THE CONCEPT OF BATTLE AGAINTS NON MUSLIM IN THE HOLY QUR’AN (Application of Fazlur Rahman’s Double Movement Method) A Thesis Submitted to Ushuluddin Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of S-1 of Islamic Theology on Tafsir- Hadith Department By: EMI IRFA NIM: 104211019 SPECIAL PROGRAM OF USHULUDDIN FACULTY UIN WALISONGO SEMARANG 2015 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is definitely my own work. I am completely responsible for content of this thesis. Other writer‟s opinions or findings included in the thesis are quoted or cited in accordance with ethical standards. Semarang, , 2015 The Writer Emi Irfa NIM. 104211019 ii iii iv MOTTO “If it had been thy Lord's will, they would all have believed,- all who are on earth! wilt thou then compel mankind, against their will, to believe!” (surah Yunus [10]: 99) v DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my great father Mujahidin Arief, my great mother Farikha and Nur hayati. My little brother Ahmadin Najib Nur and Muhammad Maza Shofa, you both are the reason to go home. My special „Boy‟ M. Syaifuddien, and Every one who support me. * And all of people who care the peace and harmony of the world. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT بســــــــم اهلل الرحــــــــــمن الرحــــــــيم Praises and thanks to Allāh, Who had guided me to finish this thesis. May peace and salutations always be given to Prophet Muhammad, Messenger of Allāh, with all respect. I gave title on this paper: “THE CONCEPT OF BATTLE AGINS NON MUSLIM (APPLICATION OF FAZLUR RAHMAN‟S HERMENEUTIC)”, submitted to the Faculty of Ushūluddin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Islamic Theology in Tafsīr-Hadīth Department. I would like to extend my deep appreciation to all those who have assisted me during my graduates studies at State Islamic University (UIN) Walisongo Semarang. First, I would like to thank to Prof. Dr. H. Muhibbin, M.Ag, Rector of State Islamic University (UIN) Walisongo Semarang. Second, my sincere thanks go to Dr. Muhsin Jamil, M. Ag., Dean of Faculty of Ushuluddin, and in the same time as father during my study in this faculty. My special thanks and respects to Dr. Abdul Muhaya, MA as the caretaker of Ma‟had Ulil Albab for Special Program of Ushuluddin Faculty, also my academic advisor in finishing this thesis. Thanks for give me teachings, inspirations and motivation as well as my father. Furthermore, I would like to express my great thanks to Mokh. Sya‟roni, M. Ag as the chief of Tafsir-Hadis department and vii Dr. H. Muh. In‟amuzzahidin, M.Ag as the secretary who both offered and facilitated me to finish this work. Additionally, my sincere thanks to all of my lecturers that taught and educated me during my study. I would like to express my great thanks to Dr. Muhsin Jamil, M. Ag. And Dr. Machrus, M.Ag as the advisor who teach and lead me during process of finishing my thesis. Additionally, my sincere thanks to all of my lecturers that taught and educated me during my study. Thanks you so much for a life time to my parents Mujahidin Arif, Farikha, and Nur Hayati. Thank you for your pray and support, this thesis is a small gift but I have one promise to make you happy and always remember your advice to be a good person. And my little brother Ahmadin Najib Nur and Muhammad Maza Shofa, you both are my reason to go home, I love you brother. And thank you very much to Mr. Haris and my big family who support my education. My special thanks to my Boy, Muhammad Syaifuddin, S.Psi.I thank you to be a great boy for me. Thank you to always support, remind, give advice and lead me. We will go up to the next level of life. I would like to thank to my big and great family of FUPK, especially PK-06 Tambah Sayank; yu Fina, Anik, Faiqoh, Salamah, Daris, I‟ah, Tari, Atik, Hanik, Luluk, Atiqoh, Elvin, Ifa, Islah, Arum, Atiqoh, Pak Ros, Muklishin, Asyfaq, Gopa, bang Mujab, Rahmat, Abid, Za‟im, Zen, Heri, Asep, Nur, Ipin, Anik, Masrukhan. And ad‟ik Lina, my roomed Molly, Tika, and other who always support me to keep spirit finishing this thesis. Thanks for your attention, support, viii advice, love, and tolerance each other. We not only a class group but we are family. Last but not least, I would like to thank to LPM IDEA thank you to give me many experience, lesson. And thank you so much brings me to the top of the mountain. In the end, I realize that this writing has not reached perfection in the truest sense. However, I hope that this thesis can be useful for myself especially and also the common reader. Semarang, May , 2015 The Writer, Emi Irfa NIM: 104211019 ix TRANSLITERATION1 Table 1: Transliteration Table: Consonants Arabic Roman Arabic Roman B ṭ T ẓ Th ʿ J gh ḥ f Kh q D k Dh l R m Z n S h Sh w ṣ ʾ ḍ y 1 Retrieved on 20 April 2015 from http://rotas.iium.edu.my/?Table_of_Transliteration x Table 2: Transliteration Table: Vowels and Diphthongs Arabic Roman Arabic Roman an َ ا، َ ى a َ un َ و u َ in َ ي i َ aw َ وْ Ā َ ا، َ ، َ ى، ay َ يْ ū َ و uww, ū in final) َ وّ Ī َ ي position) iyy, ī in final) َ يّ position) xi TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE OF TITLE ........................................................................ i DECLARATION ........................................................................ ii ADVISOR APROVAL ............................................................... iii RATIFICATION ......................................................................... iv MOTTO ...................................................................................... v DEDICATION ............................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................... vii TRANSLITERATION ................................................................ x TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................. xii ABSTRACT ................................................................................ xv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background .............................................. 1 B. Research Question .................................... 14 C. Aim and Significance of Research ............ 14 D. Prior Research ........................................... 15 E. Research Method ...................................... 18 F. Method of Collecting Data ....................... 18 G. Method of Analyzing Data ....................... 19 H. Structure of Writing .................................. 20 CHAPTER II: FAZLUR RAHMAN HERMENEUTIC METHOD A. Fazlur Rahman‟s Background .................. 22 B. Fazlur Rahman‟s Methodology ................. 31 1. Hermeneutic ....................................... 31 xii 2. Fazlur Rahman‟s Double Movement Method ............................................... 41 CHAPTER III: WAR IN THE QUR’AN A. War in Islam 1. War Before Islam ............................... 51 2. War After Islam .................................. 57 B. War Term in the Qur’an ........................... 61 1. Qital Term in the Qur’an .................... 62 a. The Classification of War Term in the Qur‟an ................................ 63 b. The Concept of Qital .................... 67 2. Jihad Term in the Qur’an ................... 77 a. The Classification of Jihad Term in the Qur‟an ................................ 81 b. The Concept of Qital .................... 83 3. Harb in the Qur’an ............................. 88 a. The Classification of Harb Term in the Qur‟an ................................ 88 C. Verses Interpretation ................................ 89 D. Non Muslim in the Qur’an ........................ 108 CHAPTER IV: THE ORDER OF BATTLE AGAINST NON MUSLIM IN THE FAZLUR RAHMAN HERMENEUTIC METHOD A. Understanding of Battle Against Non Muslim ...................................................... 117 xiii 1. The History of War in Arab ............... 118 2. Analyzing Verses ............................... 120 B. The Concept of Battle Against Non Muslim in the Contemporary Era ............. 136 CHAPTER V: CLOSING A. Conclusion ................................................ 145 B. Suggestion ................................................ 147 C. Closing ...................................................... 148 BIBILIOGRAPHY .................................................................... 149 xiv ABSTRAC Key Word: War, Hermeneutic, Fazlur Rahman, Double Movement. In the development of Islamic science, there are many Islamic scholars who improve the theory to study al-Qur‟an, moreover they try to combine hermeneutic with science discipline of Islam. Basically hermeneutic is a theory that used by west scholar to read the text, and then adopted and combined by Islamic scholar to find a juncture of al- Qur‟an teaching with the development of contemporary era. Double movement theory is one of theory who considered by Fazlur Rahman by combining between hermeneutic with science discipline of Islam. In his theory, before applying double movement theory Rahman emphasize to do critical study on the socio-history situation of Arab before and after Islam come to Arab, in other to know interaction between al-Qur‟an and situation of social-culture community at the time. After critical study of social history then application of double movement theory, it is study al-Qur‟an in the past to see the context of verses, correlation between verses in other to know the differences between specific legal and ideal moral of verses. Then we have to contextualization the value of Qur‟anic verses to the contemporary era. This is a main goal of this theory, it is to find the juncture between