Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Using a Social Science Approach

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Chicago Journal of International Law

Volume 22 Number 1 Article 9

6-22-2021

James Thuo Gathii

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Recommended Citation Gathii, James Thuo (2021) "Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Using a Social Science Approach," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 22: No. 1, Article 9. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol22/iss1/9

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Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Using a Social Science Approach James Thuo Gathii

Abstract

This Essay takes up Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg’s invitation to use a social science approach to establish or ascertain some facts about international law scholarship in the United States. The specific research question that this Essay seeks to answer is to what extent scholarship has addressed international law’s historical and continuing complicity in producing racial inequality and hierarchy, including slavery, as well as the subjugation and domination of the peoples of the First Nations. To answer this question, this Essay uses the content published in the American Journal of International Law (AJIL) from when it was first published in 1907 to May 2021. It also uses the content published in its sister publication AJIL Unbound from when it was first published in 2014 to May 2021. The most significant finding of this Essay is that only 64, or 1.25%, of 5,109 AJIL documents substantially engaged with race in the body of their texts. In AJIL Unbound, only 11, or 1.94%, of the 568 documents substantially engaged with race in the bodies of their text. To account for the extremely low number of documents substantially engaging with race in the pages of the leading international law journal, I advance four hypotheses. First, that this absence is a reflection of the conscious exclusion of African Americans in the American Society of International Law in the first six decades of its existence, as the 2020 Richardson Report found. Second, it is the result of the stringent scrutiny race scholarship in international law has faced in AJIL and AJIL Unbound. Third, that the big or defining debates about international law in the United States have focused on issues other than race, and fourth that color-blindness has been the default view of American international law scholarship as represented in the journal. Ultimately, the point of this Essay is threefold. First, to show that the social science approach that Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg advance can be useful to answer questions that

 Wing-Tat Lee Chair of International Law and Professor of Law, Loyola University Chicago School of Law. I thank my research assistants Michael John Cornell, Romina Nemaei, Caitlin Chenus, and Audrey Mallinak for their invaluable assistance with this ongoing project. I also thank Loyola’s international reference librarian, Julienne Grant, for her important contributions to the research process and methodology. Finally, I would also like to thank Tom Ginsburg, Christiane Wilke, and Mohsen al Attar for their extensive comments on the draft of this Essay. All errors are mine.

71 Chicago Journal of International Law critical scholars like myself are interested in. Second, that when this social science approach is applied to answer questions like the one pursued in this Essay the distinction between the neutrality of the scientific methodology of this social scientific approach, on the one hand, and the normativity of critical approaches that Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg argue characterizes other approaches, on the other, falls apart. Third, this Essay shows that there is still ample scope for more international law scholarship on race that needs to be taken up not only by scholars of color but by all scholars of international law.

Table of Contents

I. Introduction ...... 73 II. AJIL Content-Analysis Methodology and Results ...... 75 III. Explaining the Results ...... 91 A. Hypothesis One: Conscious Exclusion of African Americans Until Recently ...... 93 B. Hypothesis Two: Exclusion of Critical Scholarship Including that Relating to Race ...... 96 C. Hypothesis Three: The Big or Defining Debates About International Law in the United States Have Focused on Issues Other than Race ...... 100 D. Hypothesis Four: Color-Blindness Has Been the Default Mode of International Legal Scholarship ...... 104 IV. Conclusion ...... 104

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I. INTRODUCTION This Essay sets out to determine to what extent scholarship has addressed international law’s historical and continuing complicity in producing racial inequality and hierarchy, including slavery, as well as the subjugation and domination of the peoples of the First Nations. To answer this question, this Essay uses the content published in the American Journal of International Law (AJIL) from its inception in 1907 through 2021, as well as in AJIL Unbound, its online companion, from its first publication in 2014 through 2021.1 I want to make it clear from the onset that my research question is very narrow. I am interested only in establishing whether scholarship that probes the racist underpinnings of international law, as well as the racial hierarchies upon which international law was constructed, has been published in AJIL and AJIL Unbound. In doing so, I am excluding from the scope of this paper the ways in which AJIL was itself a site of racialized discourses such as “civilization” and “humanity.”2 Other scholars have begun to examine AJIL’s complicity in the construction and perpetuation of racially exclusionary discourses such as “civilization” and “humanity.” Benjamin Allen Coates reminds us, very early in its founding, AJIL justified spreading U.S. hegemony not merely through the notion of “civilizing savages,” but rather that of civilizing “the world as a whole”3 in the progressive era commitment and faith in the progress of civilization “whether conceived of in terms of Christianity, natural or social science, governance, or commerce.”4 In fact, international law was critical to justifying the U.S.’s annexation of the Philippines and Puerto Rico, the establishment of a protectorate over Cuba, and the takeover of Panama to build a canal.5 It is against this backdrop of the end of the Spanish-American War and the emerging empire acquired by the United States that AJIL came into existence.6 Benjamin Allen Coates therefore argues that AJIL Board members of the early twentieth century were “not isolated idealists spouting naive bromides from the sidelines. Well-connected, well-respected, and well-compensated, they

1 AJIL was first published in 1907, whereas AJIL Unbound was first published in 2014. 2 See, e.g., Christiane Wilke, Reconsecrating the Temple of Justice: Invocations of Civilization and Humanity in the Nuremberg Justice Case, 24 CAN. J.L. & SOC’Y 181 (2009). 3 BENJAMIN ALLEN COATES, LEGALIST EMPIRE: INTERNATIONAL LAW AND AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY 83 (2016). 4 Id. at 43. 5 Id. at 1. 6 Carl Landauer, The Ambivalence of Power: Launching the American Journal of International Law in an Era of Empire and Globalization, 20 LEIDEN J. INT’L L. 325, 328 (2007).

Summer 2021 73 Chicago Journal of International Law formed an integral part of the foreign policy establishment that built and policed an expanding empire.”7 To emphasize, I am interested in whether AJIL and AJIL Unbound have published scholarship that critically engages with the racist and imperial structures of international law that justified slavery, colonialism, and empire. I am also interested in examining AJIL’s role in constructing and perpetuating racially exclusionary discourses.8 To use Mohsen al Attar’s extensive comments on an earlier version of this Essay, I am interested in establishing whether the American international legal academy has been complicit “in collective acts of epistemic injustice.”9 In particular, has AJIL and AJIL Unbound silenced and/or excluded critical approaches to international law, especially those influenced by Critical Race Theory or Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), in the pages of the leading international law journal in the United States?10

7 COATES, supra note 3, at 3. Coates concludes that lawyers were therefore “ideological actors as much as technical advisers.” Id. at 180. See D.J. Bederman, Appraising a Century of Scholarship in the American Journal of International Law, 100 AM. J. INT’L L. 20, 62 (2006) (“American international lawyers, speaking through AJIL, have advanced U.S. policy initiatives, doctrines and positions even while vehemently disagreeing with some. Aside from these specific situations, these writers have tended (although by no means uniformly…) to believe that the project of international law is a worthwhile one that holds promise for world order.”). 8 See, e.g., Wilke, supra note 2, at 181. In this article, Wilke shows that “the 1918–1947 volumes of the American Journal of International Law (AJIL), published by the American Society of International Law, reveal that the concept of civilization was frequently used in the period following the end of World War I, declined in popularity at the end of the 1920s, and experienced a remarkable renaissance in the decade between 1938 and 1947.” Id. at 187. The premise in the article is that the “standard of civilization” that was “dominant in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth century international law . . . [was] an expression of the idea that international law is a body of norms for civilized states only.” Id. at 186. For another analysis of how imperialism was redefined as civilization, see Mohammad Shahabuddin, The ‘Standard of Civilization’ in International Kaw: Intellectual Perspectives from Pre-War Japan, 32 LEIDEN J. INT’L L. 13 (2019); ANTONY ANGHIE, IMPERIALISM, SOVEREIGNTY AND THE MAKING OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 67, 84–86 (2004) (noting that independent non-European states like Japan could be brought into the realm of international law if they met the “requirements of the standard of civilization of, and being officially recognized by, European states, as proper members of the family of nations” and discussing how these non-European societies were required to meet the standard of civilization). This standard of civilization shifted in the nineteenth century. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the criteria included Christianity. In the second half, it was predicated on “European culture and institutions—in particular, the ability to furnish Europeans with legal, economic, and later, political institutions to which they had become accustomed.” Rose Parfitt, Empire des Nègres Blancs: The Hybridity of International Personality and the Abyssinia Crisis of 1935-36, 24 LEIDEN J. INT’L L. 849, 858 (2011). 9 Mohsen al Attar, Subverting Racism in / Through International Law Scholarship, OPINIO JURIS (Mar. 3, 2021), https://perma.cc/M9KT-N3Q9; see also Mohsen al Attar, “I Can’t Breathe”: Confronting the Racism of International Law, AFRONOMICSLAW (Oct. 2, 2020), https://perma.cc/6HAK-GLQB. 10 Further, al Attar argues that “[n]on-Eurocentric perspectives enjoy lesser status, unless they are measured against a European benchmark and preferably by a white scholar. Despite international law’s brutal history and generations of Critical Race Theory, race receives minimal uptake among

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The results of my empirical analysis showed that only 64, or 1.25%, of 5,109 AJIL documents substantially engaged with race in the body of their texts. In AJIL Unbound, only 11, or 1.94%, of the 568 documents substantially engaged with race in the bodies of their text. To explain the extremely little content published in AJIL and AJIL Unbound over 100 years addressing international law’s historical and continuing complicity in producing racial inequality and hierarchy, including slavery, as well as the subjugation and domination of the peoples of the First Nations, this Essay advances four hypotheses. First, this absence is a reflection of the conscious exclusion of African Americans in the American Society of International Law in the first six decades of its existence, as the 2020 Richardson Report found.11 Second, this gap is the result of the stringent scrutiny international law scholarship addressing international law’s historical and continuing complicity in producing racial inequality and hierarchy has faced in AJIL and AJIL Unbound. Third, the big or defining debates about international law in the United States have focused on issues other than race. And fourth, color-blindness has been the default view of American international law scholarship as represented in the journal. This Essay proceeds as follows. In Section II, I outline the methodology I followed in gathering the data. The third section of the Essay is my ongoing effort to account for the paucity of scholarship centering race in AJIL and AJIL Unbound.

II. AJIL CONTENT-ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS In order to determine an answer to my question—whether scholarship that probes the racist and imperial underpinnings of international law, as well as the racial hierarchies upon which international law was constructed, has been published in AJIL and AJIL Unbound—my methodology was as follows. I began by establishing whether there was such content in AJIL and AJIL Unbound. To do so, I searched the content of AJIL and AJIL Unbound using HeinOnline’s Law Journal Library.12 Although AJIL and AJIL Unbound documents can be accessed

international lawyers. Last, many non-racialised scholars fail to appreciate how their approach toward racialised academics places us at an unfair disadvantage.” al Attar, Subverting Racism in / Through International Law Scholarship, supra note 9. 11 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L., THE RICHARDSON REPORT, FINAL REPORT FROM THE ASIL AD HOC COMMITTEE INVESTIGATING POSSIBLE EXCLUSION OR DISCOURAGEMENT OF MINORITY MEMBERSHIP OR PARTICIPATION BY THE SOCIETY DURING ITS FIRST SIX DECADES (2020) [hereinafter THE RICHARDSON REPORT]. This report was drafted by an ad hoc committee appointed pursuant to American Society of International Law Executive Council Resolution of 4th April 2018. Its mandate was to investigate possible exclusion or discouragement of minority membership or participation in the Society during its first six decades. The report was unanimously adopted by the ASIL Executive Council in its meeting on April 2, 2020. 12 HeinOnline’s Law Journal Library is available to subscribers through the HeinOnline platform. A description of the content is available at https://perma.cc/Y2GH-LP8S.

Summer 2021 75 Chicago Journal of International Law from the Cambridge Core site,13 HeinOnline served as a much better tool for this study for at least two reasons. First, unlike Cambridge Core, HeinOnline makes it possible to simultaneously search AJIL and AJIL Unbound. Second, since Cambridge Core represents the main portal for subscriptions and sales of these two publications, using a third-party content site seemed to me more likely to provide an objective count of the content. To determine whether the content published in AJIL and AJIL Unbound has probed the racist and imperial underpinnings of international law, I undertook the following steps. First, I conducted an Advanced Search in the HeinOnline Law Journal Library using the search string “rac* OR anti-racis* OR antiracis*” and limiting my results to documents in AJIL and AJIL Unbound. This search was designed to retrieve all documents in AJIL and AJIL Unbound that contained any forms of the word “race,” or any of the words “antiracist,” “antiracism,” “antiracist,” or “anti-racism.”14 I then restricted these search results to the following AJIL and AJIL Unbound section types: Articles, Comments, Notes, Reviews, and Editorials.15 AJIL content that is purely informational, such as Tables of Contents and Legislation, was omitted.16 Thus, the relevant content for my inquiry numbered 1,535 documents in AJIL and 121 in AJIL Unbound, and the total number of documents for the study sample was 1,656. Next, I examined each of these 1,656 documents individually to determine which ones substantially probed the racist and imperial underpinnings of international law, as well as the racial hierarchies upon which international law was constructed.17 By substantial engagement with race, I am referring to articles that critically examine race (rather than say, states) as a unit of analysis to account for the role racial hierarchy and domination have played and plays in shaping and

13 See American Journal of International Law, CAMBRIDGE CORE, https://perma.cc/5ANB-SDPU; AJIL Unbound, CAMBRIDGE CORE, https://perma.cc/92S4-Z553. 14 I restrict my analysis to race, rather than to terms such as imperialism and colonialism because my central inquiry relates to establishing if there has been blindness to race and its central role in shaping international law and justifying other regimes of subordinating non-white peoples including slavery and colonialism in the scholarship published in AJIL and AJIL Unbound. 15 “Articles” includes “Lead Articles,” “Notes” includes “Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law,” “Comments” includes “Editorial Comments,” and “Reviews” includes “Book Reviews.” 16 The AJIL and AJIL Unbound content omitted in my analysis, such as Miscellaneous items, Tables of Contents, and Legislation, does not usually include commentary and is included in AJIL primarily for informational purposes. The content was excluded here since it did not provide analysis that would contribute to establishing the answer to my primary query in this Article—namely, whether the content published in AJIL and AJIL Unbound has probed the racist underpinnings of international law, as well as the racial hierarchies upon which international law was constructed. 17 Because there is a two-year embargo on the full text of the AJIL in HeinOnline, the full texts of the most recent documents included in the set were examined in Westlaw.

76 Vol. 22 No. 1 Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Gathii organizing ideas and institutions of global order including slavery, colonialism, and empire. To comprehensively assess which of the documents engaged in a substantial analysis of the racist and imperial underpinnings of international law, I also identified documents that (a) mentioned “race” as understood to refer to ethnicity, identity, color or national or ethnic origin; (b) referred to “race” in a boilerplate/statutory/general language form or merely in a list, i.e., these documents used “race” without referring to race, color, or national or ethnic origin; (c) used “race” in a quotation, citation, or footnote; (d) used “race” sporadically or in a one-off manner, i.e., “race” was mentioned only very occasionally, and it was not the primary focus of analysis; and (e) included “race” in the titles or subtitles of the documents. To continue the analysis, I determined the total number of AJIL and AJIL Unbound documents in HeinOnline by conducting an Advanced Search in the Law Journal Library using “*” as the search term and restricting the search to AJIL and AJIL Unbound. I then limited the search results to the same section types included in the relevant sample set as described above, which yielded a total of 5,677 documents. For AJIL, the search produced a total of 5,109 documents. For AJIL Unbound, there was a total of 568 documents.18 With this data in hand, as well as the results of my earlier AJIL and AJIL Unbound content analysis, I was able to address my research question head on. The data unequivocally shows that AJIL and AJIL Unbound have not frequently engaged with race. This is clearly illustrated by the finding that only 64, or 1.25%, of 5,109 AJIL documents substantially engaged with race in the body of their texts. Furthermore, of the 5,109 total documents in AJIL, 1,004, or 19.65%, incorporated the word “race.” Of those 1,004 documents, 489 of them, or 9.57% of all 5,109 documents, used “race” in a boilerplate, statutory, general, or list-embedded context. Moreover, 515, or 10.08%, of the 5,109 documents did not use “race” in a boilerplate, statutory, general, or list-embedded context. Finally, only 5, or 0.10%, of the 5,109 documents had “race” in their title. Similarly, in AJIL Unbound, only 11, or 1.94%, of the 568 documents substantially engaged with race in the bodies of their text. Moreover, of the 568 documents published in AJIL Unbound, 60, or 10.56%, incorporated the word “race.” Of those 60 documents, 30 of them, or 5.28% of all 568 documents, used “race” in a boilerplate, statutory, general, or list-embedded context. Finally, only 2, or 0.35%, of the 568 documents had “race” in their title.

18 When “*” is used as a search term without limiting the results to certain section types, then 7,535 results appear for AJIL, and 571 for AJIL Unbound. However, to ensure a proper comparison with the documents individually reviewed, these baseline totals were limited to Articles, Comments, Notes, Reviews, and Editorials. Thus, for the purposes of this analysis, there were 5,109 total documents in AJIL, and 568 documents in AJIL Unbound.

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These results are presented in more detail in the following data tables (Tables 1, 2, and 3) and related charts (Charts 1 and 2). Appendix 1 lists all the AJIL documents that mentioned “race” in the bodies of their text, and Appendix 2 contains a full list of AJIL Unbound documents that mentioned “race” in their texts. In Appendix 3, Table 5 and Chart 3 analyze the documents listed in Appendices 1 and 2. Appendices are published separately on Chicago Unbound.

78 Vol. 22 No. 1 Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Gathii Table 1: AJIL (1907–May 2021) & AJIL Unbound (2014–May 2021) Compared AJIL AJIL % Unbound % Total Articles, Comments, Notes, Reviews, and Editorials 5,109 100.00 568 100.00 Documents substantially engaging with “race” 64 1.25 11 1.94 Documents that mentioned “race” as understood to refer to ethnicity, identity, color or national or ethnic origin 1,004 19.65 60 10.56 Documents using “race” in boilerplate, statutory, general, or list- embedded contexts 489 9.57 30 5.28 Documents not using “race” in boilerplate, statutory, general, or list- embedded contexts 515 10.08 30 5.28 Documents with (sub)titular reference to race 5 0.10 2 0.35

Summer 2021 79 Chicago Journal of International Law Table 2: AJIL & AJIL Unbound Combined AJIL & AJIL Unbound % Total Articles, Comments, Notes, Reviews, and Editorials 5,677 100.00 Documents substantially engaging with “race” 75 1.32 Documents that mentioned “race” as understood to refer to ethnicity, identity, color or national or ethnic origin 1,064 18.74 Documents using “race” in boilerplate, statutory, general, or list-embedded contexts 519 9.14 Documents not using “race” in boilerplate, statutory, general, or list- embedded contexts 545 9.60 Documents with (sub)titular reference to race 7 0.12

Chart 1 Proportion of AJIL documents substantially engaging with “race” (1907–May 2021)

1.25%

98.75%

Documents substantially engaging with “race” Documents not substantially engaging with “race”

80 Vol. 22 No. 1 Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Gathii Chart 2 Proportion of AJIL Unbound documents substantially engaging with “race” (2014–May 2021)

1.94%

98.06%

Documents substantially engaging with “race” Documents not substantially engaging with “race”

Table 3: List of AJIL documents substantially engaging with “race” (1907 –May 2021) Title Citation Author(s) 1 Protection of Minorities by the 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 641 Rosting, League of Nations (1923) Helmer 2 Some Legal Aspects of the 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 31 Buell, Japanese Question (1923) Raymond Leslie 3 The End of Dominion Status 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 34 Scott, F.R. (1944) 4 Current Views of the Soviet 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 450 Prince, Charles Union of the International (1945) Organization of Security, Economic Cooperation and International Law: A Summary 5 Book Review (reviewing 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 634 Das, Taraknath CAREY MCWILLIAMS, (1945) PREJUDICE: JAPANESE- AMERICANS, SYMBOL OF RACIAL INTOLERANCE (1994))

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Title Citation Author(s) 6 Denazification Law and 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 807 Plischke, Elmer Procedure (1947) 7 The United Nations 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 73 Whitton, John Conference on Freedom of (1949) B. Information and the Movement against International Propaganda 8 An “Act for the Protection of a) 45 AM. J. INT’L L. Nicoloff, Peace” in Bulgaria (current 353 (1951); b) id. at 357 Antoni M notes) 9 National Courts and 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 62 Wright, Quincy Human Rights—The Fujii (1951) Case 10 The Trieste Settlement and 49 AM. J. INT’L L. 240 Schwelb, Egon Human Rights (notes and (1955) comments) 11 International Law and Some 55 AM. J. INT’L L. 440 Wilson, Robert Recent Developments in the (1961) R. Commonwealth (editorial comments) 12 The United Nations’ Double 60 AM. J. INT’L L. 792 Carey, John Standard on Human Rights (1966) Complaints (notes and comments) 13 Civil and Political Rights: 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 827 Schwelb, Egon The International Measures (1968) of Implementation 14 Contemporary Practice of the 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 320 Denny, United States Relating to (1969) Brewster C. International Law: South West Africa (Namibia) 15 Contemporary Practice of the 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 569 Gibson, United States Relating to (1969) Stephen L. ed. International Law: Summary of Developments During 23d Session of the U.N. General Assembly 16 64th Annual Meeting of the 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 623 Finch, Eleanor American Society of (1970) H.

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Title Citation Author(s) International Law (notes and comments) 17 The International Court of 66 AM. J. INT’L L. 337 Schwelb, Egon Justice and the Human (1972) Rights Clauses of the Charter 18 The 1974 Diplomatic 69 AM. J. INT’L L. 77 Forsythe, Conference on Humanitarian (1975) David P. Law: Some Observations 19 Book Review, (reviewing 71 AM. J. INT’L L. 160 Rusk, Dean EDWARD WEISBAND, (1977) RESIGNATION IN PROTEST: POLITICAL AND ETHICAL CHOICES BETWEEN LOYALTY TO TEAM AND LOYALTY TO CONSCIENCE IN AMERICAN PUBLIC LIFE (1975)) 20 Constitutive Questions in the 78 AM. J. INT’L L. 76 Richardson III, Negotiations for Namibian (1984) Henry J. Independence 21 The Meaning and Reach of 79 AM. J. INT’L L. 283 Meron, the International Convention (1985) Theodor on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 22 Federalism and the 79 AM. J. INT’L L. 622 Byrnes, International Legal Order: (1985) Andrew & Recent Developments in Charlesworth, Australia Hilary 23 Current Developments: First 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 747 Alson, Philip & Session of the UN Committee (1987) Simma, Bruno on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 24 The Meaning of People in the 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 80 Kiwanuka, African Charter on Human (1988) Richard N. and Peoples’ Rights (notes and comments) 25 Threats of Force 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 239 Sadurska, (1988) Romana

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Title Citation Author(s) 26 Agora: Is the ASIL Policy 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 311 Barrie, George on Divestment in Violation (1988) N. & Szasz, of International Law? Paul C. Further Observations 27 International Law in the 84 AM. J. INT’L L. 661 Vagts, Detlev Third Reich (1990 ) F. 28 Feminist Approaches to 85 AM. J. INT’L L. 613 Charlesworth, International Law (1991) Hilary, Chinkin, Christine & Wright, Shelley 29 The Emerging Right to 86 AM. J. INT’L L. 46 Franck, Democratic Governance (1992) Thomas M. 30 Book Review (reviewing 87 AM. J. INT’L L. 680 Hannum, PATRICK THORNBERRY, (1993) Hurst INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE RIGHTS OF MINORITIES (1993)) 31 The Gulf Crisis and African- 87 AM. J. INT’L L. 42 Richardson III, American Interests under (1993) Henry J. International Law 32 Clan and Superclan: Loyalty, 90 AM. J. INT’L L. 359 Franck, Identity and Community in (1996) Thomas M. Law and Practice 33 Indigenous Peoples in 92 AM. J. INT’L L. 414 Kingsbury, International Law: A (1998) Benedict Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy 34 Contemporary Practice of the 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 683 Murphy, Sean United States Relating to (2003) D. ed. International Law (General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law): Interpretation of U.S. Constitution by Reference to International Law 35 Book Review (reviewing 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 229 Fox, Gregory KAREN KNOP, (2004) H. DIVERSITY AND SELF- DETERMINATION IN

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Title Citation Author(s) INTERNATIONAL LAW (2002)) 36 Normative Hierarchy in 100 AM. J. INT’L L. 291 Shelton, Dinah International Law (2006) 37 Book Review (reviewing 102 AM. J. INT’L L. 926 Davis, IAN CLARK, (2008) Benjamin G. INTERNATIONAL LEGITIMACY AND WORLD SOCIETY (2007)) 38 Book Review (reviewing 103 AM. J. INT’L L. 180 Rodríguez, PETER J. SPIRO, BEYOND (2009) Christina M. CITIZENSHIP: AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP AFTER GLOBALIZATION (2008)) 39 Contemporary Practice of the 103 AM. J. INT’L L. 355 Crook, John R. United States Relating to (2009) International Law (International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law): United States Boycotts Durban Review Conference, Will Seek Election to Human Rights Council 40 The Pillar of Glass: Human 103 AM. J. INT’L L. 446 Darrow, Mac Rights in the Development (2009) & Arbour, Operations of the United Louise Nations 41 Current Developments: The 103 AM. J. INT’L L. 527 Mathias, D. 2008 Judicial Activity of the (2009) Stephen International Court of Justice 42 Contemporary Practice of the 103 AM. J. INT’L L. 594 Crook, John R. United States Relating to (2009) International Law (International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law): UN Human Rights Officials Berate U.S. Human Rights Policies and Practices 43 Book Review (reviewing 103 AM. J. INT’L L. 635 Shah, Sikander DANIEL MOECKLI, (2009) A.

