EAZA NEWS Zoo Nutrition 3

Zoo Nutrition

News September 2003 Contents SPECIAL ISSUE 3

04 Feed for zoo ruminants 06 Browse silage 10 Crib-biting 12 Nutritional Databank 18 Hornbill diets 43 Nutrition meeting Photo: Peter van der Groten / Antwerp Zoo

Third European Zoo Nutrition Meeting o2 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 Staff memberEZNC Chair ofEZNRG Nutritionist RotterdamZoo Joeke Nijboer, to Mazuri,ArieBlokDiervoeding, FilanderVerlag, Witte Molen,PetAg,Versele-Laga, Lundi,SalvanaandChevideco. It wouldnothavebeenpossibletoproducethisnewsletterwithout theassistanceofoursponsors.We extendourspecialthanks Johanson, MauvisGoreandJennyvanLeeuwenfortheireditorial workofthisEAZANewsSpecialissueonZooNutrition3. Many thanksgotothestaffofEAZAExecutiveOfficefor theirassistanceandtoHelenaMarquès,AntonioVidigal, Kristina seepage17). Leipzig (formoreinformation JNS conferencetoannouncetheFourthEuropeanZooNutrition Conference,tobeheldfrom2123January2005in committeeofthe The positiveresultsoftheJNSconferenceandinitiatives takeninEuropehavestimulatedtheorganising canbefoundonpage43. the EAZANutritionGroup(ENG)willbesetup.Detailedinformation intheNetherlands.Asaresultofthismeetin and otherindividualsinterestedinzooanimalnutritionSafari BeekseBergen In March2003,ameetinghasbeenheldbetweenthecoregroup membersofEZNRG,TAG, EEPandESBnutritionadvisors European ZooNutritionResearchGroupactively. that willleadtoimproveddiets.Forexample,theEAZAResearchCommitteerecognizesthisandisthereforesupporting the nutrition specialistsinzoosarecooperatingmoreandordertounderstandthemechanismzooanimals The JNSconferenceshowedthatsincereinterestinEuropeanzoonutritionisincreasing.Universities,foodmanufacturers and downloaded asaPDFfilefromwww.EZNC.org. no.1and2,thisissuecanbe Nutrition Zoo on Issues Special News participants andallEAZAmembers.Similartothe whichcanbeusefulinoptimisingzoodiets.Thisspecialissueisdistributedamongallconference presented and opinions are In this onthisbook, whichwillbepublishedinthesecondhalfof2003andcanfoundonpage15. conference. Moreinformation EZNRG publishesthisEAZANewsSpecialissueonZooNutrition3andtheAnimalBook no.3 to markthis of AnimalPhysiologyandNutritionwilldedicateaspecialissuein2003ontheJNSconference. andalsotheJournal The proceedingsoftheCNSpartconferencecanbeorderedviawebsite:www.cnsweb.org The abstractsoftheconferencecanbefoundonwebsiteEuropeanZooNutritionCentre(EZNC):www.EZNC.org. An overviewofthepresentedtalksandposterscanbefoundonpage21-24. By thediversityofgroupsinvolvedinthisconference,programmeshowedawiderangenutritionsubjects. the worldpronouncedthismeetingsuccessful.Manycontactshavebeenmadetoimprovezooanimalnutritioninfuture. over colleagues andnutritionspecialistsfromEuropeanveterinaryuniversities.Morethan160conferenceparticipantsall Particularly forEuropeanzoonutritionspecialistsitwasagoodopportunitytodiscussanimalwithAmerican application inpractice.Theprogrammeofthisconferencecanbefoundonpages21-24. their and strategies inveterinaryandcomparativenutrition,enhancedlinksbetweenfundamentalaspectsofnutrition very differentpointsofviewtomeettogether. Thesymposiumincludedjointsessions,enablingdiscussionsonvariousinnovati asauniqueopportunityfornutritionresearchersfrom As aresult,thisJointNutritionConference(JNS)hasbeenorganised The followinggroupsparticipatedintheconference(inalphabeticalorder): who hostedtheconferenceandmadethissuccessful. secretarial workofthisconference.AlsomanythankstoAntwerpZooandespeciallyDr. KristinLeus, Prof. GeertJanssens,fromtheLaboratoryofAnimalNutritionGentUniversityinBelgium,for conference incooperationwithothergroupsfocusedonanimalnutrition.Manythanksareofferedto this of August2002.TheEuropeanZooNutritionGroup(EZNRG)tooktheinitiativeorganising The thirdEuropeanZooNutritionConferencehasthistimebeenheldinAntwerpfrom21to25 Dear member, N:ComparativeNutritionSociety CNS: AmericanCollegeofVeterinary Nutrition ACVN: AmericanAcademyofVeterinary Nutrition AAVN: EAZA NewsSpecialissueonZooNutrition3, 11 From theOrganisingCommittee articles presentedattheconferencecanbefound.Inthesearticles,ideas ZR:EuropeanZooNutritionResearchGroup EZNRG: EuropeanSocietyofVeterinary andComparativeNutrition ESVCN: EuropeanCollegeofVeterinary andComparativeNutrition ECVCN: g ve EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 o3 Printed on paper bleached without chlorine COLOPHON COLOPHON the EAZA News is quarterly magazine of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) Editorial Board of this issue: – Joeke Nijboer – Helena Marquès – Antonio Vidigal – Kristina Johanson – Mauvis Gore – Jenny van Leeuwen EAZA Executive Office c/o Amsterdam Zoo, PO Box 20164, 1000 HD Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.eaza.net Website: e-mail: jenny.van.leeuwen@ nvdzoos.nl Membership Services & Accreditation: tel: +31 20 520 07 53 fax: +31 20 520 07 54 & Coordination Collection Conservation: tel: +31 20 520 07 50 fax: +31 20 520 07 52 Design Jantijn Ontwerp, Made, Netherlands Printing den Dool, Drukkerij Van Sliedrecht, Netherlands Published by Jagran b.v. The views expressed in this newsletter are not necessarily those of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. hornbill diets in some ) Buceros and Aceros Tropidacris Violaceus Tropidacris Contents Dutch and US facilities Joint Nutrition Symposium programme Nutrition meeting held at Safari Beekse Bergen Herbivorous insect composition: you are what you eat? HACCP based bacteriological study of the feed of fruit eating birds at Rotterdam Zoo The role of insects in callitrichid nutrition Nutritional Databank overview prototype Global wildlife nutrition database: Howler monkey Glutenfree diet for callitrichids at Emmen Zoo An overview of captive Guyana grasshopper ( Guyana grasshopper on feed used for zoo ruminants Considerations for browsers in wintertime? Browse silage: the future content on glucosuria in a female The effect of dietary sugar okapi gastric ulceration and in foals is associated with Crib-biting mucosal inflammation Items may be reproduced provided that the source is mentioned in the reprint. 21 11 31 15 13 17 25 12 41 18 23 29 14 20 27 16 19 22 10 01 28 30 05 43 24 03 26 07 02 08 44 04 06 09 Cover Contents Crib-biting Crib-biting Browse silage Hornbill diets Glutenfree diet Fruit eating birds Fruit Nutrition meeting Nutrition Database Callitrichid Nutrition Callitrichid Who is Who in EAZA Nutritional Databank Dietary sugar in okapis Dietary sugar in okapis Feed for zoo ruminants Feed JNS Proceedings information Herbivore insect composition From the Organising Committee the Organising From 3rd European Zoo Nutrition Meeting 04 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 acids) maycauseadrasticdropinrumenpH. development oftheproductsfermentation(shortchainfatty this time.Thelattershouldnotbetoohigh,sincefast time, butstillbedifferentintherateofenergyreleaseduring a comparableamountofenergytotheanimalaftercertain important fromadietarypointofview:Two feedsmayoffer Information onthedegradationoffeedovertimemayalsobe carbohydrates. of feeds),modulatetheexpectedenergyyieldfeedhighin the degreeofdegradation(thepassageandfermentationrates cultural literature.Themaintime-dependentfactorslimiting the MEcontentgiveninfeedcompositiontablesfoundagri- actual MEcontentforthisspeciesisexpectedtodifferfrom through itsdigestivetractfromdomesticspecies,themore But themoreaspeciesdiffersinpassagerateofdigesta reasonable orientationformany, especiallythelarger, species. energy forruminantsinfeedcompositiontablesmaygivea isaratherdifficulttask.The‘standard’metabolizable nants To estimatetheenergyoffeedthatisactuallyavailabletorumi- of normalfermentationinherbivores. as obesity, reducedorenhancedreproductionanddisturbances excessive energyintakemayleadtonegativeconsequencessuch negative effectofaninadequatesupplyenergyisobvious, problems whenformulatingadietforwildanimals.Whilethe The provisionoftherightamountenergyisonebasic The Netherlands;W. Zimmermann,Cologne Zoo,Germany K. Johansen,ZooEbeltoft,DenmarkandJ.Nijboer, RotterdamZoo, M. HovenjürgenandE.Niess,UniversityofBonn,Germany; J. Hummel,Cologne ZooandUniversityofBonn,Germany; K Considerations onfeedusedforzooruminants utretet a usedasan Futterwerttest) was gasproductiontest(HFTorHohenheimer Hohenheim The protein-rich residuesofoilmanufacture)andalfalfahay. (pelleted feedsmainlybasedongrainsandmanufactured feed/concentrates(grains,beetpulp),zoopellets high energy Among themwereproduce(likethecommonlyfedapples), perhour),werecharacterised. of thefeedstufffermented (percentage each feeditem)andtheirrateoffermentation with regardtotheirdegradability(maximumdegradationof zoos (Cologne,Copenhagen,Rotterdam),differentfeed During astudyonokapi( Material andmethods tation isquantifiedbytheamount ofgasproducedduring Inthissystem,thefermen- evaluationinGermany. energy (Menke et al. 99.Thismethodiscommonly usedforfeed 1979). Okapi johnstoni Feed forzooruminants in vitro fermentation system fermentation ) nutritioninthree of differenttypesfeeds. Figure 1 production ofhighamountsshortchainfattyacids. not beabletokeeprumenpHrelativelystableduefast might provokedigestivedisorderssincetheanimalmay immediatelyafterameal Figure 2).Afastfermentation interval was2-3timeshigherthanforotherfeed(see Table 1).Gasproductionforappleduringthefirsttime when comparedtoanaveragezoopellet(seeFigure1; was generallyveryfastandyieldedhighMEcontents,even offruitsandvegetables In thestudytrials,fermentation especially trueforcommercialfruitslikeappleorbanana. from leafymaterialandevenwildfruits.Thisholds et al. duetoitshighsugarcontent(Oftedal very fast-fermenting fruitsandvegetables)issuggestedtobe Produce (farmed Results for inter-species comparisons. However, thismaybeinterestinginthefuture,especially to besolvedachievevalidresultsbasedonthissource. inocula, considerablemethodologicalchallengesstillneed Although faecescouldbeaninterestingandeasysourceof was veryimportanttohaveastandardizedinoculumsource. differences betweenfeed,notanimals.Thereforeit We usedsheeprumenliquor asabasisandwefocusedon the 24hourgasproductionanditsnutrientcomposition. literature, itispossibletoestimateMEofeachfeedusing and 12hours.Byusingstandardequationsfromagricultural of afeed,werecordedgasproductionafter2,4,6,8,10 recorded. Additionally,toestimatetherateoffermentation The completegasproductionafter24hoursisroutinely chamber.the productionoffattyacidsinfermentation liquor fromsheep.Gasproductionishighlycorrelatedwith degradation offeedsamplesafterinoculationwithrumen , 1996).Itsnutrientcompositioniscompletelydifferent Cumulativegasproduction : Gas production in ml 60 40 80 20 70 30 50 10 0 04812162024 Fermentation timeinhours Alfalfa hay Zoo pellet Apple EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 05 , 1988; et al. , 1991). It has the potential of substituting has the potential of , 1991). It et al. References M. Drinhaus and H. Idoyaga (1988). I.H. Cerci, W., Drochner, Untersuchungen zur fermentationsregulierenden Wirkung von hoher Melasseschnitzeln im Pansen des Schafes bei Verwendung in der Diät. Kraftfutter 8: 268-274. Anteile geschützter Fette and Menke, K.H., L. Raab, A. Salewski, H. Steingass, D. Fritz and Schneider (1979). The estimation of the digestibility W. metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. of Agricultural Science 93: 217-222. D.J. Baer and M.E. Allen, eds. (1996). The feeding Oftedal, O.T., and nutrition of herbivores. In: Wild Mammals in Captivity. Chicago, Thompson, S. Lumpkin D.G. Kleimann, M. E. Allen, K. V. University of Chicago Press: 129-138. Soest, P.J. (1987): Soluble carbohydrates and the non-fiber Van 42: 44-50. components of feeds. Large Animal Veterinarian Soest, P.J., J.B. Robertson and B.A. Lewis (1991): Methods for Van and nonstarch polysaccharides neutral detergent fiber, dietary fiber, in relation to animal nutrition. J. of Dairy Science 74: 3583-3597. Discussion It can still be a challenge to formulate suitable diets that meet the energy demands and simultaneously generate a fermen- tation pattern in the rumen for some ruminant species in zoos, and that does not overcharge the species capability to stable. One keep the pH and the whole rumen environment in this field may way to scientifically increase the knowledge be to determine the fermentationabsolute rate and the rate of digesta degradability of feed as well as the passage these para- for the critical ruminant species. By combining energymeters, one may be able to estimate the available for each feedstuff and each species. state here that this Although it may be obvious, we want to towards fast fer- kind of data must not lead to a selection menting/high energy yielding feed by maximising energy In order to feed density of a diet to unnaturally high levels. well as ethological wild animals properly, physiological as to be taken into adaptations of feeding and foraging have account. Consequently planning a proper diet should aim at meeting the energy requirements, and at stimulating natural activity levels. This means that within a hypothetical range of diets, which all allow a species to meet its energy require- ments, the one with a rather low energy density should always be chosen. Beet pulp is known for its high pectin level, which has a stabi- pectin level, which is known for its high Beet pulp on rumen fermentationlising effect (Drochner Soest Van Soest, in ruminant diets (Van starch-rich concentrates sugar-or to soak dried beet pulp in water 1987). It is recommended of feeding, in order to prevent risk for several hours before which is occasionally reported obstruction of the oesophagus, access to this feedstuff. for horses with uncontrolled for alfalfa hays ranged widely from The calculated ME (dry matter), but in each zoo at least 7.3 – 9.9 MJ/kg DM of 8.4 MJ/kg DM was fed. one hay with an ME

Photo: Rod Doolaard/IZP Oats 12,0 Apple Z00 pellet Alfalfa hay Rolled oats 14,3 Onmolassed beet pulp 12,5 Time interval Feed for zoo ruminants zoo for Feed Alfalfa hay 9,2 Zoo pellet 11,8 0 - 2h 2 - 4h 4 - 6h alculated according to agricultural standards Apple 13,2 : Gas production : Approximate metabolizable energy (ME) contents 0

