Nadnárodní Společnosti a Jejich Role Ve Světové

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Nadnárodní Společnosti a Jejich Role Ve Světové JIHO ČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V ČESKÝCH BUD ĚJOVICÍCH Pedagogická fakulta Katedra geografie Bakalá řská práce NADNÁRODNÍ SPOLE ČNOSTI A JEJICH ROLE VE SV ĚTOVÉ EKONOMICE Autor práce: Vedoucí práce: Ivana Vá ňová Mgr. Michal Van čura, Ph.D. České Bud ějovice 2012 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem zadanou bakalá řskou práci vypracovala samostatn ě pod vedením Mgr. Michala Van čury, Ph.D. a veškeré použité zdroje jsem uvedla v seznamu literatury a zdroj ů dat. Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47 b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., v platném zn ění, souhlasím se zve řejn ěním své bakalá řské práce, a to v nezkrácené podob ě elektronickou cestou ve ve řejn ě p řístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jiho českou univerzitou v Českých Bud ějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách. V Českých Bud ějovicích ……………........ …………………………… podpis Pod ěkování Děkuji panu Mgr. Michalu Van čurovi, Ph.D. za odborné vedení práce, podn ětné připomínky a čas, který mi v ěnoval p ři konzultacích. Anotace Bakalá řská práce podává obecnou charakteristiku nadnárodních spole čností. Práce je člen ěna na dv ě části. V první části se čtená ř seznámí s definicemi a klasifikacemi nadnárodních spole čností a strategiemi vstup ů firem na zahrani ční trhy. Teoretickou část uzavírá kapitola o globalizaci, jevu, který je úzce svázaný s rozvojem a p ůsobením nadnárodních spole čností. Praktická část je zam ěř ena na nadnárodní spole čnosti Nestlé S. A. a Toyota Motor Company. Tyto spole čnosti byly vybrány na základ ě rozdílných přístup ů k organizaci produk ční sít ě. Annotation Bachelor thesis gives general characteristics of multinational corporations. The thesis is divided into two major parts. The first part familiarizes the reader with definitions and classifications of multinational corporations and their strategies of entry to foreign markets. Theoretical part concludes with a chapter about globalization, a phenomenon, which is closely associated with development and influence of multinational corporations. Practical part focuses on two multinational corporations, Nestle S.A. and Toyota Motor Company. These corporations were chosen on the basis of different approaches to organization of production network. Klí čová slova Nadnárodní spole čnosti, organiza ční struktury, klasifikace nadnárodních spole čností, globalizace Keywords Multinational corporations, Organizational structures, Classification of multinational corporations, Globalization OBSAH 1. Úvod................................................................................................................................1 2. Obecná charakteristika nadnárodních spole čností..........................................................3 3. Nadnárodní spole čnosti ve sv ětové ekonomice..............................................................6 4. Vývoj nadnárodních spole čností v souvislosti s historickým vývojem pr ůmyslové výroby ..................................................................................................................................11 4.1. Období industrializace...........................................................................................11 4.2. Povále čná období ..................................................................................................14 4.3. Éra novodobých nadnárodních spole čností...........................................................15 5. Vývoj spole čnosti v nadnárodní spole čnost..................................................................17 5.1. Fáze vývoje nadnárodních spole čností..................................................................17 5.2. Nekonven ční vývoj................................................................................................17 5.3. Strategie vstup ů na zahrani ční trh .........................................................................18 5.3.1. Merger & acquisition .....................................................................................18 5.3.2. Joint venture...................................................................................................19 5.3.3. Franchising.....................................................................................................19 5.3.4. Strategické aliance .........................................................................................20 6. Typy nadnárodních spole čností ....................................................................................21 7. Organiza ční struktura nadnárodních spole čností..........................................................22 7.1. Organizace produk ční sít ě .....................................................................................23 7.1.1. Vertikáln ě integrované nadnárodní spole čnosti.............................................24 7.1.2. Horizontáln ě integrované nadnárodní spole čnosti.........................................25 7.1.3. Diverzifikované nadnárodní spole čnosti........................................................26 8. Lokaliza ční faktory.......................................................................................................28 8.1. Lokalizace pobo ček v nadnárodním m ěř ítku ........................................................29 9. Ekonomická mapa sv ěta ...............................................................................................30 10. Globalizace................................................................................................................32 10.1. Klady a zápory globalizace................................................................................33 11. Charakteristika vybraných nadnárodních spole čností...............................................35 11.1. Nestlé S. A.........................................................................................................35 11.1.1. Vývoj spole čnosti Nestlé................................................................................36 11.1.2. Strategie spole čnosti Nestlé ...........................................................................37 11.1.3. Organiza ční struktura Nestlé..........................................................................40 11.1.4. Hlavní zna čky spole čnosti Nestlé ..................................................................41 11.1.5. Research & Development ..............................................................................42 11.1.6. Nestlé v ČR ....................................................................................................43 11.2. Toyota Motor Corporation.................................................................................44 11.2.1. Historie spole čnosti Toyota............................................................................44 11.2.2. Obchodní činnost ...........................................................................................46 11.2.3. Organiza ční struktura.....................................................................................46 11.2.4. Strategie..........................................................................................................47 11.2.5. Výrobní systém Toyota..................................................................................48 11.2.6. Hybridní technologie......................................................................................49 11.2.7. Toyota v České republice...............................................................................50 12. Záv ěr .........................................................................................................................51 13. Seznam použité literatury..........................................................................................53 14. Přílohy.......................................................................................................................63 1. ÚVOD Cílem této bakalá řské práce je podat stru čnou charakteristiku nadnárodních spole čností jako ekonomických subjekt ů v geografickém prostoru, definovat jejich vznik, vývoj a typologii. Nejsou zahrnuty vztahy, jimiž jsou nadnárodní spole čnosti provázány mezi sebou, se státními útvary nebo jakou hrají roli v rámci mezinárodních uskupení, nebo ť je toto téma natolik rozsáhlé, že není možné dostate čně pokrýt celou problematiku. Nadnárodní spole čnosti jsou mocné a respekt vzbuzující elementy globální ekonomiky. Nejv ětší nadnárodní spole čnosti zasahují do d ění nejen sv ěta ekonomického, ale i politického a kulturního. Lidé žijící v různých částech sv ěta jsou nev ědomky ovliv ňováni rozhodnutími nejvyšších p ředstavitel ů t ěchto spole čností. Sou časný sv ět je charakteristický vysokou propojeností geografických struktur a lidských spole čenství. Co mohlo být kdysi lokáln ě specifické, je dnes díky telekomunika čním technologiím dostupné všem, kte ří k nim mají p řístup. Nadnárodní korporace nepochybn ě p řispívají ke zvyšující se integrit ě. Nikoho dnes nep řekvapí etiopský domorodec s lahví Coca-Cola v ruce nebo mongolský pastevec v botách Nike. Mnohé globaliza ční jevy byly podmín ěny a zintenzivn ěny práv ě rozvojem nadnárodních spole čností. Zakládáním výrobních, obchodních či služby poskytujících pobo ček ší ří své produkty nebo služby, ale také kulturu domovské zem ě. Hlavním cílem nadnárodních spole čností je maximalizace zisku. Nadnárodní spole čnosti musí obstát ve stále se zost řující konkurenci se svými produkty a službami a zárove ň generovat dostate čné zisky, aby se mohly dále rozvíjet. Využívají p řitom meziregionálních rozdíl ů pro optimalizaci výroby a pro získání výhod z mezinárodní produkce. Nadnárodní spole
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