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Concept of Teaching and Education in Al-Qur'an

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Concept of Teaching and Education in Al-Qur'an Educational Research International Vol. 5(1) February 2016 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CONCEPT OF TEACHING AND EDUCATION IN AL-QUR’AN: STUDY ABOUT TARBIYAH AND TA’LIM TERMS Basri Lecturer of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Malikussaleh University, Aceh Utara, Aceh, INDONESIA. [email protected] ABSTRACT Al-Qur‟an was kalamullah revealed to the prophet Muhammad SAW, then instructed to convey to his people and serve as guide or a way of life for those who like filial. Al- Quran is the greatest miracle of the prophet Muhammad SAW. In al-Quran are indeed a great many educational concepts, especially if we have to use the method of thematic. According to the author of this article, the concept of education by rote method is the best concept in education because the core concept used by the prophet Muhammad when he received the revelation of Allah through the Gabriel angle, and this concept is also used by the prophet Muhammad SAW to teach Al-Quran told his companions. Keywords: Education, teaching, Al-Qur‟an, tarbiyah, ta‟lim INTRODUCTION Qur'an is Allah‟s kalam revealed to the prophet Muhammad, who was then ordered to be delivered to his community and serve as a guide or a way of life for those who are obedient (Ash-Shiddieqy, 2009). Furthermore, the Qur'an is a miracle that is the greatest for our prophet Muhammad. What is a mu‟jizah? It is a thing or extraordinary events that ccur through the claimed prophet, as proof of his Prophet hood that is to challenge the doubters, to make or bring something similar, but they are not able to serve the challenge, or an event that came out of the habit, accompanied by elements of the challenge, and will not be matched (Anwar, 2008). The truth of the Qur'an and its continuance is precisely proven. In some verses of the Qur'an Allah has given confirmation of the truth and its continuance as stated in surah At-Takwir verses 19-21 . . Verily this is the word of a most honorable messenger 19. The Qur'an is a word [conveyed by] a noble messenger 20. [Who is] possessed of power and with the Owner of the Throne, secure [in position]. Obeyed there [in the heavens] and trustworthy 21. (Surah At-Takwir verse 19-21). The Qur'an contains the basic teachings (basic principles) regarding all aspects of human life and can be developed in accordance with the reasoning ability of each nation, at any time or period and present functionally in solving human problems. One of the problems that is always discussed by the people is education. If we examine about the Concept of Education written in the Qur'an we will definitely find a lot of things especially if we conduct the study using thematic interpretation studies. There are too many education concepts using rote method. This concept is a concept used by Copyright © 2016 SAVAP International ISSN: 2307-3721, e ISSN: 2307-3713 www.savap.org.pk 74 www.erint.savap.org.pk Educational Research International Vol. 5(1) February 2016 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Rasulullah from the Prophet received revelation (the Qur'an) to the Prophet taught the Qur‟an to his people by using rote method. This concept is clearly stated in the Qur'an in Surah Al- 'A'raf verse 157: ذ أ ُ ذ أ ذ ُ ذ ُ ذ ذ ّ ذ ُ ُ أ ُ ً ُ أ ذ أ ٰ ٱ َِّلييََيتبِعِنَٱلرسِلََٱنل ِ َبَٱۡل ِ َمَٱ َِّليَ َِيدوًٍَۥَوكتِباَ ِعٌدَهَ ِِفَٱتلِرىةََِوَٱ ِۡل ِجني ِلََ أ أ أ أ ُ ُ ُ أ ُ أ ٰ ُ أ ُ ُ ُّ ُ ُ ذ ّ ُ ّ ُ أ ُ َٰٓ يأمرَهَبَِٱلىعرو ِفََويٌُىُهَع ِيَٱلىٌكرََِوي ِحلَلُهَٱمطيِبٰ ِتََويحرِمَعني ُِهَٱۡلبئِثََ أ ذ ُ أ ُ أ أ ُ أ أ ٰ ذ أ أ أ ُ ْ ذ ُ ُ ُ ُ ويضعَعٌُهَإِۡصَهَوَٱۡلغللََٱم ِتَََكًتَعني ُِ ۚۡهَفَٱ َِّلييََءاوٌِاَبٍَِِۦَوعزروهَوًَصوهَ ذ ُ ْ ُّ ذ ٓ ُ ُ ٓ ُ ْ ُ ُ أ ُ أ ُ وَٱتبعِاََٱنلِرََٱ َِّليََأًزِلَوعٍَۥََأو َٰٓلئِكَََهَٱلىفنِحِن١٥٧َََ َ “those who follow the apostle, the unlettered prophet, whom they find mentioned in their own (scriptures), in the law and the gospel; for he commands them what is just and forbids them what is evil; he allows them as lawful what is good (and pure) and prohibits them from what is bad (and impure); he releases their from heavy burdens and from the yokes that are upon them. Si is it those who believe in him, honor him, and follow the light which is sent down with him, it is they who will prosper.” (Surah Al-'A'raf verse 157) Since the prophet was not able to read and write so any learning process of revelations acceptance from Jibril either one paragraph or one surah then he immediately memorized and taught the companions using rote method so they completely mastered and told the companions to memorize (Al-Hafidz, 1994). And then this