10 50 30 70 20 80 40 60 ME, Mj/kg DM ml in production Gas than that of oats and of the tested zoo pellets (see Table 1). than that of oats and of the tested zoo pellets (see Table calculated ME was lower than that of rolled oats, but higher rable to that of rolled oats. Due to its lower fat content, its of DM (Dry Matter)) high gas production, compa- resulted in As expected, unmolassed beet pulp (sugar content about 7%As expected, unmolassed beet pulp (sugar especially true for fruits. the diets of ruminants cannot be recommended. This holds the diets of ruminants cannot be recommended. Based on our data, the use of large amounts of produce in changed the general fermentation pattern feeds. of these produce pieces actually fed. However, it is unlikely that this produce pieces actually fed. However, samples we used may behave slightly different from the fresh samples we used may behave slightly different One has to keep in mind that the freeze-dried and milled One has to keep in mind that the freeze-dried Figure 2 during time intervals. of somec feed (DM = dry matter). Table 1 Table 06 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 (adapted fromHofmann1988,1991) Table 1 Examples ofbrowsingruminantsaregiveninTable 1. are linkedtoaninadequatenutrition(Clauss leaf eatinganimals.Severaldiseasesinbrowsingruminants of herbaceousdicotyledonesintheirdietandtreeshrub group, consistingoffruiteatinganimalswithahighdegree feeders andgrazers.Thegroupbrowsersisaheterogeneous between browser(‘concentrateselectors’),intermediate Hoffman (1972)madetheclassicdifferentiationofruminants the Netherlands University ofMunich,GermanyandJ.Nobel,RotterdamZoo, J. Nijboer, RotterdamZoo/EZNC,theNetherlands;M.Clauss, wintertime? in browsers for future the silage: Browse B rzrrmnBrowserrumen Grazer rumen Particlesleavingtherumenofbrowsersareabigger – Browsershavelessfibredigestionandmorenutrients – Inbrowsers,therumenpassagerateisfasterthan ingrazers – Grazershavearumenstratification;browsersdonot – Average browsehasadifferentnutrientcompositionto – Browse cancontainahighamountofsecondaryplant Clauss – in references detailed with (reviewed grazers The dietanddigestionofbrowsersaredifferentcomparedto Differences betweenbrowsersandgrazers Giraffe Gerenuk Duikers Dikdik Chinese waterdeer Bushbuck Bongo size thanthoseleavingtherumenofagrazer. reach thesmallintestinesunfermented; and theyhavelessselectiveparticleretentionintherumen; Figure1); when properlyfed(see grass, particularlywithrespecttothefibrecomposition; compounds; grass : Overviewofbrowsingruminants Suni Roe deer Okapi Moose Mule deer Lesser kudu Greater kudu Browse silage et al. White-tailed deer Tufted deer , 2003). tal. et 2003): , cation ingrazersandbrowsers(adaptedfromClauss Figure 1 bought fromseveralcompanies,althoughitisexpensive. is amorepalatableproduct.Driedbrowseleavescanbe of mouldandfungi.Artificialdryingispreferred;theresult drying shouldbefast,inordertopreventthedevelopment Natural dryingofbrowsedependsontheweather. However, drying – Also, thefreezingandstoringprocesscostsalotofmoney. For manyanimals,thedefrostedbrowseisnotpalatable. of thefreezershouldbeatleastmin15°Ccentigrade. best wayistopackthebrowseairtight.Thetemperature to preventfreeze-dryingandoxidationoftheproduct, The leavesandtwigshavetobedeep-frozenfast.Inorder freezing – Browse canbeconservedinthreeways: found tosupplyanadequateamountofbrowse. it isdifficulttoprovideenoughfreshbrowse.Ways late autumn,duringwintertime,andthebeginningof yeararound.Butintemperateareas,especiallythe the In tropicalareas,thereshouldbeenoughbrowsetofeedall whether enoughbrowsecanbeobtainedduringthewholeyear. harvesting andlogistics,themostimportantquestionis supply themwithenoughbrowse.Aswellasproblems When browsersaremaintainedinzoos,itisahugetaskto Browse feedinginzoos should be about 40-45% (Driehuis,2000). should beabout40-45% fungi candevelop.Thedrymatteroftheoriginalproduct which caneasilybesmelled.Whentheproductistoodry, stops. WhenthepHishigher, butyricacidisproduced, has reachedapHofabout4.2,afterwhichtheprocess anaerobic conditions.Aftersixtoeightweeks,theproduct andthemaintenanceof low pHbylacticacidfermentation, of preservationassilageistherapidestablishmenta Themainprinciple content ispreservedbyfermentation. usedwhenforagewithahighmoisture Silage istheterm silage – vented. Thepalatabilityoftheproductwilldeclineafterdrying. with pestslikerats,miceandbirdswhilestoringshouldbepre- Dried browseshouldnotbeexposedtosunlight.Contamination : Simplifiedcomparisonbetweenrumencontentstratifi- browse should be et al. spring, , 2003). EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 07 silage browse ) was processed, although some poplar ) browse was silaged as well. A total of 70 Salix alba the stomach structure and feeding habits of East African ruminants. and habitat demands. In: Recent advances on the nutrition of herbivores. Hofmann, R.R. (1991). Endangered tropical herbivores – their nutritional require- ments References practice in captive wild rumi- Clauss, M., E. Kienzle and J.M. Hatt (2003). Feeding nants: peculiarities in the nutrition of browsers/concentrate selectors and inter- M. Clauss, II. A. Fidgett, In: Zoo Animal Nutrition Vol. mediate feeders. A review. (in press). Germany: Filander Verlag J.M. Hatt, J. Nijboer (eds.) Fürth, U. Ganslosser, Oude Elferink (2000). The impact of the quality of silage Driehuis, F., and S.J.W.H. Quarterly 22: 212-216. The Veterinary on animal health and food safety: a review. Hatt, J.M., and M. Clauss (2001). Browse silage in zoo animal nutrition – feeding Zoo Nutrition News, September 2001: 8-9. enrichment of browsers during winter. Hofmann, R.R. (1988). Morphophysiological evolutionary adaptations of the ruminant digestive system. In: Aspects of digestive physiology in ruminants. University Press, Ithaca NY: 1-19. A. Dobson and M.J. Dobson (eds.). Cornell Y.W. Ho, H.K. Wong, N. Abdullah and Z.A. Tajuddin (eds.). Malaysia Society of N. Abdullah and Z.A. Tajuddin Ho, H.K. Wong, Y.W. Animal Production, UPM Serdang: 27-34. Hoffman, R.R., and D.R.M. Stewart (1972). Grazer or browser: a classification based on Mammalia, 36: 226-240. Populus canadensis mainly willow ( ( The silage was willow bales and 15 poplar bales were prepared. Each browser winter. fed to the browsers in Rotterdam during the fed received 0.5 kg a day. The palatability of – okapis, giraffes, was compared to frozen browse. All browsers a preference for kudus, tufted deer and bongos – showed Nijboer: pers. obs.) the browse silage and the palatability (J. was much better than the frozen browse. Even the branches were eaten! There is a great potential in feeding silage browse to browsers and probably also to intermediate feeders. more research is needed. The European Zoo However, Nutrition Centre and Rotterdam Zoo will perform a detailed study on this subject in the coming years. Rotterdam method Rotterdam Zoo started harvesting In the autumn of 2001, cut willow branches were about 1 meter willow browse. The of the branches were 1 to 2 cm. The long, and the diameter bailed through a bailing machine, under willow branches were hay being bailed. The bales were double similar pressure as wrapped in plastic and the dimensions of 45 and 50 kg. Due to the pressure and weighted between were 100 x 50 xand the plasticthe bailing machine 35 cm, wrapping machine, most air bale had to be checked was excluded from the willow bales. Every wrap. All holes were to ensure no branches pierced the plastic first few weeks, the repaired using plastic tape. During the bales caused anaerobic remaining oxygen produced inside the swollen. When the growth. At this time, the bales appeared declined, anaerobic oxygen level in the bales subsequently the gas. After six to bacteria started growing and consumed so much of the gas eight weeks, the process ceased and as bales was in a vacuum. had been consumed, the willow in the the area of Rotterdam, Because there is a surplus of willow in silaging process. The analyses did not show a significant The analyses silaging process. and after silaging. in composition before alteration decrease, Bacilli , Lactobacillus ). Browse silage Browse Listeria In order to prevent Fermentation-controlling E.coli O157 ( and maple are processed in a chaff and stored at a temperature not silage is made at Zurich zoo. Leaves s species as well as several species of yeast, ocess, and will result in a decrease in pH due to Enterobactericeae , continue to be active at a low level. During the , continue to be active at a low level. During

Clostridium

and moults and micro-organism can grow, for example If the conditions of the silage are not well, undesirable additives can be added to improve the fermentation process. These authors also analysed the browse before and after the above 20°C. After six months,six After 20°C. above it is fed to their black rhinos. on Zoo Nutrition II how Hatt and Clauss (2001) described in EAZA News Special Issue containers, air-tightened Zurich method and twigs of willow, hazel cutter and then stored under pressure in 200 litter plastic 20 and 40°C, with an optimum at 30°C. the majority of silages, lactic acid bacteria grow best between growth of unwanted bacteria, the pH should rapidly rises and other aerobic micro-organisms start to proliferate. In tive acid present in silage. As this process proceeds, the pH tive acid present in silage. As this process like yeasts and acetic acid bacteria then oxidize the preserva- like yeasts and acetic acid bacteria then can occur by damaging the silage wrappping. Micro-organismcan occur by damaging the silage wrappping. When fed, the silage is exposed to air. Exposure to air also When fed, the silage is exposed to air. ammonia by enzymes of plant and microbial origin. ammonia by enzymes of plant and microbial – aerobic deterioration fraction is degraded to peptides, amino acids, amines and fraction is degraded to peptides, amino can survive as spores. Other bacteria, such as can survive as spores. Other bacteria, fermentation and storage periods, a part of the protein this phase. In this phase, bacteria like bacilli and clostridia this phase. In this phase, bacteria like the silage is excluded, relatively little change occurs during the silage is excluded, relatively little change buchneri As long as the pH is sufficiently low and penetration of air into As long as the pH is sufficiently low and This phase usually lasts from several weeks to a year, or longer. to a year, This phase usually lasts from several weeks acid formed from sugars, mainly glucose, fructose and sucrose. – storage phase fermentation pr lesser extent of acetic the accumulation of lactic acid, and to a preserved silage, lactic acid bacteria will rapidly dominate the acid bacteria will rapidly dominate preserved silage, lactic clostridia and yeast compete for available nutrients. In well- clostridia and yeast of anaerobic growth, like lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, of anaerobic growth, During this phase, different groups of micro-organisms, capable of plant material and aerobic or facultative aerobic bacteria. of plant material and – or phase acidification fermentation ensiled mass, and readily reduced due to the respiratory activity ensiled mass, and readily During this period, the atmospheric oxygen is trapped in the the atmospheric oxygen is trapped in During this period, (Driehuis, 2000): (Driehuis, – aerobic phase The ensiling process can be divided into four phases divided into four process can be The ensiling and all oxygen should be excluded. 08

Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 Photo: Rod Doolaard/IZP Rod Photo: Lutz spontaneous glucosuriainadultruminants(Bickhardt,1994; monogastric animalsandthereareveryfewreportsof ruminants maintainbloodglucoselevelsmuchlowerthan johnstoni animals andevenlesssoinwildlikeokapi( threshold values,however, arerarelyrecordedfordomestic animal speciesandmanyofwildmammals.Urinary Blood glucosevalueshavebeendescribedforalldomestic Institute ofTropical Medicine,Antwerp,Belgium Belgium; R.DeDekenandJ.Brandt,Veterinary Department, F. Vercammen, RoyalZoologicalSocietyofAntwerp, The effectofdietarysugarcontentonglucosuriainafemaleokapi 170 daystoanadultfemaleokapi.Thedietatthestartand a dietwithreducedsugarcontentwasadministeredduring In ordertoexaminetheroleofdietonglucosuria, or Multistixstrips(glucose-oxidase-peroxidasereaction). with Benedictreagent(coppersulphatereductiontest) sampled andurinaryglucosesemi-quantitativelydetermined In AntwerpZoo,11okapisofdifferentgenderandagewere Materials andmethods female byloweringthesugarcontentofdiet. preliminary trialwassetuptodecreaseglucosuriainanadult okapis inAntwerpwerecarriedoutonaregularbasis,and of glucosewerefound.Hereafter, urineanalysesofallhealthy result, routineurineanalysiswascarriedoutandhighamounts signs ofpolydipsiaandpolyurialocalizedskinnecrosis.Asa chronically losingweightinspiteofagoodappetitebutwith amounts ofglucose.OnetheadultmalesinAntwerpwas that urineofmanyhealthyadultokapiscouldcontainhigh Taniyama et al. ). Withthehelpoftheirmicrobialruminalflora, , 1994; Bickhardt , 1994; et al. , 1999).GlatstonandSmithreportedin1980 et al. Dietary sugarinokapis , 1995; Deinhofer, 1996; 1995; , Okapi biochemistry (Kodak-Johnson&Johnson). usingdry creatinine (mg/dl)werequantitativelydetermined were analysedsimultaneously.Urinaryglucose(mg/dl)and Thefivesamples samples weretakenandstoredat-20°C. micturition,midstreamurine Once amonthatnormal hayincreasedby0.15kgonaverage(seeTablelucerne 1). andthedailyconsumptionof cucumber andaubergine) vegetables (endives,celery,chicory,tomato,courgette, changed to0.4kgcarrotsandmaximum0.5other of bananas,applesandcarrots(800geach)wasgradually first 90days,theinitialdailyrationconsistingof2.4kg the endof170daysisshowninTable 1.Duringthe (Central Africa),okapisaregiven leavesof35different fast growingheliophilics(Hart browse onmorethanahundred speciesofplantsandprefer for theroedeer(Rowell-Schäfer, 1999).Inthewild,okapis smaller rumenwithalowerretentiontimeexists,assuggested ruminalescapeina the reflexofsulcusventriculiand/or might bethecause,providedthataruminalbypassthrough Theoretically, acontinuoushighdietaryintakeofsugars 0.0000 -0.0469andfrom0.0704respectively). (n =8)glucosuria(inbreedingcoefficientsrangingfrom is verylowtoabsentinokapiswith(n=11)orwithout unexplained yet.Ageneticcauseisunlikelyasinbreeding Glucosuria inapparentlyhealthyruminantsremains where onlythreeoutofeightanimalswerenegative. Multistix strips)werecarriedoutinLondonZooandMarwell for thisphenomenon,tests(Benedictreagentand/or of age)remainednegative.To excludeaninstitutionalreason whereas fiveotheryounganimals(between1.5and4years years oldandonethree-yearanimalshowedglucosuria, urinary glucose,fiveadultsofatleasteight Concerning of glucosetolerancecurvesandrenalthresholds. okapis arenotsufficientlydocile,allowingfordetermination (n =3)]correspondwiththeISISvalues.Unfortunately, 141 –205mg/dl(n=4),andadultfemales7189 observed intheokapisAntwerpZoo[adultmales 68 +/-6mg/dl,ingoats637mg/dl).Thevalues in domesticruminant(i.e.cows57+/-7mg/dl,sheep adult females121+/-43mg/dl(n=63)]thanthevalues higher [i.e.inadultmales139+/-49mg/dl(n=64), – Year 2000),bloodglucosevaluesofcaptiveokapisare System SpeciesInformation According toISIS(International Results anddiscussion et al. , 1988).InEpulustation EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 09

