoreis iv ÖNSÖZ “Rhodos Peraiası ve Rhodos‟un Karia Üzeindeki Etkileri” adlı tez çalışmam boyunca, tez konusunun seçiminden son halinin verilmesine kadar, yönlendirmelerini ve desteğini esirgemeyen değerli hocam ve tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. Mustafa H. Sayar‟a ve dersler süresince tavsiyeleriyle destek olan Prof. Dr. Hamdi Şahin‟e teşekkürü borç bilirim. Özellikle çeviriler konusunda verdikleri desteklerden ötürü değerli arkadaşlarım Eylem Turan ve Gökhan Tunalı‟ya çok teşekkür ederim. Son olarak, bu tezin yazıldığı yıllar boyunca gösterdikleri destek ve sonsuz sabır için aileme ve özellikle eşim Çağatay Çatal‟a minnettarım. Elif Yasemin GÜRER ÇATAL İstanbul, 2019 v LEVHALAR LĠSTESĠ Harita 1 Karia, Debord - Varinlioğlu, „Les Hautes Terres de Carie‟, Mémoires 4. Bordeaux: Ausonius, 2001 Harita 2 M.Ö. 188 öncesi ve M.Ö. 167 sonrasında Birleşik ve Tâbi Peraia, Bean – Fraser, „The Rhodian Peraea and Islands‟. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954 Harita 3 M.Ö. 188 – M.Ö. 167 yılları arasında Rhodos Toprakları Bean – Fraser, „The Rhodian Peraea and Islands‟. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954 Harita 4 Karia Khersonesosu Haritası, W. Held, „Loryma ve Karia Chersonesosu‟nun Yerleşim Sistemi‟, OLBA XII, Mersin, 2005. 85-95 ġekil 1 Karia Koinonu Sistemi, W. Held, „Loryma ve Karia Chersonesosu‟nun Yerleşim Sistemi‟, OLBA XII, Mersin, 2005. 85-95 vi ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ v LEVHALAR LĠSTESĠ ............................................................................................. vi KISALTMALAR LĠSTESĠ ...................................................................................... xi GĠRĠġ .......................................................................................................................... 1 BĠRĠNCĠ BÖLÜM KARĠA 1.1. Karia‟nın Tarihi Coğrafyası ................................................................................ 7 1.2. Karialılar............................................................................................................ 10 1.3. Karia Tarihi ....................................................................................................... 14 1.3.1. Helenistik Döneme Kadarki Karia Tarihi ve Bölgenin Siyasi Durumu ................................................................................................... 14 1.3.2. Helenistik ve Roma Dönemi Karia Tarihi .............................................. 24 1.4. Karia‟nın Yerleşim ve Politik Yapıları ............................................................. 43 ĠKĠNCĠ BÖLÜM RHODOS 2.1. Kuruluşundan Helenistik Dönem‟e Kadar Rhodos Tarihi ................................ 53 2.2. Helenistik Dönem Rhodos‟u ............................................................................. 56 2.3. M.Ö. 188 Apameia Barışı - M.Ö. 167 Pydna Anlaşması Arası: Rhodos‟un En Parlak Günleri .............................................................................................. 64 2.4. Rhodos‟un Düşüşü ............................................................................................ 65 vii ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM RHODOS ve KARĠA 3.1. Karia ve Rhodos Arasındaki İlişkilerin Tarihçesi ............................................. 72 3.2. Rhodos‟un Karia‟daki Yayılımı ........................................................................ 74 3.2.1. Karia Anakarası‟na İlk Adım ................................................................. 75 3.2.2. Peraia‟nın Genişlemesi ........................................................................... 76 3.2.3. Peraia‟nın Küçülmesi ve Elden Çıkışı ................................................... 77 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM RHODOS PERAĠASI 4.1. Peraia Neresidir? ............................................................................................... 79 4.1.1. Birleşik Peraia ........................................................................................ 82 4.1.1.1. Karia Khersonesosu (Bozburun/Loryma Yarımadası) ............ 83 4.1.1.2. Khersonesos Dışındaki Birleşik Peraia ................................... 92 4.1.2. Tabi (Bağımlı) Peraia ............................................................................. 93 4.1.2.1. Tâbi (Bağımlı) Peraia‟nın Gelişimi ......................................... 94 4.1.2.2. Stratonikeia ve Kaunos‟un Ele Geçirilmesi ............................ 99 4.1.2.3. Apameia Antlaşması‟yla Tâbi (Bağımlı) Peraia‟nın Genişlemesi ........................................................................... 104 4.1.2.4. Pydna‟dan Sonra Tâbi (Bağımlı) Peraia ............................... 105 4.1.3. Peraia‟nın Elden Çıkışı ........................................................................ 106 4.2. Peraia‟nın Topoğrafyası ve Yerleşimleri ........................................................ 107 4.2.1. Birleşik Peraia‟nın Topoğrafyası ve Yerleşimleri ................................ 107 4.2.1.1. Karia Khersonesosu‟nun Topoğrafyası ................................. 107 4.2.1.2. Khersonesos Dışındaki Birleşik Peraia Topoğrafyası ........... 115 4.2.2. Tâbi (Bağımlı) Peraia‟nın Topoğrafyası .............................................. 117 4.3. Peraia‟nın Fonksiyonu..................................................................................... 124 4.3.1. Birleşik Peraia‟nın Fonksiyonu ............................................................ 127 4.3.1.1. Güvenlik ................................................................................ 127 4.3.1.2. Ekonomik .............................................................................. 130 viii 4.3.1.3. İnsan Kaynağı........................................................................ 139 4.3.2. Tabi (Bağımlı) Peraia‟nın Fonksiyonu ................................................. 140 4.4. Peraia‟nın Organizasyon Yapısı ve Rhodos‟la İlişkisi .................................... 143 4.4.1. Birleşik Peraia‟nın Organizasyonu ve Rhodos‟la İlişkileri .................. 145 4.4.1.1. Birleşik Peraia Demos‟larının Organizasyonu ve Yerleşim Yapısı .................................................................................... 147 4.4.1.2. Peraia Demos‟larınin Yönetimi ve Rhodos‟la Olan İlişkileri 151 4.4.2. Tâbi (Bağımlı) Peraia‟daki Organizasyon ve Rhodos‟la İlişki ............ 157 4.4.2.1. Koinon ................................................................................... 158 4.5. Peraia‟nın Yönetim Yapısı ve Memurluklar ................................................... 162 4.5.1. „Stratagos
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