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Title Citation Author(s) HUMAN RIGHTS AND NON-DISCRIMINATION IN THE ‘WAR ON TERROR’ (2008)) 44 Book Review (reviewing 104 AM. J. INT’L L. 307 Damrosch, THOMAS BUERGENTHAL, (2010) Lori Fisler A LUCKY CHILD: A MEMOIR OF SURVIVING AUSCHWITZ AS A YOUNG BOY (2010)) 45 Book Review (reviewing 104 AM. J. INT’L L. 313 Gordon, Ruth HENRY J. RICHARDSON (2010) III, THE ORIGINS OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN INTERESTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (2008)) 46 Protection of Indigenous 104 AM. J. INT’L L. 29 van Genugten, Peoples on the African (2010) Willem Continent: Concepts, Position Seeking, and the Interaction of Legal Systems 47 Book Review (reviewing 104 AM. J. INT’L L. 532 Mutua, Makau JEREMY I. LEVITT, (2010) AFRICA: MAPPING NEW BOUNDARIES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (2008)) 48 A New International Law of 105 AM. J. INT’L L. 694 Spiro, Peter J. Citizenship (2011) 49 Application of the 105 AM. J. INT’L L. 747 Szewczyk, Bart International Convention on (2011) M. J. the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation) 50 Genocide: A Normative 105 AM. J. INT’L L. 852 Greenawalt, Account (2011) Alexander K.A.

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Title Citation Author(s) 51 Current Developments: The 106 AM. J. INT’L L. 586 Cogan, Jacob 2011 Judicial Activity of the (2012) Katz International Court of Justice 52 Book Review (reviewing 107 AM. J. INT’L L. 494 Gathii, James SUNDHYA PAHUJA, (2013) Thuo DECOLONIZING INTERNATIONAL LAW: DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE POLITICS OF UNIVERSALITY (2011)) 53 Book Review (reviewing 108 AM. J. INT’L L. 576 Sloss, David RYAN GOODMAN & (2014) DEREK JINKS, SOCIALIZING STATES: PROMOTING HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH INTERNATIONAL LAW (2013)) 54 Exploitation Creep and the 108 AM. J. INT’L L. 609 Chuang, Janie Unmaking of Human (2014) A. Trafficking Law 55 The Creation of Tribunals 110 AM. J. INT’L L. 173 Matheson, (2016) Michael J. & Scheffer, David 56 The 2017 Judicial Activity of 112 AM. J. INT’L L. 254 Gray, Christine the International Court of (2018) Justice (notes and comments) 57 Book Review (reviewing 112 AM. J. INT’L L. 330 Bradley, Anna OONA A. HATHAWAY & (2018) Spain SCOTT J. SHAPIRO, THE INTERNATIONALISTS: HOW A RADICAL PLAN TO OUTLAW WAR REMADE THE WORLD (2017)) 58 Human Rights in War: On 112 AM. J. INT’L L. 553 van Dijk, Boyd the Entangled Foundations of (2018) the 1949 Geneva Conventions

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Title Citation Author(s) 59 Book Review (reviewing 112 AM. J. INT’L L. 779 Stewart, David DAVID L. SLOSS, THE (2018) P. DEATH OF TREATY SUPREMACY: AN INVISIBLE CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE (2016)) 60 Contemporary Practice of the 114 AM. J. INT’L L. 289 Galbraith, Jean United States Relating to (2020) International Law (General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law): Department of Justice Declines to Defend the Constitutionality of a Statute Criminalizing Female Genital Mutilation 61 The Proof Is in the Process: 114 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Creamer, Self-Reporting under (2020) Cosette D. & International Human Rights Simmons, Beth Treaties A. 62 The Pandemic Paradox in 114 AM. J. INT’L L. 598 Danchin, Peter International Law (2020) G., Farrall, Jeremy, Rana, Shruti & Saunders, Imogen 63 The Limits of Human Rights 115 AM. J. INT’L L. 154 Richardson III, Limits (reviewing HURST (2021) Henry J. HANNUM, RESCUING HUMAN RIGHTS: A RADICALLY MODERATE APPROACH (2019)) 64 Book Review (reviewing 115 AM. J. INT’L L. 171 Chimni, B. S. BERTRAND G. (2021) RAMCHARAN, MODERNIZING THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM (2019)

88 Vol. 22 No. 1 Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Gathii Table 4: List of AJIL Unbound documents substantially engaging with “race” (2014–May 2021) S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 1 A Crossroads in the Fight 108 AJIL UNBOUND Bravo, Karen Against Human Trafficking? 272 (2014-2015) E. Let’s take the Structural Route: A Response to Janie Chuang Symposium: Janie A. Chuang, Exploitation Creep and the Unmaking of Human Trafficking Law 2 Why Fighting Structural 110 AJIL UNBOUND 92 Torbisco- Inequalities Requires (2016-2017) Casals, Neus Institutionalizing Difference: A Response to Nienke Grossman Symposium on Nienke Grossman, Achieving Sex-Representative International Court Benches 3 Human Mobility and the 111 AJIL UNBOUND Bhabha, Longue Duree: The 136 (2017-2018) Jacqueline Prehistory of Global Migration Law Symposium on Framing Global Migration Law - Part II 4 Human Rights and the 112 AJIL UNBOUND Huneeus, Future of Being Human 324 (2018) Alexandra Symposium on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at Seventy 5 Race and Rights in the 112 AJIL UNBOUND Powell, Digital Age Symposium on 339 (2018) Catherine the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at Seventy 6 Theorizing Emancipatory 113 AJIL UNBOUND Blackett, Adelle Transnational Futures of 390 (2019) International Labor Law Symposium on Transnational Futures of International Labor Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 7 Towards Global Governance: 114 AJIL UNBOUND Eliason, The Inadequacies of the UN 291 (2020) Antonia & Drug Control Regime Howse, Robert Symposium on Drug Decriminalization, Legalization, and International Law 8 Introduction to the 114 AJIL UNBOUND Achiume, E. Symposium on COVID-19, 312 (2020) Tendayi, Global Mobility and Gammeltoft- International Law Hansen, Thomas & Spijkerboer, Thomas 9 Fortress Europe, Global 114 AJIL UNBOUND Reynolds, John Migration & the Global 342 (2020) Pandemic Symposium on COVID-19, Global Mobility and International Law 10 “To Restore the Soul of 115 AJIL UNBOUND 63 Lovelace, H. America”: How Domestic (2021) Timothy Jr. Anti-Racism Might Fuel Global Anti-Racism Symposium on the Biden Administration and the International Legal Order: Essay 11 Introduction to the 115 AJIL UNBOUND 40 Shaffer, Symposium on the Biden (2021) Gregory & Administration and the Sloss, David L. International Legal Order

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III. EXPLAINING THE RESULTS What explains the extremely low engagement with race as a theme in AJIL and AJIL Unbound? From AJIL’s founding in 1907 to May 2021, only 1.25% of its documents (64 out of 5,109) substantially engaged with race in the body of their text, and only 0.10% (5 out of 5,109) had race in their titles. Likewise, from AJIL Unbound’s establishment in 2014 to the beginning of 2021, only 1.94% of its documents (11 out of 568) substantially engaged with race in the body of their text, and only 0.35% (2 out of 568) had race in their titles. This is indicative of a silence that requires further exploration. It is implausible and factually inaccurate to explain this silence as indicative of the irrelevance of race in international law. Bearing in mind that I use race to refer to relations of domination rather than personal prejudice, at least since the sixteenth century when Francisco de Vitoria wrote his treaties, international law has justified slavery, conquest, colonialism, commerce, and other forms of domination over non-European peoples by European peoples. As Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) and Critical Race Theory (CRT) scholars have shown, international law legitimized colonial conquest along the axes of European/non-European, colonizer/colonized, civilized/uncivilized, and modernity/tradition.19 On this view: imperial international law was constructed on the basis of White racial superiority—as rational stewards of the territories of non-Europeans—and on the basis of racist myths of indigenous savagery, primitivism, and pathology. Hence, just as slavery dehumanized Blacks as degenerate and outside the boundaries of humanity in the construction of the United States as a White racial state, European/White international law was constructed to relegate non-European peoples who were considered to live outside the bounds of humanity and therefore outside of sovereignty.20 TWAIL scholars argue that notwithstanding international law’s commitments to sovereign equality, human rights, and development, it carries within it the legacy of economic subordination and hierarchy established in prior eras of subjugation, including during slavery and colonial rule.21 Consistent with this rejection of clean historical breaks in histories of international law, race continues to be a salient analytic category in international law. As Antony Anghie argues, understanding the “role of race and culture in the formation of basic international law doctrines such as sovereignty is crucial to an understanding of

19 For a leading text demonstrating this, see ANGHIE, supra note 8. 20 James Thuo Gathii, Writing Race and Identity in a Global Context: What CRT and TWAIL Can Learn from Each Other, 67 UCLA L. REV. 1610, 1613 (2021). 21 See James Thuo Gathii, The Agenda of Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), in INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY: FOUNDATIONS AND FRONTIERS (Jeffrey Dunoff & Mark Pollack eds., forthcoming 2021).

Summer 2021 91 Chicago Journal of International Law the singular relationship between sovereignty and the non-European world.”22 In addition, to use the example of Black intellectuals, there is a strong Black internationalist tradition.23 This intellectual tradition, associated in particular with anti-slavery and anti-colonialism, runs from W.E.B. DuBois, who argued the problem of the twentieth century was the color line, to contemporary colleagues like Ruth Gordon, Henry J. Richardson III, and Adrien Katherine Wing, to name a few.24 In addition, in my ongoing research, I continue to uncover other African

22 ANGHIE, supra note 8, at 103. 23 See generally KEISHA N. BLAIN ET AL., NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE BLACK INTELLECTUAL TRADITION (2018). 24 There is also no evidence that the quality of scholarship on race and international law is the reason that accounts for this legacy of exclusion. To make such an argument is to claim that scholarship on race is inferior or that scholars, especially scholars of color interested in producing this scholarship, are lazy and have not produced such scholarship. In fact, there is a strong Black tradition of international law. For examples of scholarship on race and international law that prove the existence of such scholarship, see Adrian Katherine Wing, Critical Race Feminism and the International Human Rights of Women in Bosnia, Palestine and South Africa: Issues for LatCrit Theory, 28 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 337 (1996); Branwen Jones, Race in the Ontology of International Order, 56 POL. STUD. 907 (2008); Chantal Thomas, Causes of Inequality in the International Economic Order: Critical Race Theory and Postcolonial Development, 9 TRANSNAT’L L. & CONTEMP. PROBLEMS 1 (1999); Ediberto Roman, A Race Approach to International Law (RAIL): Is There Need for Yet Another Critique of International Law?, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1519 (2000); Ediberto Roman, Reconstructing Self- Determination: The Role of Critical Theory in the Positivist International Law Paradigm, 53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 943 (1999); Edwin D. Davis & Betty Punnett, International Assignments: Is There a Role for Gender and Race in Decisions?, 6 INT’L J. HUM. RES. MGMT. (1995); Gil Gott, Critical Race Globalism? Global Political Economy, and the Intersections of Race, Nation and Class, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1503 (2000); Henry J. Richardson III, Excluding Race Strategies from International Legal History: The Self-Executing Treaty Doctrine and the Southern Africa Tripartite Agreement, 45 VILL. L. REV. 1091 (2000); Henry J. Richardson III, Reverend Leon Sullivan’s Principles, Race, and International Law: A Comment, 15 TEMPLE INT’L & COMP. L.J. 55–80 (2001); Tayyab Mahmud, International Law and the Race-Ed Colonial Encounter: Implementation, Compliance and Effectiveness: International Dimensions of Critical Race Theory, 91 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 414 (1997); James Thuo Gathii, International Law and Eurocentricity: Book Review, 9 EUR. J. INT’L L. 184 (1998); James Wilets, From Divergence to Convergence? A Comparative and International Law Analysis of LGBTI Rights in the Context of Race and Post-Colonialism, 21 DUKE J. INT’L & COMP. L. 631 (2010); Jordan Paust, Race-Based Affirmative Action and International Law, 18 MICH. INT’L L. REV. 659 (1996); Keith Aoki, Space Invaders: Critical Geography, The “Third World” of International Law and Critical Race Theory, 5 VILL. L. REV. 913 (2000); Kim Beneta Vera, From Papal Bull to Racial Rule: Indians of the Americas, Race, and the Foundations of International Law, 42 CAL. W. INT’L L.J. 453 (2011); Makau Matua, Critical Race Theory and International Law: The View of an Insider-Outsider, 45 VILL. L. REV. 841 (2000); Martti Koskenneimi, Race, Hierarchy and International Law: Lorimier’s Legal Science, 27 EUR. J. INT’L L. 415 (2016); Penelope Andrews, Making Room for Critical Race Theory in International Law: Some Practical Pointers, 45 VILL. L. REV. 855 (2000); Ruth Gordon, Critical Race Theory and International Law: Convergence and Divergence, 45 VILL. L. REV. 827 (2000); Robert Knox, Civilizing Interventions? Race, War and International Law, 1 CAMBRIDGE REV. INT’L AFF. (2013); Ronit Lentin, Palestine/Israel and State Criminality: Exception, Settler Colonialism and Racialization, 5 ST. CRIME J. 32, (2016); Sankaran Krishna, Race, Amnesia, and the Education of International Relations, 26 ALTERNATIVES 401 (2001); Siba Grovogui, Come to Africa: A Hermeneutics of Race in International Law, 26 ALTERNATIVES 425 (2001); Taylor Natsu Saito, From Slavery and Seminoles to AIDS in South Africa: An Essay on Race and Property in International Law, 45 VILL. L. REV. 1135 (2000); and Twila Perry, Transracial and International Adoption: Mothers,

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American international law scholars who have also remained invisible in the casebooks, journal pages, and discussions of international law.25 This includes Yusuf Naim Kly, whose monograph International Law and the Black Minority in the U.S. was published in 1985.26 His edited book A Popular Guide to Minority Rights was published a decade later with the support of the European Human Rights Foundation.27 These and many other examples also discount the view that African American scholars have not or are not producing international law scholarship. To be clear, I do not assume that only African Americans or that all African Americans should produce scholarship about race and international law. To make such a claim would be inaccurate.28 So what accounts for AJIL and AJIL Unbound’s extremely limited publication of scholarship probing the racist underpinnings of international law, as well as the racial hierarchies upon which international law was constructed? Why is it that these two publications have had no tradition of publishing scholarship that traces international law’s historical and continuing complicity in producing racial inequality and hierarchy including slavery, as well as the subjugation and domination of the peoples of the First Nations? A. Hypothesis One: Conscious Exclusion of African Americans Until Recently The 2020 Richardson Report adopted by the American Society of International Law, under whose umbrella AJIL is published, concluded that “during the first six decades of the existence and growth of the Society,” the Society “silently [and] effectively exclude[d] domestic persons of color and others,

Hierarchy, Race and Feminist Legal Theory, 10 YALE J.L & FEMINISM 101 (1998). For books on the topic, see ALEXANDER ANIEVAS, RACE AND RACISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: CONFRONTING THE GLOBAL COLOUR LINE (2015); GEETA CHOWDRY & SHEILA NAIR, POWER, POSTCOLONIALISM AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: READING RACE, GENDER AND CLASS (2002); and Sundhya Pahuja, Corporations, Universalism and the Domestication of Race in International Law, in EMPIRE, RACE AND GLOBAL JUSTICE (Duncan Bell ed., 2019). For additional resources, see Jeanne M. Woods, Introduction: Theoretical Insights from the Cutting Edge, 104 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 389 (2010); International Dimensions of Critical Race Theory, 91 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 408 (1997); Henry J. Richardson III, African Americans and International Law: For Professor Goler Teal Butcher, with Appreciation, 37 HOWARD L.J. 217 (1994). 25 In that research, I answer the following questions: whether Black scholars are cited by the most prominent scholars, and whether the work of Black scholars is not reproduced or acknowledged in leading casebooks. 26 See generally YUSSUF NAIM KLY, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE BLACK MINORITY IN THE U.S. (1985). 27 See generally A POPULAR GUIDE TO MINORITY RIGHTS (Yussuf Naim Kly ed., 1995). 28 Just because a scholar is Black does not mean that they represent Black people or, for that reason, all Black people. See Olúfémi O. Táíwò, Being-in-the-Room Privilege: Elite Capture and Epistemic Deference, 108 THE PHILOSOPHER 61 (2020) (writing about “standpoint philosophy”).

Summer 2021 93 Chicago Journal of International Law based on their ethnicity, culture, religion or sexual orientation.”29 This factual finding is consistent with evidence in other areas of scholarship where scholars have argued that decisions to restrict minorities by college chancellors and presidents have shaped the current moment in higher education.30 Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg also cite a letter written to the editors of AJIL in 1999 noting that a then recently published agora of the methods of international law did not include any perspectives relating to the concerns of scholars of color.31 In that letter, Henry J. Richardson III wrote about the exclusion as follows: [I] was sadly disappointed that critical race theory/Latino critical legal theory (CRT/LCT) was omitted totally from that discussion, even to the absence of a single footnote. That omission crucially distorts the symposium by ignoring the emergence in the last two decades of new approaches to international law, based on determinations by people of color that in order to erase embedded systematic discrimination they must become jurisprudential producers and not merely remain jurisprudential consumers.32 Further, it was not until 2014, about 107 years after AJIL was founded, that an African American was first elected to sit on its Board of Editors. It can be inferred from this history of exclusion, what the report calls the silent and effective exclusion of domestic persons of color, that it is not surprising that AJIL has not focused extensively on tracing the relevance of race to international law.33 The history of AJIL until 2014 (when the first African American got elected following changes in AJIL regulations that made this possible) indicates that the emphasis on diversifying the Board focused on dimensions, such as “countries of origin, primary affiliations . . . current geographical locations . . . the participation of women and the involvement of scholars at earlier stages in their careers, as well as through attention to scholarship at the intersection of international law with other

29 THE RICHARDSON REPORT, supra note 11, at 8–9. 30 See, e.g., EDDIE R. COLE, THE CAMPUS COLOR LINE: COLLEGE PRESIDENTS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR BLACK FREEDOM (2020). 31 See Henry J. Richardson III, Letter to the Editor, 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 99, 99 (2000) (expressing disappointment that perspectives of “people of color” were not represented). 32 Id. For another recounting of this episode, see Woods, supra note 24. 33 Lori Damrosch, The “American” and the “International” in the American Journal of International Law, 100 AM. J. INT’L L. 2, 14 (2006), notes that from its founding until 1944, AJIL did not have a nationality restriction as to membership. In 1944, the ASIL imposed a requirement that to be elected, an editor had to be American. Id. at 14. Damrosch also notes that the “composition of the board had seen little change in decades: more than half of the members serving in 1944 had been elected between 1910 and 1924 and some went back virtually to the founding in one capacity or another.” Id. at 13. The nationality requirement was removed in 1969. Notably, therefore, while editorial membership was open to non-Americans for most of AJIL’s history, no African American was elected until 2014. As Damrosch notes, diversity was understood as “either electing a larger proportion of members with a non-U.S. affiliation or … creating a separate category of foreign editors.” Id. at 14. Diversity, it seems, was never understood as including domestic minorities such as African Americans.

94 Vol. 22 No. 1 Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Gathii disciplines,”34 but not on racial diversity and in particular of domestic racial minorities. This exclusion of African Americans also likely accounts for the epistemic silencing of articles critical of the racist underpinnings of international law. In 1994, Richardson observed that Black “international lawyers are expected either to enter with the same policy assumptions and theoretical approaches held by white international lawyers, or over a short time to be socialized into the same experience.”35 This exclusion has therefore made it difficult to generate scholarship that probes the Eurocentric and racist foundations of international law.36 With regard to raising issues of race among American international lawyers, Richardson notes: “When a [B]lack lawyer threatens to show other starting points, white-shoe lawyers respond with all of the litigational opposition, bureaucratic undercutting, and subtle destruction that they throw against their worst professional colleagues.”37 This is a critical insight since African Americans and much of the Global South rose up against chattel slavery in the new world and alien, racist colonial rule “not by a critique structured by Western conceptions of freedom but by a total rejection of enslavement and racism as it was experienced.”38 A recent study in the completely different field of psychological research sought to establish how often scholarship on psychology and race was published in top-tier cognitive, developmental, and social psychology journals. It found after examining 26,000 empirical articles published from 1974 to 2018: First, across the past five decades, psychological publications that highlight race have been rare, and although they have increased in developmental and social psychology, they have remained virtually nonexistent in cognitive psychology. Second, most publications have been edited by White editors, under which there have been significantly fewer publications that highlight race.39 In June 2021, it was disclosed that the leading medical journals in the United States, including the Journal of the American Medical Association, had rarely addressed

34 Id. at 17. 35 Richardson, African Americans and International Law: For Professor Goler Teal Butcher, with Appreciation, supra note 24, at 221. 36 As Richardson argues, including “international lawyers of color to the profession is tantamount to including non-Eurocentric and non-establishmentarian starting points, procedural emphases, policy perceptions and objectives and theoretical preferences.” Id. at 222. 37 Id. 38 Robin D.G. Kelley, Foreword: Why Black Marxism? Why Now xvii, in CEDRIC J. ROBINSON, THE MAKING OF THE BLACK RADICAL TRADITION (1983). 39 Steven O. Roberts et al., Racial Inequality in Psychological Research: Trends of the Past and Recommendations for the Future, 15 PERSPS. PSYCH. SCI. 1295 (2020). But see Chris C. Martin, Equal Representation Is Inequality, and Other Fallacies: A Commentary on Roberts Et Al., PSYARXIV (2020), https://psyarxiv.com/zusmd.

Summer 2021 95 Chicago Journal of International Law issues relating to race and racism.40 I cite these studies to highlight the striking parallels between my findings and those in completely different fields where the composition of the editors has been overwhelmingly white and where there have also been few publications relating to race. This absence of articles that explicitly probe whether international law has anything to do with race constitutes a colorblindness that, as I have argued elsewhere, is characteristic of how mainstream and even critical scholars avoid analyzing the racial power of law.41 The absence of scholarly analysis relating to race in the premier international law journal in the United States, in my view, makes discussions of race and racial domination in international law invisible. These exclusions were also noted in the report of the 2014 Governance Reforms Committee of AJIL, appointed by then ASIL President Donald Francis Donovan, that noted that there was a perception that AJIL was “‘closed shop,’ made up of those with similar ‘mainstream, traditional’ perspectives who tend to publish and reproduce themselves, and where more ‘innovative scholarship’ is unwelcome.”42 The members of that committee were: Jane Stromseth (Chair); Jose Alvarez (Ex Officio); Antony Anghie; Mahnoush Arsanjani; Christopher Borgen; Joan Donoghue; Larry Helfer; Edward Kwakwa; Natalie Reid; and Richard Steinberg. The deliberations of this committee’s report in the ASIL Executive Council, comprising members such as Jeremy Levitt and Makau Mutua, set the stage for the election of the first African American editor in 2014. When the first African American was elected to the AJIL Board, the Executive Council initially rejected the slate because it did not include a woman. The AJIL Editorial Board re-did the election to conform the guidance from the Executive Council.43 B. Hypothesis Two: Exclusion of Critical Scholarship Including that Relating to Race While noting that Marxist scholarship on international law has not been accepted in mainstream academic circles, Bhupinder S. Chimni, a leading TWAIL

40 Apoorva Mandavilli, Medical Journals Blind to Racism as Health Crisis, Critics Say, N.Y. TIMES (June 2, 2021), https://perma.cc/VK26-G6GD. 41 Gathii, supra note 20. 42 REPORT OF THE AD HOC COMMITTEE ON AJIL GOVERNANCE (2013) (on file with author). That 2013 report noted that as “far as the Committee is aware, an African American has never served on the Journal Board of Editors; moreover, only Asian American has served on the Board. This stands in sharp contrast to the diversity of talent reflected in the Society’s growing membership.” Id. at 5. That report also recommended the amendment of the Lillich Guidelines for selection of articles for publication in AJIL. Id. at 6. Those guidelines, in my view, placed an insuperable barrier to diversifying the Board. 43 See Minutes, AJIL Board of Editors, Extraordinary Meeting (June 19, 2014) (on file with author) (noting that the AJIL Board had received guidance from the Executive Council to reconsider the slate of candidates “to provide for more diversity . . . by accelerating the planned expansion of board membership so as to provide an opportunity this year for greater gender diversity”).