Photo: Rod Doolaard/IZP References AZA Nutrition Advisory Group (May 2001). 101: 467-471. Bickhardt, K. (1994). Deutsche Tierarztl. Wochenschr. Bickhardt, K., M. Ganter and C.S. Chaveze (1995). Deutsche Tierarztl. 102: 59-64. Wochenschr. and J. Nijboer (2000). K. Leus S., E.S. Dierenfeld, J. Kanselaar, Crissey, 257-270. Fürth: In: Zoo Animal Nutrition Filander Verlag, Rec. 138: 395-395. M. (1996). Vet. Deinhofer, Finco, D.R. (1989). In: Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 4th Edition, Academic Press Inc, San Diego, USA: 496-542. Glatston, A.R., and S. Smit (1980). Acta Zool. et Path. Antverpiensia 75: 49-58. Hart, J.A., and T.B. Hart (1988). Acta Zool. et Path. Applied Pharmacology and Therapeutics, AntverpiensiaLees, P. (1991). In: Veterinary 80: 19-28. 5th Edition, Baillière Tindall, London, UK: 328-354. and K. Jacobson (2000). Proc. Comp. Lintzenich, B.A., S.D. Crissey Soc.: 127-131. Nutr. Rec. 135: 93. (1994). Vet. and P. Ossent R. Rossi, P. Caplazi Lutz, T.A., 2266, A. (1999). Inaugural-Dissertation, Journal-Nr. Rowell-Schäfer, Berlin, Germany: 1-113. 102: 52-56. R. (1989). Berl. Münch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. Spieker, Kurosawa, M. Tajima, Kagawa, T. H., K. Hirayama, Y. Taniyama, Med. Science 61: 803-810. (1999). J Vet. and H. Furuoka Yoshino T. Start(kg) End (kg) Acknowledgements Puijenbroeck Van The authors thank Kristin Leus and Bruno (Okapi international studbook, Royal Zoological Society coefficients and of Antwerp) for calculating the inbreeding Rosmarie Ruf for sampling the semi-wild okapis in Epulu station. Conclusion an impact of These preliminary results seem to indicate more However, decreasing dietary sugars on glucosuria. survey for glucosuria data on captive okapis are needed. A SSP in the USA is currently being carried out in the Okapi the high amounts and the results may help us to interpret and the relation of glucose in the urine of okapis in Europe with different feeding regimens. i ). , 2000; Lintzenich et al. pers. comm. Dietary sugar in okapis in sugar Dietary and are not given any fruit, vegetables, and are not given any fruit, vegetables, ad libitum : Changes in diet for an adult female okapi with glucosuria : Changes in diet for an adult female okapi , 2000; AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, 2001). Total Dry MatterTotal (proximate analysis)Carbohydrates 2.332 2.115 5.0 4.8 BananaAppleCarrotLucerne aubergine tomato, courgette, cucumber, chicory, Endive, celery, 0Pellet 0.5 0.8 0.8 0 0.8 4.58 0 0.4 4.72 0.6 0.6 Table 1 Table without glucosuria (Rosmarie Ruf, 8 years and two between 7 and 7.5 years old) are tested 8 years and two between 7 and 7.5 years species older than grass, hay or pellet. All adult animals (nine et al. bles than okapis in Europe (Crissey zoos, which are reported to being fed less fruit and vegeta- compare data of urine samples from okapis in American rich diet develop glucosuria. It would be very interesting to whereas many okapis in European zoos that are fed a sugar diet of only leaves and remained without urinary glucose medetomidine. The okapis in Epulu station are fed a natural this ratio of 8.88 was probably due to the administration of of the known side-effects of an a2-agonist (Lees, 1991), afterwards with a ratio of 8.88. Since hyperglycemia is one anaesthetized for hoof trimming and urine was obtained the end of the observation period, the animal had to be 6.32 after 1, 2, 3 and 5.5 months, respectively. Just before Spieker, 1989). These ratios were 13.56, 9.95, 7.21 and Spieker, and creatinine in each sample were calculated (Finco, 1989; tions in volume of the excreted urine, the ratios of glucose two diets was almost the same. To compensate for the varia- two diets was almost the same. To diet, although the sugar content on a dry matter base of the diet, although the sugar content on a dry due to a lower (i.e. 3.76 %) dry matter intake in the second sugars amounted to approximately 0.2 kg. This was mainly sugars amounted to approximately 0.2 of the adult female in Antwerp Zoo. The decrease in dietary of the adult female in Antwerp Zoo. The amounts of sugars. Table 1 shows the changing diet analysis 1 shows amounts of sugars. Table (mainly bananas, apples and carrots) containing high (mainly bananas, apples and carrots) containing In captivity, okapis are fed various fruits and vegetables In captivity, okapis are fed various fruits 10 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 chewing (RR=2.72,p0.004). of developingoralbehaviour pr or haylage,insteadofgrass hay,alsoincreasedtherisk the samestudy,feedingofhaysubstitutes,suchassilage those thatdidnot(Relativerisk(RR)=4.12,p0.02).In were atfourtimesgreaterriskofdevelopingcrib-bitingthan that foalsreceivedhighconcentraterationsearlyinlife The resultsofarecentstudybyWaters digestion. duce extrasalivatoactasabufferandaidnormal with highlevelsofgastric/hindgutaciditymayneedtopro- food (orotherobjects)inordertoproducesaliva.Horses biting tosalivaproduction.Horsesneedgrasporbite A hypothesiswasproposedbyNicol(1998),relatingcrib- young horse. inflammation andulcerationofthegutmucosain acidity inthegastro-intestinaltract;thismayleadto considerable amounts.Suchrationscancauseincreased early inlifeorpreparationforweaning,sometimes concentrate feedshighinstarchandsugarcontentfrom a dietofmilkandgrass.Foalsthesedaysoftenreceive because afoal’sdigestivetractisadaptedtocopewith are alsofrequentlyincreasedandthiscancauseproblems in theirenvironment.Aroundthistime,concentraterations ingestive activitiestowardsotheryoungstersorfixedobjects no meansofdoingsoandmaystarttoredirectoral youngsters stillhavethemotivationtosuckle,but Such behaviouroftenarisessoonafterweaningwhen seem particularlysensitivetodietandtechniqueoffeeding. Behaviours thatinvolvethemouth,suchascrib-biting, biting hasnotyetbeenidentified. diets (Waters studies, includefeedinghighconcentrateand/orlowforage Risk factorsforcrib-biting,identifiedinrecentepidemiological This movementisusuallyaccompaniedbyanaudiblegrunt. neck musclesanddrawingairintothecranialoesophagus. grasping afixedobjectwithitsincisorteeth,contractingthe mately 5%ofcaptivedomestichorses.Itinvolvesthehorse byapproxi- Crib-biting isastereotypicbehaviourperformed The functionalsignificanceofcrib-biting Centre forPetNutrition,UnitedKingdom P.A. HarrisandH.B.Davidson,EquineStudiesGroup,Waltham of ClinicalVeterinary Science,UniversityofBristol,UnitedKingdom; A.J. Badnell-Waters, C.J.NicolandA.D.Wilson,Department Crib-biting infoalsisassociatedwithgastriculcerationandmucosalinflammation et al. , 2002),butthedirectcause(s)ofcrib- oblems, particularlywood- et al. (2002) revealed Crib-biting in foals. effective waysoftreatingcrib-biting(anditsunderlyingcauses) in younghorses.Dietaryandmanagementchangesmaybe intestinal tractwhichmayleadtoclinical/behaviouralproblems rations earlyinlifecanhavemarkedeffectsonthegastro- digestiveprocess.Highconcentrate bance ofthenormal Oral stereotypiesmay,therefore,bearesponsetodistur- effects haveanimpactoncrib-biting behaviour. to improvethehealthof stomach liningandseeiftheir duration ofcrib-biting;andtrialling ofdiet-basedtreatments the relationshipbetweenstomachconditionandfrequency/ foalsusingvideoendoscopy;investigationof biting andnormal via investigationofthehealthstomachliningcrib- association betweencrib-bitingandstomachconditioninfoals; whethertherewasan The aimofthisstudywastodetermine Aims andkeyfindingsofthecrib-bitingstudy A younghorsecrib-biting EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 11 Antwerp, Belgium. , 2002). 15 18 21 24 27 30 et al. Time after births in months young horses. The Veterinary Record. young horses. The Veterinary 2002). Crib-biting is associated with gastric inflammation 2002). Crib-biting 36912 changes in diet, and new techniques of manage- changes in diet, and References influencing (2002). Factors A.J., C.J. Nicol and N.P. French Waters, the and redirected behaviour in young development of stereotypic horses: the findings of a four year prospective epidemiological study. 572-579. Journal 34 (6): Equine Veterinary A.J., C.J. Nicol, A.D. Wilson, P.A. Harris and Waters, is associated with gastric H.P.D. Davidson (2002). Crib-biting inflammation and mucosal ulceration. Proceedings of the International Joint Nutrition Symposium, and Nicol, C.J., H.P.D. Davidson, P.A. Harris, A.J. Waters A.D. Wilson ( and ulceration in : The risk of developing stereotypic behaviour in young : The risk of developing stereotypic behaviour

0.12 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.10 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.00 Risk for developing stereotypic or redirected behaviour redirected or stereotypic developing for Risk horses at different ages (Waters horses at different ages (Waters Table 1 Table The results of our studies show that careful management at this early stage in the horse’s life is critical to avoid changes in behaviour and digestive physiology. Gradual weaning regimes and high fibre creep diets may help by reducing the severity of change from pre-weaning to post-weaning conditions and lead to a decline in the frequency or severity of crib-biting in foals which have started to develop this problem. with the very first signs of oral stereotypies, that most frequently with the very first signs 1). emerge artificial weaning (see Table within two months of are usually total and abrupt, weaning methods Traditional involving sudden and permanent and separation of the mare foal, radical ment. possible to reverse the developmental processes. Our recent processes. reverse the developmental possible to in the to identify key factors have aimed research studies associated horses that are and feeding of young management Crib-biting

of development in foals. treating crib-biting (and its underlying causes) in its early stages dietary and management changes may be effective ways of of the normaldemonstrate that digestive process; and also initiation of oral stereotypy can be a response to disturbance results of this study, therefore, support the hypothesis that the behaviour is identified and treated quickly enough it may be to normal of normal acidity levels than the stomachs foals. The suggests that if a stereotypic on other animal species Work were exposed to more acid conditions or were more sensitive we prevent crib-biting arising in the first place? Can These findings suggest that the stomachs of crib-biting foals p = 0.05). correlated with reduction in ulceration (r = 58; N = 12; (U = 27.5; N1 = 13; N2 = 9) and a reduction in crib-biting the antacid diet had fewer ulcers at the end of the trial (U = 11.5; N1 = 12; N2 = 7; p < 0.01). Foals that received (U = 11.5; N1 = 12; N2 = 7; p < 0.01). tion, and were significantly smoother when reexamined tion, and were significantly smoother when Their stomachs also lacked normal folding on first examina- U = 36; N1 = 15; N2 = 9; p < 0.05). U = 36; N1 = 15; N2 = 9; p < 0.05). than normal foals on first examination (Mann-Whitney: significantly more inflamed, dry and ulcerated stomachs significantly more inflamed, dry and ulcerated Videoendoscopy revealed that crib-biting foals had revealed Videoendoscopy ‘blind’. and scored by a trained observer who examined videotapes and scored by a trained observer who at the end. Indices of stomach condition were described at the end. Indices of stomach condition throughout the experimental period, and foals re-endoscoped throughout the experimental period, and behaviour. Behaviour was monitored by direct observation behaviour. if foals if were healthy, eating normally and to monitor their feed their foal and visited every three to four weeks to check period. Owners were advised how much of each diet to period. Owners were advised how much carbonate and aluminium phosphate) for a three month carbonate and aluminium phosphate) for or antacid diet (active ingredients: dihydro-aluminium sodium or antacid diet (active ingredients: dihydro-aluminium Crib-biting and control foals were randomly allocated to a base Crib-biting and control for normal foals. and crib-biting was standardised and diet controlled throughout the trial was standardised and trial and every four weeks during the trial. Management trial and every four of crib-biting by foals were measured at the start of the of crib-biting by foals (15 crib-biting and nine normal).(15 crib-biting and Frequency and duration obtained for 24 out of the 35 foals that entered the study obtained for 24 out end of their time in the trial. Valid endoscopy results were the trial. Valid end of their time in The stomachs of all foals were endoscoped at the start and endoscoped at the of all foals were The stomachs into the study and compared with non-stereotypic foals. with non-stereotypic and compared into the study Foals that had recently started to crib-bite were recruited to crib-bite were had recently started Foals that 12 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 large numberofindividualsfromfivedifferentgroupsspecies. institution. Inaddition,theanimalsrepresentacomparatively by theveterinaryandzoologicalstaffateachrepresentative animals withknowndietsthatweredemeanedtobehealthy These measurementsareuniquebecausetheyderivedfrom Zoological Gardens,andNorthCarolina ZoologicalPark. were housedatBrookfieldZoo,Fort Worth Zoo,LincolnPark 62)which = 22)and22miscellaneousgroupedspecies(n = (n 235),4ursidspecies = 83),25primatespecies(n = species (n 45),17felid = The databankcontainsdatafor8canidspecies(n for captiveexotics. measurements innumerousspeciestoestablishnormalvalues Zoo databankistoexaminetheabovelistednutritional with unknownorpoorhealth.ThepurposeoftheBrookfield serve asabaselinefromwhichtocompareanimalpopulations assessment ofnutritionalstatusinhealthypopulationswill ranging populationsandresourcesbecomemorefragmented, base forexaminingthenutritionalstatusofanimals.Asfree- vitamins AandE,carotenoidsmineralscanprovidea cholesterol, andtriacylglycerides),vitaminDmetabolites, of lipids(totalcholesterol,HDL-cholesterol,measuredLDL- is withinnormalranges.Determinationsofcirculatinglevels with whichtocomparedetermineifananimalornutrient nutritional statusisassessed,limitedinformationavailable usually noindicationsofnutritionalstatusexist.Even when Currently nutritionalchallengesremainforcaptivespeciesand Biology andResearchCenter, BrookfieldZoo,USA. S.Crissey,Science, Raleigh,USA; DanielandAdaRice Conservation K. Ange,NorthCarolina StateUniversity, DepartmentofAnimal Nutritional Databankoverview All animals were housed normally and fedtheirusualdiets. All animalswerehousednormally collection blood – protein, andvitaminsD,A, E. species metorexceededtheprobablerequirementsforfat, comparison toestimatedrequirements,thedietsformost 1978, 1985,&1986.Basedonnutrientcompositionand were estimatedusingAAFCO,2001andNRC,1974, were comparedamongspeciesandnutrientguidelines species incaptivity.Computeranalysesofdietarynutrients food groupsprimarilybasedontheitemsconsumedbythese SquaredComputing).Dietaryitemswerecategorizedinto - (n nutrients usingtheAnimalNutritionistprogramme wasgatheredbysurveyandanalyzedfor Diet information evaluation diet – Diet evaluationandbloodanalyses Nutritional Databank until thawedforanalysis. labeled, andfrozenforanaverageofsixmonthsat-80°C was separatedbycentrifuging,wrappedforUVprotection, Brookfield ZooAnimalCareandUseCommittee.Serum inaccordancewiththe The protocolwasperformed veterinarians drewbloodintotubeswithoutanticoagulants. beforeimmobilization,and Animals werefastedovernight several species-specificanomalies inthebloodparameters these resultsisbeyondthescope ofthispaper. However, 2000b, 2001;Slifka,2000). Adetailedpresentationof can beexamined(Crissey several publicationshaveresultedfromthisworkandresults The nutritionaldatabankprojectisongoing.Additionally, Results anddiscussion usingtheSPSSforWindows. analyses wereperformed by HPLCattheUniversityofIllinois,Chicago.Statistical carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin,lycopene,andb-cryptoxanthin) vitamin E(a-andg-tocopherol)carotenoidsb- vitamin A(retinol,retinylstearate,andpalmitate), et al. Hospital (Chicago,IL),followingmethodsoutlinedbyReed 25(OH)D and1,25(OH)2DattheChildren’sMemorial Samples wereassayedforthevitaminDmetabolites triacylglycerides/6.25 (representingVLDL)(Friedewald,1972). usingcholesterolminusHDL-cholesteroland formula was calculatedbasedonamodificationoftheFriedewald USA) (Maywood, using theSynchronDeltaCX7Analyzer. Center LDL-cholesterol Medical University Loyola at measured Triacylglycerides andHDL-cholesterolconcentrationswere Zoo usinganEastmanKodakClinicalDiagnosticsAnalyzer. Cholesterol concentrationswereanalyzedattheBrookfield analyses blood – , 1993.Aliquotsofthawedserumwereanalyzedfor et al.

, 1999a,1999b,2000a, Photo: Rod Doolaard/IZP Rod Photo: EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 13 ). Papio cynocephalus Tursiops truncates Tursiops ) and bottle-nosed ) are different compared to ) are different compared Alouatta palliata and R. Wells (1999b). Serum alpha and gamma and R. Wells retinol, retinyl palmitate, and carotenoid concentrations Serum Concentrations of Lipids in Four Ursids and Six Canid of Lipids in Four Serum Concentrations 122: 5: 693-696. ). Presented at: Comparative Nutrition Society. Monterey, CA. Monterey, Nutrition Society. ). Presented at: Comparative Slifka, K., S. Crissey, P. Bowen, M. Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis and Slifka, K., S. Crissey, K. Ange (2000). Serum Retinol, Retinyl Palmitate, Alpha and Gamma Baboons ( In Captive and Carotenoids Tocopherol papio References Officials, Inc. (AAFCO) (2001). Control American Association of Feed Regulations. In: AAFCO Official Publication, Atlanta, GA. Pet Food K.A. Slifka, P.E. Bowen, M. Stacewicz- S.D., J.E. Barr, Crissey, Serum and K.D. Ange (1999a). Sapuntzakis, C. Langman, A. Ward of Lipids, Vitamin A and E, Vitamin D Metabolites, Concentrations Bio. Zoos. Zoo in Nine Primate Species at Four and Carotenoids 18: 551-564. S.D., Crissey, Bio. Physiol. Part B 124: 391-396. Comp. S. Kahn and A. Ward Sadler, S., K. Ange, K. Slifka, W. Crissey, (2000a). atSpecies Nutrition Society. at: Comparative Zoos. Presented Four CA. Monterey, P. Bowen, M. Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, S., K. Slifka, J. Barr, Crissey, G. Meerdink and K. AngeC. Langman, A. Ward, Blood nutri- (2000b). tional parameters of captive apes at 4 zoos. Presented at: The Apes: Brookfield Zoo, 10-14 May 2000. Challenges for the 21st Century. S.D., K.D. Ange, K. Slifka, P.E. Bowen, M. Stacewicz- Crissey, (2001). Serum Sadler and A. Ward Sapuntzakis, C. Langman, W. of Vitamin D Metabolites, Vitamins A and E, and Concentrations Zoos. Ursid Species at Four Four and in Six Canid Carotenoids Bio. Physiol. Part A 128: 155-165. Comp. (1972). Estimation R.I. Levy and D.S. Frederickson W.T., Friedewald of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without the use of the centrifuge. Clin. Chem. 18: 449-502. (NRC) (1974 and 1985). Nutrient National Research Council DC. Requirements of Dogs. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, (1986). Nutrient Requirements of National Research Council DC. National Academy Press, Washington, Domestic Cats. (1978). Nutrient requirements of nonhuman National Research Council D.C. primates. Number 14. National Academy Press, Washington, Reed, A.M., Haugen, M. Pachman, L.M. and C.B. Langman (1993). Repair of osteopenia in children with chronic rheumatic disease. J. Ped. tocopherols, in captive and free-ranging bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Examining the nutritional status of captive animals is impor- of captive animals the nutritional status Examining free-ranging data on their there are not always tant, however from Nutritional data obtained for comparison. counterparts ( captive howler monkeys dolphins ( those of their free-ranging counterparts and similar species those of their free-ranging results, Crissey, 1999c). Thus it is (Crissey, unpublished some inferences made on nutritional important to note that may not apply to free-ranging status of captive animals zoos and may captive diets vary between animals. Further, hence influencing the results of the not be appropriate, blood samples. a unique In summary, the nutritional databank provides collection of information on circulating blood values in a largenumber of captive animals. These data provide a nutritional needs baseline to understanding the health and the aid of future cooperative of captive animals. With of both research studies in this area, the conservation free-ranging and captive species may advance.

