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VOICES of AL-SHABAAB: Understanding Former Combatants from the Baidoa Reintegration Center 2016

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VOICES of AL-SHABAAB: Understanding Former Combatants from the Baidoa Reintegration Center 2016 VOICES OF AL-SHABAAB: Understanding former combatants from the Baidoa Reintegration Center 2016 UNITED NATIONS ASSISTANCE MISSION IN SOMALIA Contents Preface Section One: Introduction 1.1. Background 4 1.2. Objectives of the qualitative study 4 Section Two: Detailed Findings 2.1. Participants demographic information 5 2.2. Attraction to Al-Shabaab 6 2.3. Communication 10 2.4. Disengagement 11 2.5. Escape mechanisms 13 2.6. Message testing 16 Section Three: Conclusions & Recommendations 3.1. Summary of findings 20 3.2. Recommendations 20 Annexes Annex 1: Methodology 22 Annex 2: Findings per question 25 VOICES OF AL-SHABAAB: Understanding former combatants from the Baidoa Reintegration Center 3 Preface A key pillar of a comprehensive approach to counter Al-Shabaab is to deny the group new recruits and to encourage defections. This ultimately damages the group’s morale and combat effectiveness, while also damaging the public perception of Al- Shabaab with local and international audiences. Al-Shabaab is known for its propaganda and recruitment tactics – videos, active social media presence and several radio stations under the group’s control – along with more practical offers of money, mobile phones and status. Despite the continuing ability of Al-Shabaab to attract new members, there has been a parallel flow of members leaving the group as well. Many have sought to take advantage of Federal Government of Somalia’s amnesty offers, while others have left on their own accord after promises made by Al-Shabaab recruiters were not kept. The Federal Government of Somalia, along with international partners, has launched a variety of initiatives to promote and encourage Al-Shabaab members to leave the organization and reintegrate into society. The United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) has been at the forefront in rehabilitating ex- combatants and helping in the establishment of rehabilitation centers. In support of the National Programme, UNSOM’s Strategic Communications and Public Affairs Group commissioned this study as part of efforts to develop a robust communication campaign that can create both the desire and the opportunity for youths to leave the group and reject the ideology of Al-Shabaab. Counter-messaging efforts to date are nascent, and more primary research is required to ensure that the counter Al-Shabaab communication campaign is able to reach its full potential. These focus groups were conducted to explore the unique and powerful role disengaged combatants can play in delegitimizing violent extremist activities and propaganda and identifying counter-messaging themes that resonate among current Al-Shabaab (AS) combatants to encourage them to leave the group. Cassandra Nelson Director, Strategic Communications & Public Affairs United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) 4 VOICES OF AL-SHABAAB: Understanding former combatants from the Baidoa Reintegration Center Section One: Introduction 1.1. Background In 2012 the Federal Government developed the The Baidoa Rehabilitation Center consists of facilities National Programme for the Treatment and Handling for both male and female disengaged combatants. The of Disengaged Combatants in Somalia. The purpose UNSOM Trust Fund funded IOM to establish a Safe of this programme is to provide support to Low Risk House in Baidoa for disengaged female Al-Shabaab Al-Shabaab disengaged combatants attempting to combatants and their dependents. The German reintegrate back into the community. government provided funding to IOM to establish another male transitional facility due to open by mid- One of the core objectives of the National Programme 2016 in Kismaayo. Currently the male Al-Shabaab is to create an outreach and strategic communication disengaged combatants in Kismaayo are being kept in campaign to inform target groups about how to temporary facilities managed by the Jubaland State disengage and renounce violence against the state Administration, with no external funding. and to inform target groups about the process and the benefits of the reception, rehabilitation and From January 2014 (when the Center was reintegration programme. established) up to now, 189 Al-Shabaab disengaged combatants entered the Baidoa Rehabilitation Center. Three transitional facilities have been established A first batch of 40 candidates graduated from the according to the terms of the National Programme, Programme in October 2015 and were reintegrated providing support to disengaged male Al-Shabaab into the community. A second batch of 39 candidates combatants. Two facilities, one in Mogadishu (Serendi) (20 male and 19 female) graduated in March 2016. and one in Belet Weyne (Hiil Walaal), are currently funded by the UK Government and managed by Adam Al-Shabaab disengaged combatants who are currently Smith International (ASI). A third facility, the Baidoa part of the National Programme in the transitional Rehabilitation Center, is funded by the German facilities receive a support package that includes government and managed by the International religious counselling, rehabilitation, vocational Organization for Migration (IOM). training, trauma healing and traditional dispute resolution (TDR) to help smooth their reintegration into the community. 