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Marxist scholar, noted that this unacceptability is “a price that critical theories in general have to pay for contesting dominant ideas and approaches.”44 He continued noting that critical approaches: have to confront the ‘subtle censorship of academic decorum.’… the fate of other critical theories such as TWAIL, FtAIL, [Feminist Approaches to International Law], or NAIL, [New Approaches to International Law,] have only been a shade better. Indeed all critical theories are sought to be marginalized by MILS [Mainstream International Legal Scholarship]. But it is only to be expected as critical theories are ranged against the interests of dominant national and international social forces, and therefore often portrayed by the mainstream as unacceptable forms of academic dissent.45 Elsewhere, I have responded to dismissive claims that TWAIL scholarship lacks methodological clarity or that it engages in nihilist deconstruction.46 These types of critiques of critical international law scholarship are not new in AJIL. A 1945 review in the journal of W.E.B. Du Bois’s 1945 book, Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace, perhaps sums up the type of skeptical scrutiny about scholarship relating to race. P.M. Brown, of the Board of Editors, wrote about the book: The hideous cruelties, abominable humiliations, and incredible injustices suffered by the colored race have created a bitterness that precludes an objective and fair analysis of the whole colonial problem. The author . . . has not provided a dispassionate and realistic solution . . . . The author seems to reveal a lack of realism in considering the status of the many African tribes so obviously unprepared for united political action, self-government and independence. He does not credit the colonial powers with sincerity in acknowledging their responsibilities as trustees for the education of backward peoples for full freedom and international obligations.47 Those words speak for themselves. They strongly suggest that uncovering sensitive issues of race will only sow division and that they constitute pure grievance, presumably because it is not possible to speak about race and racism

44 BHUPINDER S. CHIMNI, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND WORLD ORDER: A CRITIQUE OF CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES 20 (2017). 45 Id. 46 James Thuo Gathii, The Agenda of Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), in INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY: FOUNDATIONS AND FRONTIERS (Jeffrey Dunoff & Mark Pollack eds., 2019). 47 P.M. Brown, Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace. By W. E. Burghardt DuBois, 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 869, 869 (1945).

Summer 2021 97 Chicago Journal of International Law objectively.48 In fact, Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg make exactly the same claim in dismissing the work of those that they call critical scholars.49 All this suggests that perhaps the proper way to research and write about international law is devoid of any emotion or reference to the racial power of law. Even more, the reviewer of the DuBois book held the views that the colored peoples of the colonies are backward, itself a racist notion, and that W.E.B. DuBois failed to give credit to the colonial powers for all they were doing! That is certainly an apology for colonialism. I may be accused of anachronism here—that I am using my twenty-first century lens to judge what this reviewer meant in 1945.50 I have two responses to that. First, 1945 was the height of the anticolonial and antiracist efforts against colonial rule in most of Asia and Africa, so these themes were already present in the intellectual discourse of the time. 51 Second, W.E.B. DuBois was one of the leading African American intellectuals of his time connecting white domination of African Americans in the United States to what he called the global color line.52 So clearly, the questions of race and racial injustice were really at the center of discussion and debate in the United States and abroad. Second, the fact that not much progress to date has been made in publishing scholarship that centers examination of the relationship between international law and race seems to have followed the historical trajectory or path dependency of no consistent practice of publishing such work.

48 It is notable that it is not only in international law scholarship where a focus on race is dismissed as ideologically motivated and subjective. For example, critiques of Derald Wing Sue’s important work on microagressions dismiss them as conceptual nonsense and ignore the relevancy of race. See, e.g., Scott O. Lilienfeld, Microagressions: Strong Claims, Inadequate Evidence, 12 PERSPS. PSYCH. SCI. 138 (2017). 49 Daniel Abebe, Adam Chilton & Tom Ginsburg, The Social Science Approach to International Law, 22 CHI. J. INT’L L. 1, 20 (2021) (arguing that “at the end of the day, some of the critical calls for engagement have tended to place the normative commitments above positive inquiry”). That issues relating to race are judged normatively and therefore differently, rather than objectively, is consistent with the finding that in law firms, Black associates are judged more harshly than their white counterparts by white partners. See ARIN N. REEVES, WRITTEN IN BLACK & WHITE: EXPLORING CONFIRMATION BIAS IN RACIALIZED PERCEPTIONS OF WRITING SKILLS (2014), https://perma.cc/644T-JHBQ. 50 For more on anachronism and TWAIL, see Gathii, supra note 21. See also ANNE ORFORD, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE POLITICS OF HISTORY (2021). 51 For more on this, see ADOM GETACHEW, WORLDMAKING AFTER EMPIRE: THE RISE AND FALL OF SELF-DETERMINATION (2019). Gethachew studies “the global projects of decolonization Black Anglophone anticolonial critics and nationalists spearheaded in the three decades after the end of the Second World War.” Id. at 2. See also Christopher Geveers, “Unwhitening the World”: Rethinking Race and International Law, 67 UCLA L. REV. 1652 (2021). 52 On this, see JENNIFER PITTS & ADOM GETACHEW, W.E.B. DU BOIS’S INTERNATIONAL WRITINGS (forthcoming 2021).

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The data I have unearthed clearly shows that the Black international tradition is underrepresented in AJIL and its online companion.53 In my view, it also shows that the intellectual authority interests of those interested in issues of race and racism in international law, and in particular those Black international lawyers who write on these subject areas, have been ignored and therefore not valued in the leading international law journal in the United States. Perhaps this research shows the relationship between power and knowledge, a topic that Edward Said powerfully wrote about in his 1978 book, Orientalism.54 For Said, Orientalism was a “sign of European-Atlantic power over the Orient.”55 It seems mainstream approaches to international law have had a similar power of epistemically erasing the perspectives of how racialized minorities have been marginalized by international law. Further research needs to interrogate the methods of exclusion of work relating to race as well as the scholarship of minority scholars to see if this scholarship around issues of race was prevented not just by the absence of honest racial dialogue, but also by mechanisms of exclusions such as those that pose a tradeoff between quality and diversity. Further, it would be great to know if, as an imperative to maintain the quality of AJIL and AJIL Unbound, it has been necessary to police the boundaries of what is published to prevent the quality of the journal being compromised. As I will note in the conclusion, this conversation has only just commenced within the Board of Editors of AJIL.

53 For more on Black traditions of international law, see James T. Gathii, Henry J. Richardson III: The Father of Black Tradition of International Law, 31 TEMP. INT’L & COMP. L.J. 325 (2017); Darin E.W. Johnson, How U.S. Civil Rights Leaders’ Human Rights Agenda Shaped the United Nations, 1 HOWARD HUM. & CIV. RTS. L. REV. 33 (2017); H. Timothy Lovelace Jr., Making the World in Atlanta’s Image: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Morris Abram, and the Legislative History of the United Nations Race Convention, 32 L. & HIST. REV. 385 (2014); FOREIGN POLICY AND THE BLACK (INTER)NATIONAL (Charles P. Henry ed., 2000); Joyce Elaine King, Education, Research in the Black Liberation: Return What You Learn to the People, 86 J. NEGRO EDUC. 2 (2017). 54 EDWARD SAID, ORIENTALISM (1978). For if it is true that no production of knowledge in the human sciences can ever ignore or disclaim its author’s involvement as a human subject in his own circumstances, then it must also be true that for a European or American studying the Orient there can be no disclaiming the maid circumstances of his actuality: that he comes up against the Orient as a European or American first, as an individual second. And to be a European or an American in such a situation is by no means an inert fact. It meant and means being aware, however dimly, that one belongs to a power with definite interests in the Orient, and more important, that one belongs to a part of the earth with a definite history of involvement in the Orient almost since the time of Homer. Id. at 19. As an editor on AJIL for the last seven years, my personal experience has been that there has been policing of boundaries about what is valuable scholarship and what is not. Scholarship probing or critiquing international law’s complicity in colonialism, slavery, and racism has, in my experience, not been regarded as a valuable type of scholarship. 55 Id. at 14.

Summer 2021 99 Chicago Journal of International Law C. Hypothesis Three: The Big or Defining Debates Abou t International Law in the United States Have Focused on Issues Other than Race The defining debates about international law in the United States, as represented in AJIL, have not simply focused on or zeroed in on the role and place of race in international law. That means the editors of AJIL focused on topics that they considered to be the most important. As a review of AJIL’s first century noted, the journal has a “peculiarly messianic and distinctively American, vision and thrust” traceable to its founders.56 In effect, scholarship probing the role of the U.S. as an empire that mobilized race to repress non-dominant peoples in its possessions and territories, but also and most significantly in its domestic jurisdiction, has not been a particular focus of international law scholarship in the pages of AJIL or AJIL Unbound. For example, African American scholars who were particularly interested in how the minority rights system in Europe could be a useful international legal analogy for U.S. minorities did not feature in any significant way in the pages of AJIL.57 By contrast, for European scholars who have dominated writing about the minority rights system in Europe in the interwar years, including in AJIL, the focus of their scholarship was mainly descriptive of that system outside the United States. That scholarship was never focused on the applicability of the minority rights system within the U.S. The inattention to applicability of the minority rights system for domestic minorities within mainstream international law circles is consistent with the view that civil rights apply to domestic minorities and human rights apply outside the United States.58 This distinction between domestic and international realms has a long legacy of limiting international legal scrutiny of racial inequality and racial injustice in the United States. This exceptionalism has, in my view, been part of the silencing of how domestic minorities have sought to use international law to address their racial repression and marginalization from slavery to date.59 In other words, it seems that this exceptionalism, in part, explains the absence of any critical scrutiny of issues relating to race in AJIL and AJIL Unbound to date. In the last couple of years, a non-exhaustive list of examples of some of the big themes that have preoccupied international legal scholarship include:

56 Bederman, supra note 7, at 21. 57 As noted above, the African American scholar Y.N. Kly published at least two books on this subject. 58 That argument is made persuasively by Makau w. Mutua, The Ideology of Human Rights, 36 VA. J. INT’L L. 589 (1996). 59 See James Thuo Gathii, Keynote Address at the 2021 Wisconsin Journal of International Law Symposium: Race, Racism and International Law: A Repudiation of US Exceptionalism (Apr. 8, 2021).

100 Vol. 22 No. 1 Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Gathii 1. The big culture wars of AJIL were about the place of international law within the U.S. legal order, and in particular the debate between the modern and revisionist position about the status of customary international law as federal common law.60 These debate have centered on the “constitutional dimensions of U.S. foreign affairs law” and they have straddled the history of the journal from its founding.61 So American has AJIL’s focus been that a controversy is reported to have emerged within the governing board of ASIL about awarding Hans Kelsen the 1952 ASIL annual distinguished scholarship award because he “had not adopted a U.S. policy orientation.”62 2. Another major AJIL theme has been the role of the U.S. in the world. This has involved questions of war (including torture, rendition in the recent past), national security, as well as humanitarian intervention every time there is a discussion about the use of force. In David Bederman’s study of the first 100 years of AJIL scholarship, he noted that contributors to the journal followed a “common script of interests and attitudes” so that when the United States entered into conflict, “the journal was a loyal and obedient commentator about American war aims and objectives, as befit the communication organ of a society that was, at one and the same time, progressive and conservative on this country’s legal engagements overseas.”63 3. AJIL has also focused on the U.S.’s relationship with international institutions like the United Nations, the International Criminal Court, and the International Court of Justice.64 4. Another commitment in AJIL has been a “belief in the ultimate inevitability of a community of nations living under the rule of law.”65

60 This debate is summarized here: Ingrid B. Wuerth, The Alien Tort Statute and Federal Common Law: A New Approach, 85 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 101 (2010). Notably, AJIL’s early focus on federalism as an analogy to international law a century later anchored the revisionist position about the effect of international law within the United States. For this early AJIL focus on US federalism, see Carl Landauer, supra note 6, at 338. 61 See, e.g., Bederman, supra note 7, at 38 (noting the historical continuation of this theme in the early Cold War period, 1947–1963). In the later Cold War period, 1964–1989, Bederman noted that “the Journal’s preeminence in U.S. constitutional law doctrine and foreign relations law remained unchallenged.” Id. at 43. Further, he notes that in the final years of the Cold War was a “preoccupation with virtually all aspects of the U.S. law of foreign affairs.” Id. at 47. 62 Damrosch, supra note 33, at 15. 63 Bederman, supra note 7, at 49. 64 Id. at 47 (“[O]ne of the signal aspects of [the final years of the Cold War was] the incredible amount devoted to the role of the United Nations (especially the collective security mechanisms of the Security Council). This writing harks back to scholarship about the Hague Peace Conferences and the League in its formative years.”). 65 Id. at 23.

Summer 2021 101 Chicago Journal of International Law 5. AJIL has been consistently committed to international arbitration and institutions for promoting stable and predictable relations between states.66 6. Another of AJIL’s major points of focus has been the type of international law questions that characterize the work of the Office of the Legal Adviser in the U.S. Department of State, which is charged with providing “advice on all legal issues, domestic and international, arising in the course of the Department’s work. This includes assisting Department principals and policy officers in formulating and implementing the foreign policies of the United States, and promoting the development of international law and its institutions as a fundamental element of those policies.”67 It is important to outline this theme at some length. Bederman’s account of the first century of AJIL scholarship notes that in “view of the strong connection of some AJIL contributors to U.S. government circles, and the historical tradition of the journal as a reflection of both the progressive and conservative attitudes of ASIL, the U.S. government’s views appear to have had a fair hearing in these situations.”68 There indeed has been a rotating door between ASIL and the Legal Advisers’ office. In 2006, Lori Damrosch observed that “many of the journal’s editors . . . have previously held positions in the [State] [D]epartment’s Office of the Legal Adviser or other offices concerned with U.S. foreign relations.”69 In fact, Legal Advisers and the lawyers who serve in that office are frequently on the annual meeting program of ASIL.70 Further, one of the major receptions

66 Id. at 23. Bederman notes that the “first seven volumes of the journal convey an overall impression of almost complete dedication to expounding the virtues and possibilities of institutions of international arbitration.” Id. at 26; see also Landauer, supra note 6, at 337, 340 (also noting that the “particular American investment in ‘assuring the peace of the world’ was a commitment to the development of arbitration [that dated back to] the first International American Conference held in Washington in 1889-90 as a ‘Magna Carta which abolished war and substitutes arbitration between the American Republics’”). Landauer notes that John Bassett Moore, another prominent early member of ASIL and “author of the eight-volume digest of international arbitration[,] was a paid representative of a U.S. based investment company in a case it filed against the Dominican government at a time that Moore was also a paid representative of the State Department and in that role ‘steered the membership on the arbitration panel.’” Landauer, supra note 6, at 344. Thus concludes Landauer, “the international law advocated by US international lawyers was tied to US business interests and there were numerous actual ties between lawyers and those interests.” Id. 67 Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. DEP’T OF STATE, https://perma.cc/Z2Y7-XW6B. 68 Bederman, supra note 7, at 50. 69 Damrosch, supra note 33, at 18. 70 See Harold Koh, Keynote Address: The Obama Administration and International Law, 104 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC., 104, 207–08 (2010).

102 Vol. 22 No. 1 Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Gathii at the ASIL annual meeting is hosted by the Legal Adviser’s office hosted for former and current staff of the Legal Adviser’s office and their guests. A search of the Legal Adviser on AJIL indicates that the Legal Advisers’ opinions feature prominently in its pages over several decades. Unsurprisingly, many AJIL editors have served stints in the Office of the Legal Adviser. Thus Carl Landauer remarks that “the journal’s articles often seem to have been written in an antechamber of the State Department.”71 It is notable that AJIL has a long-standing relationship to the U.S. State Department. To cite Benjamin Allen Coates again, he notes in the early twentieth century there was a “large number of government officials in the ASIL’s leadership [and the] State Department took out 450 subscriptions to the AJIL . . . and in the process improving the society’s financial position.”72 Coates notes that James Brown Scott, who was its first Editor in Chief (1907 to 1924) and who contributed money to found it,73 wrote AJIL editorials in its early years to make sure they did not criticize the Department of State, so that those subscriptions were not cancelled.74 Indeed, ASIL’s early history was closely linked with American power, as evidenced by the fact that the U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root served as ASIL’s founding

First, I have absolutely extraordinary colleagues at the Legal Adviser’s Office, which we call “L,” which is surely the greatest international law firm in the world. Its numbers include many current lawyers and alumni who are sitting here in the audience, and it is a training ground for America's international lawyers. (To prove that point, could I have a show of hands of how many of you in the audience have worked in L sometime during your careers?) Our 175 lawyers are spread over 24 offices, including four extraordinary career deputies and a Counselor of International Law, nearly all of whom are members of this Society and many of whom you will find speaking on the various panels throughout this Annual Meeting program. Id. In response, one commentator noted [Harold Koh’s] keynote address got a few not-buying-it questions from a couple of academics—long may you live, Benjamin Davis and Mary Ellen O’Connell— but this dissonance was washed away by the warm roar of applause at session’s end. A Russian corporate lawyer chum of mine was taken aback by this mellow response to a legal justification for Bush-Cheney policies. Chase Madar, How Liberal Law Professors Kill, COUNTERPUNCH (May 14, 2010), https://perma.cc/S7XF-3UQ4; see also MICHAEL P. SCHARF & PAUL R. WILLIAMS, SHAPING FOREIGN POLICY IN TIMES OF CRISIS: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE STATE DEPARTMENT LEGAL ADVISER (2010) (discussing the role of the State Department Legal Adviser). 71 Landauer, supra note 6, at 329. 72 COATES, supra note 3, at 81–82. 73 Bederman, supra note 7, at 22. 74 COATES, supra note 3, at 80, 83. Notably, Landauer, supra note 6, at 341, notes that the pages of AJIL were not always “entirely copy for the United States,” in a discussion of criticisms leveled against the United States for its hypocrisy of the Drago and Calvo doctrines that featured in the pages of AJIL. Id. at 341, 342.

Summer 2021 103 Chicago Journal of International Law President, three of its Vice Presidents were Supreme Court Justices, three former Secretaries of State, and a future U.S. President.75 As Carl Landauer notes, the early officers of ASIL and editors of AJIL “were part of the interlocking directorate of the US legal and international relations establishment, and very much part of what has been identified as a new American ‘gentry’ class.”76 D. Hypothesis Four: Color-Blindness Has Been the Default Mode of International Legal Scholarship Another hypothesis is that color-blindness has been the default norm in the production of international law scholarship published in AJIL and AJIL Unbound. This is consistent with the fact that the U.S. government has a long history of limiting scrutiny of its record of domestic racial inequality, racial injustice, and ongoing marginalization of women and Indigenous peoples through international law.77 In effect, my findings suggest that AJIL and AJIL Unbound consciously or unconsciously raise the possibility that they reinforce the white status quo understanding of international law.78 As I have noted elsewhere recently, domestic U.S. law was constructed on assumptions that white identity embodied the ideal expression of humanity in terms of morality, progress, and civilization. Likewise, imperial international law was constructed on the basis of white racial superiority—as rational stewards of the territories of non-Europeans—and on the basis of racist myths of indigenous savagery, primitivism, and pathology. Hence, just as slavery dehumanized African Americans as degenerate and outside the boundaries of humanity in the construction of the United States as a white racial state, European and white international law was constructed to superintend over “backward” non-European peoples who were considered to live outside the bounds of humanity and therefore outside of sovereignty.79

IV. CONCLUSION In this Essay, I have used the social science approach to studying international law recommended by Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg to show the near total silence of issues of race in the pages of AJIL and AJIL Unbound. I have

75 COATES, supra note 3, at 67. Corroborating this is another excellent essay on AJIL’s founding by Carl Landauer. Landauer, supra note 6, at 326. 76 Landauer, supra note 6, at 327. 77 This point is the subject of another essay. Gathii, supra note 59. 78 For the same point in another context, see BELL HOOKS, TEACHING TO TRANSGRESS: EDUCATION AS THE PRACTICE OF FREEDOM 12 (1994). 79 Gathii, supra note 20.

104 Vol. 22 No. 1 Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Gathii hypothesized that the exclusion of issues of race from the pages of the leading international law journal can be accounted for along four dimensions. First, this absence reflects the conscious exclusion of African Americans in ASIL in the first six decades of its existence, as the 2020 Richardson Report found.80 Second, it is the result of the stringent scrutiny that international law scholarship relating to racial subordination in international law has faced in AJIL and AJIL Unbound. Third, the big or defining debates about international law in the U.S. have focused on issues other than race. And fourth, color-blindness has been the default view of American international law scholarship as represented in the journal. This Essay shows two things. First, that Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg’s social science approach can be fruitfully applied to answer questions that critical international law scholars are interested in. Second, that in tracing the legacy of race in international law, as I have done in this article, Abebe, Chilton and Ginsburg’s distinction between the neutrality of the scientific methodology they subscribe to, on the one hand, and the normativity of critical approaches that they argue characterizes other approaches, on the other hand, cannot be sustained. This is because the choice of the subject matter that a social science approach takes necessarily excludes other choices. Making that choice is therefore a process of inclusion as well as of exclusion. To the extent that a choice must be made, the selection itself is normative. In addition, the choice of what gets published and what does not, as this Essay has tried to show, can itself be an exclusionary process—something that cannot be normatively or ideologically neutral. This Essay has shown that AJIL and its companion AJIL Unbound have published little on race in over 100 years. Yet, race is heavily embedded in how many rules of international law were formulated and the manner in which it is applied to date. This absence of articles relating to race reflects choices that have effectively discouraged, if not silenced, the production of scholarship on race and international law. That outcome, I contend, is not inevitable, natural, and necessary, but is perhaps rather a reflection of the choices about what types of knowledge in international law matter enough to be published in the pages of AJIL and AJIL Unbound. So, what can be done about this exclusion of scholarship probing the role of race in AJIL and AJIL Unbound? Elsewhere, I have made the case that CRT scholars and TWAIL scholars should work together to combat the “all-too-often mainstream efforts to provincialize, define, and box critical approaches— especially when they delve into issues of race and identity—as marginal and irrelevant, rather than as significant contributions that challenge expand their respective fields.”81 Already a number of recent events have been convened

80 THE RICHARDSON REPORT, supra note 11. 81 Gathii, supra note 20; see also Tendayi Achiume & Devon W. Carbado, Critical Race Theory Meets Third World Approaches to International Law, 67 UCLA L. REV. 1462 (2021).

Summer 2021 105 Chicago Journal of International Law between TWAIL and CRT scholars to explore their overlapping interests, and part of that conversation is set to be published as a symposium issue of the UCLA Law Review.82 This is a great start. Within AJIL, on October 5, 2020, the Executive Committee of Blacks of the American Society of International Law (BASIL)83 wrote to the Editors in Chief of AJIL in the following terms:84 [T]aking into account the progress made since 2014 when the first African Americans were elected as Editors of the American Journal of International Law, BASIL calls upon the Editors of the American Journal of International Law: • To continue to make diversity and inclusivity a consideration, particularly of African Americans, in those selected for nomination to be AJIL Editors; • To continue to make diversity and inclusivity a consideration, particularly of African Americans, among those elected to be AJIL Editors; • To ensure that appointive positions at the discretion of the Editors in Chief in the Journal (such as for Section Heads, Associate Managing Editors, committee chairs, and other leadership positions) reflect the diversity of ASIL’s membership and in particular of African Americans and critical race scholars; • To in particular ensure that the appointment of Associate Managing Editors include African Americans since this has become an informal pipeline for election to become Editors and yet no African Americans have served in this role; • To ensure an open, more transparent application process for Associate Managing Editors (comparable to ASIL’s approach to openly advertising leadership positions) —e.g., advertised through historically-Black law schools, the National Bar Association, BASIL, and other appropriate institutions that may provide a gateway for African American and other underrepresented lawyers who specialize in international law;

82 For example, Justin Desautels-Stein, James Anaya, and Tendayi Achiume organized the “International Law and Racial Justice” workshop at the University of Colorado, Boulder, School of Law in August 2018. Another symposium in March 2019 titled “Critical Perspectives on Race and Human Rights: Transnational Re-Imaginings” and a workshop immediately thereafter titled “Race, Empire and International Law Workshop,” co-sponsored by UCLA School of Law’s Promise Institute for Human Rights and Critical Race Studies Program, were held under the guidance of Tendayi Achiume and Asli Bali. Following those events, in January 2020, the UCLA Law Review Symposium, entitled “Transnational Legal Discourse on Race and Empire,” was held. For the introduction to that symposium, see Tendayi Achiume and Asli Bali, Race and Empire: Legal Theory Within, Through and Across National Borders 67 UCLA L. REV. 1386 (2021). 83 Established under the ASIL Honorary Presidency of Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, BASIL’s goals include (1) increasing the number and influence of Blacks within ASIL, and (2) strengthening and affirming the role of Black international lawyers, jurists, and academics in the United States. See Letter from BASIL Exec. Comm. to the AJIL Co-Editors in Chief (Oct. 5, 2020) [hereinafter BASIL Letter] (on file with author). 84 See id.