Photo: Martin van Wees Nutritional Databank Nutritional (369 mg/dl (n = 7)) and triacylglyceride (1079 mg/dl (369 mg/dl (n = 7)) species measured. (n = 7) levels of all the greatest cholesterol African wild dogs had and 261 (n = 5), respectively) while (268 mg/dl (n = 9) the greatest HDL-cholesterol the maned wolves possessed (209 mg/dl (n = 5)) levels. nmol/L) than (3149 nmol/L) and retinyl stearate (4882 all other feline species measured. 32, respectively) (247 mg/dl n = 33 & 144 mg/dl n = and second highest in spider monkeys 12, respectively). (195 mg/dl n = 13 & 137 mg/dl n = adequate levels in their diets. 1) total cholesterol Spectacled bears had the greatest 2)maned wolves and the Compared to other canids, the 3) had substantially greater retinyl palmitate Sand cats 4) and LDL-cholesterol were highest in gorillas Cholesterol 5) D deficiencies in certain primate species despite Vitamin Some of the irregularities include: Some of the irregularities animal conservation. animal conservation. mine their potential impact on zoo nutrition and ultimately zoo nutrition and potential impact on mine their are evident. It is important to examine these data to deter- examine these data It is important to are evident. 14 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 module foranumberofreasons:overlapwithhumanuses as alikelyprototypespeciesfordevelopmentofdatabase Howler monkeys( Garden, andthehostinstitution. Network, Wildlife Trust,Information theNewYork Botanical from staffofZooConservationOutreachGroup,Wildlife Wildlife ConservationSociety,February2001,withfeedback possible usersofthisenvisionedsystemwashostedatthe vation Society.Aplanningmeetinginvolvingrepresentative mental ResearchandConservationtotheWildlife Conser- grant awardedfromColumbiaUniversity’sCentreforEnviron- This specificprojectwaslaunchedasaprototypethrough Breeding SpecialistGroupoftheIUCN.’ well asend-users,administeredthroughtheConservation data gaps,providingaglobalnetworkforcontributorsas tofillsomeofthesecurrent base ofnutritionalinformation data- ‘to developtheinfrastructureofaninternet-accessible (Boardman Report proposal containedintheCBSGWildlife NutritionDatabase This modelrepresentsafirststepforthefulfilmentof in nature. relative topopulationsofwildanimals,eitherincaptivityor the resolutionofquestionsandproblemsanutritionalnature Thiswouldallowsolutionsto quickly availableontheinternet. easilyand initiated inresponsetotheabsenceofinformation The developmentofaglobalwildlifenutritiondatabasehasbeen Network, UnitedKingdom Conservation Society, USAandS.I.Boardman,WildlifeInformation A.G. Vidigal,LisbonZoo,Portugal;E.S.Dierenfeld,Wildlife Global wildlifenutritiondatabase:Howlermonkeyprototype Alouatta pigra et al. 01 hr h ocp a defined: was concept the where 2001) , ) in Belize were targeted ) inBelizeweretargeted Nutrition Database field dataofSilver(Silver, 1997;Silver Phase 1(Prototype)modeldevelopmentincorporatedthe be developedbasedondatasetsthatarealreadypublished. Such aprototype,therefore,couldlogicallyandrealistically itself mayhaveimplicationsfornon-primates. facilities, andthebiodiversityindexofplantusewithinBelize of howlermonkeysbothinUSandLatinAmericanzoological there is,nonethelessmuchinterestinnutritionalmanagement of howlersmaynotbeaspressingthoseotherprimates, food plantshavebeencollated.Whiletheconservationissues habitatuse,andnutrientcompositionof movement patterns, fielddataon of plantresourcesexists,longandshort-term (Ostro, 1998;Ostro c) published natural history and health information withinthe publishednaturalhistoryandhealthinformation c) botanicalusesandtoxicologicaldatatoextinctplant b) oncompositionofplants consumed detailedinformation a) to effectivelylink: Under thisintegratedmodel,mechanismswillbeinvestigated onanyoftheotherprimarykeys. more detailedinformation species, orbibliographicdatacaninitiateasearchtoretrieve keys ofthemodelstructure.Henceanimalspecies,plant of on howlermonkeysingeneralandspecificcharacteristics A. pigra time makingmosteffectiveuseofcollaboratingpartners. Database, andaccessibilityworld-wide,whileatthesame magnify thefunctionalityandcapacityofaGlobalNutrition Network.Suchlinkageswould the Wildlife Information WildPro Multimediaelectronicencyclopaediaand library of databases; and software (Zootrition,2001); by howlerstothedatabasestructureofZootrition™ Zootrition Silver, S.C., (Ph.D. dissertation). Fordham University. NewYork. monkeys ( Silver, S.C.(1997).Thefeedingecologyoftranslocated howler Biological Conservation 87(2):181-190. of blackhowlermonkeysAlouattapigra inBelize,Central America. (1999). Rangingbehavioroftranslocated andestablishedgroups Ostro, L.E.T., Sliver, S.C.,Koontz,F.W., Young, T.P. andR.H. Horwich inBelize.(Ph.D.dissertation).Fordham University. NewYork. monkeys Ostro, L.E.T. (1998).Thespatialecologyoftranslocatedblackhowler Boardman, S.,andE.S.Dierenfeld(2001).CBSGNews12(1):34. Joint Conference. Omaha,Nebraska,USA:107-108. Zoo Veterinarians &AmericanAssociationofWildlifeVeterinarians history ofcaptiveandfree-ranginganimals.AmericanAssociation An electronicmanualonthehealth,managementandnatural Boardman, S.,andF.J.Dein(1998).WildproMultimedia: Workers AnnualConference, Scarborough,UnitedKingdom. wild animals.AssociationofVeterinary Teachers andResearch management systemforthehealth,welfareandconservationof Boardman, S.I.(1997).Wildpro References Society (2001). , alongwiththesefielddata,definedtheprimary ™ Alouatta pigra et al. Dietary Management Software.WildlifeConservation et al (2000). ZooBiology 19:95-109. ., 1999).Bibliographicinformation ) inBelize,Central America. ™ Multimedia: adatabase et al ., 2000,)andOstro EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 15 16 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 et al. It wasabouttheeffectsofwheat incallitrichiddiets(Gore primateresearchfacility. a studyconductedatGerman Rotterdam in1999,MauvisGorepresenteddatafrom At theFirstEuropeanZooNutritionConferenceheldin tion. which causedproblemsindigestionandresultedmalnutri- clear thattherewassomethingwrongwiththeintestines, labiatus again, particularlyinthered-belliedtamarins( of stinkingdiarrhoea,hungerandlossweightappeared to adecreaseofthesymptoms.Everyyearsymptoms (oranges, lemonsetc.),butnoneoftheseattemptsled limited dietandalactosefreediet,withoutcitrus-fruit with multivitamins,antibiotics,dietchangeslikealactose then allkindsoftreatmentweretried:medication,injections in 1980(althoughthesesymptomsdidappearbefore).Since The probleminEmmenZoowasfirstdetectedanddescribed to consumepre-digestednutrients?). to satisfytheirhunger(ormaybeitalsocouldbeanattempt observed consumingfaecesofotheranimalsintheirgroup the symptomsdescribedinliterature.Theywereeven In EmmenZoo,callitrichidsalsoshowedhungerbesides Voedingscentrum, 1998). Stafleu HaalboomandSmit,1995; 1988; but alsoanaemia,weightlossandosteoporosis(Thomas, such asaswollenabdomen,chronicstinkingdiarrhoea, The symptomsofcoeliacdiseaseareintestinalproblems to fullyrecover(Voedingscentrum, 1998). However, ittakesoneortwoyearsforthemucousmembrane can restoreandafterafewweeksthesymptomsdecrease. When aglutenfreedietisstrictlyfollowed,theintestinalvilli absorption ofnutrients,causingproblemssuchasmalnutrition. of thesmallintestine.Thedamageconsiderablyimpairs are sensitivetogluten,glutendamagesthemucousmembrane a proteinfoundinwheat,rye,barleyandoats.Increatureswho the liningofsmallintestineisdamagedbygluten.Gluten Gluten intolerance,orcoeliacdisease,isaconditioninwhich G. WindandR.SpijkeHanzehogeschoolGroningen,theNetherlands J.H.J. Berndt,EmmenZoo,theNetherlands; Glutenfree dietforcallitrichidsatEmmenZoo K , 1999;2001). ), frequentlyleadingtodeath.Thesymptomsmade Glutenfree diet et al. Saiguinus , 1997;

Yakult with15%instantbabymilkpowder(includesprotein, The dietofferedtothementioned primatesconsistsof: sweet duetothehighsugarcontent! problems ofanimalsrefusingtheirmeal,thetasteisvery minerals andtraceelementscanbeaddedeasily,withno is ‘Yakult’, aprobioticdairyproduct,towhichvitamins, neitheristheuseofprobiotics.Theprobioticused harmful, easily duetounknowncauses).Aglutenfreedietisnot handed gibbonsalsoareknownforsufferingfromdiarrhoea Zoo’s primatesaglutenfreediet(spidermonkeysandwhite- From thisexperienceitwasdecidedtofeedmoreofEmmen 1995). the wild(ClappandTardiff, 1985;Morin,Knapka, grow intrees,wherecallitrichidssearchfortheirfood illogical resultwhenonekeepsinmindthatcerealsdonot excreta aresolidanddonotsmellbadly.Thisisan have notsufferedfromdiarrhoeaanymore,infacttheir positive effectswereobservedaftertwoweeks:thecallitrichids The glutenfreedietwasintroducedinNovember1999and the symptomsinrestofanimalsnotyetaffected. intestines andrecoverit2)topreventtheappearanceof ver). Theaimswere1)totakecareoftheliningsmall (supported byprobioticstohelptheintestinalflorareco- and thekeepersitwassuggestedtotryaglutenfreediet Emmen Zoo,andaftersomediscussionwiththeveterinarian The hypothesisaboutcoeliacdiseasewasthenconsideredin Photo: Rod Doolaard/IZP Rod Photo: EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 17 . (1995). Nutrition, nonhuman primates in . (1995). Nutrition, nonhuman et.al biomedical research: biology and management: 211-248. biomedical research: biology management problems encountered Morin, M.L. (1985). Colony Digestive in using marmosets and tamarins in biomedical research, diseases and sciences 30: 14-16. (1997). Silhouet Vredebregt-Lagas and W.H. Stafleu, A., J.M. Veen en Voeding. van de interne geneeskunde, 4e herziene druk, Mens Baarn, the Netherlands. edition, Thomas, B. (1988). Manual of dietetic practice. 2nd Blackwell Science. Den Haag, 871, (1998). Glutenvrij dieet nr. Voedingscentrum the Netherlands. References and (1985). Marmoset husbandry Clapp, N.K., and S.D. Tardiff and sciences 30: 17-23. nutrition, Digestive diseases Motthes, R. Lenzner and T. Gore, M.A., M. Brack, F. Brandes, wheat in callitrichid diet. F.K. Kaup (1999). Effects of Rotterdam, Zoo Nutrition Conference, Abstractbook First European The Netherlands. Mothes and A.A. Osman Kaup, T. Gore, M.A., F. Brandes, F.-J. J. Med. Primatol. nutrition and food sensitivity. (2001). Callitrichid 30: 179-184. Knapka, J.J., First announcement Glutenfree diet Glutenfree the EAZA Nutrition Group and Leipzig Zoo. Note these dates already in your agenda!!! This meetings will be focussed on applied zoo animal nutrition. per animal, poured over a per animal, poured 3 The European Zoo Nutrition Centre will organise this meeting in cooperation with The European Zoo Nutrition Centre Leipzig Zoo, Germany >2005 from 21-23 January Fourth European Zoo Nutrition Conference Fourth If you want to be informed on the progress of this conference send an e-mail to EZNC: [email protected] If you want to be informed on the progress of this conference send an e-mail Leipzig Zoo, Germany 21-23 January 2005 to be effective so far and the symptoms have disappeared. to be effective so far and the symptoms suffer from gluten intolerance, the glutenfree diet has proved suffer from gluten intolerance, the glutenfree tested whether the callitrichids in Emmen Zoo indeed did tested whether the callitrichids in Emmen Allthough it needs to be further researched and scientifically Allthough it needs to be further researched is offered. Netherlands or ‘Danone’, France) with a few mealwormsNetherlands or ‘Danone’, France) with or a glutenfree biscuit (manufactered by ‘Numico’, the or a glutenfree biscuit (manufactered by the Netherlands or ‘Van Cooten’, the Netherlands) Cooten’, ‘Van the Netherlands or a glutenfree pelleted diet (manufactered by ‘Hope Farms’,a glutenfree pelleted and one drop of vitamin D and one drop of vitamin In the late afternoonday, instead of insects). (16:00h) fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and trace elements) minerals and trace vitamins, fat, carbohydrates, spider monkeys are fed fruit twice a items (gibbons and egg or other glutenfree but preferably protein rich food egg or other glutenfree crickets, grasshoppers, moths etc.), sometimes a boiled crickets, grasshoppers, species) in the morning. lunch they get insects (worms, At mixture of fruit and vegetables (amounts depending on the mixture of fruit and Hornbill diets

An overview of captive Aceros and Buceros hornbill diets in some Dutch and US facilities

S.G. Foeken, M. de Vries and T.R. Huisman, Dept. of Animal were interviewed and information on the composition of the Management, Van Hall Institute, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands diets was collected. Two zoos fed more than one diet, which made a total number of 12 diets in this study. The nutritional Hornbills are very popular and spectacular exhibit animals in composition of the diets was analysed, using Zootrition™ zoos and avicultural collections. In recent years, these birds software (Wildlife Conservation Society), and compared with have been identified as a group in need of good husbandry the available literature. guidelines and a priority for captive breeding because of their conservation status. Unfortunately, reproduction success is Results not very high. Diet could be a key factor in developing success- ingredients ful programmes (Dierenfeld et al.,1991). It would be useful All facilities fed fruits (such as apple, banana, grapes, and to determine nutrient requirements in order to compose or melon) as the main component of the diets (60.6%). Also, evaluate (current) hornbill diets but, as with most zoo species, all diets contained commercial products like dog food, softbill little is known of hornbill requirements. pellets and other concentrates. One diet contained meat The goal of this study was to obtain insight in the nutrition (chicken- and beef heart). Insects used were mealworms and of captive Aceros and Buceros hornbills and to compare the crickets. Supplements included were mainly Avipowder and nutritional composition of the diets with the available literature Carmix. Tofu, rice, gelatine and pig lard were summarized

EAZA News September 2003 in order to give practical recommendations towards hornbill as miscellaneous products (see Table 1). keeping organisations. 18 captive diet composition Methods A considerable difference can be seen in crude protein- In order to obtain data concerning the hornbill diets, ten zoos (8.4% – 26.9% DM), iron- (19.2 – 108.1 mg/kg DM) and (four Dutch and six US facilities) were visited, bird keepers water content (55.3 – 81.6% DM) of the diets (see Table 2). The mean calcium/phosphorous ratio is 1.8 :1. This ratio is close to the recommended value as described in Table 2, however some diets contained low levels of calcium and phosphorous. Compared to the nutritional composition of

Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 figs, which are the main food component of hornbills in situ

Photo: Rod Doolaard/IZP (Kemp, 2001), the mean calculated value of the zoo-diets are low in fibre, high in fat, protein and soluble carbohydrates.

Discussion and recommendations Comparatively little is known about the nutrient requirements of frugivorous birds. In this study a variety of publications is used as sources for reference values. Where available data on the species itself was used (Kemp, 2001; Foeken and De Vries, 2001). When these data were not available, for instance on iron, values for other frugivorous birds as published by Worell (1997), Schoemaker et al. (1999), Mete et al. (2001) and Schoemaker and Beynen (2001) were used.

The study from Wrangham et al. (1993) provided data on the nutritional composition of wild fig fruits. These data may give an indication on the composition of the diet in the wild, where fig fruits are a major hornbill diet constituent and are therefore useful as reference values. Hornbill diets

N of diets containing following Ingredients: Range of ingredients Percentage of diet Offered amount in diet * N % g/hornbill/day mean sd mean sd Fruit 12 2-8 60,6 14,0 363,7 187,5 Vegetables 10 0-8 16,6 7,9 92,9 78,0 Concentrates 12 1-5 18,1 13,8 100,3 86,9 Meat 1 0-2 7,8 55,0 Eggs 3 0-1 6,7 4,6 28,7 10,1 Insects 2 0-2 1,8 0,5 9,5 3,5

Supplements 9 0-3 3,0 4,7 16,1 24,3 EAZA News September 2003 Miscellaneous 5 0-2 6,2 3,8 34,8 20,0 Total 701,0

Table 1: Description of hornbill-diets, fed bij four Dutch and six US zoos.

