Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian Terminology in Cinematography: Origin and Conceptual Structure of Terminological Units Radostina Stoyanova1,2,*

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 469 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2020)

1Institute for Bulgarian Language "Prof. L. Andreychin", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 2University of Economics – Varna, Varna, Bulgaria *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This article presents observations on the modern Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian film terminology as an art form. Special attention is paid to the phenomena of migration and borrowing of terms as methods of the discipline-specific vocabulary replenishment. The structural design of terminological units related to cinematography e is also considered.

Keywords: cinematography, terms, terminology, Bulgarian language, Russian language, Ukrainian language internationalization of the terminology of art, whose I. INTRODUCTION boundaries are open to new terms. Cinematography is a relatively new art form. The increasing trend towards interdisciplinarity of Cinema as a form of creative art is a synthesis of the scientific research opens the boundaries of art history literature, visual arts, theater, and music. science and its terminology. The result of this process is the migration of terms from other disciplines. Cinematography terms combine theater, musical, artistic, aesthetic, technical concepts, as well as Film /cinematography terminology is based and concepts and terms from other scientific disciplines, functions across different professional fields: 3D which is evidence of the versatility of its specific technology, computer graphics, covers areas such as vocabulary. lighting, make-up, cinematographic management, filming equipment, acting, etc. [7: 99]. According to The relevance of this research is due to the lack of V.A. Batig, these are separate independent terminologн studies and description of the modern cinematography systems that can be considered as subdomains of the terminology in Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian cinematography terminologн system, or, on the languages. contrary, the film industry should be divided into The purpose of the article is to analyze the modern separate sub-sectors with separate glossaries. [7: 99]. film terminology in three Slavic languages - Bulgarian, Migration of terms towards cinematography Russian, and Ukrainian from the point of view of the terminology occurs on the basis of different initial origin and derivational modeling. scientific domains - architecture (bulg. декор – rus. декор – ukr. декор /en. decor/; bulg. павилион – rus. II. RESEARCH SOURCES павильон – ukr. павільйон /en. pavilion/), literature (bulg. комикси – rus. комиксы – ukr. комікси /en. The sources used for the research were: comics/; bulg. нежен реализъм – rus. нежный cinematography dictionaries and studies materials, реализм – ukr. ніжний реалізм /en. gentle realism/), Internet resources related to cinematography [1], [2], theatre (bulg. кинодрама – rus. кинодрама – ukr. [3], [4], [5], [6], etc. кінодрама /en. drama movie/; bulg. камершпиле – rus. каммершпиле – ukr. камершпіле /en. III. THE TREND TOWARDS MIGRATION OF Kammerspielfilm/), aesthetics (bulg. кич – рус. китч TERMS IN CINEMATOGRAPHY /кич/ – укр. кiтч /кiч/ /en. kitsch/), economics (bulg. маркетинг – rus. маркетинг – ukr. маркетинг /en. Globalization and digitalization of all spheres of marketing.; bulg. киноикономика – rus. social life, and art in particular, have an impact on the киноэкономика – ukr. кіноекономіка /en economics trend towards transterminologization and of cinema/; bulg. киноиндустрия – rus. киноиндустрия – ukr. кіноіндустрія /en. film

Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 322 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 469