1.2. Objectives of the qualitative study The main objectives that guided this qualitative study • Reaction to key messaging and suggestions for were: improvement. • Knowledge and trust of the Federal 1. To gather information that will contribute Government’s amnesty plan. to the development of a comprehensive communication strategy to encourage Al- The objectives were qualitatively interrogated within Shabaab combatants to disengage. the thematic areas described above. The data for 2. To understand what drives individuals to join this study was collected through mini-focus group Al-Shabaab and how to discourage vulnerable discussions with disengaged combatants in the Baidoa individuals from joining the terrorist group. Center. A detailed write-up of the methodology is annexed. To achieve these objectives, information areas were tailored around the following themes: The focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted at the Baidoa Rehabilitation Center in Somalia’s • Assessment of obstacles former Al-Shabaab Interim South West Administration (ISWA). The face in their reintegration to community life. center also houses a Safe House for female ex- • Comfortability/Levels of trust former combatants, which is funded by the UNSOM Trust Al-Shabaab combatants have with key Fund. Both programs are implemented in partnership intermediaries in the disengagement plan. with the IOM. VOICES OF AL-SHABAAB: Understanding former combatants from the Baidoa Reintegration Center 5 Section Two Detailed Findings 2.1. Participants demographic information Table 1: Summary of demographic characteristics of the respondents, as disclosed 6 VOICES OF AL-SHABAAB: Understanding former combatants from the Baidoa Reintegration Center A majority of the disengaged combatants were from the Rahanweyn clan, which coincidentally is the main clan occupying the larger Bay and Bakool regions. All the respondents were married, and only one of them had formal education up to secondary level. Seeking help within an area inhabited by their clansmen may portray some level of comfort with one’s clansmen, and shows the significance of encouraging disengagement through clan leaders. The observation that all respondents (except one) had no formal education is a pointer that many low-risk Al-Shabaab combatants may not be educated, and therefore less equipped to challenge indoctrination. 2.2. Attraction to Al-Shabaab Motivation for joining Al-Shabaab All the disengaged combatants interviewed joined Al-Shabaab between 2005 and 2013. A majority mentioned that they joined Al-Shabaab when they were adolescents. The reasons they gave for joining Al-Shabaab included forceful abduction by the militants, unemployment and the need for money to provide for their families living in harsh economic conditions. Most of them were attracted to the Al-Shabaab ideology to defend Islam. Others felt that they had a role to defend Somalia and the Somali people from invaders. Others were enticed by the Al-Shabaab dress code and public lectures. Adolescent militants were recruited and lured into the group with information that life inside Al-Shabaab was exciting. “Al-Shabaab abducted me in 2008 and forced me to become a militant. I then became their driver.” –Male FGD (26-43 years) “Due to the power Al-Shabaab had in 2006, I got attracted to the man and believed that he was defending Islam and Muslims.” –Female FGD (19-31 years) It also emerged that most of the combatants joined Al-Shabaab because of their friends’ influence, arrangements and facilitations. Some of the female respondents joined after being convinced by their friends or parents to marry the militants. Others were approached while undertaking household duties (such as fetching water), others were persuaded by religious leaders, while others were persuaded after watching jihadist videos either at home or in video entertainment centers and listening to Washida (Islamic songs), which promised them paradise, on Radio Andalus. Overall, in joining Al-Shabaab, the militants believed that they were fighting for Islam and the Muslim community. “I was attracted to join the group to fight the cause of Allah, I saw it was a religious obligation to fight the invaders, the Ethiopians.” –Male FGD (31-37 years) “I was attracted to them by the ideology to defend
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