* Number of zoos feeding different food-items. Ranges of used ingredients are described as well as the contribution (percentage and weight) of these ingredients to the total diet.

Iron storage disease (hemochromatosis) is often found in diets did not exceed the value of 65 mg/kg DM. However, 19 frugivorous birds as toucans (Ramphaidae), mynahs (Gracula recent studies on mynahs (Mete et al., 2001) recommended spp), Bali mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi), birds of paradise that dietary iron levels should not exceed 25 mg/kg DM. Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 (Paradisaeidae) and hornbills (Bucerotidae) (Schoemaker Almost all diets in this study contained more than this and Beynen, 2001). Worell (1997) recommended to feed amount. In all cases where the iron content of the diet was frugivorous birds diets low in iron (< 65 mg Fe/kg DM). higher than recommended, the largest contribution towards The average iron level (47.0 mg/kg DM) in the analysed the iron content came from supplements and concentrates.

Nutrient Unit Calculated Literature * Mean Min Max Recommended Figs Water % 70.1 55.3 81.6 >61 - 3 Gross energy KJ/g DM 18.2 17.3 20.9 13.4-17.6 - Crude protein % DM 16.2 8.4 26.9 10 7.9 ± 4.2 Crude fat % DM 8.0 3.7 17.0 - 3.5 ± 1.5 Ash % DM 5.3 1.8 10.7 - 7.7 ± 1.5 Crude fibre % DM 2.1 1.0 4.8 - 35.6 ± 10.8 NFE % DM 68.4 48.9 82.2 - 32.1 ± 6.8 Ca % DM 0.9 0.2 2.0 0.5-1.2 - P % DM 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.3-0.5 - Ca:P Ratio 1.8:1 1.3:1 2.6:1 1:1-2:1 - Iron Mg/kg DM 47.0 19.2 108.1 <25 / <65 - Vit C Mg/kg DM 703.9 122.5 1516.9 - -

Table 2: Nutrient compostition of hornbill diets, fed by four Dutch and six US zoos, recommended dietary values and the composi- tion of figs.

* Nutrient composition calculated with Zootrition™ software Hornbill diets

breeding condition (Klasing, 1998; pers comm. Dierenfeld, 2001). Higher protein levels than suggested in the study of Foeken en De Vries (2001) could therefore be a risk for hornbills at maintenance level. A striking difference to natural diet composition is the crude fibre content of diets for captive hornbills. Crude fibre contents of the diets investigated were on average ten times lower than in wild figs (Wrangham et al., 1993). This low crude fibre content could be of consequence for gastro-intestinal health, but there are yet no further studies. The variation in diet and nutrient composition between institutions and the differences with recommendations show clearly that still much nutritional research and maybe also nutritional education is needed to improve the captive Similar observations were also made in a recent study nutritional status of these attractive birds. concerning frugivorous bats (De Boer and Van Hall, 2002). This again shows that the use of multi-mineral supplements Acknowledgements and concentrates which are not especially designed for The results presented in this article are a spin-off of a much

EAZA News September 2003 the species involved should be avoided as much as possible. larger research project initiated by E.S. Dierenfeld from Most of the time, usage of these kind of supplements or the Department of Wildlife Nutrition, WCS, New York. 20 concentrates is a shot in the dark with unwanted side-effects. The authors wish to thank her and the staff of the When supplements or concentrates are needed to provide a St. Catherine’s Island Wildlife Survival Center, Midway, GA. balanced diet, the use of specifically designed supplements for all the help and inspiration during the research period or feeds is preferred. Even then, of course, correct dosage in the US. Furthermore, we would like to thank everyone remains of utmost importance. who collaborated with the interviews or offered assistance Because of its role in iron absorption and metabolism, it is in other ways. also advisable to pay attention to the vitamin C content. How-

ever, there are no specific recommendations for frugivores. References

Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 De Boer, A., and S. van Hall (2002). Bad(t) diet? Nutritionele The intake of water from food is important to hornbills behoeften van de brilbladvleermuis in gevangenschap (Nutrition of Carollia perspicillata in captivity). BSc thesis, Van Hall Institute, as they rarely or never drink and it has to be ensured that Leeuwarden.

dehydration is avoided (Kemp, 2001). Foeken and De Vries Dierenfeld, E.S., N.L. Conklin, C.D. Sheppard and A. Grajal (1991). (2001) found that a diet containing approximately 27% Of Hoatzins and Hornbills: Duplicating natural diets. Proc. 9th Ann Conf. Dr. Scholl Conf. On Nutrition Captive Wild Animals, moisture did not provide the water requirements of horn- Chicago.

bills. The birds showed signs of dehydration and did not Foeken, S.G., and M. de Vries (2001). Nitrogen requirements for drink free water to compensate for the lower water content maintenance of captive Aceros and Buceros hornbills. BSc. thesis, Van Hall Institute, Leeuwarden. of the diet. In their study, the birds did well on a diet Kemp, A.C. (2001). In: J. Hoyo Del, A. Elliot, J. Sargatal, containing 61% moisture. When composing diets for captive Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 6: Mousebirds to hornbills, dietary moisture levels should be of concern. Hornbills. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Klasing, K.C. (1998). Comparative Avian Nutrition. The same study of Foeken and De Vries (2001) suggested a CAB International, New York. dietary crude protein level of approximately 10% at mainte- Mete, A., G.M. Dorrestein, J.J.M. Marx, A.G. Lemmens and A.C. Beynen (2001). A comparative study of iron retention in nance level. This value is comparable to the crude protein mynahs, doves and rats. Avian Pathology 30: 479-486.

content of figs, a major constituent of their natural diet. Schoemaker, N.J., J.Y. Lumeij, G.M. Dorrestein and A.C. Beynen Most diets for captive animals exceeded this level (mean (1999). Voedingsgerelateerde problemen bij gezelschapsvogels. Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde 124 (2). 16.2%, see Table 2). Excess protein in captive diets may Schoemaker, N.J., and A.C. Beynen (2001). De samenstelling result in nutritional imbalances, which may lead to acidosis, van commerciële beovoeders met bijzondere aandacht voor het poor bone mineralization, poor growth, reduced health- and ijzergehalte. Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde 126 (19). Worell, A.B. (1997). Toucans and Mynahs. In: R.B. Altman, S.L. Clubb, Dorrestein and K. Quesenberry eds. Avian medicine and surgery, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1997: 910-917.

Wrangham, R.W., N.L. Conklin, G. Etot, J. Obua, K.D. Hunt, M.D. Hauser and A.P. Clark (1993). The value of figs to chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, Vol. 14, No. 2. EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 21 ) Felis catus Felis , jeusette, c. cuvelier, 2 d. ranz, c.a. schmittinger, m. clauss, b. u. wehr, wichert, m. müller, o. geisel, e. kienzle Home made diets for cats and dogs: do calculated nutrients approximate analysed nutrients? m. j. hesta, debraekeleer, s. millet, janssens g.p.j. Estimation of the mineral content of grass, hay and grass-silage a. b. glocker, wichert, e. kienzle Nutrition and developmental orthopedic disease in horses: results of a survey on 76 yearlings from 14 breeding farms in Basse Normandie (France) b.-m. paragon, valette, g. blanchard, j.-p. j.-m. denoix Growth rates and the incidence of osteochondrotic foals. lesions in Hanoverian Warmblood - Preliminary data - m. i. coenen, vervuert, a. borchers, m. granel, l. christmann,s. winkelsett, o. distl, e. bruns, b. hertsch in Ultra trace element intake of Cercopithecinae comparison with humans arnhold, g. w. krische, m. anke, m. seifert, m. jaritz, k. eulenberger, a. bernhard report: runting, diarrhoea and cachexia in Case fallow deer responsive to micronutrient supple- mentation Early effects of neutering on the energy intake of neutering on the energy Early effects of domestic cats ( and expenditure r.c. backus, m.l. kanchuk, j.g. morris, q.r. rogers on body weight and Effect of ad libitum feeding female beagle dogs blood metabolites in spayed i. jeusette, j. detilleux, c. cuvelier, l. istasse, m. diez food of several home made diets for Evaluation in cats allergy in dogs or obesity m. j. hesta, debraekeleer, s. millet, janssens l. wilmaerts, g.p.j. of blood parameters during weight Evolution loss in experimental obese beagle dogs m. diez, c. michaux High fat/high energy diets and body weight regulation in cats riou, v. c. jean, a. e. patil, rowe Effect of ovariectomy on daily energy requirement in beagle dogs i. jeusette, j. detilleux, c. cuvelier, l. istasse, m. diez MINERALS & BONE METABOLISM c. tonglet, l. istasse, v. biourge l. c. v. istasse, tonglet, ) Mustela vison insulin resistance , kerstin will, ingo nolte 2 Posters are printed in blue Posters are v. leray, c. gayet, e. bailhache,c. gayet, leray, l. martin, v. nguyen h. dumon, p. b. siliart, Hypersecretion of TNF and IGF1 in the development of e. bailhache,c. gayet, l. martin, h. dumon, nguyen p. b. siliart, Hepatic lipidosis in cats: new concepts on pathogenesis g. blanchard, b.m. paragon, c. sérougne, c. lutton j. milliat, férézou, f. r. tabeling, o. stuke, s. bollmann, g. amtsberg, j. kamphues Substrate oxidation in pigs during feeding, fasting and refeeding a. chwalibog, a-h. g. tauson, thorbek Leptin, food intake and energy balance in pregnant and lactating mink ( a-h. m. tauson, forsberg, a. chwalibog Modulation of uncoupling protein (UCPs) expression in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver in obese insulin resistant dogs a.s. hill1, s.l. o’neill, m.m. christopher, q.r. rogers The effect of trial length on canine fecal microflora response to chicory ingestion g.l. czarnecki-maulden, a.r. patil Influence of organic feeding and housing on ‘health’ parameters in organic pig fattening m. s. e. hesta, millet, cox, e. ongenae, s. de smet, janssens g.p.j. Effects of lactulose as feed additive on chyme com- position and intestinal microflora of weaned piglets Influence of PUFA on immune cell and tissue Influence of PUFA on immune MAPK in the feline k.e. huckle, saker, b.e. w.r. cowing, j.h. herbein diet containing Efficacy of a hypoallergenic the diagnosis and soy isolate hydrolysate for in dogs: management of food hypersensitivity a multicentric field study marniquet, d. biourge, van p. pottelberge, v. r. sergheraert Parenteral nutrition with or without early enteral nutrition in young dogs with parvovirosis jürgen zentek Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation before and after oral acetaminophen challenge in cats In vitro studies on the effects of short-chain on the effects of short-chain In vitro studies the invasivenessfatty acids on of Salmonella van immerseel,f. velge, j. de pasmans, buck, p. f. haesebrouck, e. r. bottreau, f. ducatelle OBESITY & ENERGY BALANCE . allèvre,

