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Textual and Contextual Interpretations Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 27 (1): 419 - 424 (2019) SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ The Meaning of Jihad: Textual and Contextual Interpretations Sri Mulyati Department of Islamic Sufism, Faculty of Theology, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, 15412, Jakarta, Indonesia ABSTRACT Belief in Jihad (holy war) is key for a believer of Islam in the social theological sphere, where faith and jihad are not separated. Discussions among theologians and religious experts on the meaning of jihad and the thoughts they put forth have undergone changes and have developed over time. Concrete political situations have also affected views and opinions toward jihad and have, eventually, led to pragmatism and realism among ulamas and Islamic thinkers in their understanding of jihad. This paper attempts to explore the meaning and concept of jihad in Islam via textual and contextual interpretations. The writer’s own research has yielded that jihad has wide meaning and is not limited to war alone because Allah had ordained Muslims not only to take up arms, but also to believe in holy war in terms of its existential meaning (which refers to the fight against lust) in the quest to defend Islam. This paper discusses the objectives of jihad in Islam as a way to glorify the name of Allah and to fight against cruelty and unfairness on God’s earth. Keywords: Contextual interpretation, faith, jihad, Qur’an, textual interpretation INTRODUCTION ARTICLE INFO The paper aims to deliberate both on the textual and on the contextual meaning of Article history: Received: 5 October 2018 the term jihad. Textually, the term jihad Accepted: 12 February 2019 discusses in order to better understand Published: 28 March 2019 the arguments about it. Contextually, the E-mail address: paper focuses on an understanding of the [email protected] reasons behind jihad and the role it plays * Corresponding author in a particular context. ISSN: 0128-7702 e-ISSN: 2231-8534 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Sri Mulyati The principal objective of this paper jihad by teaching the younger generation is to explore the true meaning of jihad with utmost honesty; leaders can govern (holy war), which actually evokes many with justice; entrepreneurs can realize jihad interpretations. Jihad has also been subject by being honest in their trade; while the to so many misinterpretations. Some people army’s loyalty to the country and ruler is have understood the meaning of jihad as yet another form of jihad. Jihad in any form merely launching a holy war, although in and against any opponent must be for Allah the Qur’an, the term has various meanings. and must never end. This is haqqa jihadih, This misinterpretation has often caused the true jihad (Shihab, 2007). This phrase some people to use only a certain and narrow haqqa jihadih is clearly mentioned in Surah understanding of jihad and at the same time al-Hajj (Qur’an 22:78). try to legitimize their limited understanding Shihab (2007) explained that jihad was of the term. In Indonesia, some religious a way to achieve a goal using available leaders are aware of the political situation resources. Jihad does not recognize despair, in the nation and give a more positive surrender and lethargy. A mujahid (a word meaning to jihad rather than restricting its derived from jahada) is a person who interpretation to merely a holy war. devotes all his abilities and sacrifices with According to the Qur’an, the aims of his soul and energy, thoughts, emotions and jihad are to spread the word of God and anything related to the human self (Shihab, to abolish injustice. The Qur’an reiterates 2007). This was evident during the Meccan that all able-bodied Muslims should be Period when Muslims were not in a position willing to take up jihad at any point in to take up arms or fight physically, as stated time. It mentions that if Muslims know in Surah al-Furqan (verse 52). A mujahid and understand the many rewards that therefore devotes his soul and energy to God has prepared for those who perform jihad. jihad and are obedient to Him, they would This verse is very relevant to the most definitely be willing to carry out the understanding of jihad because devotion can commandment (Shihab, 2007). be a powerful tool and instrument to bring Together with these aims, there are down enemies. The wrongful accusations various types of jihad in terms of opponents against Islam can be countered with well- to Islam and the purposes of jihad. There is informed arguments and devotion to the jihad against the unbelievers, the hypocrites, religion. The use of the Qur’an to counter evil and lust. These interpretations of jihad misinformation and wrongful accusations are for different purposes and resolutions. can be a stronger