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• To avoid the types of word-of-mouth (and “old boy’s network”) hiring approaches that have been found illegal under U.S. civil rights law, as such hiring processes served to exclude, rather than open up the pipeline of opportunity; • To in particular ensure that the appointment of the Nomination Committee for the election of new Editors is inclusive and diverse and, to the extent possible, especially when African American editors are finalizing their terms of office or when they have decided not to seek re- election, that African American Editors are part of the Nominating Committee; • To continue to add to rather than to reduce the number of African Americans on the Board of Editors to avoid the legacy of exclusion of African Americans in the Board of Editors; and • To continue maintaining African American nominees eligible for election put forward by the Nominating Committee but not elected for consideration in subsequent elections.85 An ad hoc committee on Diversity in AJIL was convened in late 2020 with a mandate to look into “how AJIL should promote racial and other forms of diversity in the process for nominations, elections to the Board, and selection of section heads and editorial positions on Unbound.”86 Although BASIL’s letter noted that “we would be delighted to see articles on the types of issues raised by critical race theorists in AJIL that have so far not featured in the pages of the Journal,” issues of content were excluded from the remit of the ad hoc committee on diversity.87 After several months of intensive consultations, the ad hoc committee report to the full AJIL Board in March 2021. The report made eight recommendations: Recommendation (1): Diversity Statement. Replace the Lillich Guidelines with a Diversity Statement that can be used to guide or question future decisions: Sample language: The American Journal of International Law is committed to being the preeminent publication on international law in the United States. Toward that end, the Journal will select highly qualified individuals, who have diverse backgrounds and perspectives (along multiple dimensions), to participate in decisionmaking on the Board of Editors and in other management or editorial positions. This commitment to diversity is not only in the service of excellence but also consistent with fundamental non-discrimination norms in the field of international law. Send this Diversity Statement to nominees for election to the Board, with the statement on active service, in order to establish expectations for Board membership.

85 Id. at 2–3. 86 Email from AJIL Editors in Chief (Dec. 3, 2020) (on file with author). 87 BASIL Letter, supra note 83, at 3.

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Recommendation (2): Cultivate Diverse Talent. Work with relevant ASIL groups and programs (e.g., BASIL, WILIG, MILIG, and “new voices”) to provide mentorship and advice to interested scholars who are of color (especially African American) or are not cisgender men. Include a diverse range of article reviewers when going outside the Board, as one way to identify possible future candidates for the Board. Recommendation (3): Transparency in Nomination and Selection Criteria. Publicize information about the criteria for being nominated or selected to the Board or to other management or editorial positions, so that qualified candidates who are not well networked can more easily put themselves forward. Recommendation (4): Open the Processes for Selecting Section Heads and Editorial Positions for AJIL Unbound. Consider publicizing (at least to members of the Board) when these positions become available so that the pool of candidates can be expanded and diversified. Also consider involving some members of the Board in the appointment decisions. Recommendation (5): Nomination Committee Diversity Consideration. Ensure that the Nomination Committee is diverse and require it, when presenting the candidates for selection to the Board, to describe the steps it took to include a slate of candidates who are diverse among many dimensions, including race (especially African Americans) and gender. Recommendation (6): Create an Inclusive and Equitable Environment on the Board. Provide more opportunities for Board members to interact and participate in decisions relating to the Board. For example, consider using semiannual meetings to discuss strategic decisions, best practices for reviewing manuscripts, or opportunities for future engagement and involvement. In addition, encourage Board members to present their own ideas for the Journal; avoid creating an environment (actual or perceived) in which only a small subset of Board members shape the content of the Journal. Recommendation (7): Do Not Backslide. Given the progress that has been achieved in diversifying the Board, create the expectation that future Board Elections will build on rather than undercut this progress; perhaps use as a baseline goal the 2020-2021 composition of the Board. Encourage Board members to disclose on a voluntary basis their racial, ethnic or other forms of diversity to help the Journal track progress in diversifying the Board. Recommendation (8): Regular Diversity Review. Institute a regular process for reviewing, perhaps every three years, the diversity on the Board and in other editorial and management positions and for recommending further action, as necessary. Recommendation (9): Diversity in Content. Institute a process for considering whether and, if so, how AJIL should try to diversify its content such that it includes a broader range of topics and methods of analysis, including but not limited to those relating to gender, race, and ethnicity.88

88 AM. J. INT’L LAW, REPORT OF THE AJIL AD HOC DIVERSITY COMMITTEE 5–6 (2021) (on file with author).

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In short, AJIL’s Editorial Board has instituted a process to address many of the issues raised in the BASIL letter and which, in my view, have prevented AJIL and AJIL Unbound from publishing scholarship critically analyzing the role of race in international law. That said, as important as the process is for addressing issues of content in AJIL and AJIL Unbound, the measure of success is when AJIL and AJIL Unbound regularly publish issues of race and identity as often as they publish on black letter law issues. The foregoing nascent efforts within AJIL, including the election of two female African American editors and the first indigenous American as an editor,89 may offer some hope that there will be momentum to dismantle to legacy of exclusion of content relating to race in the pages of the journal and in AJIL Unbound as well. Ultimately, more scholarship needs to probe why issues relating to slavery, race, and imperialism, which have all intimately shaped international law, have not been featured in any significant way in the pages of AJIL and AJIL Unbound. This unfortunate state of affairs has continued even as there continues to be a growing body of scholarship on these themes published in leading publishing houses as well as articles published in many other reputable journals and blogs.90 In fact, it is telling that the international legal ramifications of Black Lives Matter were covered by the European Journal of International Law91 and the blog Just Security,92 but not by the AJIL or AJIL Unbound in any of any significant way. Hopefully, the conversations that have begun within the Editorial Board of AJIL and AJIL Unbound will address these more than century-long exclusions and silences and begin to overcome them.

89 The two African American female editors elected were Adrien Katherine Wing and Tendayi Achiume. The first scholar of indigenous descent, elected on the board on the same day, March 19, 2021, was James Anaya. See James Thuo Gathii (@JTGathii), TWITTER (Mar. 19, 2021, 3:39 PM), https://twitter.com/JTGathii/status/1373011376420106241. 90 For a sampling of such scholarship, see the TWAIL bibliography attached to my 2020 ASIL Grotius Lecture. James Thuo Gathii, The Promise of International Law: A Third World View (Including a TWAIL Bibliography 1996–2019 as an Appendix) 114 AM. SOC’Y INT’L L. PROC. 165 (2021), https://perma.cc/CL73-VM3F. 91 Black Lives Matter, EJIL: TALK!, https://perma.cc/6HS2-KP8A. 92 Maryam Jamshidi & Emily Berman, Embracing Diversity and Critical Perspectives in National Security Law, JUST SECURITY (Oct. 30, 2020), https://perma.cc/42L7-BWFX.

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Appendices

Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Using a Social Science Approach James Thuo Gathii*

* Wing-Tat Lee Chair of International Law and Professor of Law, Loyola University Chicago School of Law. I thank my research assistants Michael John Cornell, Romina Nemaei, Caitlin Chenus, and Audrey Mallinak for their invaluable assistance with this ongoing project. I also thank Loyola’s international reference librarian, Julienne Grant, for her important contributions to the research process and methodology. Finally, I would like to thank Christiane Wilke and Mohsen Al Attar for their extensive comments on the draft of this Essay. All errors are mine.

1 Chicago Journal of International Law Table of Contents

I. Appendix 1: Full List of AJIL Documents with Relevant Denotations of “Race” ...... 2 II. Appendix 2: Full List of AJIL Unbound Documents with Relevant Denotation of “Race” ...... 75 III. Appendix 3: Additional Table and Chart ...... 85

I. APPENDIX 1: FULL LIST OF AJIL DOCUMENTS WITH RELEVANT DENOTATIONS OF “RACE”

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 1 Doctrine of Continuous 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 61 Elliott, Charles Voyages (1907) Burke 2 Notes on Sovereignty in a 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 105 Lansing, Robert State (1907) 3 Editorial 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 129 N/A (1907) 4 Real Questions under the 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 273 Root Japanese Treaty and the San (1907) Francisco School Board Resolution 5 Notes on Sovereignty in a 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 297 Lansing, Robert State (1907) 6 International Arbitration 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 330 Penfield, William (1907) L. 7 Permanent Tribunal of 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 342 Clarke, R. Floyd International Arbitration Its (1907) Necessity and Value 8 Development of International 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 418 Olney, Richard Law (1907) 9 Board of Editors of the 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 431 N/A American Journal of (JANUARY AND APRIL International Law 1907)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 10 Book Reviews Book Notes1 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 544 N/A (JANUARY AND APRIL 1907) 11 International Congresses and 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 565 Baldwin, Simeon Conferences of the Last (1907) E. Century as Forces Working Toward the Solidarity of the World 12 American Ideals of 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 624 Hart, Albert International Relations (1907) Bushnell 13 State Loans in Their 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 692 Drago, Luis M. Relation to International (1907) Policy 14 Editorial 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 944 N/A (JANUARY AND APRIL 1907) 15 Book Reviews 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 1044 N/A (JANUARY AND APRIL 1907) 16 Calvo and Drago Doctrines 1 AM. J. INT’L L. 26 Hershey, Amos (JANUARY AND APRIL S. 1907) 17 Central American Peace 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 121 Scott, James Conference of 1907 (1908) Brown 18 Science of International Law 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 313 Oppenheim, L. Its Tasks and Method (1908) 19 Neutralization 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 366 Winslow, Erving (1908) 20 Book Reviews 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 439 N/A (1908) 21 Sanction of International 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 451 Root, Elihu Law (1908)

1 Note, some documents are “aggregate documents” (e.g., Book Reviews, Current Developments, or Editorial Comments), consisting of whole journal sections with subparts written by multiple authors, or various reprinted or official materials organized by one or several editors. The appearance of relevant uses of “race” in each of these aggregate documents was counted only once. All aggregate documents appearing in tables were searched individually to list the specific subsections in which relevant uses of “race” or related terms occurred. The fact that some of the aggregate documents with a relevant denotation of race do not include identification of a specific author did not affect the accuracy of the count.

Summer 2021 3 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 22 Proposed International Prize 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 476 Brown, Henry B. Court (1908) 23 Editorial 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 607 N/A (1908) 24 Book Reviews 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 708 N/A (1908) 25 Disarmament 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 743 Hobson, (1908) Richmond Pearson 26 Case for Limitation of 2 AM. J. INT’L L. 758 Trueblood, Armaments (1908) Benjamin F. 27 Book Reviews 3 AM. J. INT’L L. 247 N/A (1909) 28 Latin America and 3 AM. J. INT’L L. 269 Alvarez, International Law (1909) Alejandro 29 Editorial 3 AM. J. INT’L L. 423 N/A (1909) 30 Practice of Asylum in 3 AM. J. INT’L L. 562 Gilbert, Barry Legations and Consulates of (1909) the United States 31 Editorial 3 AM. J. INT’L L. 674 N/A (1909) 32 Book Reviews 3 AM. J. INT’L L. 761 N/A (1909) 33 Editorial 3 AM. J. INT’L L. 942 N/A (1909) 34 Book Reviews 3 AM. J. INT’L L. 1037 N/A (1909) 35 Editorial 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 156 N/A (1910) 36 Basis of Protection to 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 517 Root, Elihu Citizens Residing Abroad (1910) 37 President’s Address on 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 567 Lammasch, Opening the North Atlantic (1910) Henri Fisheries Arbitration at the Hague June 1, 1910 38 Legal Basis of the Rules of 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 571 Myers, Denys P. Blockade in the Declaration (1910) of London

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 39 Slave-Trade in the Spanish 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 612 Scelle, G. Colonies of America the (1910) Assiento 40 Editorial 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 662 N/A (1910) 41 Book Reviews 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 752 N/A (1910) 42 Abolition of Slavery in the 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 794 Williams, E. T. Chinese Empire (1910) 43 Comparative Study of the 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Woolsey, Lester South African Constitution (1910) H. 44 China and the Powers Since 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 848 Manning, the Boxer Movement (1910) William R. 45 Editorial 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 903 N/A (1910) 46 Law of the Air-Ship 4 AM. J. INT’L L. 95 Baldwin, Simeon (1910) E. 47 Studies on the Eastern 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 144 Soelle, G. Question (1911) 48 Board of Editors of the 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 178 N/A American Journal of (1911) International Law 49 Book Reviews 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 261 N/A (1911) 50 French Nationality Laws 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 325 McGovney, D. Imposing Nationality at (1911) O. Birth 51 Francis Lieber His Life and 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 355 Nys, Ernest His Work (1911) 52 Studies on the Eastern 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 394 Soelle, G. Question (1911) 53 Editorial 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 433 N/A (1911) 54 Book Reviews 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 534 N/A (1911) 55 Albericus Gentilis 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 665 Balch, Thomas (1911) Willing 56 Editorial 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 705 N/A (1911)

Summer 2021 5 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 57 Book Reviews 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 834 N/A (1911) 58 Codification of International 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 871 Nys, Ernest Law (1911) 59 History of International 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 901 Hershey, Amos Relations During Antiquity (1911) S. and the Middle Ages 60 Board of Editors of the 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 1025 N/A American Journal of (1911) International Law 61 Book Reviews 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 1108 N/A (1911) 62 Francis Lieber His Life and 5 AM. J. INT’L L. 84 Nys, Ernest His Work (1911) 63 History of the Department of 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 119 Hunt, Gaillard State (1912) 64 Editorial 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 149 N/A (1912) 65 Evolution of a Permanent 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 316 Scott, James International Judiciary (1912) Brown 66 Is Hudson Bay a Closed or 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 409 Balch, Thomas an Open Sea (1912) Willing 67 Editorial 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 460 N/A (1912) 68 Book Reviews 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 543 N/A (1912) 69 General Arbitration Treaties 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 595 Olney, Richard (1912) 70 Anglo-German Tension and 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 601 Chadwick, F. E. a Solution (1912) 71 Board of Editors of the 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 699 N/A American Journal of (1912) International Law 72 The Protocole Additionnel to 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 799 Butte, George C. the International Prize (1912) Court Convention 73 Development and Formation 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Nys, Ernest of International Law (1912) 74 Law of Nations 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 890 Snow, Alpheus (1912) Henry

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 75 Book Reviews 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 1030 N/A (1912) 76 Government of the United 6 AM. J. INT’L L. 70 Seward, George States and American (1912) F. Foreign Missionaries 77 International Opium 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 108 Wright, Conference (1913) Hamilton 78 Book Reviews 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 421 N/A (1913) 79 Francis Lieber 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 453 Root, Elihu (1913) 80 Basic Elements of 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 497 Borchard, Edwin Diplomatic Protection of (1913) M. Citizens Abroad 81 Prisoner of War 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 521 Davis, Geo. B. (1913) 82 Book Reviews 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 666 N/A (1913) 83 Jurisdiction of American- 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 687 Clark, J. Reuben British Claims Commission (1913) 84 American Construction of 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 708 Crandall, Samuel the Most-Favored-Nation (1913) B. Clause 85 Editorial 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 823 N/A (1913) 86 Cardinal Alberoni’s Scheme 7 AM. J. INT’L L. 83 N/A (1913) 87 Editorial 8 AM. J. INT’L L. 109 N/A (1914) 88 Book Reviews 8 AM. J. INT’L L. 169 N/A (1914) 89 Central American Questions 8 AM. J. INT’L L. 213 Germanicus from a European Point of (1914) View 90 Editorial 8 AM. J. INT’L L. 565 N/A (1914) 91 International Conference on 8 AM. J. INT’L L. 758 Wheeler, Everett Safety of Life at Sea (1914) P. 92 Editorial 8 AM. J. INT’L L. 853 N/A (1914)

Summer 2021 7 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 93 Practical Peace Policy 8 AM. J. INT’L L. 51 Schvan, A. (1914) 94 Book Reviews 9 AM. J. INT’L L. 269 N/A (1915) 95 Theory of the Independence 9 AM. J. INT’L L. 305 Brown, Philip and Equality of States (1915) Marshall 96 Book Reviews 9 AM. J. INT’L L. 554 N/A (1915) 97 Doctrine of Servitudes in 9 AM. J. INT’L L. 627 Potter, Pitman B. International Law (1915) 98 International Law as 9 AM. J. INT’L L. 642 Bentwich, Applied by England in the (1915) Norman War 99 Book Reviews 9 AM. J. INT’L L. 760 N/A (1915) 100 Pacific and Asiatic 9 AM. J. INT’L L. 802 Hart, Albert Doctrines Akin to the (1915) Bushnell Monroe Doctrine 101 Organization of 9 AM. J. INT’L L. 45 Spencer, Arthur International Force (1915) W. 102 Should the Monroe Policy Be 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 77 Armstrong, Modified or Abandoned (1916) Robert D. 103 Book Reviews 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 180 N/A (1916) 104 Declaration of the Rights 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 211 Root, Elihu and Duties of Nations (1916) Adopted by the American Institute of International Law 105 Some Questions of 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 238 Garner, James International Law in the (1916) W. European War 106 Origin of the Hague 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 270 Myers, Denys P. Arbitral Courts (1916) 107 Relations between the United 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 312 Capo-Rodriguez, States and Porto Rico (1916) Pedro 108 Sanction of International 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 328 Peaslee, Amos J. Law (1916) 109 Book Reviews 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 445 N/A (1916)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 110 Editorial 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 556 N/A (1916) 111 Book Reviews 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 656 N/A (1916) 112 Unjustifiable War and the 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 689 Lammasch, Means to Avoid It (1916) Heinrich 113 Alberico Gentili and His 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 737 Abbott, Frank Advocatio Hispanica (1916) Frost 114 Relations between China 10 AM. J. INT’L L. 798 Williams, E. T. Russia and Mongolia (1916) 115 Editorial Comment 11 AM. J. INT’L L. 380 N/A (1917) 116 Hellenic Crisis from the 11 AM. J. INT’L L. 46 Ion, Theodore P. Point of View of (1917) Constitutional and International Law 117 Violation of Treaties by 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 96 Myers, Denis P. Adverse National Action (1918) 118 Editorial Comment 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 127 N/A (1918) 119 Book Reviews 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 211 N/A (1918) 120 Prussian Theory of 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 266 Willoughby, W. Government (1918) W. 121 Hellenic Crisis from the 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 312 Ion, Theodore P. Point of View of (1918) Constitutional and International Law 122 Editorial Comment 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 338 N/A (1918) 123 Book Reviews 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 426 N/A (1918) 124 Some Reflections on the 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 498 Kocourek, Albert Problem of a Society of (1918) Nations 125 Territorial Propinquity 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 519 Wright, Quincy (1918) 126 Editorial Comment 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 589 N/A (1918)

Summer 2021 9 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 127 Book Reviews 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 672 N/A (1918) 128 Treatment of Enemy Aliens 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 744 Garner, James (1918) W. 129 Neutrality of Switzerland 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 780 Sherman, (1918) Gordon E. 130 Editorial Comment 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 813 N/A (1918) 131 Book Reviews 12 AM. J. INT’L L. 890 N/A (1918) 132 Peace Conference of Paris 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 159 Finch, Geo. A. 1919 (1919) 133 Reconstruction and 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 187 Woolsey, International Law (1919) Theodore S. 134 Constitutionality of Treaties 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 242 Wright, Quincy (1919) 135 Editorial Comment 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 302 N/A (1919) 136 Current Notes 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 313 N/A (1919) 137 American-German 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 406 Stone, Raymond Conference on Prisoners of (1919) War 138 Relations between the United 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 483 Capo-Rodriguez, States and Porto Rico (1919) Pedro 139 Editorial Comments 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 526 N/A (1919) 140 Current Notes 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 570 N/A (1919) 141 Book Reviews 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 615 N/A (1919) 142 Editorial Comment 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 738 N/A (1919) 143 Current Notes 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 759 N/A (1919) 144 Book Reviews 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 832 N/A (1919) 145 Treatment of Enemy Aliens 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 22 Garner, James (1919) W.

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 146 Private Property on the High 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 60 Bower, Graham Seas (1919) 147 Editorial Comment 13 AM. J. INT’L L. 79 N/A (1919) 148 Treaty of Peace with 14 AM. J. INT’L L. 155 Finch, George A. Germany in the United (1920) States Senate 149 Editorial Comment 14 AM. J. INT’L L. 207 N/A (1920) 150 Book Reviews 14 AM. J. INT’L L. 283 N/A (1920) 151 Editorial Comment 14 AM. J. INT’L L. 382 N/A (1920) 152 Doctrine of the Equality of 14 AM. J. INT’L L. 540 Armstrong, S. W. Nations in International (1920) Law and the Relation of the Doctrine to the Treaty of Versailles 153 Editorial Comment 14 AM. J. INT’L L. 581 N/A (1920) 154 Book Reviews 14 AM. J. INT’L L. 679 N/A (1920) 155 Origin Meaning and 14 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Tower, International Force of the (1920) Charlemagne Monroe Doctrine 156 Sanction of International 14 AM. J. INT’L L. 26 Roxburgh, Law (1920) Ronald 157 Editorial Comment 15 AM. J. INT’L L. 51 N/A (1921) 158 Book Reviews 15 AM. J. INT’L L. 122 N/A (1921) 159 Book Reviews 15 AM. J. INT’L L. 305 N/A (1921) 160 Nature and Sources of 15 AM. J. INT’L L. 349 Sherman, International Law (1921) Gordon E. 161 International Society and 15 AM. J. INT’L L. 361 Reeves, Jesse S. International Law (1921) 162 Greek Interstate 15 AM. J. INT’L L. 375 Boak, A. E. R. Associations and the League (1921) of Nations

Summer 2021 11 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 163 Conference on the Limitation 15 AM. J. INT’L L. 503 Scott, James of Armament and Problems (1921) Brown of the Pacific 164 Colonial Representation in 15 AM. J. INT’L L. 530 Capo-Rodriguez, the American Empire (1921) Pedro 165 Notes on World Sovereignty 15 AM. J. INT’L L. 13 Lansing, Robert (1921) 166 Book Reviews 16 AM. J. INT’L L. 144 N/A (1922) 167 Conference on the Limitation 16 AM. J. INT’L L. 159 Hughes, Charles of Armament (1922) E. Lodge, Henry Cabot Underwood, Oscar W. Root, Elihu 168 Jurisdiction over Foreigners 16 AM. J. INT’L L. 585 James, Eldon R. in Siam (1922) 169 Protection of American 16 AM. J. INT’L L. 43 Williams, Benj. Citizens in China (1922) H. Extraterritoriality 170 Editorial Comment 16 AM. J. INT’L L. 59 N/A (1922) 171 Editorial Comment 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 79 N/A (1923) 172 Book Reviews and Notes 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 176 N/A (1923) 173 Capitulations of the 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 209 Thayer, Lucius Ottoman Empire and the (1923) Ellsworth Question of Their Abrogation as It Affects the United States 174 International Law in Its 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 236 Wright, Quincy Relation to Constitutional (1923) Law 175 Russia in the Far East 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 252 Korff, S. A. (1923) 176 Book Reviews and Notes 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 400 N/A (1923)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 177 International Organization 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 438 Sherman, of the Danube under the (1923) Gordon Peace Treaties 178 Protection of American 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 489 Williams, Benj. Citizens in China Cases of (1923) H. Lawlessness 179 Editorial Comment 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 504 N/A (1923) 180 Current Notes 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 527 N/A (1923) 181 Book Reviews and Notes 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 582 N/A (1923) 182 Observations on the Monroe 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 611 Hughes, Charles Doctrine (1923) E. 183 Protection of Minorities by 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 641 Rosting, Helmer the League of Nations (1923) 184 Neutrality and the World 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 704 Graham, War (1923) Malbone W. Jr. 185 Book Reviews and Notes 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 809 N/A (1923) 186 Some Legal Aspects of the 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 31 Buell, Raymond Japanese Question (1923) Leslie 187 Mandatory System 17 AM. J. INT’L L. 52 Mills, Mark (1923) Carter 188 Editorial Comment 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 98 N/A (1924) 189 Book Reviews and Notes 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 199 N/A (1924) 190 Introduction to the History of 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 246 Korff, Baron S. International Law (1924) A. 191 Editorial Comment 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 296 N/A (1924) 192 Current Notes 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 323 N/A (1924) 193 Book Reviews and Notes 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 374 N/A (1924) 194 Editorial Comment 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 507 N/A (1924) 195 Current Notes 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 549 N/A (1924)