O139: mechanisms E.coli

) in canine faeces Salmonella typhimurium var (Hill’s session) ) Joint Nutrition Symposium PROGRAMME Symposium Nutrition Joint 3rd European Zoo Nutrition Meeting Nutrition Zoo European 3rd Salmonella Derby and 2 Columba livia domestica Columba Anas platyrhynchos Copenhagen excretion in adult pigeons Copenhagen ( g.p.j. janssens, s. millet, f. van immerseel,janssens, f. s. millet, g.p.j. m. r. hesta, ducatelle The impact of prebiotics during salmonellosis on nutrient retention and Effect of oligosaccharide supplementation on an ETEC infection s. van vancaeneghem, der verfaillie, y. stede, t. verdonck, deprez, s. e. f. arnouts, cox, p. b.m. goddeeris Dietary resistant starch supplementation restores the integrity of rat inflamed colonic mucosa n. moreau, l. martin, c. c. laboisse,toquet, nguyen, h. m. dumon champ, p. b. siliart, j. zentek, b. marquart, t. pietrzak,j. zentek, t. b. marquart, o. b Dietary effects on bifidobacteria and Clostridium perfringens rochat f. s. bollmann, o. stuke, r. tabeling, j. kamphues, g. amtsberg k.e. saker, j.h. fike, h.p. viet, k.e. d.l. ward saker, viet, j.h. fike, h.p. Influence of lactulose as feed additive on chyme composition and intestinal microflora in pigs infected artificially with Effects of Tasco (a brown seaweed) and heat Effects of Tasco stress on immune function and antioxidant activity of wether lambs Antioxidant supplementation in horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction c.m. d.j. deaton, marlin, harris,n. smith, p.a. r.c. schroter kelly, f.j. d.j. marlin, c.m. harris,n.c. deaton, smith, p.a. r.c. kelly schroter, f.j. b.d. humphrey, c.c. calvert, k.c. klasing c.c. calvert, b.d. humphrey, Systemic and pulmonary antioxidant status in equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) e. carlin, ch. iben, e. wagner, c. neubauer Effect of full-length and truncated IgY on the nutritional cost of infection in mallard ducks ( The effect of sprouted barley-corn with antioxidant The effect of sprouted barley-corn immune response of properties on the humoral turkey poults Nutrition and Immunity: A key focus in production Nutrition and Immunity: and health k.e. saker Nutrition and immune function in the aged: Nutrition and immune function clinical implications and molecular s.n. meydani IMMUNONUTRITION & IMMUNONUTRITION PROMOTING HEALTH NUTRITION K8 22 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 a. zeyner, u. fischer, a. lindner a. fischer, u. zeyner, a. with Deoxynivalenol(casereport) enzymes inhorsescausedbystrawcontaminated Distinct weightlossandelevatedhepatic p.wolf,haupt, kamphues c. j. undulatus Zinc intoxicationinbudgerigars( davidson h.b. p.a.wilson, a.d. harris, nicol, c.j. waters, a.j. ulceration andmucosalinflammation Crib-biting infoalsisassociatedwithgastric kienzle e. clauss, m. a preliminarysurveyofthefirst65Bavariancases Feeding practicesintheGermanBSEepidemy: leibetseder j. Undesirable substancesinfeed–anoverview NUTRITIONAL BEHAVIOUR COMPOUNDS &UNWANTED UNWANTED DIETARY christmann l. hertsch, b. bruns, e. , distl o. borchers, a. vervuert,i. coenen, m. winkelsett,s. granel, m. breeding farmsduringseason Feeding andnutritionpracticein82Hanoverian cupp,czarnecki-maulden c.j. g.l. dental calculusindogs The effectofbeefhidestripsondigestibilityand g.p.j.janssens millet,hesta,s. m. weyenberg, van s. Effect ofexerciseonapparentdigestibilityinhorses wilde de r.o.m. g.p.j.millet,hesta,v.s. m. janssens, debal, in fatteningpigs Urinary acidifyingeffectofdietarycalciumchloride wanner m. risteli, j. sassi, m-l. liesegang, a. markers ofbonemetabolismingoatandsheep Diurnal variationinconcentrationsofvarious p.kamphues j. wolf,kummerfeld, n. Nutritional disordersofskeletoninemusandrheas chausow,cupp d.g. c.j. czarnecki-maulden, g.l. affects acid-basestatusandbonedensityincats Long-term consumptionofanacidifyingdiet millet,hesta,s. g.p.j.m. paemel, van janssens m. Methods toimprovethermostabilityofphytases Recent developmentsinphytaseresearch/ fanchi c. with struviteurolithiasis Effects ofcommercialdrydietsintwopersiancats dobenecker b. in growingbeaglesinfluencedbymineralsupply Apparent digestibilityofcalciumandphosphorus ) 3rd EuropeanZooNutritionMeeting Joint NutritionSymposiumPROGRAMME Melopsittacus v. biourge, r. sergheraert v.r. biourge, Hair pigmentationcanbeaffectedby dietindogs rogers r. q. morris, j.g. for maximalgrowth The minimaldietarylysinerequirementofkittens rogers q.r. fascetti, a.j. tôrres, c.l. in dogsbytheuseofcholestyramine A modelforthedevelopmentoftaurinedeficiency rogers q.r. backus, v.r.c. biourge, ewan, dukes-mc j. desprez, g. willis, r. whole bloodtaurine tion inNewfoundlanddogssufferingfromlow Six monthstaurineormethioninesupplementa- krempf,siliart,m. b. p. nguyen t. magot,ouguerram, k. bailhache, e. Reverse cholesteroltransportindogs w.a. rambeck ranz, d. wilhelm, s. wehr, u. acids incats Dietary supplementationofpolyunsaturatedfatty marzoni m. chiarini, r. romboli, i. schiavone, a. fatty acidcompositionofMuscovyduckmeat Influence ofdietarylipidsourceandgenotypeon barroeta a.c. martín-orúe, s.m. cortinas, l. baucells, m.d. villaverde, c. apparent absorptionofvitaminEinpoultry Relationship betweendietaryPUFAleveland jensen s.k. baucells, m.d. villaverde, c. barroeta, a.c. cortinas, l. meat linole Interaction ofdietaryunsaturationlevelwith lussiana p.c. perona, g. badino tarantola, m. pagliasso, s. schiavone, a. response inbroilerchickens performances, musclecompositionandendocrine Effects ofdietaryclenbuterolandcimaterolon christopher m.m. o’neill, s.l. wilson, d.a. rogers, q.r. werner, j.a. hill, a.s. lipoic acidthanhumans,dogs,orrats Cats aremoresensitivetothetoxiceffectsoforal d.wils,paragon m.saniez, b. g.blanchard, Digestive toleranceofsorbitolincats kolter l. johansen, k. flach, e.j. baxter, e. clauss, m. hummel, j. feed onoraldisturbancesincaptivegiraffids The influenceoftheratiostructured/unstructured kamphues j. and wolf,aboling t. s. janetzko, petra taminated bybrackenfern( Deaths inhorsescausedbyingestionofahaycon- AMINO ACIDS&PROTEIN LIPID METABOLISM nic acidanda-tocopheroldepositioninpoultry Posters areprintedinblue Pteridium aquilinum ) DIGESTIVE KINETICS g. piccione , g. caola g. , piccione g. , tarantola m. bergero, d. assenza, a. in longdistanceridesofdifferentlength tryptophan modificationsinhorsescompeting Blood serumbranchedchainaminoacidsand dierenfeld e.s. sheppard, c.d. hudson, e.g. vries, de m. foeken, s.g. Aceros Nitrogen requirementsformaintenanceofcaptive froidmont,thewis e. p.a. y.rondia, beckers, double-muscled BelgianBluebull Rumen bypassoffreemethionineandlysinefor chwalibog a. hellwing, frydendahl tauson,a.l. a-h. and nitrogenmetabolism kits andslaughterchickens–energyexpenditure BioProtein asproteinsourcetogrowingmink smet,de g.p.j.s. janssens ongenae, e. seynaeve, millet,hesta,m. s. m. characteristics oforganicfatteningpigs lysine/energy ratioinfluencemeatandcarcass Feeding type(conventionalversusorganic)and d.m. morgan, a.j. lepine, e.r. cox e.r. lepine, a.j. morgan, d.m. and cat Dietary managementofdentaldiseaseinthedog hattj.-m. Digestal kineticsinferalpigeons( e.andrásofszky,f.hullár, i. kelemen fekete, s. of nutrientsincat Effect ofdifferentfibretypesonthedigestibility hume i.d. marmots Seasonal changesindigestivetractfunction v.p.dumon, biourge, h. nguyen f.hernot,weber, martin, stambouli,d. m. l. emptying ingrowingdogs Age-related changesindigestibilityandgastric siliart,b. v.p. biourge, nguyen dumon, h. martin, l. hernot,weber, d. m. and faecalconsistencyindogs Influence ofbodysizeonfermentativeactivity glávitsr. kulcsár, andrásofszky,m. e. bersényi, a. fekete, s. zöldág, l. fodor, k. breeds sexual maturityinfemalesofdifferentrabbit Relationship ofgenotype,bodycompositionand kamphues p.j. tabeling, r. wolf,zumbrock, b. intestinal tractandthecompositionofitscontent Influences ofrabbitbreedonrelativesizethe and Buceros Hornbills Columba livia ) EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 23 ): , ) ) by Capreolus giraffa Bos taurus ) Capreolus capreolus Capreolus Okapia johnstoni Diceros bicornis Okapia johnstoni ) ) to the introduction of a ) fawns on diets of different tannin Capredus capredus Capredus Salivary tannin-binding proteins are not affected by mid-term feeding history in captive roe ( j. gehrke, j. frickel, m. lechner-doll, k. lason, m. clauss m. clauss, m. lechner-doll, k. grune lason, t. Ruminants: why browsers are non-grazers m. clauss, m. streich lechner-doll, w.j. The attribution of a feeding type to a ruminant species based on morphological parameters: the example of the okapi ( m. clauss, j. hummel, j. völlm matter content in captive wild dry Faecal ruminants: implications for the browser/ grazer-dichotomy m. clauss, m. streich lechner-doll, w.j. Reaction of a group of captive giraffe ( camelopardalis tannin-containing pelleted diet m. clauss, e.j. flach, m. lechner-doll, j.-m. hatt captive salivary proteins in three Tannin-binding rhinoceros species j. gehrke, j. fickel, m. lechner-doll, r. hermes, m. e.j. clauss flach, j.-m. hatt, Induction of salivary tannin-binding proteins in captive black rhinoceros ( dietary tannins m. clauss, j. gehrke, j. fickel, m. lechner-doll, e.j. flach, e.s. dierenfeld, j.-m. hatt Body size limitations in ruminants, or why buffalo in ruminants, or Body size limitations not pellets defecate pies m. clauss, m. streich, lechner-doll, r. w.j. frey, g.e. rössner for browsers in winter- Browse silage: the solution time? j. nijboer, m. clauss, j.j.l. nobel amounts of dietary Irregular patterns for low ( tannins in captive roe deer of preference trials Implications for the validity m. clauss, k. lason, m. lechner-doll, j. fickel, j. gehrke resting in Grazing, ruminating and when herbage availability is limiting e.j. finegan, j.l. j.g. atkinson, buchanan-smith, cant j.p. feeds used for zoo ruminants on Considerations j. hummel, m. hovenjürgen, e. niess, k. johansen, j. zimmermann nijboer, w. The effect of dietary sugar content on glucosuria in a female okapi ( vercammen, r. f. de deken, j. brandt Blood parameters of captive roe deer ( capreolus content ) fawns fed Buceros and Aceros Capreolus capreolus Capreolus ) prototype Posters are printed in blue Posters are Alouatta pigra hornbill diets in some Dutch- and US facilities p. wolf, s. graubohm,wolf, j. p. kamphues digestive capacity in parrots composition and Feed k. heisler, wolf, j. m. kamphues, frömbling p. An overview of captive s.g. foeken, m. de huisman vries, t.r. Allometry and ecology of feeding behavior and digestive capacity of herbivores: a review revisited van soest p.j. d. mcdonald Global wildlife nutrition database: howler monkey ( a.g. vidigal, e.s. dierenfeld, s.i. boardman A glutenfree diet for callitrichids in Emmen Zoo, the Netherlands r. c. spijker, berndt, g. wind Handfeeding of young parrots – techniques, diets and recommendations wolf p. Experimental data on feeding extruded diets in parrots The EAZA Atlantic Rainforest Campaign k. leus Nutrition of marsupials in captivity i.d. hume HACCP based bacteriological study of the feed of fruit-eating birds in the Rotterdam Zoo knipscheer, j. nijboer, a.e.p. l.j.a. lipman of the use of organic formulated bird Evaluation foods for large psittacines o. valiente, a. de vega, j. a. guada, c. castrillo intake and body weight development of Food captive roe deer ( diets of different tannin content m. clauss, m. lechner-doll, k. lason amounts and Investigations on ingestion, digestibility of organic composition of casting and matter in different birds of prey (kestrel, common buzzard and eagle owl) m. lüdtke, wolf, j. kamphues p. Feed choice in pigeons with or without L-carnitine in pigeons with or without choice Feed supplementation janssens, a.m. abd-ellah,g.p.j. m. hesta, r.o.m. s. de millet, wilde diet composition, The use of n-alkanes to estimate sheep fed mixed diets intake and digestibility in RUMINANTS SESSION CONTRIBUTED TO THE EAZA ATLANTIC RAINFOREST CAMPAIGN ) fed corn or ) at the Pygathrix nemaeus conditions )

in vitro

Joint Nutrition Symposium PROGRAMME Symposium Nutrition Joint ) Diceros bicornis Columba livia domestica Columba 3rd European Zoo Nutrition Meeting Nutrition Zoo European 3rd ) in captivity Otidiphaps nobilis aruensis Calidris canutus Calidris Open trial to determine voluntary food intake in hospitalized cats n. priymenko, c. besson, i. lesponne, verwaerde p. The role of insects in primate nutrition: how is chitin utilized? c. m. o’sullivan, k. gore, velander s. foley, e.s. dierenfeld nemaeus n. priymenko, i. lesponne, c. besson, verwaerde p. Some preliminary observations on herbivorous insect composition: nutrient advantages from a green leaf diet? k. klumpe, c. kaumanns schwitzer, w. Epidemiologic study of hospitalized dogs voluntary food intake Energy and nutrient intake, feeding behaviour and activity budget of douc langurs ( Diet selection by the white-naped Pheasant pigeon ( h. marqués, m.d. baucells, e. albanell a. moharrery Barcelona Zoo Starvation of rumen bacteria and their shift-up growth under different p. aceto, a. cavallero, p.p. mussa, c. abba, aceto, a. cavallero, p. p.p. r. viterbi, b. bassano Seasonal variation of grazing available forage for domestics and wild ungulates in different alpine areas Changes in gastrointestinal transit time and pH in piglets around weaning snoeck, e. n. v. cox, huyghebaert, a. vermeire, j. verschooten,saunders,remon, f. j.p. b.m. goddeeris g.p.j. janssens, a.m. abd-ellah,g.p.j. m. hesta, r.o.m. s. de millet, wilde a. brans, j. van gils, b.b.h. van wijk, h.j. kuipers on nutrient retention The influence of L-carnitine in pigeons ( peas b. kiefer, w. b. loehlein, kiefer, m. w. clauss and Nutrition, physiological adaptation of the knot re-introduction; a case study ( Morphological correlates of accelerated passage Morphological correlates rates in very large herbivores Fluid and particle passage rate in captive black passage rate in captive Fluid and particle rhinoceros ( m. froeschle, clauss, m. t. lechner-doll, e.s. dierenfeld, j.-m. hatt FEED INTAKE 24 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 VITAMINS GENERAL NUTRITION k. stemme, u. meyer, g. flachowsky,g. scholz meyer, h. u. stemme, k. supply onthevitaminB12statusofdairycows Investigations ontheinfluenceofdietarycobalt dierenfeld e.s. parker, r.s. pulver, r.a. swanson, j.e. alpha-tocopherol inAsianandAfricanelephants Differential absorptionofnaturalversussynthetic stanfordm.d. fed togreyparrots Determination of25-HydroxyVitaminDinseed klasing k.c. koutsos, e.a. Vitamin Anutritionofcockatiels rodriguez e. mccann, c.m. dierenfeld, e.s. pell, a.n. rothman, j.m. National Park,Uganda:preliminaryresults mountain gorillasinBwindiImpenetrable Nutritional aspectsofthedry-seasondiet baer kirk c. cromwell, g.l. rogers, c. jonker, j.s. Research Council Committee onAnimalNutrition Recent activitiesoftheUnitedStatesNational crissey s.d. ange, k.d. Brookfield ZooDatabankOverview hume i.d. irlbeck, n.a. Australian marsupialseatAcacia! r.w.leighton m. wrangham, knott,c.d. marshall, a.j. conklin-brittain, n.l. selectivity amongprimatefrugivores The protein-to-fiberratiodoesnotpredictfeeding o.t.oftedal the evolutionoflactation Eggs, endothermyandmilk:Anovelscenariofor k. stemme, u. meyer, g. flachowsky,g. scholz meyer, h. u. stemme, k. on thevitaminB12statusoftheircalves The effectofcobaltsupplytopregnantcows p.flachowsky,stemme, g. scholz k. lebzien, h. of dairycows microbial vitaminB12synthesisintherumen The influenceofanincreasedcobaltsupplyon decuypere, e. & j. buyse, m. zadeh, h. metabolic parametersofbroilerchickens T3-induced heartfailuresyndromeand Effect ofsupplementalascorbicacidon 3rd EuropeanZooNutritionMeeting Joint NutritionSymposiumPROGRAMME MINERALS LIPIDS limiting of salmonellainchickensandironissecond Biotin isthefirstlimitingnutrientforgrowth p.c.j. dorrestein vaandrager, a.b. y.r.a.zeeland, dorrestein, van g.m. The roleofferritininironstoragebirds j.t. baer, daviesd.j. m. judd, cardiovascular disease Black teaconsumption,ironstatusandriskfor bartiaux-thill n. derycke, x. , fabry,f.laloux j. j. dehareng, p.delmotte,y. ch. rondia, larondelle, on themilkfattyacidspatternofdairyewes Effects ofextrudedlinseedsupplementation lendl w.j.c. streich, y.ghebremeskel, clauss, k. wang,m. and African( in agroupofcaptiveasian( Fatty acidcompositionofplasma andredcells rahimi g. haghnazar, a. performance Different dietaryfatsourcesonbroiler altmann s.a. animals Measuring nutrientintakesoffree-ranging kedrowski w.e.r. white, hauer, r.g. in themuskox( Milk fatsynthesisanddrawdownonbody morris j.g. reproduction? Do catsneedarachidonicacidinthedietfor a.w.rosen, d.a.s. trites composition inStellersealions Effect ofasub-maintenance,low-fatdietonbody frank w.r.c.l. hood, ground squirrels( on over-wintersurvivalbygolden-mantled polyunsaturated fattyacidintakeanditseffect Individual variationinpre-hibernation d. mcdonald d. of formulatedbirdfoods birds andimplicationsforhighvitaminAcontents Dietary considerationsforironstoragediseasein baer kirk c. flocchini, r.g. p.r. hagenstein, rogers, c. jonker, j.s. from animalfeedingoperations A process-basedmodeltoestimateairemissions klasing k.c. Posters areprintedinblue Loxodonta africana Ovibos moschatus Spermophilus lateralis Elephas maximus ) elephants ) ) ) t.r.huisman p. veenvliet,govers, j. hall, van s. boer, de a. tailed leaf-nosedbats( Diet anddiet-relateddiseasesincaptiveshort- st.alexandru, nicolae n. bucur, j. orasanu, a. encephalomalacia to intensifytheactivityofvitaminEinchickens Observations regardingthecapacityofselenium Carollia perspicillata ) EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 25

Photo: Rod Doolaard/IZP 465 0.91 0.75 ND = none detected 3 3 Finke, 2002; 2 (Dierenfeld and Fidgett, in prep.). This article briefly discusses (Dierenfeld and Fidgett, in prep.). This potential contribu- the limited data on composition and the source of nutrients tion of fresh green foliage as a natural for enhancing invertebrates as food items. Basic nutrient composition than values content of silk moth larvae was higher Water crude protein previously reported for this species, and Despite these somewhat lower (Frye and Calvert, 1989). and locusts should differences, silk moth larvae, stick insects for insectivores, all be considered a good source of water quality, however, as well as high in protein. Overall protein combination of depends on the amino acid balance. The by the insect and animal- and plant-based proteins, supplied amino acid balance its gut contents, may provide a better than either diet separately. , 1998; et al. , Baker % DM (IU/kg) % DM Locusta 1 et al. Bombyx 81.6 53.0 20.2 ND 40.5 52.7 32.6 2.9 18.9 0.04 0.43 82.7 53.7 8.1 665 4 0.10 1.37 61.9 41.2 51.4 150 509 0.06 1.20 73.2 64.3 22.8 811 81 0.21 0.78 WaterECalcium Fat Crude AVitamin Vitamin 62.9 Phosphorous 51.8 31.1 811 30 0.12 1.42 ) ), and locusts ( 1 sp.) and wax moth larvae ) 1 , 1998; Klasing ) 2 ) 1 et al. Gryllus ), raised on a diet of fresh green Morus alba ). Mulberry silk moth larvae ( ). Mulberry silk moth (Galleria mellonella Herbivore insect composition insect Herbivore ), crickets ( (Bombyx mori ) (Bombyx mori (Acheta domestica (Tenebrio molitor (Tenebrio Bombyx mori ) raised on fresh-cut grass will add to the limited ) raised on fresh-cut grass will add to the (Locusta migratoria) : Representative nutrient composition of selected invertebrate prey. ) have previously been reported as another potentially ) have previously been