industry.), etc. Thus, the cinematography terminology is bulg. кино – rus. кино – ukr. кiно ˂ anc.greek an extensive terminology system open to the entry of κίνημα ˂ κινέω ˂ праиндоевр.*keie- ‚move '.(en new terms. cinema, movie). On the other hand, the film industry, as V. A. Batig emphasizes, contributes to the development of various A. Greko-Latin borrowings in cinematography technologies specifically in film criticism, and cinema terminology art in general. The arising of new technologies, creative Terms representing Greek-Latin borrowings are ideas, and concepts is an indicator that the film industry lexemes made up of Greek-Latin morphemes that have replenishes the terminology resources of related great potential to denote scientific concepts of an domains [7: 99]. international nature. Terms containing Greek-Latin morphemes are the basic source for replenishment of Both terms of local origin шn the Bulgarian, certain terminology systems in various literary Russian and Ukrainian film terminology systems are languages, and in particular in Bulgarian, Russian, and used (rus. aгитки [agitky] (en. agitky) – early genre of Ukrainian. For example: Soviet cinema; short films in the style of posters and news sheets "[1: 11]; rus. эффект Кулешова – bulg. bulg. амфитеатър – rus. амфитеатр – укр. ефект на Кулешов – ukr. "ефект Кулешова" /en. амфітеатр ˃ греч. ἀμφιθέατρον /amfiqeatron/(en. Kuleshov effect/), and borrowed from other languages amphitheater) ,1. architectural structure in ancient in different periods (bulg. кадър – rus. кадр Rome used for public events (gladiatorial combats, (кинокадр) – ukr. кінокадр ˃ fr. cadre (en. frame) ,a animal slayings- bestiary, naval battles - navmachia), still image on a film strip recording one phase of normally large, circular or oval theatre, with an open-air motion of a moving object or its static position" [1: arena in the center and raised seating area around it […] 273]; bulg. трилър – rus. триллер – ukr. трилер ˃ en. 2. Spectators seats in enclosed spaces, located in arched thriller ,a genre of an adventure film, where the open tiers (in theaters, cinemas, auditoriums) or around storyline is built on the audience's active empathy for an arena (in a circus)." [1: 32]; the action taking place on the screen, provoking bulg. мултиплекс – rus. мультиплекс – ukr. emotional escalation, fear, excitement, an expectation мультиплекс /малтіплекс/ (en. multiplex) ,movie of a surprising ending "[1: 586]). theater complex with multiple screens with computer and soundeffects." [1: 409]; IV. BORROWING AS A METHOD OF FILM bulg. мултипликационно (анимационно) кино – TERMINOLOGY REPLENISHMENT rus. мультипликационное (анимационное) кино – Linguistic borrowing being a universal method of ukr. мультиплiкацiйне (анiмацiйне) кiно /анiмацiя/ ˃ enriching the vocabulary helped to create лат. Multiplicatio (en. animated cinematography – cinematography terminology resources in Bulgarian, cartoons) – ,art based on the illusion of movement Russian, and Ukrainian languages. (animation) of drawn, various volumetric (doll, plasticine, bas-relief, etc.), pictorial images recorded on In terminology science ,borrowing is considered as film by the method of stop-frame process". [1: 410], one of the ways of creating terms, when lexical units comp.: are transferred from one natural language or language for special purposes to another natural language or bulg. анимационно кино – rus. анимационное language for special purposes "[8: 141]. кино (анимация), en. animation, fr. animation, it. animazione ˃ lat. animatus. comp.: Borrowed terms, mainly of English-language origin, are encountered quite often in Bulgarian, Russian, and ukr. анiмацiйне кiно /анiмацiя/ Ukrainian cinematography terminology systems. These (мультиплiкацiйне кiно) (en. animation films), terms reflect in linguistic form the main stages, animation – bestowing of life, this is where the medical directions, and specifics of the creation of a conceptual term "reanimation" comes from. In Ukrainian system of this domain. We perceive many basic film animation is also called the art of multiplication terms, borrowed by Bulgarian, Russian, and Ukrainian (literally - reproduction))". [3: 7]; from different donor languages and adopted in the vocabulary of the three languages, as having lost their bkg. кинохроника – rus. кинохроника –ukr. foreign origin. For example: кiнохронiка ˂ gr. κινέω + gr. χρόνος] (en. neswsreel) ,a type of cinematic art based on shooting of current bulg. екран – rus. экран – ukr. екран ˂ fr. écran; events" [2]; (eng screen); bulg. неореализъм – rus. неореализм – ukr. bulg. камера – rus. камера – ukr. камера ˂ lat. неореалізм ˂ gr. Neos + lat. Reales (en. neo-realism), camera;(en. camera); the meaning of the term is "new realism", that