mental weapon compared A scientist, for example, can take up jihad to jihad with physical weapons. by using his knowledge for the good of mankind; employees can launch jihad by Textual Meaning being productive; a teacher can practice Etymologically, the Arabic word jihad is 420 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 27 (1): 419 - 424 (2019) Jihad: From Textual to Contextual Interpretation derived from the verb jahada, which means to exert every ability to defend oneself from struggle and hard work. Jahada also means the enemy. He divided jihad into three working very hard to achieve maximum types: jihad against visible enemies, jihad results (Manzur, 2000). It could also be against demons, and jihad against oneself interpreted to mean effort, seriousness, (Al-Isfahani, n.d.). These are related to the fatigue, difficulty, illness, and anxiety. context of jihad. The Qur’an mentions the word jihad and Jihad can only be pursued by those its derivations as many as 40 times. Other who truly believe in the holy book and derivational meanings of jihad include understand it well. Facing opponents who devoting all abilities and enduring sacrifices. are bent on distorting facts, or those who Jihad can also mean optimizing efforts by have no knowledge or misunderstand the devoting all potential and abilities both in teachings of the Qur’an, is definitely much words and actions, or anything that can be more difficult than fighting battles with done to achieve a certain goal. weapons. Therefore, jihad by using the firm A stereotypical view of the West is that understanding of the Qur’an is far greater jihad fi sabilillah is simply a holy war to and stronger than any holy war (Shihab, spread Islam (Gibb, 1978). This narrow 2007). understanding of the term stigmatizes Jihad is not always concerned with Islam as a religion of violence (Fadhlullah, taking up arms. This was revealed to Prophet 1995). Some followers of the Khawarij Muhammad (PBUH) when he was still interpret jihad as fighting with the use of in Mecca. At the time, the Muslims were weapons or dying of martyrdom (Rahman, weak and defenseless. The prophet was 1979). For these people, using weapons is commanded to perfom jihad by devoting a major part of jihad. They do not consider all efforts to face the polytheists with other struggles as jihad. This has led to the words that touched the mind and heart and counterargument, jihad akbar (struggle without weapons. The meaning of jihad was against desires), that holds struggles in contextualized for the Prophet. matters related to economics, social, politics There is also jihad fi sabilillah, a phrase and military are not a priority (Fahmi, 1992). which means the struggle to realize the Textually, it can be seen that there are many religious message in the way of Allah. In meanings to jihad and each meaning is Surah al-Ma’idah (verse 35), we read: “O related to the function and purpose for which ye who believe, fear Allah and seek the way the term is used. that is near to Him, and strive in His Way, that ye may be fortunate”. This is Allah’s Contextual Meaning motivation for Muslims to achieve what is Al-Isfahani (n.d.), an eleventh-century promised on the Day of Judgment for those Muslim scholar of Qur’anic exegesis and who perform jihad for His sake. The reward Arabic language, explained that jihad meant is a great, eternal and lasting fortune and Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 27 (1): 419 - 424 (2019) 421 Sri Mulyati happiness in the chambers of paradise where Allah informs that in performing jihad, the faithful resides forever (al-Rifa’i, n.d.). one should perform it fully as commanded Verse 5:35 above actually explains that in Surah al-Hajj (verse 78). He uses the jihad in the way of Allah is to manifest words haqqa jihadih which means the true the welfare of life in this world and in the jihad, and only those who perform true jihad Hereafter. Jihad is a duty for those who sincerely will receive God’s Grace. believe and should be done on the basis Meanwhile, in Surah al-Anfal (verse 72) of devotion to Allah. Jihad in Allah’s way we read of those who believe in Him and His is also an effort or endeavour on the part Messenger and emigrated by leaving their of the believer as a vicegerent of Allah on homes because of their displeasure towards Earth to achieve something better and to the unbelievers. They strived with their reach al-falah (luck, victory, prosperity, wealth, among others, by giving assistance welfare in this world and in the Hereafter). for jihad efforts and the defense of religious The verse also explains that jihad in the values. These Muslims who defended the way of Allah begins with the command to messenger and the muhajirin (immigrants) be pious towards Him and to find a way were in a very high position in the sight of towards righteousness.
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