Reared using mulberry leaves Silkworm larvae Reared using fresh-cut grass Locusts Silkworm larvae Wax moth larvae Wax SpeciesReared using artificial diets Mealworms (adult) Crickets (%) Protein Galleria mellonella Tenebrio molitor Tenebrio 2000; Finke, 2002). Ca:P ratio (see Table 1; Barker Table ratio (see Ca:P them to be a poor source of calcium, with an imbalanced them to be a poor source of calcium, with all published reports of invertebrate composition demonstrate all published reports of invertebrate composition been shown to be a poor source of vitamin A, and almost been shown to be a poor source of vitamin nutrient availability (Frye and Calvert, 1989). Insects have and Calvert, nutrient availability (Frye that the chitinous exoskeleton of invertebrates reduces overall that the chitinous exoskeleton of invertebrates of protein and fat, it has been suggested by some authors of protein and fat, it has been suggested 1989; Frye, 1992). While generally considered excellent sources 1992). While generally considered 1989; Frye, useful insect for feeding zoo insectivores (Frye and Calvert, zoo insectivores (Frye useful insect for feeding mori ( information currently available on invertebrate composition migratoria moth larvae ( leaves of white mulberry ( used as prey for insectivores. Recent chemical analysis of silk used as prey for insectivores. Recent chemical the development of commercial products for rearing insects the development of commercial products (Allen and Oftedal, 1989; Anderson, 2000), and underlies (Allen and Oftedal, 1989; Anderson, 2000), a significant effect on mineral content of invertebrate species a significant effect on mineral content Composition of the rearing diet itself has been shown to have Composition of the rearing diet itself has ( captive insectivorous animals include larvae of the meal beetle captive insectivorous Three commonly cultured invertebrate prey items for feeding Three commonly cultured Chester Zoo, United Kingdom E.S. Dierenfeld, Wildlife Conservation Society, USA; A.L. Fidgett, USA; A.L. Society, Wildlife Conservation E.S. Dierenfeld, Herbivorous insect composition: you are what you eat? you are insect composition: Herbivorous Data for insects reared on commercial diets compiled from Table 1 Table 26 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 Oyarzun innature(RedfordandDorea,1984; other myrmevores consumedbyanteatersand for differentlifestagesoftermites to high(uphalftheDM),andencompassedrangesreported quantified intheinvertebratesanalysedrangedfrommoderate gastrointestinal health(Graffam insectivores, improvingbothfaecalqualityand(potentially) and Barker, 1995).Various sourcesoffibrecanbeutilizedby insignificant componentsofinvertebrate-baseddiets(Dierenfeld Dietary fibreconstituentsininsectsshouldnotbeconsidered energy-rich diets(Graffam energy-rich nutrient dilutioneffectthatwouldservetomodifyotherwise gut contentsofherbivorousinsects,theresultcouldbea source. However, combinedwiththeplantcellwallsfoundin bulk ofinsectexoskeletonscouldprovideanadditionalenergy mean thatratherthanreducingnutrientavailability,dietary surface oftheleaves). surface digestibility (forexample,plantwaxesandcutinsfromthe crude fatfractionincludescomponentsthatmaybeoflimited fromsimplelipids,the In additiontoreadilyavailableenergy extracts. suggested, tobetterunderstandtheroleofgreenplant of thefreshplantmaterialsinprovidingessentialfattyacidsis reports insilkmothlarvae.Examinationofthecontribution Crude fatcontentmeasuredwassimilartothatofprevious vorous species,whichoftensufferfromobesityincaptivity. beexploredinthehusbandryandmanagementofinsecti- to et al. , 1996).Thecapacitytodigestchitinwould Herbivore insectcomposition et al. , 1998).Theseaspectsneed et al. , 1998).Fibrevalues i other invertebrates(Dierenfeld insectivores. Carotenoidshavebeenidentifiedinextractsfrom which pigments, may beofimportancetooverallhealthandreproduction carotenoid contains also fatfraction crude The Vitamins et al. unsupplemented invertebratespreviouslyexamined(Pennino centrations forthemulberry-consuminginsectscomparedwith Another fat-solublevitamin,vitaminE,wasfoundinhighcon- vitamin A,butcontrolledstudieshavenotbeenreported. of to convertplantcarotenoidpresursorsactiveforms conceivable thatinsectivorousspeciesmayhavetheability requirement forvitaminA(BowersandMcCay,1940).Itis It appearsthatinsects,ingeneral,donothaveadietary activitywasdetectedinextractsfromthesamples. A insectivores. Similartootherinsects,minimalornovitamin an (asyet)unquantifiedroleinthevitaminAnutritionof dietary needsoftheinsectsthemselvesmustbemet. established requirements dietary (Barker for domesticcarnivores to relative nutrient this of levels and mostinvertebratesexaminedappeartocontainadequate a majorproblemforinsectivorousreptiles(Dierenfeld,1989), tissues. DietaryvitaminEdeficiencyhasnotbeenreportedas animal tissuesaswelloilyfishandfresh,darkgreenplant fresh-cut grass.DietarysourcesofvitaminEactivityinclude , 1991; Barker , 1991; et al. , 1998)andthelocustsfeedingon et al. et al. , 1995),andmayplay

, 1998).Nonetheless, Photo: Rod Doolaard/IZP Rod Photo: EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 27 ) ) ) larvae. Nasutitermes Tamandua Tamandua Atelerix albiventris Tenebrio molitor Tenebrio Bombyx mori ). Zoo Biol. 15: 509-527. References Oftedal (1989). Dietary manipulation of the Allen, M.E., and O.T. 20: 26-33. calcium content of feed crickets. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. cultured Anderson, S.J. (2000). Increasing calcium levels in insects. Zoo Biol. 19: 1-10. D., M.P. Fitzpatrick and E.S. Dierenfeld (1998). Nutrient Barker, 17: 123-134. composition of selected whole invertebrates. Zoo Biol. (1940). Insect life without vitamin Bowers, R.E., and C.M. McCay A. Science 92: 291. reptiles, Dierenfeld, E.S. (1989). Vitamin E deficiency in zoo birds and ungulates. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 20: 3-11. of whole Dierenfeld, E. and D. Barker (1995). Nutrient composition 3-15. ARAV: prey commonly fed to reptiles and amphibians. Proc. and R.A. Brett (1990). R. duToit Dierenfeld, E.S., F.K. Waweru, rhinoceros: Alpha-tocopherol levels in plants consumed by black Proc. AAZV native browses compared with common zoo forages. ed.: 196-197 Ann. Meet., Brownsville, TX. (abstract). R. Cambre, and McNamara, J.A. Walberg T.S. Dierenfeld, E.S., D. Barker, (1995). Vitamin A and insectivore nutrition. H.C. Furr Erkrankungen Zootiere 37: 245-249. Verhandlungsbericht nutrient composition of Finke, M.D. (2002). Complete commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biol. 21: 269-285. the (1989). Preliminary information on F.L., and C.C. Calvert Frye, nutritional content of mulberry silk moth ( J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 20: 73-75. Invertebrates. A Guide to Their Biology F.L. (1992). Captive Frye, FL. Malabar, Krieger Publishing Company, and Husbandry. M.P. Fitzpatrick and E.S. Dierenfeld (1998). Fiber Graffam, W.S., digestion in the African white-bellied hedgehog ( 128: 2671S-2673S. – a preliminary evaluation. J. Nutr. (2000). M.A. Lopez and C.C. Calvert Klasing, K.C., P. Thacker, Increasing the calcium content of mealworms ( to improve their nutritional value for bone mineralization of growing chicks. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 31: 512-517. of Domestic (1980). Mineral Tolerances National Research Council DC, National Academy Press. Animals. Washington, (1996). Nutrition of Valdes and E.V. Oyarzun, S.E., G.J. Crawshaw the tamandua. 1. Nutrient composition of termites ( spp.) and stomach contents from wild tamanduas ( tetradactyla Pennino, M., E.S. Dierenfeld and J.L. Behler (1991). Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and proximate nutrient composition of 30: 143-149. Zoo Yearbk. invertebrates used as feed. Inter. Redford, K.H., and J.G. Dorea (1984). The nutritional value of inver- tebrates with emphasis on ants and termites as food for mammals. J. Zool. 203: 385-393. ZOOTRITION™ Diet Management Software (2002). Wildlife Bronx, NY 10460, USA. Society, Conservation Conclusion mulberry silk moth feeding on the larvae of the In summary, captive insectivores. insects for feeding may be useful comparable with those of other inver- Nutrient profiles are utilized, but dietary fibre content, and tebrates commonly E and Ca content, may be enhanced by particularly vitamin green leafy diet. feeding on this dark Acknowledgments Silkworm by SoCal Silkworms larvae were supplied California); at Chester Zoo, locusts were raised (Temecula, United Kingdom. Chester, Herbivore insect composition insect Herbivore , 1990); drying forages results in up to 90%, 1990); drying forages results in up to et al.

carnivores have not been established. (NRC, 1980), but mineral requirements for reptilian or avian ranges recommended for domestic mammalian carnivores Overall mineral balance measured here falls within dietary measured in any studies, but would be a logical next step. consuming silk moth larvae or stick insects has not been The actual availability of minerals to insectivorous species their contribution to (particularly) trace element nutrition. feeding programmes should be analysed regularly to determine that insects utilized in diets of omnivorous species in wildlife in prep.). The wide ranges of mineral concentrations suggests contain excessive Fe concentrations (Dierenfeld and Fidgett, insect haematology), and none of the samples appeared to especially high in Cu and Zn content (which may relate to insects also deserves more investigation. Stick insects were in mineral content with respect to reproductive state of the locusts were not as compositionally enriched. The difference minerals (ZOOTRITION™, 2002), which might explain why By comparison, fresh cut grass has fairly low levels of both By comparison, fresh cut grass has fairly good source of these nutrients for herbivorous invertebrates. good source of these nutrients for herbivorous of both Ca and P (ZOOTRITION™, 2002) and may be a of both Ca and P (ZOOTRITION™, 2002) well as Ca:P ratios > 1:1. Mulberry leaves contain high levels well as Ca:P ratios > 1:1. Mulberry leaves of both Ca and P established for mammalian carnivores,of both Ca and P established for mammalian as insects (but not males) analysed contained adequate levels insects (but not males) analysed contained imbalanced (1:2.5). Silk moth larvae, and gravid female stick imbalanced (1:2.5). Silk moth larvae, and with meal beetle larvae, but Ca:P ratios were nonetheless with meal beetle larvae, but Ca:P ratios levels of Ca in the silk moth larvae they analysed compared levels of Ca in the silk moth larvae they siderable interest. Frye and Calvert (1989) described higher siderable interest. Frye and Calvert (1989) The mineral content of these herbivorous insects is of con- The mineral content of these herbivorous Minerals if original chemical content is not taken into account. if original chemical content is not taken (Dierenfeld nutrient composition materials, may result in a very different Fresh mulberry leaves are relatively rich sources of vitamin E Fresh mulberry leaves are relatively rich based on natural plant loss of this activity. A dry diet, even if 28 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 Enterobacteriaceae in ordertopreventrelateddiseases.Otherbacteriasuchas (Herenda, 1996).Absenceofthesebacteriaisimportant Pseudomonas of HACCPprotocolsinfeedprocessingatzoos. in thefeedmanufacturingprocessandtoshowimportance to HACCPprotocols.Resultswereuseddetectbottlenecks quality ofbirdfeedanexploratorystudywasdoneaccording the endproductisguaranteed.To detectthebacteriological safety. Bycontrollingtheproductionprocess,qualityof HACCP isamethoddevelopedintheUSAtoguaranteefood treatment duringthefeedingprocess. maintained duringharvestingfruitsandvegetables,ortheir and example the feed.Manybacteriaspeciescanbepathogenic,for the survivalofbirdsismicrobiologicalquality nutritional valuesanotherimportantcomponenttosecure secure thesurvivalandproductivityofbirds.Nexttogood A thoroughunderstandingofaviannutritionisessentialto Introduction points adecreaseinbacterialnumberscouldbeestablished. By changingprocessingmethodsatthesecriticalcontrol strated tropical fruit-eatingbirdsduringprocessingandfeedingdemon- inventory studyofthepresencebacteriainfeed A HazardAnalysisCritical Control Points(HACCP)based and J.Nijboer, RotterdamZoo,theNetherlands Department ofPublicHealthandFood Safety, Utrecht,theNetherlands A. Knipscheer, S.KocsisandL.Lipman,Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine HACCP basedbacteriologicalstudyofthefeedfruiteatingbirdsatRotterdamZoo Lactobacillus that severalcriticalcontrolpointscouldbeidentified. Salmonella spp., spp. canindicatethelevelofhygiene , Clostridium Staphylococcus aureus spp., Proteus spp., spp., Fruit eatingbirds Campylobacter Escherichia coli , Streptococci spp. , samples wereexaminedagain. After anadjustmenteasytoexecuteforthekeepers,feed the remnantsoffeedatnoonnextday. in therefrigeratorforonenight(tobeusednextday),andof Finally samplesweretakenofthefeedthathadbeenstored taken ofthefeedontraysinselectedcagesatnoon. sampleswere apple pieces,fruitmixtureandmix.Furthermore examination samplesweretakenduringprocessingofthefeed: chosen toberepresentativeforallcages.Forbacteriological From allthecagesinVictoria aviarytwocageswere product(s) wereused,andhowoftencleaningwasperformed. werecleaned,which the kitchen,machineryandsurfaces about kitchenhygiene,theemployeeswereaskedtotellhow they followedduringfeedmaking.To findoutabitmore theprocedures to tellabouttheirdailyroutine,concerning throughout thezoowasdescribed.Theattendantswereasked processing wasobservedandtheroutethatfeedcovers Rotterdam Zoowasvisitedtwice.Eachstepinthefeed To analysetherisksinprocessoffeedmaking, design experimental Material andmethods hours, faecal At 13:30h,whenthefeedhasbeenincagesforthree fruit patécontainsfewerbacteriacomparedtotheapplepieces. ingredients ofthebirdfeedwerepresentinsample.The added tothefruitpaté.Thisisfirstmomentwhenall the units) numbersdeclineaftermixing,whentheapplepieces are samples showedthesametrend.TheCFU(colonyforming During thethreedaysinwhichsampleshavebeentaken,all Bacteriological study The hazardanalysisisdescribedinTable 1. analysis hazard Results Salmonella Streptococcus, Lactobacillus count in weremadefortotalaerobic In thesamples,determinations Bacteriological analysis days andno spp. wereveryvariable,intime andbetweenthesampling The resultsfoundfor 08:30h thenextmorning. not founduntilthefeedwastakenoutofrefrigerator at sp. werefoundinthesamples. Enterobacteriaceae, E.coli,StaphylococcusAureus, and Yersinia Enterococcus Pseudomonas. or Salmonella spp., , yeast,mould, Staphylococcus aureus E.coli were found. and Lactobacillus Yersinia, Pseudomonas was Fruit eating birds

Production process Hazard Critical Control Point

1. Fruit supply to Rotterdam Zoo > Contaminated when delivered > Check when delivered by employees general kitchen 2. Storage of fruit in stock-room > Contamination during storage > Fence against vermin 3. Processing in general kitchen > Contamination during handling > Hygiene during work kitchen and proper cleaning of materials and machines 4. Transport of cut fruits to aviary > Rise of temperature, contamination > Seal and clean the trays properly by birds and vermin Quick transport 5. Processing in aviary kitchen > Dirty hands, kitchen or materials > Hygiene during work, proper cleaning, one contaminated ingredient visual judgment of fruits and vegetables

6. Transport to exhibits > Contamination during handling > Hygiene during work EAZA News September 2003 7. Tray in exhibit > Rising temperature, contamination > Few bacteria in base-feed, pest control, by birds and vermin feed not too long in exhibit 8. Tray in refrigerator > Contamination during storage > Regular cleaning of refrigerator 9. Tray in exhibit > Rising temperature, contamination by > Few bacteria in base-feed, pest control, birds and vermin feed not to long in exhibit

Table 1: HACCP analysis of feeding process

After introducing some adjustments by making some extra 9 29 feed and storing this feed in a closed box in the refrigerator, 8 (ac) 7 (aca) the bacterial growth was significantly limited. Instead of han- (e) Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 ding out the feed that had been in the cage all day and in 6 (ea) the fridge all night, a clean tray with some of this spare feed 5 was given at 08:30h in the morning. Bacteriological results 4 of the feed after the change were used to compare the effect 3 of the adjustment in relation to the usual situation, as found 2 during the study of the bacterial course during the day. 1 0 Discussion and Conclusion apple pieces fruit mix 10.00 a.m. 13.30 p.m. 8.30 a.m. 11.30 a.m. The goal of this explorative study was to describe the totaal aerobic count (ac) Enterbacteriaceae (e) total aerobic count after adjustment (aca) Enterbacteriaceae after adjustment (ea) bacterial growth in the diet using a HACCP strategy, both during preparation and during the time the feed could be Figure 1: Comparison between the numbers of bacteria in the normal situation (see apple pieces and fruitmix) and after consumed. Limitation of bacterial growth by adjustment of adjustment (10:00 a.m.) in log/g of the feed sample. the manufacture process and feeding strategy was checked by an experimental change in the feeding process. To limit the bacterial growth, an experiment was done not The study demonstrated that there was little variation replacing the food to the cage the next morning. Instead, a between the days of sampling. A similar trend of infection was clean tray with clean food (that had been placed immediately found over time: a high level after mixing, an increase during in the refrigerator after mixing), was placed in the exhibit. the day, no growth in the refrigerator, another rise in bacte- The result of this experiment was a much smaller growth in rial numbers leading to even higher concentrations found bacterial numbers than found in the normal situation. in the remnants the next morning in trays previously fed. This study demonstrated that a HACCP based bacteriological Mixing the ingredients proved to be a critical control point. study could identify critical control points in the processing There is always a risk that one of the ingredients is contami- and feeding strategy of tropical birds in the Rotterdam Zoo. nated. If contamination is present, it will spread through the References whole feed mixture. Another point of concern is the material Herenda, D.C. (1996). Poultry disease and meat hygiene. used in the preparation of the feed. A very important critical Institute of Food Science & Technology (IFST) (1999). Development point was also the personal hygiene of the attendants. and use of microbiological Criteria for foods. United Kingdom.