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characterizes the films produced in Italy in 1945-1949." кинопромышленность, кинопропаганда, [3: 88]. кинорепортаж, кинореформист, киносалон, киносеанс, киносеть, киноскрипт, кинословари, Some terms with Greco-Latin morphemes were кинотеатр, кинотеория, кинохроника, кинофильм, borrowed to Bulgarian, Russian, and Ukrainian through киностроительство, киностудия, кинотворец, an intermediary language. For example, in Russian, a кинотехника, кинофабрика, кинофикация, camera for moving pictures shooting, called by the киноэкспрессионизм, киноэнциклопедия, etc. Lumiere brothers 'cinématographe', was borrowed both Сomp.: rus. rus. KИНОКИ (en. KINOKI) "a group of through German language. (rus. кинематограф), and young Soviet documentarians (see Documentary Film) through French (rus. синематограф). Later, the version of the 1920s, who considered their goal to capture кинематограф became dominant in the Russian reality with photographic accuracy to the point of language. The German and Bulgarian languages also denying fiction films. They stated that the "Movie Eye" adopted the German variant bulg. кинематограф – ukr. (hence the name of the group) more accurately reflects кiнематограф (less often – ukr. сінематограф, ukr. reality than the human eye. The leader and the сінематографія ). Comp.: ideologist of the group and its main ideologue was bulg. кинематограф – rus. кинематограф – ukr. director Dziga Vertov." [1: 291]. Сomp. ukr. КІНОКИ кiнематограф < ger. Kinematograph and < fr. "a group of young Russian documentarians, formed in cinématographe [˂ greek. κινεμα ‚movement' and 1919 and led by Dzyga Vertov." [3: 79]; ukr. кiнозiрка γραφο ‚write']. Comp. also: (en. movie star). "a concet originated in American cinema in the 1910s and then spread in European bulg. декор – рус. декор – borrowed from French cinema [3: 22]; decor ˂ лат. decoro (eng. decor); ukr. кіно → кіноактер, кінозал, кінозірка, bulg. павилион – rus. павильон – ukr. павільйон – кінознавство, кінопропаганда, кінодекламація, borrowed from French pavillion ˂ lat. papilio (eng. кіножанр, кіноекспресіонізм, кінокадр, кінокамера, pavilion); кінокоманда, кінопареміï, кіноскрипт, bulg. киноалюзия /алюзия в киното/ – rus. кінодраматургія, кіномистецтво, кінофірма, киноаллюзия /аллюзия в кинематографе/ – ukr. кінокомпанія, кінопалата, кіновиробництво, алюзія в кіно /алюзивне кіно/– borrowed from кінопересувка, кіноплівка, кінопрокат, English allusion ˃ lat. allusion; кінопрокатний, кіноіндустрія, кінолабораторія, кінофестивал, кінофікація, кінофiльм, кіноконцерн, bulg. интерактивно кино – rus. интерактивное кінематографіст, кіномитець, кінонарис, кино – ukr. iнтерактивне кiно borrowed from English кінопромисловість, кінопроцес, кінорепортер, interactive cinema ˂ lat. inter ‚between'+ lat. actio кінохроніка и др., etc. ‚action'. The above terms are international and constitute the B. Borrowings from English, Italian, German, French basic terminology for the naming of cinematic concepts. in the cinematography terminology They are well adapted to the word-forming system of 1) Borrowing from English: In the modern the three languages. Some new terms also appear on Bulgarian, Russian, and Ukrainian film terminology their basis. borrowed term were taken mainly from English (bulg. bulg. кино → киноактьор, киноархив, кинодеец, мокбастър – rus. мокбастер – urk. мокбастер ˂ en. кинозала, киновлак, кинознание, кинодраматургия, mockbuster; bulg. блексплойтейшън – rus. киноизкуство, киноиндустрия, кинолента, блексплойтейшен / блэксплойтэйшен ˂ en. кинолетопись, киноклуб, кинокомедия, blaxploitation, etc.). кинокритика, киномрежа, кинообразование, V.A. Batig notes that "Since the 1980s, the Russian кинооператор, киноплощадка, кино промишленост, language