Summer 2021 13 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 196 Book Reviews 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 635 N/A (1924) 197 Settlement of Lausanne 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 696 Turlington, (1924) Edgar 198 Citizenship of Married 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 720 Hill, Cyril D. Women (1924) 199 Quota Provisions of the 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 737 Parker, A. Immigration Act of 1924 (1924) Warner 200 Second Year of the 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Hudson, Manley Permanent Court of (1924) O. International Justice 201 Far Eastern Republic a 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 82 Quigley, Harold Product of Intervention (1924) Scott 202 Question of East Carelia 18 AM. J. INT’L L. 93 Kalijarvi, (1924) Thorsten 203 Meaning of Pan- 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 104 Lockey, Joseph Americanism (1925) B. 204 Book Reviews and Notes 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 220 N/A (1925) 205 Editorial Comment 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 327 N/A (1925) 206 Grotius’ De Jure Belli ac 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 461 Scott, James Pacis Libri Tres the Work (1925) Brown of a Lawyer Stateman and Theologian 207 Editorial Comment 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 530 N/A (1925) 208 Book Reviews and Notes 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 649 N/A (1925) 209 Editorial Comment 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 739 N/A (1925) 210 Book Reviews and Notes 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 824 N/A (1925) 211 Ineligible to Citizenship 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 23 Parker, A. Provisions of the (1925) Warner Immigration Act of 1924 212 Outlawry of War 19 AM. J. INT’L L. 76 Wright, Quincy (1925) 213 Current Notes 20 AM. J. INT’L L. 140 N/A (1926)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 214 Book Reviews and Notes 20 AM. J. INT’L L. 207 N/A (1926) 215 The Bombardment of 20 AM. J. INT’L L. 263 Wright, Quincy Damascus (1926) 216 Book Reviews and Notes 20 AM. J. INT’L L. 400 N/A (1926) 217 The Progressive Codification 20 AM. J. INT’L L. 655 Hudson, Manley of International Law (1926) O. 218 The Mixed Courts of Egypt 20 AM. J. INT’L L. 670 Brinton, Jasper (1926) Y. 219 Editorial Comments 20 AM. J. INT’L L. 726 N/A (1926) 220 Book Reviews and Notes 20 AM. J. INT’L L. 819 N/A (1926) 221 Neutralization as a 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 79 Graham, Movement in International (1927) Malbone W. Law 222 Editorial Comments 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 95 N/A (1927) 223 Book Reviews and Notes 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 188 N/A (1927) 224 The Effect of Changes of 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 268 Gettys, C. Luella Sovereignty on Nationality (1927) 225 Book Reviews and Notes 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 381 N/A (1927) 226 The Gradual and Progressive 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 417 Scott, James Codification of International (1927) Brown Law 227 Editorial Comments 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 499 N/A (1927) 228 Book Reviews and Notes 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 628 N/A (1927) 229 Editorial Comments 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 737 N/A (1927) 230 The Fifth Year of the 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 26 Hudson, Manley Permanent Court of (1927) O. International Justice 231 The Right of Appeal in 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 40 Hazard, Henry B. Naturalization Cases in the (1927) Federal Courts

Summer 2021 15 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 232 The Nature of American 21 AM. J. INT’L L. 53 Potter, Pitman B. Foreign Policy (1927) 233 Book Reviews 22 AM. J. INT’L L. 195 N/A (1928) 234 Editorial Comments 22 AM. J. INT’L L. 351 N/A (1928) 235 Book Reviews 22 AM. J. INT’L L. 458 N/A (1928) 236 Book Notes 22 AM. J. INT’L L. 491 N/A (1928) 237 Current Notes 22 AM. J. INT’L L. 642 N/A (1928) 238 Book Reviews 22 AM. J. INT’L L. 703 N/A (1928) 239 Editorial Comments 22 AM. J. INT’L L. 822 N/A (1928) 240 Book Reviews 22 AM. J. INT’L L. 921 N/A (1928) 241 Book Notes 22 AM. J. INT’L L. 946 N/A (1928) 242 Book Reviews 23 AM. J. INT’L L. 234 N/A (1929) 243 Arbitration and Conciliation 23 AM. J. INT’L L. 273 Murdock, James in Pan America (1929) Oliver 244 Book Reviews 23 AM. J. INT’L L. 477 N/A (1929) 245 Book Notes 23 AM. J. INT’L L. 507 N/A (1929) 246 Procedure in Minorities 23 AM. J. INT’L L. 538 Roucek, Joseph Complaints (1929) S. 247 Book Reviews 23 AM. J. INT’L L. 704 N/A (1929) 248 The Election of Canada to 23 AM. J. INT’L L. 753 Soward, Frederic the League of Nations (1929) H. Council in 1927 249 The Seventh Year of the 23 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Hudson, Manley Permanent Court of (1929) O. Intenational Justice 250 Editorial Comments 23 AM. J. INT’L L. 809 N/A (1929)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 251 Editorial Comments 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. N/A 77 (1942) 252 Editorial Comments 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 100 N/A (1930) 253 Book Reviews and Notes 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. N/A 139 (1942) 254 Book Reviews and Notes 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 189 N/A (1930) 255 Review of Current 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 211 N/A Periodicals (1930) 256 Aviation and International 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 228 Hudson, Manley Law (1930) O. 257 Book Reviews and Notes 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 413 N/A (1930) 258 Editorial Comments 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 556 N/A (1930) 259 Book Reviews and Notes 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 632 N/A (1930) 260 The Hague Codification 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 674 Miller, Hunter Conference (1930) 261 Basic Rules of the Jugoslav 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 728 Peritch, J. Law Concerning Nationality (1930) 262 Editorial Comments 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 738 N/A (1930) 263 Book Reviews and Notes 24 AM. J. INT’L L. 823 N/A (1930) 264 Problems of International 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. Domke, Martin Law in French Jurisprudence 24 (1942) 1939-1941 265 Book Reviews 25 AM J. INT’L L. 169 N/A (1931) 266 Review of Current 25 AM J. INT’L L. 198 Fenwick, Charles Periodicals Review (1931) G. 267 Limits of the Jurisdiction of 25 AM J. INT’L L. 203 Kellogg, Frank the Permanent Court of (1931) B. International Justice 268 Book Reviews 25 AM J. INT’L L. 398 N/A (1931) 269 The Proposed Termination of 25 AM J. INT’L L. 436 Wright, Quincy the Iraq Mandate (1931)

Summer 2021 17 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 270 Book Reviews 25 AM J. INT’L L. 789 N/A (1931) 271 The Ninth Year of the 25 AM J. INT’L L. 1 Hudson, Manley Permanent Court of (1931) O. International Justice 272 The Two Institutes of 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 87 Scott, James International Law (1932) Brown 273 Chronicle of International 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 148 N/A Events (1932) 274 Book Reviews 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 197 N/A (1932) 275 Changing Concepts and the 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 239 Dickinson, Doctrine of Incorporation (1932) Edwin D. 276 Book Reviews 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 427 N/A (1932) 277 Procedure under the 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 502 Stone, Julius Minorities Treaties (1932) 278 Editorial Comments 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 565 N/A (1932) 279 The Tenth Year of the 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Hudson, Manley Permanent Court of (1932) O. International Justice 280 Closing Immigration 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 671 Fields, Harold Throughout the World (1932) 281 Citizenship of Women in the 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 700 Hover, Ernest J. United States (1932) 282 The General Principles 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 735 Evans, Luther Governing the Termination (1932) Harris of a Mandate 283 Editorial Comments 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 787 N/A (1932) 284 Book Reviews and Notes 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 904 N/A (1932) 285 Finland’s Treaties for the 26 AM. J. INT’L L. 70 Bellquist, Eric Peaceful Settlement of (1932) Cyril International Disputes 286 Editorial Comments 27 AM. J. INT’L L. 96 N/A (1933) 287 Book Reviews 27 AM. J. INT’L L. 183 N/A (1933)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 288 The State of the City of the 27 AM. J. INT’L L. 271 Ireland, Gordon Vatican (1933) 289 Japan’s Mandate in the 27 AM. J. INT’L L. 428 Williams, E. T. Pacific (1933) 290 The Law of Nations, Static 27 AM. J. INT’L L. 628 Kunz, Josef L. and Dynamic (1933) 291 The Eleventh Year of the 27 AM. J. INT’L L. 11 Hudson, Manley Permanent Court of (1933) O. International Justice 292 Editorial Comments 28 AM J. INT’L L. 90 N/A (1934) 293 Current Notes 28 AM J. INT’L L. 134 N/A (1934) 294 Book Reviews and Notes 28 AM J. INT’L L. 183 N/A (1934) 295 Derivative Citizenship in the 28 AM J. INT’L L. 255 Hover, Ernest J. United States (1934) 296 Current Notes 28 AM J. INT’L L. 553 N/A (1934) 297 Book Reviews and Notes 28 AM J. INT’L L. 615 N/A (1934) 298 The Twelfth Year of the 28 AM J. INT’L L. 1 Hudson, Manley Permanent Court of (1934) O. International Justice 299 Canadian Immigration: The 28 AM J. INT’L L. 74 Angus, H. F. Law and Its Administration (1934) 300 Book Reviews and Notes 29 AM. J. INT’L L. 168 N/A (1935) 301 Periodical Literature of 29 AM. J. INT’L L. 195 N/A International Law (1935) 302 The Position of ALiens in 29 AM. J. INT’L L. 206 Preuss, Lawrence National Socialist Penal (1935) Law Reform 303 Implied Resolutive 29 AM. J. INT’L L. 219 Fairman, Charles Conditions in Treaties (1935) 304 Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 29 AM. J. INT’L L. 237 Kassan, Shalom in the Ancient World (1935) 305 Comparative Study of Laws 29 AM. J. INT’L L. 248 Sandifer, Relating to Nationality at (1935) Durward V.

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Birth and to Loss of Nationality, A 306 The Concept of Aggression 29 AM. J. INT’L L. 373 Wright, Quincy in International Law (1935) 307 Editorial Comments 29 AM. J. INT’L L. 472 N/A (1935) 308 Book Reviews and Notes 29 AM. J. INT’L L. 538 N/A (1935) 309 Editorial Comments 30 AM. J. INT’L L. 80 N/A (1936) 310 Book Reviews and Notes 30 AM. J. INT’L L. 157 N/A (1936) 311 Editorial Comments 30 AM. J. INT’L L. 256 N/A (1936) 312 Book Reviews and Notes 30 AM. J. INT’L L. 338 N/A (1936) 313 Book Reviews and Notes 30 AM. J. INT’L L. 552 N/A (1936) 314 The Japanese Foreign Office 30 AM. J. INT’L L. 585 Colegrove, (1936) Kenneth 315 Current Notes 30 AM. J. INT’L L. 707 N/A (1936) 316 The Fourteenth Year of the 30 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Hudson, Manley Permanent Court of (1936) O. International Justice 317 Book Reviews and Notes 30 AM. J. INT’L L. 736 N/A (1936) 318 Chronicle of International 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 120 N/A Events (1937) 319 Book Reviews and Notes 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 155 N/A (1937) 320 Neutrality Laws of the 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 258 Dumbauld, United States (1937) Edward 321 Editorial Comments 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 289 N/A (1937) 322 Book Reviews and Notes 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 358 N/A (1937) 323 Recognition of Belligerency 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 398 O’Rourke, and the Spanish War (1937) Vernon A.

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 324 The Basis of International 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 431 Myers, Denys P. Relations (1937) 325 The Growth of Purpose in 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 449 Ogdon, Montell the Law of Diplomatic (1937) Immunity 326 Editorial Comments 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 659 N/A (1937) 327 Book Reviews and Notes 31 AM. J. INT’L L. 748 N/A (1937) 328 Book Reviews and Notes 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 183 N/A (1938) 329 Pan-Americanism and 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 233 Lockey, Joseph Imperialism (1938) B. 330 Editorial Comments 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 312 N/A (1938) 331 Book Reviews and Notes 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 386 N/A (1938) 332 Book Reviews and Notes 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 621 N/A (1938) 333 The Legal Status of Political 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 680 Holborn, Louise Refugees, 1920-1938 (1938) W. 334 National Socialist Theory of 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 704 Gott, Virginia L. International Law (1938) 335 Treaty Regulation of 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 719 LeRoy, Howard International Radio and (1938) S. Short Wave Broadcasting 336 Current Notes 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 789 N/A (1938) 337 Book Reviews and Notes 32 AM. J. INT’L L. 870 N/A (1938) 338 Editorial Comments 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 104 N/A (1939) 339 Current Notes 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 149 N/A (1939) 340 Book Reviews and Notes 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 213 N/A (1939) 341 The Monroe Doctrine and 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 257 Fenwick, Charles the Declaration of Lima (1939) G. 342 British Control Over the 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 292 Atwater, Elton Export of War Materials (1939)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 343 National Subsidy of 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 318 Myers, Denys P. International Organs (1939) 344 Editorial Comments 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 332 N/A (1939) 345 Book Reviews and Notes 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 399 N/A (1939) 346 Future International Laws 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 441 Rodgers, W. L. of War (1939) 347 The Aaland Islands 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 465 Padelford, Question (1939) Norman J. Andersson, K. Gosta A. 348 Book Reviews and Notes 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 612 N/A (1939) 349 The Evolution of the 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 665 von Elbe, Concept of the Just War in (1939) Joachim International Law 350 Twenty-Fifth Session of the 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 716 Simpson, Smith International Labor (1939) Conference 351 Current Notes 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 747 N/A (1939) 352 The Munich Settlement and 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 12 Wright, Quincy International Law (1939) 353 Book Reviews and Notes 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 793 N/A (1939) 354 Problem of Revision in 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 33 Kunz, Josef L. International Law--Peaceful (1939) Change 355 The Rule of Law and the 33 AM. J. INT’L L. 56 Schwarzenberger, Disintegration of the (1939) Georg International Society 356 Chronicle of International 34 AM. J. INT’L L. 130 N/A Events (1940) 357 Book Reviews and Notes 34 AM. J. INT’L L. 165 N/A (1940) 358 Far Eastern Policies of the 34 AM. J. INT’L L. 193 Willoughby, W. United States (1940) W. 359 Book Reviews and Notes 34 AM. J. INT’L L. 357 N/A (1940)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 360 Editorial Comments 34 AM. J. INT’L L. 492 N/A (1940) 361 Book Reviews and Notes 34 AM. J. INT’L L. 537 N/A (1940) 362 Eighth International 34 AM. J. INT’L L. 714 Finch, George A. Conference of American (1940) States Current Note 363 Book Reviews 34 AM. J. INT’L L. 753 N/A (1940) 364 The Responsibility of States 34 AM. J. INT’L L. 58 Van Dyke, for International Propaganda (1940) Vernon 365 Chronicle of International 35 AM. J. INT’L L. 146 N/A Events (1941) 366 Book Reviews and Notes 35 AM. J. INT’L L. 170 N/A (1941) 367 Grotius: Law of War and 35 AM. J. INT’L L. 205 Wilson, George Peace (1941) Grafton 368 Editorial Comments 35 AM. J. INT’L L. 305 N/A (1941) 369 International Law and 35 AM. J. INT’L L. 429 Coudert, American Policy During the (1941) Frederic R. Last Thirty-Five Years 370 Intervention by Way of 35 AM. J. INT’L L. 626 Fenwick, C. G. Propaganda (1941) 371 The Equality of States in 35 AM. J. INT’L L. 641 Chen, Shih-Tsai Ancient China (1941) 372 Editorial Comments 35 AM. J. INT’L L. 651 N/A (1941) 373 Editorial Comments 35 AM. J. INT’L L. 114 N/A (1941) 374 Copyright in War and Peace 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. McClure, Wallace 383 (1942) 375 The North Pacific Fisheries 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. Ireland, Gordon 400 (1942) 376 Book Reviews and Notes 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. N/A 513 (1942) 377 Governments and 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. Oppenheimer, F. Authorities in Exile 568 (1942) E. 378 Editorial Comments 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. N/A 619 (1942)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 379 Current Notes 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. N/A 664 (1942) 380 Book Reviews and Notes 36 AM. J. INT’L LAW. N/A 723 (1942) 381 Alien Seamen’s Rights and 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 74 Knauth, Arnold the War (1943) W. 382 Editorial Comments 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 81 N/A (1943) 383 Current Notes 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 104 N/A (1943) 384 Book Reviews and Notes 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 172 N/A (1943) 385 World Order--An Agenda 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 207 Corbett, P. E. for Lawyers (1943) 386 Editorial Comments 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 275 N/A (1943) 387 Current Notes 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 294 N/A (1943) 388 Book Reviews and Notes 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 350 N/A (1943) 389 Book Reviews and Notes 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 535 N/A (1943) 390 Book Reviews and Notes 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 694 N/A (1943) 391 The Inter-American Judicial 37 AM. J. INT’L L. 5 Fenwick, Charles Committee (1943) G. 392 Editorial Comments 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 95 N/A (1944) 393 Book Reviews and Notes 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 162 N/A (1944) 394 International Monetary 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 242 Nussbaum, Agreements (1944) Arthur 395 Editorial Comments 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 278 N/A (1944) 396 The Option Clause in the 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 356 Schechtmann, Reich’s Treaties on the (1944) Joseph B. Transfer of Population 397 Recent Developments in the 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 397 Wilson, Robert Treatment of Civilian Alien (1944) R. Enemies

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 398 Book Reviews and Notes 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 509 N/A (1944) 399 International Boundaries 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 533 Reeves, Jesse S. (1944) 400 International Labor 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 557 Simpson, Smith Conference: Twenty-Sixth (1944) Session 401 The Franco-Lebanese 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 601 Khadduri, Majid Dispute and the Crisis of (1944) November, 1943 402 Editorial Comments 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 636 N/A (1944) 403 Book Reviews and Notes 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 743 N/A (1944) 404 The Taking of Hostages in 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 20 Hammer, Ellen Theory and Practice (1944) 405 The End of Dominion 38 AM. J. INT’L L. 34 Scott, F. R. Status (1944) 406 Editorial Comments 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 84 N/A (1945) 407 Book Reviews and Notes 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 134 N/A (1945) 408 Transfer of Property in 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 216 Robinson, Jacob Enemy Occupied Territory (1945) 409 Editorial Comments 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 286 N/A (1945) 410 Current Notes 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 323 N/A (1945) 411 Book Reviews and Notes 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 356 N/A (1945) 412 Relief Pendente Lite in the 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 391 Dumbauld, Permanent Court of (1945) Edward International Justice 413 The Alexandretta Dispute 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 406 Khadduri, Majid (1945) 414 Current Views of the Soviet 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 450 Prince, Charles Union of the International (1945) Organization of Security, Economic Cooperation and