memorization method followed by the companions of the first four caliphs as well as by scholars in doing the process of teaching. The concept of education by using rote method is excellent when used in the concept of education now, because this concept refers to the way the Prophet received the Qur‟an and teach the friends in recording verses of the Qur'an and the hadith of the Prophet before they were recorded. In this paper the author tries to explain about the meaning of education, terms of education contained in the Qur'an, and explain the definition contained in surah Al-Baqarah verse 31 by using a thematic interpretation which reads as follows: . “And he taught Adam the nature of all things; then he placed them before the angels, and said: tell me the nature of these if ye are right.” (Surah Al-Baqarah verse 31). When we look from the description of above verse, method used by Allah in transforming science or knowledge to Adam was ta‟lim method. Why is that? because if we see from the composition of the verse begins with the sentence fi'il madhi literally means that anything past, that is to say, in the beginning Adam did not know about the names of the objects, but after Allah told about the object names to Adam then Adam knew about the names of objects that Allah told him (Thalib, 1994). From the description above we can conclude that ta‟lim method can be applied with the criteria that the objects do not already have an understanding of what is discussed, in other Copyright © 2016 SAVAP International ISSN: 2307-3721, e ISSN: 2307-3713 www.savap.org.pk 75 www.erint.savap.org.pk Educational Research International Vol. 5(1) February 2016 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ words, ta'lim method applied to the object that did not have an idea or knowledge of what it faces. THE DEFINITION OF EDUCATION CONCEPT IN THE QUR’AN At-Tarbiyat Qur‟an introduces itself as "the guide to the straighter (way)” as contained in surah Al-Isra verse 19: “Those who do wish for the (things of) the hereafter and strive therefor with all do striving, and have faith, they are the ones who striving is acceptable (to God).” (Surah Al-Isra verse 19) The instructions are intended to provide welfare and happiness for people, both individually and in groups, and therefore found the instructions for humans in both forms (Shihab, 2004). The terms education can be found in the Qur'an with the terms: tarbiyah, ta'lim, tabyin, tafshil, tafhiim, tarjiih, taqriib, tahkiim, ta'syiir, taqriir, talwiih, tarwiih, taqshiir, tabsyiir, tamti', ta'ziiz, targhiib, ta'tsiir, tahriidl, tahdliidl, taubih, tadarus, tazwiid, tajriib, tandziir, tahriim, tahjiir, tabdiil, tahriib, taghriib, ta'dziib. but we often find the expression of the word 'rabba' at-tarbiyah is masdar form of fi‟il madhi rabba, which has the same meaning as the word 'rabb' which means Allah. No “at-tarbiyah‟ word found in the Qur‟an, but there are terms similar to, namely; ar-rabb, rabbayani, murabbi, rabbiyun, Rabbani. The term rabbani is preferably used in hadith. All these phonemes have different connotation meaning. Some tafsir experts have different opinions in interpreting the words above. As quoted from Ahmad Tafsir that education is the meaning of the word „tarbiyah' the word is derived from three words, namely; rabba-yarbu which means growing, and 'rabbiya- yarbaa' means to be great, as well as 'rabba-yarubbu' which means repairing, master of affairs, lead, maintain. According to al-Qurtubi, the meaning of 'ar-rabb is the owner, master, Supreme fixer, the Supreme regulator, the Supreme changer, and the supereme performer. According to al- Ma'luf louis, ar-rabb means master, owner, repair, maintenance, add and accumulate. According to Fakhrur Razi, al-rabb has the similar phoneme with al-Tarbiyah, which has meaning at-Tanwiyah (growth and development). Al-Jauhari gave meaning of Trabiyah, Rabban and rabba as feeding, nurturing and caring. Basic word ar-rabb, which has a broad meaning, among others; own, control, manage, maintain, feed, grow, develop, and also means educating.From the above understanding that tarbiyat is an activity that brings people bit by bit to perfection embodied in worship to God. At-Tarbiat is the process of development, maintenance, delivery of science, giving instructions, guidance, refinement and sense of belonging for students either body, mind, spirit, talent, potential, feelings, in a sustainable manner, gradually, full of affection, caring, tenderness, fun, wise, easily accepted, so they form the perfection of human nature, pleasure, glory, live independently, to achieve the ridha of Allah (broad and formal definition). In general, tarbiyah word comes from three different verbs: Raba-Yarbu; which means yamnu means expanding.
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