has been actively borrowing genre names кинопропаганда, кинорепортаж, киносалон, from English, and since the mid-1990s, these киностудия, кинотеатър, кинотеория, кинотворец, borrowings have lost their systemic character and have кинохроника, кинофабрика, кинофилм, etc.; become mainly a way of situational categorization of rus. кино → киноактёр, киноархив, киноведение, film production." [7: 102-103]. кинодраматургия, кинодеятель, киножурнал, Comp.: bulg. ъндърграунд – rus. андеграунд кинозал, киноиндустрия, киноискусство, (андерграунд) ˂ англ. underground) ,artistic trends in кинокартина, киноклубы, кинокритика, Western European and Russian art (in music, literature, кинолениниана, кинолента, кинолетопись, cinema, fine arts, etc.), in opposition to official art" [1: кинолитература, кинокомедия, киноплощадка, 34]; кинообразование, кинооператор, кинопаремии, кинопоезд, кинопоказ, кинопрокат,

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bulg. римейк – rus. ремейк / римейк ˂ en. remake culture ", which indulges the mass notions of beauty, ,a form of creative recoding and a new interpretation of including cinema." [3: 24]; previously published works (musical, literary, blg, калигаризъм" – rus. ,калигаризм" – ukr. cinematic) "[4: 200], a film repeating the plot of an калігаризм ˂ ger. Caligarisme (en. caglgaarism),The earlier produced well-known film. The goal is to use a term originated after the German expressionist film The commercially successful plot in combination using the Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) and was introduced in latest technology." [1: 509]; France after World War I." Caligarism "was used to rus. видеомикшер ˂ en. vision mixer ,a device describe post-war Europe, in which everything was uniting several different video sources to create a turned upside down." [3: 74]; composite video. устройство для объединения bulg. камершпиле – rus. каммершпиле – ukr. видеосигналов нескольких телевизионных датчиков камершпiле ˂ ger. kаmmerspiele (en. kаmmerspielfim) с целью формирования комбинированного ,a kind of drama created in German theater, art and изображения" [5]; cinema in the early 1920s as a protest against the bulg. виставижън – rus. виставижн / виста-вижн irrationality of the expressionism." [3: 74]; ˂ en. VistaVision (Vistavision Motion Picture High- bulg. нова вещественост – rus. новая Fidelity) ,is a widescreen cinematographic system using вещественность – ukr. нова речевiсть ˂ ger. Neue the 35 film with horizontal pulldown and spherical Sachlichkeit (en. The New Objectivity) ,a movement in (axially symmetric) lenses"1; German cinema emerged in the mid-1920s as a reaction rus. артхаус / арт-хаус – ukr. арт-кіно, арт-хаус ˃ against Expressionism." [3: 90]; en. art house (art cinema, art movie, art film), Earlier, a comp.: rus. культурфильм – ukr. культурфільм ˂ theatre, which presented avant-garde or classic films for ger. Kulturfilm (en. Kurlturfilm) "a term, little know by the prepared audience. Such films were intended for a a non-specialist related to to archival cinematography. more experienced audience, and theatres were often It was borrowed from German (Kulturfilm) in the 1920s located near colleges and universities." [3: 9]; and referred to films with agitation, moralizing and bulg. маркетинг – rus. маркетинг – ukr. educational rhetoric, produced in a large amountin the Soviet Union other countries with developed film маркетинг (en. marketing) ,adaptation of film 2 production to the market basing on the study of industry." ; consumer demand. Active marketing is a series of ,Kulturefilms in 1920s films were produced withs activities (including advertising) aimed at increasing an educational purpose, on the one hand, and "to show demand for a film" [3: 265]; life" without actors and pavilions" on the other hand. Subsequently, this term was replaced by the concepts of rus. цифровой интермедиэйт (цифровая 3 промежуточная копия ) ˃ eng.digital intermediate, documentary, popular science, educational films." ; etc.. rus. ,КУЛЬТУРФИЛЬМ, культурфильма 2) Borrowings from Italian language: bulg. джало [KUL'TURFIL'M, kul'turfil'ma],·муж. (en. kulturefilm, masc.), and