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) International Law: A Summary 415 Editorial Comments 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 527 N/A (1945) 416 Current Notes 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 553 N/A (1945) 417 Book Reviews and Notes 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 610 N/A (1945) 418 Atomic Bombs in 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 736 Thomas, Elbert International Society (1945) D. 419 Editorial Comment 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 745 N/A (1945) 420 Acquisition of Nationality 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 13 Levy, Albert G. in the Emergency Refugee (1945) D. Shelter 421 Book Reviews 39 AM. J. INT’L L. 847 N/A (1945) 422 Two Armistices and a 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 148 Graham, Surrender (1946) Malbone W. 423 Editorial Comments 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 159 N/A (1946) 424 Chronicle of International 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 185 N/A Events (1946) 425 Book Reviews and Notes 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 218 N/A (1946) 426 Transfer of Civilian 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 303 Fried, John H. E. Manpower from Occupied (1946) Territory 427 Editorial Comments 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 374 N/A (1946) 428 Book Reviews and Notes 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 491 N/A (1946) 429 Questions of Guerrilla 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 534 Trainin, I. P. Warfare in the Law of War (1946) 430 The United Nations and 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 592 Pollaczek, Specialized Agencies (1946) Gustav 431 The Second World War and 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 742 Korovin, Eugene International Law (1946) A. 432 The Arab League As a 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 756 Khadduri, Majid Regional Arrangement (1946)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 433 Book Reviews and Notes 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 860 N/A (1946) 434 Recent Aspects of the Calvo 40 AM. J. INT’L L. 121 Freeman, Alwyn Doctrine and the Challenge (1946) V. to International Law 435 Current Notes 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 133 N/A (1947) 436 Book Reviews 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 334 N/A (1947) 437 Editorial Comments 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 430 N/A (1947) 438 Notes 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 498 N/A (1947) 439 War Crimes by Enemy 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 579 Freeman, Alwyn Nationals Administering (1947) V. Justice in Occupied Territory 440 Editorial Comments 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 611 N/A (1947) 441 Chronicle of International 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 664 Dart, Dorothy R. Events (1947) 442 The Nuremberg Trial and 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 770 Schick, F. B. the International Law of the (1947) Future 443 Denazification Law and 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 807 Plischke, Elmer Procedure (1947) 444 Editorial Comments 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 863 N/A (1947) 445 Notes 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 986 N/A (1947) 446 The Nuremberg Trial and 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 20 Finch, George A. International Law (1947) 447 The Law of the Nuremberg 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 38 Wright, Quincy Trial (1947) 448 Editorial Comments 41 AM. J. INT’L L. 103 N/A (1947) 449 Legal Problems Arising from 42 AM. J. INT’L L. 263 Sayre, Francis B. the United Nations (1948) Trusteeship System 450 Editorial Comments 42 AM. J. INT’L L. 389 N/A (1948)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 451 Current Notes 42 AM. J. INT’L L. 415 N/A (1948) 452 Notes on Legal Questions 42 AM. J. INT’L L. 435 Liang, Yuen-Li Concerning the United (1948) Nations Notes 453 The Ninth International 42 AM. J. INT’L L. 553 Fenwick, Charles Conference of American (1948) G. States 454 Book Reviews and Notes 42 AM. J. INT’L L. 742 N/A (1948) 455 The Peace of Westphalia, 42 AM. J. INT’L L. 20 Gross, Leo 1648-1948 (1948) 456 The International Frontier 42 AM. J. INT’L L. 42 Hall, H. Duncan (1948) 457 Editorial Comments 42 AM. J. INT’L L. 98 N/A (1948) 458 Soviet Concepts of the State, 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 21 Chakste, International Law and (1949) Mintauts Sovereignty 459 The Status of Hyderabad 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 57 Das, Taraknath during and after British Rule (1949) in India 460 The United Nations 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 73 Whitton, John B. Conference on Freedom of (1949) Information and the Movement against International Propoganda 461 Chronicle of International 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 155 N/A Events (1949) 462 Editorial Comments 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 312 N/A (1949) 463 Book Reviews and Notes 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 387 N/A (1949) 464 Recovery of Japanese 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 441 Blakemore, Nationality As Cause for (1949) Thomas L. Jr. Expatriation in American Law 465 Editorial Comments 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 487 N/A (1949)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 466 Current Notes 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 517 N/A (1949) 467 Regionalism and Political 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 666 van Kleffens, E. Pacts (1949) N. 468 Principles and Practices of 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 679 Aufricht, Hans Recognition by International (1949) Organizations 469 Notes on Legal Questions 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 705 Liang, Yuen-Li Concerning the United (1949) Nations Legal Notes 470 Editorial Comments 43 AM. J. INT’L L. 732 N/A (1949) 471 Draft Declaration on Rights 44 AM. J. INT’L L. 259 Kelsen, Hans and Duties of States, The-- (1950) Critical Remarks 472 Editorial Comments 44 AM. J. INT’L L. 543 N/A (1950) 473 Current Notes 44 AM. J. INT’L L. 566 N/A (1950) 474 Book Reviews and Notes 44 AM. J. INT’L L. 596 N/A (1950) 475 The Twenty-Eighth Year of 44 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Hudson, Manley the World Court (1950) O. 476 Towards an International 44 AM. J. INT’L L. 37 Pella, Vespasian Criminal Court (1950) V. 477 Notes on Legal Questions 44 AM. J. INT’L L. 100 Liang, Yuen-Li Concerning the United (1950) Nations 478 Editorial Comments 44 AM. J. INT’L L. 129 N/A (1950) 479 Current Notes 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 155 N/A (1951) 480 Competence of the 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 286 Sulkowski, International Labor (1951) Joseph Organization under the United Nations System, The 481 Current Notes 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 343 N/A (1951) 482 Editorial Comments 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 526 N/A (1951)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 483 Iran’s Claim to the 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 631 Khadduri, Majid Sovereignty of Bahrayn (1951) 484 International Law and 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 648 Wilk, Kurt Global Ideological Conflict: (1951) Reflections on the Universality of International Law 485 Book Reviews and Notes 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 801 N/A (1951) 486 The Chaotic Status of the 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 37 Kunz, Josef L. Laws of War and the (1951) Urgent Necessity for Their Revision 487 National Courts and 45 AM. J. INT’L L. 62 Wright, Quincy Human Rights--The Fujii (1951) Case 488 Briefer Notices 55 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A 1028 (1961) 489 Federal States and the 46 AM. J. INT’L L. 195 Sorensen, Max International Protection of (1952) Human Rights 490 Administrative 46 AM. J. INT’L L. 259 Hazard, Henry B. Naturalization Abroad of (1952) Members of the Armed Forces of the United States 491 Editorial Comments 46 AM. J. INT’L L. 283 N/A (1952) 492 Current Notes 46 AM. J. INT’L L. 315 N/A (1952) 493 Book Reviews and Notes 46 AM. J. INT’L L. 371 N/A (1952) 494 The Geneva Conventions of 46 AM. J. INT’L L. 393 Yingling, 1949 (1952) Raymund T. Ginnane, Robert W. 495 Current Notes 46 AM. J. INT’L L. 520 N/A (1952) 496 Editorial Comments 46 AM. J. INT’L L. 682 N/A (1952)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 497 Proposal for an International 46 AM. J. INT’L L. 60 Wright, Quincy Criminal Court (1952) 498 Book Reviews and Notes 47 AM. J. INT’L L. 160 N/A (1953) 499 Editorial Comments 47 AM. J. INT’L L. 273 N/A (1953) 500 Book Reviews and Notes 47 AM. J. INT’L L. 339 N/A (1953) 501 Edmund Burke and the 47 AM. J. INT’L L. 397 Stanlis, Peter J. Law of Nations (1953) 502 Book Reviews and Notes 47 AM. J. INT’L L. 511 N/A (1953) 503 Editorial Comments 47 AM. J. INT’L L. 84 N/A (1953) 504 The International Protection 48 AM. J. INT’L L. 193 Weis, Paul of Refugees (1954) 505 Sovereignty and International 48 AM. J. INT’L L. 222 Loewenstein, Co-Operation (1954) Karl 506 Natural-Resources 48 AM. J. INT’L L. 355 Wilson, Robert Provisions in United States (1954) R. Commercial Treaties 507 The Reparations Agreement 48 AM. J. INT’L L. 564 Honig, Frederick Between Israel and the (1954) Federal Republic of Germany 508 The Need to Restrain the 48 AM. J. INT’L L. 57 Finch, George A. Treaty-Making Power of the (1954) United States Within Constitutional Limits 509 Book Reviews and Notes 49 AM. J. INT’L L. 105 N/A (1955) 510 The Trieste Settlement and 49 AM. J. INT’L L. 240 Schwelb, Egon Human Rights Notes and (1955) Comments 511 Book Reviews and Notes 49 AM. J. INT’L L. 271 N/A (1955) 512 The Chinese Recognition 49 AM. J. INT’L L. 320 Wright, Quincy Problem (1955) 513 The Soviet Interpretation of 49 AM. J. INT’L L. 518 Kulski, W. W. International Law (1955)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 514 Editorial Comments 49 AM. J. INT’L L. 535 N/A (1955) 515 Book Reviews and Notes 49 AM. J. INT’L L. 587 N/A (1955) 516 Editorial Comments 49 AM. J. INT’L L. 44 N/A (1955) 517 Editorial Comments 50 AM. J. INT’L L. 101 N/A (1956) 518 Book Reviews and Notes 50 AM. J. INT’L L. 159 N/A (1956) 519 The Problem of the 50 AM. J. INT’L L. 533 St. Korowicz, International Personality of (1956) Mark Individuals 520 Editorial Comments 50 AM. J. INT’L L. 907 N/A (1956) 521 Editorial Comments 51 AM. J. INT’L L. 63 N/A (1957) 522 Intervention 1956 51 AM. J. INT’L L. 257 Wright, Quincy (1957) 523 Book Reviews and Notes 52 AM. J. INT’L L. 142 N/A (1958) 524 Postwar Nationalizations 52 AM. J. INT’L L. 469 Sipkov, Ivan and Alien Property in (1958) Bulgaria 525 Treaties and Other Sources 52 AM. J. INT’L L. 699 Triska, Jan F. of Order in International (1958) Slusser, Robert Relations: The Soviet View M. 526 Editorial Comments 52 AM. J. INT’L L. 727 N/A (1958) 527 Polar Problems and 52 AM. J. INT’L L. 746 Hayton, Robert International Law Notes (1958) D. and Comments 528 Book Reviews and Notes 52 AM. J. INT’L L. 802 N/A (1958) 529 Editorial Comments 53 AM. J. INT’L L. 112 N/A (1959) 530 Editorial Comments 53 AM. J. INT’L L. 379 N/A (1959) 531 Editorial Comments 53 AM. J. INT’L L. 635 N/A (1959)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 532 Book Reviews and Notes 53 AM. J. INT’L L. 703 N/A (1959) 533 The Act of State Doctrine 53 AM. J. INT’L L. 826 Zander, Michael (1959) 534 Confiscation of Enemy Alien 54 AM. J. INT’L L. 159 Eder, Phanor J. Property Held (1960) Unconstitutional by Colombian Supreme Court Notes and Comments 535 Thirty-First Session of the 54 AM. J. INT’L L. 160 Finch, Eleanor Hague Academy of (1960) H. International Law Notes and Comments 536 Subversive Intervention 54 AM. J. INT’L L. 521 Wright, Quincy (1960) 537 Editorial Comments 55 AM. J. INT’L L. 97 N/A (1961) 538 When Extradition Fails, Is 55 AM. J. INT’L L. 127 Cardozo, Michael Abduction the Solution (1961) H. Notes and Comments 539 Editorial Comments 55 AM. J. INT’L L. 425 N/A (1961) 540 The United States- 55 AM. J. INT’L L. 617 Christenson, Rumanian Claims (1961) Gordon A. Settlement Agreement of March 30, 1960 541 Editorial Comments 55 AM. J. INT’L L. 637 N/A (1961) 542 Indonesian Nationalization 55 AM. J. INT’L L. 680 Wortley, B. A. Measures - An Intervention (1961) Notes and Comments 543 The Commonwealth and 55 AM. J. INT’L L. 29 Howell, John M. Domestic Jurisdiction (1961) Wilson, Robert R. 544 Book Reviews and Notes 56 AM. J. INT’L L. 567 N/A (1962) 545 Contemporary Practice of the 56 AM. J. INT’L L. 793 N/A United States Relating to (1962) International Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 546 Peace-Keeping and 57 AM. J. INT’L L. 46 Neidle, Alan P. Disarmament: A Report of (1963) the Discussions at the Conference of the Eighteen- Nation Committee on Disarmament 547 The Employment of 57 AM. J. INT’L L. 318 Levie, Howard S. Prisoners of War (1963) 548 The War Claims Act of 57 AM. J. INT’L L. 354 Domke, Martin 1962 (1963) 549 Contemporary Practice of 57 AM. J. INT’L L. 403 N/A the United States Relating to (1963) International Law 550 Commonwealth Citizenship 57 AM. J. INT’L L. 566 Wilson, Robert and Common Status (1963) R. Clute, Robert E. 551 Book Reviews and Notes 57 AM. J. INT’L L. 673 N/A (1963) 552 The Evolution of the 57 AM. J. INT’L L. 804 Weil, Gordon L. European Convention on (1963) Human Rights 553 Outer Space Co-Operation 57 AM. J. INT’L L. 854 Simsarian, James in the United States (1963) 554 Reflections upon the Political 57 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Evans, Alona E. Offense in International (1963) Practice 555 Annex Notes and 58 AM. J. INT’L L. 142 Reisenfeld, Comments (1964) Stefan A. Buxbaum, Richard M. 556 Book Reviews and Notes 58 AM. J. INT’L L. 198 N/A (1964) 557 A Soviet Contribution to 58 AM. J. INT’L L. 359 Zile, Zigurds L. International Adjudication: (1964) Professor Krylov’s Jurisprudential Legacy 558 Human Rights in the 58 AM. J. INT’L L. 603 McDougal, United Nations (1964) Myres S. Bebr, Gerhard

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 559 Outer Space Co-Operation 58 AM. J. INT’L L. 717 Simsarian, James in the United Nations in (1964) 1963 Notes and Comments 560 The International Promotion 58 AM. J. INT’L L. 728 Bilder, Richard of Human Rights: A (1964) B. Current Assessment Notes and Comments 561 The Complexity of 58 AM. J. INT’L L. 935 Falk, Richard A. Sabbatino (1964) 562 Editorial Comments 58 AM. J. INT’L L. 952 N/A (1964) 563 Book Reviews and Notes 59 AM. J. INT’L L. 165 N/A (1965) 564 The Charter of the 59 AM. J. INT’L L. 243 Elias, T. O. Organization of African (1965) Unity 565 Fifty-Ninth Annual 59 AM. J. INT’L L. 370 Finch, Eleanor Meeting of the Society, April (1965) H. 22-24, 1965 Notes and Comments 566 Editorial Comments 59 AM. J. INT’L L. 570 N/A (1965) 567 Book Reviews and Notes 59 AM. J. INT’L L. 658 N/A (1965) 568 Changing International Law 59 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 McWhinney, Method and Objectives in the (1965) Edward ERA of the Soviet-Westen Detente 569 Jus Dispositivum and Jus 60 AM. J. INT’L L. 55 Verdross, Alfred Cogens in International Law (1966) 570 Book Reviews and Notes 60 AM. J. INT’L L. 130 N/A (1966) 571 International Law: The Old 60 AM. J. INT’L L. 475 Fenwick, Charles and the New (1966) G. 572 A Framework for the Legal 60 AM. J. INT’L L. 728 Carlston, Analysis of War-Peace (1966) Kenneth S. Issues 573 Editorial Comments 60 AM. J. INT’L L. 770 N/A (1966)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 574 The United Nations’ 60 AM. J. INT’L L. 792 Carey, John Double Standard on (1966) Human Rights Complaints Notes and Comments 575 The Extraordinary Session 60 AM. J. INT’L L. 803 Nadelmann, Kurt of the Hague Conference on (1966) H. Von Mehren, Private International Law Arthur T. Notes and Comments 576 Contemporary Practice of the 60 AM. J. INT’L L. 824 N/A United States Relating to (1966) International Law 577 Normalization of Relations 61 AM. J. INT’L L. 35 Oda, Shigeru between Japan and the (1967) Republic of Korea, The 578 Legal Aspects of the French 61 AM. J. INT’L L. 66 D’Amato, Nuclear Tests (1967) Anthony A. 579 Contemporary Practice of the 61 AM. J. INT’L L. 585 N/A United States Relating to (1967) Contemporary Law 580 Official Documents 61 AM. J. INT’L L. 644 N/A (1967) 581 Principles of International 61 AM. J. INT’L L. 703 Houben, Piet- Law Concerning Friendly (1967) Hein Relations and Co-Operation among States 582 The Practice of Voluntary 61 AM. J. INT’L L. 737 Stavropoulos, Abstentions by Permanent (1967) Constantin A. Members of the Security Council under Article 27, Paragraph 3, of the Charter of the United Nations 583 Editorial Comment 61 AM. J. INT’L L. 753 N/A (1967) 584 Official Documents 61 AM. J. INT’L L. 861 N/A (1967) 585 Some Aspects of 61 AM. J. INT’L L. 946 Schwelb, Egon International Jus Cogens as (1967) Formulated by the International Law Commission

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 586 The Society’s Regional 61 AM. J. INT’L L. Rothenberg, Meeting on South West 1053 (1967) Leslie Africa at University of California at Los Angeles Notes and Comments 587 The June, 1967, Meeting of 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 127 Nanda, Ved P. the Society’s Board of Review (1968) and Development: Identification of Problems for Research Notes and Comments 588 Book Reviews and Notes 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 206 N/A (1968) 589 Book Reviews: Briefer 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 230 N/A Notices (1968) 590 Rhetoric and Reality: A 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 335 Doherty, Study of Contemporary (1968) Kathryn B. Official Egyptian Attitudes toward the International Legal Order 591 Contemporary Practice of the 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 472 N/A United States Relating to (1968) International Law 592 Rhodesia and the United 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 McDougal, Nations: The Lawfulness of (1968) Myres S. International Concern Reisman, W. Michael 593 Constitutional Revision in 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 654 Phillips, Lester the Specialized Agencies (1968) H. 594 Editorial Comments 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 701 N/A (1968) 595 Communist China’s 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 20 Chiu, Hungdah Attitude toward the United (1968) Nations: A Legal Analysis 596 Book Reviews and Notes 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 786 N/A (1968) 597 Book Reviews: Briefer 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 799 N/A Notices (1968)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 598 Civil and Political Rights: 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 827 Schwelb, Egon The International Measures (1968) of Implementation 599 The United Nations Sub- 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 869 Humphrey, John Commission on the (1968) P. Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities 600 Editorial Comments 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 909 N/A (1968) 601 Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 918 Whiteman, and the Human Rights (1968) Marjorie M. Commission Notes and Comments 602 Political Refugees and the 62 AM. J. INT’L L. 921 Evans, Alona E. United States Immigration (1968) Laws: A Case Note Notes and Comments 603 Book Reviews and Notes 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 153 N/A (1969) 604 Human Rights and World 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 237 McDougal, Public Order: A Framework (1969) Myres S. for Policy-Oriented Inquiry Lasswell, Harold D. Chen, Lung- Chu 605 Editorial Comments 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 270 N/A (1969) 606 The 1968 Amendments to 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 296 Rode, Zvonko R. the International Claims (1969) Settlement Act of 1949 Notes and Comments 607 Contemporary Practice of the 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 312 N/A United States Relating to (1969) International Law 608 The Beirut Raid and the 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 415 Falk, Richard A. International Law of (1969) Retaliation 609 The Legal Significance of 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 444 Bleicher, Samuel Re-Citation of General (1969) A. Assembly Resolutions

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 610 Editorial Comments 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 504 N/A (1969) 611 Contemporary Practice of the 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 559 N/A United States Relating to (1969) International Law 612 Book Reviews and Notes 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 645 N/A (1969) 613 A Matter of International 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 771 Howell, John M. Concern Notes and (1969) Comments 614 The Enforcement of 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Reisman, W. M. International Judgments (1969) 615 Lawyer of the Americas 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 797 Finch, Eleanor Notes and Comments (1969) H. 616 Annual Meeting of the 63 AM. J. INT’L L. 798 Finch, Eleanor Society, 1970 Notes and (1969) H. Comments 617 Developments in the Law 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 106 Kirgis, Frederic and Institutions of (1970) L. Jr. International Economic Relations--International Economic Development: The Emergent Issues 618 Editorial Comment 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 610 N/A (1970) 619 64th Annual Meeting of the 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 623 Finch, Eleanor American Society of (1970) H. International Law Notes and Comments 620 Contemporary Practice of the 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 631 N/A United States Relating to (1970) International Law 621 Judicial Decisions Involving 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 653 N/A Questions of International (1970) Law 622 Editorial Comment 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 139 N/A (1970) 623 Contemporary Practice of the 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 928 N/A United States Relating to (1970) International Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 624 Report on the Regional 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 158 Nanda, Ved P. Conference in Denver, May (1970) 15, 1969 Notes and Comments 625 Regional Meeting at the 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 159 Hess, Frederick University of Missouri - (1970) W. Kansas City Law School, June 6, 1969 Notes and Comments 626 The Treaty of Tlatelolco and 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 282 Robinson, Davis the United States: A Latin (1970) R. American Nuclear Free Zone 627 South West Africa and the 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 19 Dugard, John Terrorist Trial (1970) 628 Human Rights and the 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 355 Schwelb, Egon Teaching of International (1970) Law Notes and Comments 629 Contemporary Practice of the 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 386 N/A United States Relating to (1970) International Law 630 The Outer Limit of the 64 AM. J. INT’L L. 42 Finlay, Luke W. Continental Shelf--A (1970) Rejoinder to Professor Louis Henkin 631 Self-Determination 65 AM. J. INT’L L. 459 Emerson, Rupert (1971) 632 The Convention of the Non- 65 AM. J. INT’L L. 476 Miller, Robert H. Applicability of Statutory (1971) Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity 633 Regional Meetings Notes 65 AM. J. INT’L L. 800 Nanda, Ved P. and Comments (1971) 634 The New School for Social 65 AM. J. INT’L L. 802 Rodney, Nigel S. Research, April 2-3, 1971 (1971) Notes and Comments 635 Briefer Notices 65 AM. J. INT’L L. 865 N/A (1971)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 636 Editorial Comments 66 AM. J. INT’L L. 94 N/A (1972) 637 Book Reviews: Briefer Notes 66 AM. J. INT’L L. 226 N/A (1972) 638 The International Court of 66 AM. J. INT’L L. 337 Schwelb, Egon Justice and the Human (1972) Rights Clauses of the Charter 639 Reprisals Involving Recourse 66 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Bowett, Derek to Armed Force (1972) 640 Editorial Comments 66 AM. J. INT’L L. 560 N/A (1972) 641 Book Reviews and Notes 66 AM. J. INT’L L. 640 N/A (1972) 642 Book Reviews: Briefer Notes 66 AM. J. INT’L L. 686 N/A (1972) 643 International Law and 66 AM. J. INT’L L. 60 Young, Oran R. Social Science: The (1972) Contributions of Myres S. McDougal 644 Book Reviews and Notes 67 AM. J. INT’L L. 156 N/A (1973) 645 After Bangladesh: The Law 67 AM. J. INT’L L. 275 Franck, Thomas of Humanitarian (1973) M. Rodley, Nigel Intervention by Military S. Force 646 International Law as a 67 AM. J. INT’L L. 319 Rubin, Alfred P. Cultural Excrescence Notes (1973) and Comments 647 Natural Justice at the 67 AM. J. INT’L L. 479 Stephen, Michael United Nations: The (1973) Rhodesia Case 648 Editorial Comments 67 AM. J. INT’L L. 491 N/A (1973) 649 Confronting Total War: A 67 AM. J. INT’L L. 672 Freymond, Global Humanitarian Policy (1973) Jacques 650 Book Reviews and Notes 67 AM. J. INT’L L. 791 N/A (1973) 651 Book Reviews and Notes 68 AM. J. INT’L L. 137 N/A (1974)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 652 Book Reviews; Briefer 68 AM. J. INT’L L. 162 N/A Notices (1974) 653 The Transborder Transfer of 68 AM. J. INT’L L. 227 Gotlieb, Allan Information by (1974) Dalfen, Charles Communications and Katz, Kenneth Computer Systems: Issues and Approaches to Guiding Principles 654 Book Reviews and Notes 68 AM. J. INT’L L. 748 N/A (1974) 655 Book Reviews; Briefer 69 AM. J. INT’L L. 229 N/A Notices (1975) 656 Contemporary Practice of the 69 AM. J. INT’L L. 382 N/A United States Relating to (1975) International Law 657 Human Rights for Women 69 AM. J. INT’L L. 497 McDougal, and World Public Order: (1975) Myres S. The Outlawing of Sex-Based Lasswell, Harold Discrimination D. Chen, Lung- chu 658 Contemporary Practice of the 69 AM. J. INT’L L. 641 N/A United States Relating to (1975) International Law 659 Book Reviews and Notes 69 AM. J. INT’L L. 692 N/A (1975) 660 International Treaties and 69 AM. J. INT’L L. 819 Blishchenko, Their Application on the (1975) Igor P. Territory of the USSR 661 Book Reviews; Briefer 69 AM. J. INT’L L. 918 N/A Notices (1975) 662 The 1974 Diplomatic 69 AM. J. INT’L L. 77 Forsythe, David Conference on Humanitarian (1975) P. Law: Some Observations 663 Book Reviews 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 173 N/A (1976) 664 Citizen Access to Judicial 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 219 Stein, Eric Review of Administrative (1976) Vining, G. Action in a Transnational Joseph and Federal Context

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 665 The Helsinki Declaration: 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 242 Russell, Harold Brobdingnag or Lilliput (1976) S. 666 Contemporary Practice of the 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 340 N/A United States Relating to (1976) International Law 667 The Protection of Aliens 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 432 McDougal, from Discrimination and (1976) Myres S. World Public Order: Lasswell, Harold Responsibility of States D. Chen, Lung- Conjoined with Human chu Rights 668 International Law in the 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 492 Fatouros, A. A. New Greek Constitution (1976) 669 Entry into Force of the 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 511 Schwelb, Egon International Covenants on (1976) Human Rights and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Notes and Comments 670 The United States and Self- 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Pomerance, Determination: Perspectives (1976) Michla on the Wilsonian Conception 671 Staff of the United Nations 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 659 Meron, Theodor Secretariat: Problems and (1976) Directions 672 The Stealing of the Sahara 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 694 Franck, Thomas (1976) M. 673 Mercenaries at Geneva 70 AM. J. INT’L L. 811 Van Deventer, Notes and Comments (1976) Henry W. 674 Book Reviews and Notes 71 AM. J. INT’L L. 155 N/A (1977) 675 Torture and Emergency 71 AM. J. INT’L L. 674 O’Boyle, Michael Powers under the European (1977) Convention on Human Rights: Ireland v. the United Kingdom 676 Contemporary Practice of the 71 AM. J. INT’L L. 753 N/A United States Relating to (1977) International Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 677 Contemporary Practice of the 72 AM. J. INT’L L. 620 N/A United States Relating to (1978) International Law 678 Contemporary Practice of the 73 AM. J. INT’L L. 277 N/A United States Relating to (1979) International Law 679 Book Reviews and Notes 73 AM. J. INT’L L. 307 N/A (1979) 680 Contemporary Practice of the 74 AM. J. INT’L L. 158 N/A United States Relating to (1980) International Law 681 Procedural Due Process in 74 AM. J. INT’L L. 308 Franck, Thomas Human Rights Fact-Finding (1980) M. Farley, H. by International Agencies Scott 682 Protection of Diplomats 74 AM. J. INT’L L. 609 Bassiouni, M. under Islamic Law (1980) Cherif 683 Military Installations, 74 AM. J. INT’L L. 808 Treves, Tullio Structures, and Devices on (1980) the Seabed 684 Legal Problems of the 74 AM. J. INT’L L. 122 Arndt, Claus German Eastern Treaties (1980) 685 The Charter of Economic 75 AM. J. INT’L L. 437 Weston, Burns Rights and Duties of States (1981) H. and the Deprivation of Foreign-Owned Wealth International Law of Expropriation 686 The International Hostages 75 AM. J. INT’L L. 69 Verwey, Wil D. Convention and National (1981) Liberation Movements 687 Book Reviews and Notes 76 AM. J. INT’L L. 184 N/A (1982) 688 Current Developments 76 AM. J. INT’L L. 405 N/A (1982) 689 The Grotian Vision of 76 AM. J. INT’L L. 477 Murphy, World Order (1982) Cornelius F. Jr. 690 Large-Scale Migrations of 76 AM. J. INT’L L. 598 Martin, David A. Asylum Seekers Notes and (1982) Comments

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 691 The Intent to Destroy 78 AM. J. INT’L L. 369 LeBlanc, Groups in the Genocide (1984) Lawrence J. Convention: The Proposed U.S. Understanding 692 Conjuring Up New Human 78 AM. J. INT’L L. 607 Alston, Philip Rights: A Proposal for (1984) Quality Control 693 Of Gnats and Camels: Is 78 AM. J. INT’L L. 811 Franck, Thomas There a Double Standard at (1984) M. the United Nations 694 Book Reviews and Notes 78 AM. J. INT’L L. 937 N/A (1984) 695 Constitutive Questions in the 78 AM. J. INT’L L. 76 Richardson, Negotiations for Namibian (1984) Henry J. III Independence 696 Book Reviews and Notes 79 AM. J. INT’L L. 182 N/A (1985) 697 The Meaning and Reach of 79 AM. J. INT’L L. 283 Meron, Theodor the International Convention (1985) on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 698 The Gulf of Maine Case: 79 AM. J. INT’L L. 539 Schneider, Jan The Nature of an Equitable (1985) Result 699 Federalism and the 79 AM. J. INT’L L. 622 Byrnes, Andrew International Legal Order: (1985) Charlesworth, Recent Developments in Hilary Australia 700 Editorial Comments 79 AM. J. INT’L L. 641 N/A (1985) 701 Book Reviews and Notes 79 AM. J. INT’L L. 790 N/A (1985) 702 Contemporary Practice of the 80 AM. J. INT’L L. 151 N/A United States Relating to (1986) International Law 703 Contemporary Practice of the 80 AM. J. INT’L L. 338 N/A United States Relating to (1986) International Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 704 The Right to Compensation: 80 AM. J. INT’L L. 532 Lee, Luke T. Refugees and Countries of (1986) Asylum 705 Contemporary Practice of the 80 AM. J. INT’L L. 612 N/A United States Relating to (1986) International Law 706 On a Hierarchy of 80 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Meron, Theodor International Human Rights (1986) 707 The Secret War in Central 80 AM. J. INT’L L. 43 Moore, John America and the Future of (1986) Norton World Order 708 Ocean Yearbook 5 Book 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 527 Hajcost, Scott A. Review (1987) 709 The Corporate Will of the 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 610 Zoller, Elisabeth United Nations and the (1987) Rights of the Minority 710 Current Developments 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 668 N/A (1987) 711 The Geneva Conventions as 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 348 Meron, Theodor Customary Law (1987) 712 Current Developments 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 432 N/A (1987) 713 Essays on Human Rights in 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 481 Leary, Virginia A. the Helsinki Process Book (1987) Review 714 Israel Yearbook on Human 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 486 Gormley, W. Rights Book Review (1987) Paul 715 The Lawful Rights of 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 488 Hannum, Hurst Mankind: An Introduction (1987) to the international Legal Code of Human Rights Book Review 716 The Refugee in International 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 494 Carliner, David Law Book Review (1987) 717 A Common Sense Guide to 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 501 Weston, Burns World Peace Book Review (1987) H. 718 The Mars Project: Journeys 81 AM. J. INT’L L. 525 Sullivan, Colleen Beyond the Cold War Book (1987) Driscoll Review

