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Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Economy

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Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Economy The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater. Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays on the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events. Brief A–Z entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing. Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, provid- ing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more. Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields. HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF ASIA, OCEANIA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST Jon Woronoff, Series Editor Guam and Micronesia, by William Wuerch and Dirk Ballendorf. 1994. Palestine, by Nafez Y. Nazzal and Laila A. Nazzal. 1997. Lebanon, by As’ad AbuKhalil. 1998. Azerbaijan, by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins. 1999. Papua New Guinea, Second Edition, by Ann Turner. 2001. Cambodia, by Justin Corfield and Laura Summers. 2003. Saudi Arabia, Second Edition, by J. E. Peterson. 2003. Nepal, by Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai. 2003. Kyrgyzstan, by Rafis Abazov. 2004. Indonesia, Second Edition, by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin. 2004. Republic of Korea, Second Edition, by Andrew C. Nahm and James E. Hoare. 2004. Turkmenistan, by Rafis Abazov. 2005. New Zealand, Second Edition, by Keith Jackson and Alan McRobie. 2005. Vietnam, Third Edition, by Bruce Lockhart and William J. Duiker. 2006. India, Second Edition, by Surjit Mansingh. 2006. Burma (Myanmar), by Donald M. Seekins. 2006. Hong Kong SAR and the Macao SAR, by Ming K. Chan and Shiu-hing Lo. 2006. Pakistan, Third Edition, by Shahid Javed Burki. 2006. Iran, Second Edition, by John H. Lorentz. 2007. People’s Republic of China, Second Edition, by Lawrence R. Sullivan. 2007. Australia, Third Edition, by James C. Docherty. 2007. Gulf Arab States, Second Edition, by Malcolm C. Peck. 2008. Laos, Third Edition, by Martin Stuart-Fox. 2008. Israel, Second Edition, by Bernard Reich and David H. Goldberg. 2008. Brunei Darussalam, Second Edition, by Jatswan S. Sidhu. 2010. Malaysia, by Ooi Keat Gin. 2009. Yemen, Second Edition, by Robert D. Burrowes. 2010. Tajikistan, Second Edition, by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzadeh. 2010. Bangladesh, Fourth Edition, by Syedur Rahman. 2010. Polynesia, Third Edition, by Robert D. Craig. 2011. Singapore, New Edition, by Justin Corfield. 2011. East Timor, by Geoffrey C. Gunn. 2011. Postwar Japan, by William D. Hoover. 2011. Afghanistan, Fourth Edition, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 2012. Philippines, Third Edition, by Artemio R. Guillermo. 2012. Tibet, by John Powers and David Templeman. 2012. Kazakhstan, by Didar Kassymova, Zhanat Kundakbayeva, and Ustina Markus. 2012. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, by James E. Hoare. 2012. Thailand, Third Edition, by Gerald W. Fry, Gayla S. Nieminen, and Harold E. Smith. 2013. Iraq, Second Edition, by Beth K. Dougherty and Edmund A. Ghareeb. 2013. Syria, Third Edition, by David Commins and David W. Lesch. 2014. Science and Technology in Modern China, by Lawrence R. Sullivan and Nancy Y. Liu, 2014. Taiwan (Republic of China), Fourth Edition, by John F. Copper. 2014. Australia, Fourth Edition, by Norman Abjorensen and James C. Docherty. 2015. Republic of Korea, Third Edition, by James E. Hoare. 2015. Indonesia, Third Edition, by Audrey Kahin. 2015. Fiji, by Brij V. Lal. 2016. People’s Republic of China, Third Edition, by Lawrence R. Sullivan. 2016. Israel, Third Edition, by Bernard Reich and David H. Goldberg. 2016. New Zealand, Third Edition, by Janine Hayward and Richard Shaw. 2016. Brunei Darussalam, Third Edition, by Jatswan S. Sidhu. 2017. Nepal, Second Edition, by Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai. 2017. Burma (Myanmar), Second Edition, by Donald M. Seekins. 2017. Mongolia, Fourth Edition, by Alan J. K. Sanders. 2017. Yemen, Third Edition, by Charles Schmitz and Robert D. Burrowes. 2017. Chinese Economy, by Lawrence R. Sullivan with Paul Curcio. 2018. Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Economy Lawrence R. Sullivan with Paul Curcio ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB Copyright © 2018 by Lawrence R. Sullivan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sullivan, Lawrence R., author. Title: Historical dictionary of the Chinese economy / Lawrence R. Sullivan. Description: Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2017] | Series: Historical dictionaries of Asia, Ocea- nia, and the Middle East | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017028449 (print) | LCCN 2017039115 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538108543 (elec- tronic) | ISBN 9781538108536 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: China—Economic conditions—Dictionaries. Classification: LCC HC427 (ebook) | LCC HC427 .S74 2017 (print) | DDC 330.951003—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017028449 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America. To professors Robert Dernberger, Alexander Eckstein, Albert Feuerwerk- er, and Dwight Perkins, giants in the study of the Chinese economy and to the memory of Professor Karl “Chip” Case, professor of economics, Wellesley College. Contents Editor’s Foreword xi Preface xiii Reader’s Note xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Maps xxvii Chronology xxxi Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 7 Glossary 425 Major Leaders of the People’s Republic of China 429 U.S. Ambassadors to the People’s Republic of China, 1979–2015 431 Bibliography 433 About the Authors 477 ix Editor’s Foreword Of the “economic miracles” that have taken place throughout the world, admittedly more so in Asia than elsewhere, none stand out as much and are as instructive as the one that has occurred in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) since its creation in 1949. That there was such a miracle is beyond doubt, China being known for shoddy goods and inefficiency then, but today being increasingly known for high-technology articles and an endless flow of products being exported worldwide. In the interim, the PRC has become the world’s biggest exporter by far, the second-largest economy in the world (and probably the biggest sooner rather than later), with an economic clout that is turning into political and military clout as well. We should not forget it got off to a bad start twice, initially due to Communist planning, which got most things wrong, and then the “Great Leap Forward” of Mao Zedong, which got virtually everything wrong. Nowadays growth is slowing down, but the gross national product (GNP) keeps rising, and the Chinese keep moving into new product lines, while the private sector is flourishing. More capitalist than Communist, the economy is instructive—and intriguing—and certainly worth knowing more about. Thus, it is a pleasure to publish Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Economy. Among other things, it traces the roller-coaster ride up through the period of Communism, swiftly down during the Cultural Revolution, and then finally upward and onward since the introduction of “Chinese-style capitalism” as of 1978–1979. This book looks at those who messed around with the Chinese economy, first and foremost, Mao Zedong, and those who sorted things out and got the economy moving in the right direction, among others, Deng Xiaoping, plus other modern-day leaders—political leaders, as well as genuine entrepreneurs. It focuses on the major sectors and some of the top companies. It does not claim to reveal the “secret” of success but certainly helps us evaluate and understand it. The introduction gives an over- view of the process, which is explored in greater detail in the dictionary section, while the chronology charts the rise, fall, and renewed rise through- out the years. The bibliography directs readers to other works that may be of interest. This volume was written by an author who should already be familiar to our readers, Lawrence R. Sullivan, who also coauthored Historical Diction- ary of Science and Technology in Modern China and authored Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party, three editions of Historical Dictionary of the People’s Republic of China, as well as other books and xi xii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD numerous articles on China. A professor of political science at Adelphi Uni- versity, he has since ceased
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