КУЛЬТУРФИЛЬМА, культурфильмы филм – rus. джалло, джиалло – ukr. жовтий фiльм ˃ [KUL'TURFIL'MA, kul'turfil'my] (en. kulturefilma, it. giallo; kulturefilms, fem.) (neol.). Cinematographic "КІНО "КОНТЕСТАЦІЇ" (en. educational film of…" (Кинематографический "CONTESTATION" CINEMA) is a trend in Italian (кинематографическая) фильм (фильма) учебно- cinema originated in the mid-1960s, when rebellious просветительного содержания.) young people sought to break with their petty-bourgeois existence and go to distant lands - to Africa or India, 4) Borrowings from French: bulg. амплоа – rus. where it is only possible to find the desired meaning. амплуа – ukr. амплуа ˂ fr. emploi (en. types of roles being. "Contestation" proclaimed a revolutionary that an actor usually plays, corresponding to his age, protest against society and state." [3: 76]. appearance and style of acting; tragedian, comedian, 3) Borrowings from German language: bulg. кич – hero-lover, chambermaid, ingénue, travesty, idiot, rus. китч (кич) – ukr. кiтч (кiч) ˂ ger. Kitsch (en. arguer, etc."[3: 7]; Kitsch) ,a term that first defined a poorly made object bulg. ракурс – рус. ракурс – укр. ракурс ˃ fr. for sale, and later became a term of aesthetics. Kitsch is raccourcir (en. foreshortening), reduction of sizes and forms of real and imaginary objects and figures when the principle of creation an aesthetic object of" mass

2 What are kulturefilms? About one genre in the Soviet cinema˂https://glukk.com/kulturfilm/˃ 1 VistaVision. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 3 Kulturefilm. Through Soviet eyes ˂https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/VistaVision˃ ˂https://old.kinoart.ru/blogs/kulturfilm-videt-po-sovetski˃

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they move away from an eye according to laws of linear simultaneously displaying several thematically related perspective. The concept of "foreshorten" is applied images [5]; especially to objects which as a whole or in parts are bulg. разкадровка – rus. раскадровка (en. shot viewed from unexpected points and sharp angles of breakdown) ,drawn by hand film shots." [1: 500]; bulg. view (close, from top to bottom, from bottom to top, кинокадър – rus. кинокадр (en. film frame) ,a still etc.) […] The issue of foreshortening also exists in image on a film strip recording one phase of the motion perspective relief, in illustrations that use strong spatial of a moving object or its static position." [1: 273]. and scale contrasts, in cinema" [1: 498-499]; 2) Terminology elements-adjectives: bulg. rus. камера-перо – ukr. камера стiло ˃ fr. caméra- вътрешнокадров монтаж – rus. внутрикадровый stylo, comp. ukr КАМЕРА СТІЛО (eng. camera-pen) монтаж (en. intra-frame editing) –editing by changing ,is a term introduced by a French director Alexandre Astruc in 1948 in one of his program texts, comparing of the main characteristics of the frame - the size of the the camera with a pen, which allows you to write with a image, the angle, the movements of the camera or the camera as freely as a writer does with a pen." [3: 74]. captured objects "[11: 128]; bulg. междукадров монтаж – rus. междукадровый монтаж (en. inter-frame editing), V. THE STRUCTURAL CONCEPT OF creating of a logical sequence of individual frames" CINEMATOGRAPHY TERMS IN BULGARIAN, [10: 128]; RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES bulg. полиекранно кино – rus. полиэкранное The structural concept of the film terms in кино (en. multiscreen films), a type of cinematography Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian will be analyzed that provides simultaneous display of several based on the number and nature of root morphemes and thematically related images on different parts of one using of word-forming affixes in naming. [9: 605]. screen or on several adjacent screens (multiscreen); The word-forming structure of film terms in images are projected by several movie projectors using synchrony may be grouped as follows: terms formed by different film copies "[5], ср. также: bulg. a simple word, terms formed by a derivative word, полиекранен филм – rus. полиэкранный фильм. (en. terms