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 719 The Meaning of People in 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 80 Kiwanuka, the African Charter on (1988) Richard N. Human and Peoples’ Rights Notes and Comments 720 Current Developments 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 144 N/A (1988) 721 Threats of Force 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 239 Sadurska, (1988) Romana 722 Terrorism on the High Seas: 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 269 Halberstam, The Achille Lauro, Piracy (1988) Malvina and the IMO Convention on Maritime Safety 723 Agora: Is the ASIL Policy 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 311 N/A on Divestment in Violation (1988) of International Law Further Observations 724 Book Reviews and Notes 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 370 N/A (1988) 725 Which Law Applies to the 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 459 Reisman, W. Afghan Conflict (1988) Michael Silk, James 726 Advancing the Freedom of 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 487 Sullivan, Donna Religion or Belief Through (1988) J. the Un Declaration on the Elimination of Religious Intolerance and Discrimination 727 Book Reviews and Notes 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 616 N/A (1988) 728 Legitimacy in the 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 705 Franck, Thomas International System (1988) M. 729 Self-Executing Treaties 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 760 Paust, Jordan J. (1988) 730 Perestroika and 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 788 Quigley, John International Law Notes (1988) and Comments 731 Contemporary Practice of the 82 AM. J. INT’L L. 803 N/A United States Relating to (1988) International Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 732 Agora: What Obligation 84 AM. J. INT’L L. 190 N/A Does Our Generation Owe (1990 ) to the Next: An Approach to Global Environmental Responsibility 733 Editorial Comments 84 AM. J. INT’L L. 213 N/A (1990 ) 734 U.S. Ratification of the 84 AM. J. INT’L L. 365 Alston, Philip Covenant on Economic, (1990 ) Social and Cultural Rights: The Need for an Entirely New Strategy 735 Agora: U.S. Forces in 84 AM. J. INT’L L. 494 N/A Panama: Defenders, (1990 ) Aggressors or Human Rights Activists 736 International Law in the 84 AM. J. INT’L L. 661 Vagts, Detlev F. Third Reich (1990 ) 737 Has International Law 84 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Glennon, Failed the Elephant (1990 ) Michael J. 738 Whales: Their Emerging 85 AM. J. INT’L L. 21 D’Amato, Right to Life (1991) Anthony Chopra, Sudhir K. 739 The Vienna Convention 85 AM. J. INT’L L. 281 Clark, Belinda Reservations Regime and the (1991) Convention on Discrimination against Women 740 Feminist Approaches to 85 AM. J. INT’L L. 613 Charlesworth, International Law (1991) Hilary Chinkin, Christine Wright, Shelley 741 International Sports Law: 86 AM. J. INT’L L. 489 Nafziger, James A Replay of Characteristics (1992) A. R. and Trends 742 Agora: International 86 AM. J. INT’L L. 736 N/A Kidnapping (1992) 743 Shakespeare’s Henry the 86 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Meron, Theodor Fifth and the Law of War (1992)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 744 The Emerging Right to 86 AM. J. INT’L L. 46 Franck, Thomas Democratic Governance (1992) M. 745 Contemporary Practice of the 87 AM. J. INT’L L. 103 N/A United States Relating to (1993) International Law 746 In Memoriam: Judge 87 AM. J. INT’L L. 414 N/A Manfred Lachs (1914- (1993) 1993) 747 Contemporary Practice of the 87 AM. J. INT’L L. 433 N/A United States Relating to (1993) International Law 748 Book Reviews and Notes 87 AM. J. INT’L L. 669 N/A (1993) 749 The Cambodia Settlement 87 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Ratner, Steven R. Agreements (1993) 750 The Gulf Crisis and 87 AM. J. INT’L L. 42 Richardson, African-American Interests (1993) Henry J. III under International Law 751 Contemporary Practice of the 88 AM. J. INT’L L. 89 N/A United States Relating to (1994) International Law 752 Contemporary Practice of the 88 AM. J. INT’L L. 312 N/A United States Relation to (1994) International Law 753 The New Russian 88 AM. J. INT’L L. 451 Danilenko, Constitution and (1994) Gennady M. International Law 754 Contemporary Practice of the 88 AM. J. INT’L L. 719 N/A United States Relating to (1994) International Law 755 Current Developments 88 AM. J. INT’L L. 784 N/A (1994) 756 United Nations Law 88 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Schachter, Oscar (1994) 757 Contemporary Practice of the 89 AM. J. INT’L L. 96 N/A United States Relating to (1995) International Law 758 Contemporary Practice of the 89 AM. J. INT’L L. 366 N/A United States Relating to (1995) International Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 759 Clan and Superclan: 90 AM. J. INT’L L. 359 Franck, Thomas Loyalty, Identity and (1996) M. Community in Law and Practice 760 Agora: The Cuban Liberty 90 AM. J. INT’L L. 419 N/A and Democratic Solidarity (1996) (Libertad) Act 761 How American 89 AM. J. INT’L L. 540 Sohn, Louis B. International Lawyers (1995) Prepared for the San Francisco Bill of Rights 762 Contemporary Practice of 89 AM. J. INT’L L. 589 N/A the United States Relating to (1995) International Law 763 Book Reviews 89 AM. J. INT’L L. 658 N/A (1995) 764 The Four Doctrines of Self- 89 AM. J. INT’L L. 695 Vazquez, Carlos Executing Treaties (1995) Manuel 765 Contemporary Practice of the 90 AM. J. INT’L L. 263 N/A United States Relating to (1996) International Law 766 Book Reviews and Notes 90 AM. J. INT’L L. 331 N/A (1996) 767 Drawing a Better Line: 90 AM. J. INT’L L. 590 Ratner, Steven R. UTI Possidetis and the (1996) Borders of New States 768 Book Reviews and Notes 90 AM. J. INT’L L. 690 N/A (1996) 769 Editorial Comments 91 AM. J. INT’L L. 60 N/A (1997) 770 Trade-Environment 91 AM. J. INT’L L. 231 Steinberg, Negotiations in the EU, (1997) Richard H. NAFTA, and WTO: Regional Trajectories of Rule Development 771 The Opinions of the 91 AM. J. INT’L L. 417 Matheson, International Court of Justice (1997) Michael J. on the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 772 Contemporary Practice of the 91 AM. J. INT’L L. 493 N/A United States Relating to (1997) International Law 773 International Organizations 91 AM. J. INT’L L. 566 Anaya, S. James and Ethnic Conflict. Edited (1997) by Milton J. Esman and Shibley Telhami 774 Is Personal Freedom a 91 AM. J. INT’L L. 593 Franck, Thomas Western Value (1997) M. 775 Child Labor, Trade and 91 AM. J. INT’L L. 663 Diller, Janelle M. Investment: Toward the (1997) Levy, David A. Harmonization of International Law Notes and Comments 776 Contemporary Practice of the 92 AM. J. INT’L L. 44 N/A United States Relating to (1998) International Law 777 Reconciling Extradition with 92 AM. J. INT’L L. 187 Dugard, John Human Rights (1998) van den Wyngaert, Christine 778 Indigenous Peoples in 92 AM. J. INT’L L. 414 Kingsbury, International Law: A (1998) Benedict Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy 779 Agora: Breard 92 AM. J. INT’L L. 666 N/A (1998) 780 Appraising the Methods of 93 AM. J. INT’L L. 291 Slaughter, Annie- International Law: A (1999) Marie Ratner, Prospectus for Readers Steven R. Symposium on Method in International Law 781 Contemporary Practice of the 93 AM. J. INT’L L. 470 N/A United States Relating to (1999) International Law 782 Contemporary Practice of the 93 AM. J. INT’L L. 628 N/A United States Relating to (1999) International Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 783 Contemporary Practice of the 93 AM. J. INT’L L. 879 N/A United States Relating to (1999) International Law 784 The Hague Conventions and 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 31 Vagts, Detlev F. Arms Control Symposium: (2000) The Hague Peace Conferences 785 The Laws of War on Land 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 42 Aldrich, George Symposium: The Hague (2000) H. Peace Conferences 786 Contemporary Practice of the 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 102 N/A United States Relating to (2000) International Law 787 The Humanization of 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 239 Meron, Theodor Humanitarian Law (2000) 788 Temporary Protection of 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 279 Fitzpatrick, Joan Refugees: Elements of a (2000) Formalized Regime 789 Contemporary Practice of the 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 348 N/A United States Relating to (2000) International Law 790 Resolving Cross-Strait 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 453 Charney, Relations between China and (2000) Jonathan I. Taiwan Prescott, J. R. V. 791 Contemporary Practice of the 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 516 N/A United States Relating to (2000) International Law 792 Contemporary Practice of the 94 AM. J. INT’L L. 677 N/A United States Relating to (2000) International Law 793 Individual Accountability in 95 AM. J. INT’L L. 32 McGregor, South Africa: Cultural (2001) Lorna Optimum or Political Facade Symposium: State Reconstruction after Civil Conflict 794 Collapse and Reconstruction 95 AM. J. INT’L L. 46 Strohmeyer, of a Judicial System: The (2001) Hansjorg United Nations Missions in Kosovo and East Timor

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Symposium: State Reconstruction after Civil Conflict 795 Contemporary Practice of the 95 AM. J. INT’L L. 132 Murphy, Sean D. United States Relating to (2001) International Law Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law 796 War and Peace in Refugee 95 AM. J. INT’L L. 349 Storey, Hugo Law Jurisprudence Notes (2001) Wallace, Rebecca and Comments 797 Developing Human Rights 95 AM. J. INT’L L. 851 Reinisch, August and Humanitarian Law (2001) Accountability of the Security Council for the Imposition of Economic Sanctions Notes and Comments 798 Beyond Impunity: Can 95 AM. J. INT’L L. 7 Akhavan, Payam International Criminal (2001) Justice Prevent Future Atrocities Symposium: State Reconstruction after Civil Conflict 799 Triangulating the World 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 28 Charnovitz, Trade Organization (2002) Steve Symposium: The Boundaries of the WTO 800 It’s a Question of Market 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 56 Bagwell, Kyle Access Symposium: The (2002) Mavroidis, Petros Boundaries of the WTO C. Staiger, Robert W. 801 Institutional Linkage: 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 77 Trachtman, Joel Transcending Trade and (2002) P. Symposium: The Boundaries of the WTO 802 From Politics to Technocracy 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 94 Howse, Robert - and Back Again: The Fate (2002) of the Multilateral Trading

Summer 2021 53 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Regime Symposium: The Boundaries of the WTO 803 The WTO as Linkage 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 146 Alvarez, Jose E. Machine Symposium: The (2002) Boundaries of the WTO 804 Contemporary Practice of 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 237 N/A the United States Relating to (2002) International Law 805 Contemporary Practice of 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 461 N/A the United States Relating to (2002) International Law 806 Recent Books on 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 489 N/A International Law (2002) 807 Recent Books on 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 736 N/A International Law (2002) 808 Contemporary Practice of 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 956 N/A the United States Relating to (2002) International Law 809 Symposium: The Boundaries 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Alvarez, Jose E. of the WTO: Foreword (2002) Symposium: The Boundaries of the WTO: Foreword 810 Linkages Symposium: The 96 AM. J. INT’L L. 5 Leebron, David Boundaries of the WTO (2002) W. 811 Contemporary Practice of 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 419 N/A the United States Relating to (2003) International Law 812 Enhancing the Legitimacy 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 510 Danner, Allison and Accountability of (2003) Marston Prosecutorial Discretion at the International Criminal Court 813 What Happens Now - The 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 607 Franck, Thomas United Nations after Iraq (2003) M. Agora: Future Implications of the Iraq Conflict 814 Joan Fitzpatrick (1950- 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 656 Bodansky, Daniel 2003) Notes and Comments (2003)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 815 Contemporary Practice of the 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 681 N/A United States Relating to (2003) International Law 816 The Security Council and 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 823 Grant, Thomas Iraq: An Incremental (2003) D. Practice Agora (Continued): Future Implications of the Iraq Conflict 817 Beyond Occupation Law 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 842 Scheffer, David Agora (Continued): Future (2003) J. Implications of the Iraq Conflict 818 Water Conflicts during the 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 860 Benvenisti, Eyal Occupation of Iraq Agora (2003) (Continued): Future Implications of the Iraq Conflict 819 Hegemonic International 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 873 Alvarez, Jose E. Law Revisited Editorial (2003) Comment 820 Correspondence 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 898 N/A (2003) 821 Norms on the 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 901 Weissbrodt, Responsibilities of (2003) David Kruger, Transnational Corporations Muria and other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights Current Developments 822 Recent Books on 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 992 N/A International Law (2003) 823 So Far, So Fair: The Local 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Udombana, Remedies Rule in the (2003) Nsongurua J. Jurisprudence of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights 824 Subsidiarity as a Structural 97 AM. J. INT’L L. 38 Carozza, Paolo Principle of International (2003) G. Human Rights Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 825 International Law as Part of 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 43 Koh, Harold Our Law Agora: The (2004) Hongju United States Constitution and International Law 826 Misusing International 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 57 Alford, Roger P. Sources to Interpret the (2004) Constitution Agora: The United States Constitution and International Law 827 International Materials and 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 69 Ramsey, Michael Domestic Rights: Reflections (2004) D. on Atkins and Lawrence Agora: The United States Constitution and International Law 828 The Uses of International 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 82 Neuman, Gerald Law in Constitutional (2004) L. Interpretation Agora: The United States Constitution and International Law 829 Book Reviews 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 229 N/A (2004) 830 Recent Books on 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 371 N/A International Law: Book (2004) Reviews 831 Justiciability of Economic, 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 462 Dennis, Michael Social, and Cultural Rights: (2004) J. Stewart, David Should There Be an P. International Complaints Mechanism to Adjudicate the Rights to Food, Water, Housing, and Health 832 The Manley O. Hudson 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 516 Reisman, W. Lecutre - WHy Regime (2004) Michael Change Is (Almost Always) a Bad Idea 833 Recent Books on 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 610 N/A International Law: Book (2004) Reviews

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 834 Contemporary Practice of the 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 820 N/A United States Relating to (2004) International Law 835 Recent Books on 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 855 N/A International Law: Book (2004) Reviews 836 Controlling the Use of Force: 98 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Watkin, Kenneth A Role for Human Rights (2004) Norms in Contemporary Armed Conflict 837 Agora: ICJ Advisory 99 AM. J. INT’L L. 26 N/A Opinion on Construction of (2005) a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 838 Agora: ICJ Advisory 99 AM. J. INT’L L. 119 N/A Opinion on Construction of (2005) a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 839 Current Developments 99 AM. J. INT’L L. 194 N/A (2005) 840 Contemporary Practice of the 99 AM. J. INT’L L. 253 N/A U.S. Relating to (2005) International Law 841 Book Reviews 99 AM. J. INT’L L. 274 N/A (2005) 842 Universal Jurisdiction: 99 AM. J. INT’L L. 293 Randall, Kenneth National Courts and the (2005) C. Prosecution of Serious Crimes under International Law 843 European Conquest and the 99 AM. J. INT’L L. 306 Anaya, S. James Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (2005) The Moral Backwardness of International Society. By Paul Keal 844 Normative Hierarchy in 100 AM. J. INT’L L. Shelton, Dinah International Law 291 (2006) Centennial Essays - In Honor of the 100th

Summer 2021 57 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Anniversary of the AJIL and the ASIL 845 Contemporary Practice of the 100 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States Relating to 690 (2006) International Law Note 846 Recent Books on 100 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law - Book 733 (2006) Reviews 847 The Evolving International 100 AM. J. INT’L L. Buergenthal, Human Rights System 783 (2006) Thomas Centennial Essays - In Honor of the 100th Anniversary of the AJIL and the ASIL 848 Contemporary Practice of the 100 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States Relating to 918 (2006) International Law Note 849 Recent Books on 100 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law - Book 963 (2006) Reviews 850 The American and the 100 AM. J. INT’L L. 2 Damrosch, Lori International in the (2006) Fisler American Journal of International Law Centennial Essays - In Honor of the 100th Anniversary of the AJIL and the ASIL 851 Responsibility to Protect: 101 AM. J. INT’L L. 99 Stahn, Carsten Political Rhetoric or (2007) Emerging Legal Norm Notes and Comments 852 Genuine Consent to Sexual 101 AM. J. INT’L L. Schomburg, Violence under International 121 (2007) Wolfgang Criminal Law Notes and Paterson, Ines Comments 853 Contemporary Practice of the 101 AM. J. INT’L L. Crook, John R. United States Relating to 185 (2007) International Law Notes

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 854 Reconceptualizing Legal 101 AM. J. INT’L L. Waters, Education after War Notes 382 (2007) Christopher P. and Comments M. 855 The Fifty-Eighth Session of 101 AM. J. INT’L L. Matheson, the International Law 407 (2007) Michael J. Commission Current Developments 856 Recent Books on 101 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 509 (2007) 857 The 2006 Judicial Activity 101 AM. J. INT’L L. Mathias, Stephen of the International Court of 602 (2007) Justice Current Developments 858 Opening Pandora’s Box: 101 AM. J. INT’L L. Waibel, Michael Sovereign Bonds in 711 (2007) International Arbitration 859 Business and Human 101 AM. J. INT’L L. Ruggie, John Rights: The Evolving 819 (2007) Gerard International Agenda Current Developments 860 Contemporary Practice of the 101 AM. J. INT’L L. Crook, John R. United States Relating to 866 (2007) International Law Notes 861 Recent Books on 101 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 901 (2007) 862 Military Commissions: A 101 AM. J. INT’L L. 35 Vagts, Detlev F. Concise History Agora: (2007) Military Commissions Act of 2006 863 The Amendment of the War 101 AM. J. INT’L L. 48 Matheson, Crimes Act Agora: Military (2007) Michael J. Commissions Act of 2006 864 Recent Books on 102 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 197 (2008) 865 Contemporary Practice of the 102 AM. J. INT’L L. Crook, John R. United States Relating to 346 (2008) International Law Note 866 Recent Books on 102 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 384 (2008)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 867 No Outsourcing of Law - 102 AM. J. INT’L L. Mavroidis, Petros WTO Law as Practiced by 421 (2008) C. WTO Courts 868 Agora: Medellin - Medellin’s 102 AM. J. INT’L L. Bederman, David New Paradigm for Treaty 529 (2008) J. Interpretation Notes 869 The 2007 Judicial Activity 102 AM. J. INT’L L. Mathias, D. of the International Court of 588 (2008) Stephen Justice Current Developments 870 Contemporary Practice of the 102 AM. J. INT’L L. Crook, John R. United States Relating to 635 (2008) International Law Note 871 On Proportionality of 102 AM. J. INT’L L. Franck, Thomas Countermeasures in 715 (2008) M. International Law 872 Reevaluating Regional 102 AM. J. INT’L L. Cavallaro, James Human Rights Litigation in 768 (2008) L. Brewer, the Twenty-First Century: Stephanie Erin The Case of the Inter- American Court 873 Recent Books on 102 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 902 (2008) 874 Horizontal Human Rights 102 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Knox, John H. Law (2008) 875 Nondiscrimination in Trade 102 AM. J. INT’L L. 48 DiMascio, and Investment Treaties: (2008) Nicholas Worlds Apart or Two Sides Pauwelyn, Joost of the Same Coin 876 The ILO Convention on 102 AM. J. INT’L L. 90 Charnovitz, Freedom of Association and (2008) Steve Its Future in the United States Editorial Comment 877 Recent Books on 103 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law: Book 178 (2009) Reviews 878 Application of the 103 AM. J. INT’L L. Buys, Cindy International Convention on 294 (2009) Galway the Elimination of All Forms of Racial

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Discrimination International Decisions 879 Hadijatou Mani Koraou v. 103 AM. J. INT’L L. Allain, Jean Republic of Niger 311 (2009) International Decisions 880 Contemporary Practice of the 103 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States Relating to 325 (2009) International Law Note 881 Recent Books on 103 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law: Book 384 (2009) Reviews 882 The Pillar of Glass: Human 103 AM. J. INT’L L. Darrow, Mac Rights in the Development 446 (2009) Arbour, Louise Operations of the United Nations 883 The 2008 Judicial Activity 103 AM. J. INT’L L. Mathias, D. of the International Court of 527 (2009) Stephen Justice Current Developments 884 Contemporary Practice of the 103 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States Relating to 575 (2009) International Law Note 885 Recent Books on 103 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law: Book 619 (2009) Reviews 886 Why Culture Matters in 103 AM. J. INT’L L. Sarfaty, Galit A. International Institutions: 647 (2009) The Marginality of Human Rights at the World Bank 887 Recent Scholarship for 103 AM. J. INT’L L. Marouf, Fatma NGOs Recent Books on 777 (2009) E. Anker, International Law: Review Deborah Essay 888 Prosecutor v. Nahimana, 103 AM. J. INT’L L. 97 MacKinnon, Barayagwiza, & (and) (2009) Catharine A. Ngeze International Decisions 889 Recent Books on 104 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law: Book 146 (2010) Reviews

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 890 Power and Persuasion in 104 AM. J. INT’L L. Roberts, Anthea Investment Treaty 179 (2010) Interpretation: The Dual Role of States 891 Contemporary Practice of the 104 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States relating to 271 (2010) International Law 892 A Lucky Child: A Memoir 104 AM. J. INT’L L. Damrosch, Lori of Surviving Auschwitz as a 307 (2010) Fisler Young Boy Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 893 The Origins of African- 104 AM. J. INT’L L. Gordon, Ruth American Interests in 313 (2010) International Law Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 894 The Genocide Convention: 104 AM. J. INT’L L. Schabas, William The Travaux Preparatoires 318 (2010) A. Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 895 When Cooperation Fails: 104 AM. J. INT’L L. Cho, Sungjoon The International Law and 324 (2010) Politics of Genetically Modified Foods Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 896 A Presumption against 104 AM. J. INT’L L. Knox, John H. Extrajurisdictionality 351 (2010) 897 Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan 104 AM. J. INT’L L. Van der Vyver, Ahmed Al Bashir - Case 461 (2010) Johan D. No. ICC-02/05-01/09-73 International Decisions 898 Protection of Indigenous 104 AM. J. INT’L L. 29 van Genugten, Peoples on the African (2010) Willem Continent: Concepts, Position Seeking, and the Interaction of Legal Systems

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 899 Recent Books on 104 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 532 (2010) 900 The 2009 Judicial Activity 104 AM. J. INT’L L. Cogan, Jacob of the International Court of 605 (2010) Katz Justice Current Developments 901 Sejdic & Finci v. Bosnia 104 AM. J. INT’L L. Milanovic, and Herzegovina 636 (2010) Marko International Decisions 902 Recent Books on 104 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 688 (2010) 903 Contemporary Practice of the 105 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States relating to 122 (2011) International Law 904 Recent Books on 105 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 163 (2011) 905 Detention Operations in 105 AM. J. INT’L L. Bellinger, John B. Contemporary Conflicts: 201 (2011) III Four Challenges for the Padmanabhan, Geneva Conventions and Vijay M. Other Existing Law 906 2010 Judicial Activity of the 105 AM. J. INT’L L. Cogan, Jacob International Court of Justice 477 (2011) Katz Current Developments 907 Recent Books on 105 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 612 (2011) 908 The Diplomacy of Universal 105 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Langer, Maximo Jurisdiction: The Political (2011) Branches and the Transnational Prosecution of International Crimes 909 The Road Not Taken: The 105 AM. J. INT’L L. de Burca, European Union as a 649 (2011) Grainne Global Human Rights Actor 910 A New International Law 105 AM. J. INT’L L. Spiro, Peter J. of Citizenship 694 (2011) 911 Application of the 105 AM. J. INT’L L. Szewczyk, Bart International Convention on 747 (2011) M. J. the Elimination of All

Summer 2021 63 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation) International Decisions 912 The Kosovo Advisory 105 AM. J. INT’L L. 50 Falk, Richard Opinion: Conflict Resolution (2011) and Precedent AGORA: The ICJ’s Kosovo Advisory Opinion 913 A Transcivilizational 105 AM. J. INT’L L. Falk, Richard A. Perspective on International 835 (2011) Law Recent Books on International Law 914 Genocide: A Normative 105 AM. J. INT’L L. Greenawalt, Account Recent Books on 852 (2011) Alexander K.A. International Law 915 Briefer Notice Recent Books 105 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A on International Law 858 (2011) 916 Self-Determination in 105 AM. J. INT’L L. 60 Shelton, Dinah Regional Human Rights (2011) Law: From Kosovo to Cameroon AGORA: The ICJ’s Kosovo Advisory Opinion 917 The 2011 Judicial Activity 106 AM. J. INT’L L. Cogan, Jacob of the International Court of 586 (2012) Katz Justice Current Developments 918 Political Science Research on 106 AM. J. INT’L L. 47 Hafner-Burton, International Law: The (2012) Emilie M. Victor, State of the Field David G. Lupu, Yonatan 919 Recent Books on 106 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law: Book 694 (2012) Reviews 920 The Decent Work for 106 AM. J. INT’L L. Blackett, Adelle Domestic Workers 778 (2012) Convention and Recommendation, 2011 Current Developments

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 921 International Legal 106 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A Materials 917 (2012) 922 The Expulsion of Aliens 107 AM. J. INT’L L. Murphy, Sean D. and Other Topics: The 164 (2013) Sixty-Fourth Session of the International Law Commission Current Developments 923 Recent Books on 107 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law 252 (2013) 924 Sovereigns as Trustees of 107 AM. J. INT’L L. Benvenisti, Eyal Humanity: On the 295 (2013) Accountability of States to Foreign Stakeholders 925 Crimes against Humanity in 107 AM. J. INT’L L. Sadat, Leila the Modern Age 334 (2013) Nadya 926 Book Reviews 107 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A 488 (2013) 927 International Criminal Law 107 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Huneeus, by Other Means: The (2013) Alexandra Quasi-Criminal Jurisdiction of the Human Rights Courts 928 Contemporary Practice of the 107 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States Relating to 650 (2013) International Law 929 Recent Books on 107 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A International Law: Book 697 (2013) Reviews 930 International Law in the 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Galbraith, Jean U.S. Supreme Court: 127 (2014) Continuity and Change Book Review 931 Remedying Disregard in 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Stewart, Richard Global Regulatory 211 (2014) B. Governance: Accountability, Participation, and Responsiveness 932 Provisional Measures and 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Guilfoyle, the MV Arctic Sunrise 271 (2014) Douglas Miles, Current Developments Cameron A.