Mossel, D.A.A., et al. (1991). Essentials of the Microbiology of Foods. Harrison, Hanison, 1995, Avian Medicine, Wingers Publ. Chapter 43.

Knipscheer, A., et al. (2002). HACCP based bacteriological study of the feed of fruit-eating birds at Rotterdam Zoo.

Stekelenburg, et al. (2001). VMT-magazine, vol.34(3) no.5. Callitrichid Nutrition

The role of insects in callitrichid nutrition

C. O’Sullivan, Edinburgh Zoo, United Kingdom; M. Gore, Primates display a large diversity of insectivory, with the University Marine Biological Station, Millport, United Kingdom; amount of insects voluntarily consumed ranging from none S. Foley and K. Velander, School of Life Sciences, Napier University, in the case of the strict folivores, to a diet almost exclusively United Kingdom composed of insects in the more primitive groups including tarsiers and galagos. Marmosets and tamarins fall in the middle Marmosets and tamarins belong to a group of primates known of this range with some relying more on insects as a dietary as the callitrichids. They are a popular exhibit in many zoos component than others. In the wild white-fronted marmoset due to their striking pelage and active nature. Good husbandry (Callithrix geoffroyi) spends up to 20% of the day foraging techniques and a suitable captive environment contribute to for insects (Passamani, 1998) and insects make up 40% of their successful breeding. A balanced and natural diet, which the total food consumed by the cotton-topped tamarin provides the optimum nutrition but also promotes natural (Saguinus oedipus) (Garber, 1980) and by the red-handed feeding behaviours, is vital if zoos are to produce healthy, viable tamarin (Saguinus midas midas) (Pack et al., 1999). breeding groups. The exoskeleton of insects contains a large amount of a substance known as chitin. It is the chitin, combined with proteins, that makes the exoskeleton hard. Chitin is also

EAZA News September 2003 found in the shells of crabs and other marine invertebrates. Little evidence exists about mammalian digestion of chitin 30 (Fleagle, 1999). There are a number of means by which chitin could be digested: through mechanical, biochemical or microbial processes within the primate mouth and gut.

To investigate whether callitrichids might be digesting chitin, which represents a major component of their diet, a study of their insect-eating habits was undertaken. This included determining – the chitin content of a variety of insects – developing a

Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 ‘chitin budget’ for the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus); and – investigating the gut of callitrichids to see how it might digest chitin.

Methods The Van Soest Acid Detergent Fibre method was used to determine the chitin content of two insect species, namely crickets (Acheta domestica) locust nymphs and adult locusts (Schistocerca gregaria). These insects were chosen, as they are commonly available to zoo animals in the United Kingdom. The chitin content of the whole insect and their separate body parts was measured, as marmosets and tamarins do not always ingest the entire insect, particularly if it is a large winged species such as an adult locust. Samples of gut tissues and contents were collected opportunistically from six C. jacchus for microbial investigation.

Two feeding trials were conducted using ten pairs of common marmosets, which had never had insects as part of their diet. EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 31 ). Saguinus midas have been Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi ) in an Atlantic Forest in Southeastern Brazil. ) in an Atlantic Forest Galago senegalensis and ) in French Guiana. Folia Primatologica 70: 1-7. Guiana. Folia ) in French Callithrix geoffroyi Callithrix References Allen, M.E. (1989). Nutritional Aspects of Insectivory. E. Lansing. USA. PhD Thesis, Michigan State University, Fleagle, J.G. (1999). Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Academic Press, USA. Ecology of P.A. (1980). Locomotor Behaviour and Feeding Garber, ( the Panamanian Tamarin International J. of Primatology 1(2): 85-201. Lambert, J.E. (1998). Primate Digestion: Interactions Among Anatomy, Anthropology 7(1): 8-20. Evolutionary Ecology. Physiology and Feeding Pack, K.S., O. Henry and D. Sabatier (1999). The Insectivorous- ( Diet of the Golden-Handed Tamarin Frugivorous midas Passamani, M. (1998). Activity Budget of Geoffrey’s Marmoset ( American Journal of Primatology 46: 333-340. Acknowledgements for Universities The authors are grateful to the Carnegie Trust USA of Scotland for financial assistance, Ankom Technology, and the Keith Morris of the Medical Research Council, United Kingdom for material help. Discussion show a diverse array of adaptations in Primates in general that are high in the gut and a capacity to consume diets that several primate structural carbohydrates. It is probable chitinase, in their species have a chitin-degrading enzyme, species including digestive tracts; to date only a few primate potto Perodicticus It can be seen that there is a slight increase in the chitin slight increase in the that there is a It can be seen eating insects, however the animals were content when U test: (Mann-Whitney was not significant. the difference U = z 2469, = 0.69, p = 0.49). grown from gut content samples Microbes were successfully intestine, caecum and largeobtained from the small intestine. is of degrading chitin but further work These may be capable necessary to determinethis. demonstrated to contain this enzyme (Lambert, 1998). demonstrated to contain this enzyme (Lambert, down by microbial It is likely that chitin may also be broken fermentation (Lambert, 1998). significant difference The chitin measurement results show no indicate that chitin between the two feeding trials. This may to be repeated in is being digested but this procedure needs order to be confirmed. growth occurred The microbial results show that most bacterial was the expected with samples taken from the caecum. This outcome as the caecum is the site of fermentation for substan- ces similar to chitin, which are normally difficult for primates necessary for to digest, and therefore harbours the microbes such processes (Lambert, 1998). The marmosets have a large caecum, which is believed to facilitate the digestion of plant exudates (Fleagle, 1999) and potentially chitin. Callitrichid Nutrition Callitrichid % ADF was measured. Using the data obtained was measured. Using the faeces were collected every 24 hours and the faeces were collected . : Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF) content of faeces from diet : Chitin content of different insect body parts (mean %) : Chitin content of different insect body

-5 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 insects (insect ADF in grey) and diet without insects (control

Adult cricket 3.02Locust nymph 3.24 2.94Adult locust 3.53 5.04 4.21 2.59 13.94 2.44 4.88 1.58 3.45 1.31 7.93 10.28 Insect Head Thorax Abdomen Legs Wings Legs Abdomen Thorax Insect Head 2 8 4 6 0 12 18 C. jacchus made. This allowed a ‘chitin budget’ to be formulatedmade. This allowed for estimation of the amount of chitin being ingested was estimation of the amount ADF in black). with Figure 1 show the difference in the chitin content of faeces. show the difference in the chitin content digestibility in callitrichids. The results displayed in Figure 1 digestibility in callitrichids. The results displayed and the amount excreted to give an overall estimate of its and the amount excreted to give an overall The chitin budget measured the amount of chitin consumed The chitin budget measured the amount Table 1 Table parts the following results were obtained (see Table 1). (see Table parts the following results were obtained content of ten of each different insect type and their body content of ten of each different insect type Using the Van Soest ADF method to measure the chitin Soest ADF method to measure Using the Van Results of two weeks fed a diet adaptation period including crickets and after an measured ADF method. They were then Soest using the Van were collected every 24 hours and the chitin content was and the chitin content every 24 hours were collected their normal insects. The faeces which did not include diet, The first trial was the control in which the animals were fed in which the animals was the control The first trial 14 16 10 the chitin content 22 24 20

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P.O. Box 705, Witham, Essex, CM8 3AD, England Tel: +44 (0) 1376 511260 Fax: +44 (0) 1376 511247 France: Tel: +33 (0) 1 30 10 94 94 Fax: +33 (0) 30 10 94 99 Web-site: www.mazurifoods.com Agents: We have a number of agents throughout Europe – for details contact the Witham office. EAZA News September 2003 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 41 30 including 30 including € per copy to the 12 € Comparative Nutrition Society Comparative PO Box 3835 Silver Spring, MD 20918 USA postage and packaging. postage and packaging. information: e-mail: [email protected] Prof. Geert Janssens for more Contact will be published: conference several papers have been or As a follow up to this The Joint Nutrition Symposium has been held from 21 to 25 of August 2002 in 21 to 25 of August has been held from Symposium The Joint Nutrition several groups. was organised by The JNS meeting Antwerp Zoo. and will cost can still be obtained this conference Abstracts from Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (JAPAN) Symposium, a special issue will be edited for the from the Joint Nutrition Evolving Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. Guest-editor Geert Janssens (Ghent University) is assisted by co-editors of each Baer participating society: Joeke Nijboer for EZNRG, Marianne Diez for ESVCN, Dave for CNS and Dottie Laflamme for AAVN. The special issue will contain about 14 full papers on diverse nutrition-related subjects. for the updated information on expected Please visit http://allserv.ugent.be/~gjans/jns publication date, content, etcetera. European Society of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition (ESVCN) / and Comparative European Society of Veterinary Nutrition (ECVCN) and Comparative of Veterinary European College EAZA Zoo Nutrition News, special issue 3 EAZA Zoo Nutrition News, special to all conference participants and to all This special edition of EAZA News is sent by sending EAZA members. Extra copies can be obtained Nutrition Society (CNS) Comparative available by contacting the The proceedings of the CNS symposia are payable by cheque made out to The cost is US$20 for the 2002 JNS proceedings, Nutrition Society or by credit card. Comparative for more information. Or use the online order form. Look at www.cns.org Proceedings from CNS conferences held in 1996, 1998 and 2000 can also be ordered. The European Zoo Nutrition Group (EZNRG) is publishing: The European Zoo III Zoo Animal Nutrition Vol. found on page 15. More information about this book can be European Zoo Nutrition Centre. For more information contact: [email protected] For European Zoo Nutrition Centre. JNS Proceedings information Proceedings JNS

Nutrition meeting

Nutrition meeting held at Safari Beekse Bergen

J. Nijboer and W. Jansen, EZNC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands or ESB programmes. In this capacity, they will assist in (on behalf of ENG) establishing formal, peer-reviewed nutrition guidelines for the ‘Management in Captivity’ section of Husbandry Guidelines, A meeting between TAG, EEP and ESB nutrition advisors thereby supporting the work of these programmes by addres- and other individuals interested in European zoo animal sing specific nutritional concerns. nutrition took place at Safari Beekse Bergen, the Netherlands, on 27-28 March 2003. Several nutrition advisors for TAG, EEP and ESB’s have already been suggested or appointed: It was established that nutrition is crucial because: – European mink EEP Joeke Nijboer – Nutritional problems can be detrimental to the immediate – EAZA Felid TAG Kristina Johanson EAZA News September 2003 health, reproduction, welfare and longevity of animals or – Cheetah EEP Kristina Johanson species; – EAZA Parrot TAG Andrea Fidgett – Uncontrolled and inappropriate nutritional regimes are – EAZA Pigeon and Dove TAG Joeke Nijboer often a waste of resources; – Guenon EEP Mauvis Gore – Freedom from thirst and hunger are two of the five – European lynx ESB Walter Jansen freedoms for animals; – EAZA Pigs and Peccary TAG Kristin Leus/Alastair McDonald – The impact of new EU regulations on nutrition related – Ecuadorian amazon EEP Andrea Fidgett issues, such as food and hygiene. – Okapi EEP Joeke Nijboer/Jurgen Hummel 43 – EAZA Tapir and Hippo TAG Andy Beer

A new name was agreed upon, the European Nutrition – EAZA Equid TAG Andy Beer Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 Group or ENG, since as a group we can more effectively – Woolly monkey EEP Walter Jansen provide assistance and guidance on this topic. ENG will – European otter EEP Alfred Melissen work closely with EAZA, our primary role being to act as a filter for providing high quality relevant nutrition information Other persons are discussing with TAG chairs, EEP coor- to zoos. However, in association with the various disciplines dinators and ESB keepers about the possibility to become encompassed by the EAZA Research Group. their nutrition advisor. In cooperation with the TAG, EEP or ESB, the target for the The group identified the following important nutrition projects: nutrition advisors is to set up a nutrition guideline based on – Nutrition & feeds databases; the ‘Feeding Section for husbandry guidelines of European – Nutrition & reproduction; Association of Zoos and Aquaria’. This has been developed – Nutrition & longevity; by the ENG and EZNC to support the TAGs, EEPs and – Nutrition & health; ESBs on nutritional issues. – Nutrition & regulatory aspects; – Nutrition & educational training. The Fourth European Zoo Nutrition Conference will be held from 21 to 23 January 2005 in Leipzig, Germany. EZNC Formal criteria will be identified for individuals who want will act as the conference coordinators and circulate more to become a member of ENG. The European Zoo Nutrition details when they become available. Centre (EZNC) has offered to act as the executive office for ENG. ENG intends to work closely together with the If you have additional information regarding the above AZA Nutrition Advisory Group (NAG). list or would like to request/suggest a nutrition advisor To become a member of ENG please contact EZNC for your programme, please contact EZNC. (details below) and information will be sent to you as soon as the membership criteria are finalised. European Zoo Nutrition Centre c/o EAZA Executive Office Tel: +31(0)20 5200750 PO Box 20164 Fax: +31(0)20 5200752 ENG members will be strongly encouraged to contribute 1000 HD Amsterdam E-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands Internet: www.eznc.org to the group by acting as specialist advisors to TAG, EEP 44 Special issue on Zoo Nutrition 3 EAZA News September 2003 Specialist Committee ChairsasobserversinCouncil Standing Committee Chairco-optedinCouncil Committee onTechnical Assistance&AnimalWelfare: Andreas Kaufmann,Natur-undTierparkHerberstein Koen Brouwer, EAZAExecutiveOffice,Amsterdam EAZA Council Members EAZA SpecialistCommittees Chairs EAZA StandingCommittees Chairs Lars LundingAndersen,Copenhagen Zoo Lars LundingAndersen,Copenhagen Zoo Chris West, ZoologicalSociety ofLondon Chris West, ZoologicalSocietyofLondon Hans-Ove Larsson,SkansenFoundation Leobert deBoer, ApenheulPrimatePark Leobert deBoer, ApenheulPrimatePark Chair Membership&EthicsCommittee: Education &ExhibitDesignCommittee: Dominique Tropeano, Colchester Zoo Gordon McGregorReid,ChesterZoo Gordon McGregorReid,ChesterZoo Roland Van Bocxstaele,AntwerpZoo Roland Van Bocxstaele,AntwerpZoo EAZA ExecutiveCommittee Membership &EthicsCommittee: Vladislav T. Jirousek, JihlavaZoo EAZA ExecutiveDirector Committee onPR&Marketing: Bengt Holst,Copenhagen Zoo Bengt Holst,Copenhagen Zoo Gunther Nogge,Cologne Zoo Esteve Tomàs, BarcelonaZoo Chair AquariumCommittee: Henning Julin,AalborgZoo John Stronge,BelfastZoo John Stronge,BelfastZoo Mladen Anic,ZagrebZoo Conservation Committee: Jürgen Lange,BerlinZoo Jürgen Lange,BerlinZoo Jürgen Lange,BerlinZoo Legislative Committee: Veterinary Committee: Chair EEPCommittee: Aquarium Committee: Research Committee: Not yetdetermined EEP Committee: Czech Republic Vice-chairman: Chairman: Treasurer: Secretary: Advisor: Vacancy Belgium Croatia Austria Who isinEAZA i 2002 -2004 Bernhard Blaszkiewitz,TierparkBerlin-Friedrichsfelde Jean-Jacques Boisard,RéserveAfricainedeSigean Françoise Delord,ParcZoologiquedeBeauval Wolfgang W. Gettmann,AquazooDüsseldorf Michel Hignette,AquariumduMAAO,Paris Gloria SvampaGaribaldi,PuntaVerde Zoo Ken J.Sims,ThrigbyHallWildlifeGardens Dominique A.Tropeano, Colchester Zoo Hans-Ove Larsson,SkansenFoundation Leobert deBoer, ApenheulPrimatePark European ZooNutritionCentre Arne MagneRobstad,KristiansandZoo Andreas Sioulas,RhodesAquarium Elina Torvinen, RanuaWildlifePark Miloslava Savelová,BratislavaZoo Vladimir V. Spitsin,MoscowZoo Vaclovas Dumcius,KaunasZoo Leo Oosterweghel,DublinZoo Eric BairrãoRuivo,LisbonZoo Ulrich Schürer, Wuppertal Zoo Gunther Nogge,Cologne Zoo Esteve Tomàs, BarcelonaZoo Henk Hiddingh,EmmenZoo Aydan Tekin, BosphorusZoo John B.Stronge,BelfastZoo Henning Julin,AalborgZoo Rolands Greizins,RigaZoo Yevgeniy Kyrylyuk, Kyiv Zoo Ryszard Topola, LodzZoo Felix Weber, GoldauZoo Mati Kaal,Tallinn Zoo Jo Gipps,BristolZoo United Kingdom Walter Jansen Joeke Nijboer Netherlands Switzerland Lithuania Denmark Germany Hungary Slovenia Portugal Slovakia Vacancy Vacancy Ukraine Sweden Norway Finland Estonia Ireland Greece Poland Russia France Turkey Latvia Spain Italy