formed by a phrase. multiscreen film) Various prefixes and semi-prefixes (both A. Termes formed by a simple word international and prefixes of the general literary The terms formed by a simple word with a non- language) are used in the prefix-suffix way of forming derivative stem. Such terms are not based on another of noun and adjective terms in Bulgarian, Russian and monosyllabic word: bog. frame - Russian. frame - ukr. Ukrainian languages. For example: frame. кадър – rus. кадр – ukr. кадр (en. frame). bulg. анти- [anti-] – rus. анти- [anti-] – ukr. анти- [anti-] (en. anti): B. Terms formed by a derivative word bulg. антигерой – rus. антигерой,comp. ukr. Terms formed by a derivative word, which meaning антигерой (en. anti-hero); derived from the meanings of the term components: stems and word-forming affixes. bulg. интер- [inter-] – rus. интер- [inter-] – ukr. iнтер- [inter-] (en. inter): Affixation, or a process of adding an affix to a root or a stem is one of the most productive ways of word bulg. интерактивно кино – rus. интерактивное forming in terminology science. кино – укр. iнтерактивне кiно (en. interactive cinema); Prefixes and suffixes are service lexical morphemes that do not coincide with the stems of self-contained bulg. мулти- [multi-] – rus. мульти- [mul'ti-] – ukr. lexical units in the language (prefixes precede the stem; мульти [multi-] (en. multi-): suffixes follow it) [9: 605]. bulg. мултиплекс – рус. мультиплекс – ukr. The terms formed by a derivative word in мультиплекс /variant: малтіплекс/ (en. multiplex); Bulgarian, Russian, and Ukrainian language corpora are represented by: bulg. мултипликационно кино – рус. мультипликационное кино – укр. мультиплікаційне 1) Terms-nouns: bulg. полиекран – rus. полиэкран кіно; (en. animation films) (en. multiscreen) ,two frames with a separate image in bulg. пост- [post-] – рус. пост- [post-] – укр. пост- the screen perimeter [10]; 1. A screen on which several [post-] (en.post): images are displayed at the same time. 2. A method of

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bulg. постмодернистичен филм – rus. bulg. филмоскоп – rus. фильмоскоп – ukr. постмодернистский фильм – ukr. фiльмоскоп ˂ eng. film 'фильм' + gr. skopeo ‚I look'; постмодерністський фільм (en. postmodernist film); bulg. филмостат – rus. фильмостат – ukr. bulg. интер- [inter-] – rus. интер- [inter-] – ukr. фiльмостат ˂ en. film 'фильм' + gr. statos 'standing; iнтер- [inter-] (en. inter): rus. фильмокопия – укр. фiльмокопiя (eng. film bulg. интерактивно кино – rus. интерактивное print); кино – ukr. інтерактивне кіно (en. interactive cinema); bulg. пълнометражен филм – rus. rus. Интерфильм, rus. Интерфильмовость, etc. полнометражный фильм – укр. повнометражний (en. interfilm) фiльм (en. feature film); bulg. де- [de-] – rus. де- [de-] – ukr. де- [de-] (en. bulg. късометражен филм – rus. de): короткометражный фильм – укр. короткометражний фiльм (en. short film); bulg. дедраматизация – rus. дедраматизация – ukr. дедраматизацiя (en. dedramatization); bulg. вътрешнокадров монтаж – rus. внутрикадровый монтаж – ukr. внутрішньокадровий rus. контра- [kontra-] – urk. контр- [kontr-] (en. монтаж (en. intra-frame editing); counter): rus. широкоэкранный кинематограф (en. rus. контрапропагандистские фильмы – ukr. widescreen cinema), etc. контрпропагандистськi фiльми (en.counterpropaganda); On the base of studied material, we may see compound terms, including two borrowed components bulg. псевдо- [psevdo-] – rus. псевдо- [psevdo-] – connected by a hyphen both in Russian and Ukrainian ukr. псевдо- [psevdo-] (en. pseudo): terminology (rus. арт-хаус; rus. кино-новелла; rus. bulg. псевдодокументален филм – rus. кино-пьеса; rus. кино-поэма; rus. кино-сеанс; rus. псевдодокументальный фильм – ukr. кино-спектакль; rus. кино-фронт; rus. художник- псевдодокументальний фільм (en. mockumentary). гриммёр; rus. фильм-спектакль, ukr. фільм-вистава). Comp. also: M. Popova emphasizes that in Bulgarian language the attribute 'foreign /international' participates in rus. фильм-ревю – ukr. фільм-ревю ˃ fr. revue; terminological naming - both for local and directly ukr. кенгуру-вестерн ˃ en. kangaroo-western; borrowed from other languages terms, much more often than it happens in the general literary vocabulary." [12: ukr. "спагеті-вестерн" ˃ en. spaghetti western; 376]. ukr. "спагеті-хорор" ˃ en. spaghetti horror, etc. C. Terms formed by a complex word There may be cases of complex terms formation In the Bulgarian, Russian, and Ukrainian film when one of the stems is complete, and the other is terminology, a common way of terminological naming incomplete: is the creation of terms by a complex word. rus. докудрама (˃ документальная драма) ср.: Complex terms have two or more stems, that bulg. документална драма – ukr. документальна coincide with the forms given in dictionaries. The драма (en. documentary drama); complex terms' characteristic is a large amount of rus. культурфильм – ukr. культурфільм (en. information concentrated in the basic terminological kulturefilm). unit. They have a capacious structure both from the point of view of economics and semantics, which D. Terms formed by a phrase favors an optimal naming of a special term. A rather productive way of replenishing of The terms formed by complex words are created by Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian film terminological stem composition. According to M. Popova, in modern vocabulary is syntagmatic naming, ie. naming by using Bulgarian terminology stem composition is broadly phrases. represented as a morphological technique of terminological naming [12: 378]. We can observe a Based on the number of constituent components, similar process in the Russian and Ukrainian film phrasal cinematography terms are divided into two- and terminology. multicomponent. When such terms are being created, lexical elements 1) Two-component terms: Two-component phrasal can be connected by a connecting morpheme: terms' characteristic is that one part of them is common

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to other terms, and the other part consists of its ukr. образотворче рішення фільму (en. film visual distinguishing feature in a number of related concepts. solution); Such terminological units consist of a determinant and a ukr. Російська "золота серія" (en. Russian Golden term: Series); bulg. независимо кино – rus. независимое кино, – ukr. незалежне кіно (en. independent cinema); ukr. кіно категорії "А" (en. A-category film); compare.: rus. независимый кинематограф – ukr. ukr. кіно категорії "Б" (en. B-category film); незалежне кіновиробництво (en. independent film production); ukr. кіно категорії "З" (en. Z-category film), etc. bulg. филмово студио (en. film studio); Four-component terms rus. кинокопировальные фабрики – ukr. bulg. телевизионна пиеса на документална кінокопіювальні фабрики (en.film printing factories); основа (но: телепиеса на документална основа) (en. TV-play on documentary basis); rus. пропагандистские мультфильмы (en. propaganda cartoons); rus. глубина резкоcти изображаемого пространства (en. depth of field in front), etc. rus. монтажный кадр (en. frame for editing); Multicomponent terminological phrases in the film rus. сценарный кадр (en. frame description); terminology reflect the process of naming of a complex rus. фронтовaя кинохрoника (en. frontline and systemic conceptual apparatus of this newsreel); interdisciplinary field. Multicomponent linguistic units demonstrate new sides of a concept, united by both rus. коммутационно-распределительное elements of similarity and difference [9: 607]. оборудование (en. switching and distribution equipment). VI. CONCLUSION 2) Multicomponent terms: Three-component terms This comparative analysis of the modern film are the most common form of multicomponent terms in terminology from the point of view of the terms origin Bulgarian, Russian, and Ukrainian film terminology. and derivational modeling in Bulgarian, Russian and Three-component terms Ukrainian languages gives an idea of the patterns of the bulg. изразителни средства на киноизкуството – formation and function of the field-specific terms. The рус. выразительные средства киноискусства – ukr. formation and functional patterns of the film виражальні засоби кіномистецтва (en. expressive terminology have a similar development in these three means of cinema); languages, which is a consequence of the international nature of the film industry as a whole. bulg. младо немско кино (ново немско кино) – rus. молодое немецкое кино (новое немецкое кино) The obtained results allow to outline new aspects in – ukr. молоде нiмецьке кiно (нове німецьке кіно (en. the study of cinematography terminology in Slavic New German Cinema); languages and have an applied orientation. bulg. рекламна кампания на филм – rus. рекламная кампания фильма – ukr. рекламна References кампанія фільму (en. film advertising campaign); [1] Terminologicheskiy slovar' po kul'turologii [The terminological rus. передача видео сигнала (en. video signal dictionary of cultural studies] / sost. V. L. Benin, YE. D. transmission); Zhukova. – Moskva: Izdatel'stvo "Flinta", 2017. 743 p. [In Russian] rus. синема нового джало (en. the New giallo [2] Kino. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' [Cinema. Encyclopedic cinema); Dictionary] / Gl. red. S. I. Yutkevich. Moskva: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1986. 637 p. [In Russian] rus. цифровая промежуточная копия (цифровой [3] V. N. Myslavskyi, Kinoslovnyk. Terminy, vyznachennia, интермедиэйт) (en. digital intermediate); zharhonizmy. [Film dictionary. Terms, definitions, jargon] Kharkiv, 2007. 328 p. [In Ukrainian] rus. телепиеса на документална основа – рус. [4] Yu. V. Shcherbinina, Kniga – tekst – kommunikatsiya. Slovar'- телепьеса на документальной основе (TV-play on spravochnik noveyshikh terminov i ponyatiy [Book - text - documentary basis); communication. Dictionary-reference book of the latest terms and concepts]. Moskva: FORUM: INFRA-M, 2015. 304 p. [In ukr. нове гонконгське кiно (en. New Hong Kong Russian] Cinema); [5] Bol'shoy Rossiyskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar' [Large Russian encyclopedic dictionary]. Repr. izd. Moskva: Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya entsiklopediya, 2009. Available from:

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http://niv.ru/doc/dictionary/encyclopedic/fc/slovar-207- 103.htm#zag-101909 [In Russian] [6] Slovar'-spravochnik terminov normativno-tekhnicheskoy dokumentatsii [Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation]. 2015. Available from: https://normative_reference_dictionary.academic.ru/ [In Russian] [7] V. A. Batig, Sopostavitel'nyy analiz naimenovaniya zhanrov kino v angliyskom i russkom yazykakh [Comparative analysis of the names of film genres in English and Russian]. In: Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ser. 9, Vyp.2, 2013, 99-103. [In Russian] [8] L. Yu. Buyanova, Terminologicheskaya derivatsiya v yazyke nauki: kognitivnost', semiotichnost', funktsional'nost' [Terminological derivation in the language of science: cognitive, semiotic, functional]. Moskva: FLINTA: Nauka, 2014. 256 p. [In Russian] [9] D. Surudzhiyska, Ekranna izraznost pri otrazyavane na bedstviya. [Screen expression in disaster coverage]. In: Retorika i komunikatsii, № 7, 2013. Available from: http://rhetoric.bg/%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1 %80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B8- %D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8% D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8- %D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9-7- %D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%83 [In Bulgarian] [10] L. Raycheva, Tvorcheskiyat protses v televiziyata. [The creative process in television] Sofiya: Universitetsko izdatelstvo ,Sv. Kliment Ohridski", 1996. [In Bulgarian] [11] R. S. Stoyanova, Architectural Terms in Russian as an Art Form in Relation to Their Origin and Word-Formative Modeling: Preliminary Observations. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2019), 24-25 October 2019, Moscow (Ser. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research [ASSEHR]; Vol. 378), 378, Paris et. al.: Atlantis Press, 2019, 601-608. [12] M. Popova, Teoriya na terminologiyata [Theory of terminology]. Veliko Tarnovo: IK ,Znak 94", 2012. 687 p. [In Bulgarian]

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