Summer 2021 65 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 933 Precedent, Compliance, and 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Verdier, Pierre- Change in Customary 389 (2014) Hugues Voeten, International Law: An Erik Explanatory Theory 934 Informational Services: 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Birnhack, Going Online, Global, and 562 (2014) Michael Local Again Recent Books on International Law: Review Essay 935 Socializing States: Promoting 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Sloss, David Human Rights through 576 (2014) International Law; by Ryan Goodman and Derek Jinks Recent Books on International Law: Book Review 936 Fresh Water in 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Dellapenna, International Law; by 582 (2014) Joseph W. Laurence Boisson de Chazournes; International Law and Freshwater: The Multiple Challenges; Edited by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Christina Leb, and Mara Tignino Recent Books on International Law: Book Review 937 Exploitation Creep and the 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Chuang, Janie A. Unmaking of Human 609 (2014) Trafficking Law 938 State Responsibility for 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Jorgensen, Nina Aiding or Assisting 722 (2014) H. B. International Crimes in the Context of the Arms Trade Treaty Current Developments 939 Contemporary Practice of the 108 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States Relating to 784 (2014) International Law 940 Hard Facts: Implications of 108 AM. J. INT’L L. Knop, Karen Policy Diffusion for 843 (2014)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) International Law Recent Books on International Law: Review Essay 941 The 2014 Judicial Activity 109 AM. J. INT’L L. Gray, Christine of the International Court of 583 (2015) Justice Current Developments 942 Annexation of Crimea 109 AM. J. INT’L L. 68 Grant, Thomas Current Developments (2015) D. 943 The Law of Refugee Status 109 AM. J. INT’L L. Fullerton, (2nd ed.) Book Reviews 908 (2015) Maryellen 944 The Expulsion of Aliens 109 AM. J. INT’L L. Murphy, Sean D. (Revisited) and Other 125 (2015) Topics: The Sixty-Sixth Session of the International Law Commission Current Developments 945 Nationality and 110 AM. J. INT’L L. Spiro, Peter J. Statelessness under 148 (2016) International Law Recent Books in International Law: Book Reviews 946 The Creation of Tribunals 110 AM. J. INT’L L. Matheson, Symposium on the 173 (2016) Michael J. International Criminal Scheffer, David Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda 947 The Tribunals and the 110 AM. J. INT’L L. Robinson, Darryl Renaissance of International 191 (2016) MacNeil, Gillian Criminal Law: Three Themes Symposium on the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda 948 Religious Actors and 110 AM. J. INT’L L. Cerna, Christina International Law Recent 406 (2016) M. Books on International Law: Book Reviews

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 949 Punishment and Policy in 110 AM. J. INT’L L. 49 Doherty, Joseph International Criminal (2016) W. Steinberg, Sentencing: An Empirical Richard Study 950 Burns H. Weston (1933- 110 AM. J. INT’L L. Richardson, 2015) In Memoriam 480 (2016) Henry J. Wing, Adrien K. 951 Achieving Sex- 110 AM. J. INT’L L. 82 Grossman, Representative International (2016) Nienke Court Benches Notes and Comments 952 Human Rights 111 AM. J. INT’L L. de Burca, Experimentalism 277 (2017) Grainne 953 Constructing an 111 AM. J. INT’L L. Hakimi, Monica International Community 317 (2017) 954 The West Bank and 111 AM. J. INT’L L. Meron, Theodor International Humanitarian 357 (2017) Law on the Eve of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Six-Day War Notes and Comments 955 The 2016 Judicial Activity 111 AM. J. INT’L L. Gray, Christine of the International Court of 415 (2017) Justice Current Developments 956 Contemporary Practice of the 111 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States Relating to 476 (2017) International Law 957 East West Street: On the 111 AM. J. INT’L L. Scheffer, David Origins of Genocide and 559 (2017) Crimes against Humanity Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 958 The Survival of the Secret 111 AM. J. INT’L L. Donaldson, Treaty: Publicity, Secrecy, 575 (2017) Megan and Legality in the International Order 959 Compensation for 111 AM. J. INT’L L. 7 Ratner, Steven R. Expropriations in a World (2017)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) of Investment Treaties: Beyond the Lawful/Unlawful Distinction 960 Contemporary Practice of the 111 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States Relating to 751 (2017) International Law 961 Data, Detection, and the 111 AM. J. INT’L L. 57 Johns, Fleur Redistribution of the Sensible (2017) in International Law 962 Crimes Against Humanity 111 AM. J. INT’L L. Murphy, Sean D. and Other Topics: The 970 (2017) Sixty-Ninth Session of the International Law Commission Current Developments 963 International Decisions 111 AM. J. INT’L L. Wuerth, Ingrid 994 (2017) 964 Presidential Proclamation 112 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A Indefinitely Restricting Entry 109 (2018) of Individuals from Designated Countries is Fully Implemented Amid Ongoing Legal Challenges Contemporary Practice of the United State Relating to International Law 965 U.S. District Court Convicts 112 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A Mohammad Jabbateh of 118 (2018) Perjury and Immigration Fraud for Concealing His Role as Former Liberian Warlord Jungle Jabbah Contemporary Practice of the United State Relating to International Law 966 Specially-Affected States and 112 AM. J. INT’L L. Heller, Kevin Jon the Formation of Custom 191 (2018)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 967 The 2017 Judicial Activity 112 AM. J. INT’L L. Gray, Christine of the International Court of 254 (2018) Justice Notes and Comments 968 The Internationalists: How a 112 AM. J. INT’L L. Bradley, Anna Radical Plan to Outlaw 330 (2018) Spain War Remade the World Book Reviews 969 Courts without Borders: 112 AM. J. INT’L L. Trooboff, Peter Law, Politics and U. S. 335 (2018) D. Barker- Extraterritoriality Book Vormawor, Reviews Mawuse 970 Military Trials of War 112 AM. J. INT’L L. Solis, Gary Criminals in the 349 (2018) Netherlands East Indies 1946-1949 Book Reviews 971 Imperfect Alternatives: 112 AM. J. INT’L L. Puig, Sergio Institutional Choice and the 361 (2018) Shaffer, Gregory Reform of Investment Law 972 Customary International 112 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Chimni, B. S. Law: A Third World (2018) Perspective 973 Queering International Law: 112 AM. J. INT’L L. Ruskola, Teemu Possibilities, Alliances, 540 (2018) Complicities, Risks Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 974 Human Rights in War: On 112 AM. J. INT’L L. van Dijk, Boyd the Entangled Foundations 553 (2018) of the 1949 Geneva Conventions 975 Contemporary Practice of the 112 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A United States Relating to 734 (2018) International Law 976 The Death of Treaty 112 AM. J. INT’L L. Stewart, David P. Supremacy: An Invisible 779 (2018) Constitutional Change Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 977 Culture in Law and 112 AM. J. INT’L L. Stromseth, Jane Development: Nurturing 798 (2018) Positive Change Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 978 NAFTA is Renegotiated 113 AM. J. INT’L L. Galbraith, Jean and Signed by the United 150 (2019) States Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law: International Economic Law 979 Reputation as a 113 AM. J. INT’L L. Daugirdas, Disciplinarian of 221 (2019) Kristina International Organizations 980 Mandatory Multilateralism 113 AM. J. INT’L L. Criddle, Evan J. 272 (2019) Fox-Decent, Evan 981 The Economic Structure of 113 AM. J. INT’L L. Sykes, Alan O. International Investment 482 (2019) Agreements with Implications for Treaty Interpretation and Design 982 Beyond Human Rights: The 113 AM. J. INT’L L. Melish, Tara J. Legal Status of the 654 (2019) Individual in International Law Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 983 Crimes against the Sovereign 113 AM. J. INT’L L. Liss, Ryan Order: Rethinking 727 (2019) International Criminal Justice 984 Trump v. Hawaii 113 AM. J. INT’L L. Spiro, Peter J. International Decisions 109 (2019) 985 Trump Administration 113 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A Takes Domestic and 833 (2019) International Measures to Restrict Asylum Contemporary Practice of the

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) United States Relating to International Law: International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 986 The Corporate Keepers of 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Butler, Jay International Law 189 (2020) 987 Google LLC v. Commission 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Zalnieriute, Nationale de l’Informatique 261 (2020) Monika et des Libertes (CNIL) International Decisions 988 Department of Justice 114 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A Declines to Defend the 289 (2020) Constitutionality of a Statute Criminalizing Female Genital Mutilation Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law: General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law 989 Research Handbook on 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Andrews, Feminist Engagement in 327 (2020) Penelope International Law Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 990 International Armed 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Matheson, Conflicts in International 331 (2020) Michael Law Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 991 The Proof Is in the Process: 114 AM. J. INT’L L. 1 Creamer, Cosette Self-Reporting under (2020) D. Simmons, International Human Rights Beth A. Treaties 992 Trump Administration 114 AM. J. INT’L L. N/A Further Restricts Asylum 504 (2020) Seekers at Southern Border through the Migrant Protection Protocols, Asylum Cooperative Agreements, and COVID-19 Procedures

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law: General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law 993 Peremptory Norms of 114 AM. J. INT’L L. 68 Murphy, Sean D. General International Law (2020) (Jus Cogens) and Other Topics: The Seventy-First Session of the International Law Commission Current Developments 994 The WHO in the Age of the 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Alvarez, Jose E. Coronavirus Agora: The 578 (2020) International Legal Order and the Global Pandemic 995 The Pandemic Paradox in 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Danchin, Peter International Law Agora: 598 (2020) G. Farrall, The International Legal Jeremy Rana, Order and the Global Shruti Saunders, Pandemic Imogen 996 The Once and Future Law 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Paparinskis, of State Responsibility 618 (2020) Martins Agora: The International Legal Order and the Global Pandemic 997 Short Supply Conditions and 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Sykes, Alan O. the Law of International 647 (2020) Trade: Economic Lessons from the Pandemic Agora: The International Legal Order and the Global Pandemic 998 "Lest We Should Sleep": 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Bennoune, COVID-19 and Human 666 (2020) Karima Rights Agora: The International Legal Order and the Global Pandemic 999 Protecting People Displaced 114 AM. J. INT’L L. McAdam, Jane by the Impacts of Climate 708 (2020) Change: The UN Human

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Rights Committee and the Principle of Non- Refoulement Current Developments 1000 Treaties and Their Practice - 114 AM. J. INT’L L. Hollis, Duncan Symptoms of Their Rise or 785 (2020) B. Decline Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 1001 The Limits of Human 115 AM. J. INT’L L. Richardson, Rights Limits Recent Books 154 (2021) Henry J. III on International Law: Review Essay 1002 Modernizing the UN 115 AM. J. INT’L L. Chimni, B. S. Human Rights System 171 (2021) Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 1003 The Military Commander’s 115 AM. J. INT’L L. Van Schaack, Necessity: The Law of 176 (2021) Beth Armed Conflict and Its Limits Recent Books on International Law: Book Reviews 1004 Rethinking Derogations from 115 AM. J. INT’L L. 20 Helfer, Laurence Human Rights Treaties (2021) R. Editorial Comment

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II. APPENDIX 2: FULL LIST OF AJIL UNBOUND DOCUMENTS WITH RELEVANT DENOTATION OF “RACE” S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 1 Democratic Legitimacy as a 108 AJIL UNBOUND Okafor, Obiora Criterion for the Recognition 228 (2014-2015) Chinedu of Governments: A Response to Professor Erika de Wet Symposium: Recognition of Governments and Customary International Law 2 A Crossroads in the Fight 108 AJIL UNBOUND Bravo, Karen E. against Human Trafficking? 272 (2014-2015) Let’s take the Structural Route: A Response to Janie Chuang Symposium: Janie A. Chuang, Exploitation Creep and the Unmaking of Human Trafficking Law 3 Democracy and Rights in 109 AJIL UNBOUND Gargarella, Gelman v. Uruguay 115 (2015-2016) Roberto Symposium on the Constitutionalization of International Law in Latin America 4 Criminalizing Sexual 109 AJIL UNBOUND Randall, Melanie Violence against Women in 189 (2015-2016) Venkatesh, Intimate Relationships: State Vasanthi Obligations under Human Rights Law Symposium on the International Legal Obligation to Criminalize Marital Rape 5 Considering the Role of the 109 AJIL UNBOUND Goldscheid, Julie State: Comment on 202 (2015-2016) Criminalizing Sexual Violence Against Women in Intimate Relationships Symposium on the International Legal Obligation to Criminalize Marital Rape

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 6 Western Australia’s Remote 109 AJIL UNBOUND Hill, Asta Indigenous Communities: A 209 (2015-2016) Case against Closures and a Call for New Governance Symposium on International Indigenous Rights, Financial Decisions, and Local Policy 7 TWAIL and the Unwilling 109 AJIL UNBOUND Tzouvala, Ntina or Unable Doctrine: 266 (2015-2016) Continuities and Ruptures Symposium on TWAIL Perspectives on ICL, IHL, and Intervention 8 Islamic Contributions to 109 AJIL UNBOUND Zoli, Corri International Humanitarian 271 (2015-2016) Law: Recalibrating TWAIL Approaches for Existing Contributions and Legacies Symposium on TWAIL Perspectives on ICL, IHL, and Intervention 9 Zero-Tolerance Comes to 109 AJIL UNBOUND Gruber, Aya International Law 337 (2015-2016) Symposium on the International Legal Obligation to Criminalize Marital Rape 10 Why Sexual Assault in 109 AJIL UNBOUND Randall, Melanie Intimate Relationships Must 342 (2015-2016) Venkatesh, Be Criminalized as Required Vasanthi by International Human Rights Law: A Response to the Symposium Comments Symposium on the International Legal Obligation to Criminalize Marital Rape 11 Why Fighting Structural 110 AJIL UNBOUND Torbisco-Casals, Inequalities Requires 92 (2016-2017) Neus Institutionalizing Difference: A Response to Nienke

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Grossman Symposium on Nienke Grossman, Achieving Sex- Representative International Court Benches 12 Gender Representation on the 110 AJIL UNBOUND Ebrahim- Tribunals of the United 98 (2016-2017) Carstens, Nations Internal Justice Memooda System: A Response to Nienke Grossman Symposium on Nienke Grossman, Achieving Sex- Representative International Court Benches 13 Palestine and the Secret 110 AJIL UNBOUND Kattan, Victor Treaties Symposium on the 109 (2016-2017) Many Lives and Legacies of Sykes-Picot 14 The Sykes-Picot Agreement’s 110 AJIL UNBOUND Loevy, Karin Regional Moment: Drawing 120 (2016-2017) Lines of Development in a New and Open Space Symposium on the Many Lives and Legacies of Sykes- Picot 15 Globalizing Justice, 110 AJIL UNBOUND Bluen, Kelly-Jo Homogenizing Sexual 214 (2016-2017) Violence: The Legacy of the ICTY and ICTR in terms of Sexual Violence Symposium on the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda: Broadening the Debate 16 Gender and Human 110 AJIL UNBOUND Kinsella, Helen Shielding Symposium on 305 (2016-2017) M. Critical Perspectives on Human Shields 17 Human Shields/Human 110 AJIL UNBOUND Nesiah, Vasuki Crosshairs: Colonial 323 (2016-2017)

Summer 2021 77 Chicago Journal of International Law

S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Legacies and Contemporary Wars Symposium on Critical Perspectives on Human Shields 18 Human Shields, Sovereign 110 AJIL UNBOUND Gordon, Neve Power, and the Evisceration 329 (2016-2017) Perugini, Nicola of the Civilian Symposium on Critical Perspectives on Human Shields 19 Feminicidio: TWAIL in 110 AJIL UNBOUND Moral, Paulina Action Symposium on 31 (2016-2017) Garcia-Del Theorizing TWAIL Activism 20 Symposium on Framing 111 AJIL UNBOUND Ramji-Nogales, Global Migration Law - 479 (2017-2018) Jaya Spiro, Peter Part III: Introduction J. 21 Migrant Domestic Workers 111 AJIL UNBOUND Mullally, Siobhan and Continuums of 498 (2017-2018) Exploitation: Beyond the Limits of Antitrafficking Laws Symposium on Framing Global Migration Law - Part III 22 The Incomplete Right to 111 AJIL UNBOUND Paz, Maria Freedom of Movement 514 (2017-2018) Symposium on Framing Global Migration Law - Part III 23 Resistance to Military 111 AJIL UNBOUND Roberts, Adam Occupation: An Enduring 45 (2017-2018) Problem in International Law Symposium on Revisiting Israel’s Settlements 24 Taking the Settlements to the 111 AJIL UNBOUND Ronen, Yael ICC: Substantive Issues 57 (2017-2018) Symposium on Revisiting Israel’s Settlements 25 Public Interests in the 111 AJIL UNBOUND Venzke, Ingo International Court of Justice 68 (2017-2018)

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) - A Comparison between Nuclear Arms Race (2016) and South West Africa (1966) Symposium on the Marshall Islands Case 26 Human Mobility and the 111 AJIL UNBOUND Bhabha, Longue Duree: The 136 (2017-2018) Jacqueline Prehistory of Global Migration Law Symposium on Framing Global Migration Law - Part II 27 Transnational Mobility, the 111 AJIL UNBOUND Megret, Frederic International Law of Aliens, 13 (2017-2018) and the Origins of Global Migration Law Symposium on Framing Global Migration Law 28 On Women and Beasts: 111 AJIL UNBOUND Becker, Anna Human-Animal 262 (2017-2018) Relationships in Sixteenth- Century Thought Symposium on Global Animal Law (Part I) 29 Animal Colonialism: The 111 AJIL UNBOUND Cohen, Mathilde Case of Milk Symposium on 267 (2017-2018) Global Animal Law (Part I) 30 Toward a Global System of 111 AJIL UNBOUND Aleinikoff, T. Human Mobility: Three 24 (2017 -2018) Alexander Thoughts Symposium on Framing Global Migration Law 31 Trading in Sacrifice 111 AJIL UNBOUND Stilt, Kristen Symposium on Global 397 (2017-2018) Animal Law, Part II: The Case for Global Legal Animal Studies 32 Putting the Prosecutor on a 112 AJIL UNBOUND Bosco, David Clock: Responding to 158 (2018) Variance in the Length of Preliminary Examinations

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Symposium on the Rome Statute at Twenty 33 The Unworkability of 112 AJIL UNBOUND Sornarajah, M. Balanced Treaties and the 223 (2018) Importance of Diversity of Approach Among the Brics Symposium on the Brics Approach to the Investment Treaty System 34 Customary International 112 AJIL UNBOUND Lepard, Brian D. Law: A Third World 303 (2018) Perspective: Reflections in Light of an Approach to CIL Based on Fundamental Ethical Principles Symposium on B.S. Chimni, Customary International Law: A Third World Perspective 35 Human Rights and the 112 AJIL UNBOUND Huneeus, Future of Being Human 324 (2018) Alexandra Symposium on on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at Seventy 36 Speech Duties Symposium on 112 AJIL UNBOUND Land, Molly K. on the Universal Declaration 329 (2018) of Human Rights at Seventy 37 Race and Rights in the 112 AJIL UNBOUND Powell, Catherine Digital Age Symposium on 339 (2018) on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at Seventy 38 Duration - Seriousness of 113 AJIL UNBOUND Koremenos, Commitment: An Empirical 178 (2019) Barbara and Theoretical Critique of Nyarko’s Treaties vs. Executive Agreements Symposium on Julian Nyarko, Giving the Treaty a Purpose: Comparing the Durability of Treaties and Executive Agreements

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 39 Reputation and the 113 AJIL UNBOUND Boon, Kristen Accountability Gap 233 (2019) Symposium on Kristina Daugirdas, Reputation as a Disciplinarian of International Organizations 40 Suppressing Atrocity Speech 113 AJIL UNBOUND Irving, Emma on Social Media Symposium 256 (2019) on Non-State Actors and New Technologies in Atrocity Prevention 41 Introduction to the 113 AJIL UNBOUND Blackett, Adelle Symposium on 385 (2019) Helfer, Laurence Transnational Futures of R. International Labor Law 42 Theorizing Emancipatory 113 AJIL UNBOUND Blackett, Adelle Transnational Futures of 390 (2019) International Labor Law Symposium on Transnational Futures of International Labor Law 43 Reimagining Trade 113 AJIL UNBOUND Santos, Alvaro Agreements for Workers: 407 (2019) Lessons from the USMCA Symposium on Transnational Futures of International Labor Law 44 Memorializing Dissent: 114 AJIL UNBOUND Drumbl, Mark A. Justice Pal in Tokyo 111 (2020) Symposium on Art, Aesthetics, and International Justice 45 Art, Aesthetics, Justice, and 114 AJIL UNBOUND Kerr, Rachel Reconciliation: What Can 123 (2020) Art Do? Symposium on Art, Aesthetics, and International Justice 46 Taming the Digital 114 AJIL UNBOUND Langford, Leviathan: Automated 141 (2020) Malcolm Decision-Making and International Human Rights

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Symposium: How Will Artificial Intelligence Affect International Law? 47 Introduction to the 114 AJIL UNBOUND Aaronson, Ely Symposium on Drug 275 (2020) Shaffer, Gregory Decriminalization, Legalization, and International Law 48 A Brief History of Cannabis 114 AJIL UNBOUND Collins, John and the Drug Conventions 279 (2020) Symposium on Drug Decriminalization, Legalization, and International Law 49 Towards Global Governance: 114 AJIL UNBOUND Eliason, Antonia The Inadequacies of the UN 291 (2020) Howse, Robert Drug Control Regime Symposium on Drug Decriminalization, Legalization, and International Law 50 Drug Policy Reform in the 114 AJIL UNBOUND Santos, Alvaro Americas: A Welcome 301 (2020) Challenge to International Law Symposium on Drug Decriminalization, Legalization, and International Law 51 Introduction to the 114 AJIL UNBOUND Achiume, E. Symposium on COVID-19, 312 (2020) Tendayi Global Mobility and Gammeltoft- International Law Hansen, Thomas Spijkerboer, Thomas 52 COVID-19 and the 114 AJIL UNBOUND Liu, Guofu Human Rights of National 317 (2020) Abroad Symposium on COVID-19, Global Mobility and International Law

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) 53 Homeward Bound? Global 114 AJIL UNBOUND Megret, Frederic Mobility and the Role of the 322 (2020) State of Nationality during the Pandemic Symposium on COVID-19, Global Mobility and International Law 54 Border Regimes and 114 AJIL UNBOUND Hoffmann, Pandemic Law in Time of 327 (2020) Florian F. d’Avila COVID-19: A View from Lima Nery Brazil Symposium on Goncalves, COVID-19, Global Isadora Mobility and International Law 55 Fortress Europe, Global 114 AJIL UNBOUND Reynolds, John Migration & the Global 342 (2020) Pandemic Symposium on COVID-19, Global Mobility and International Law 56 A Tale of Two Privacy 114 AJIL UNBOUND Krishnamurthy, Laws: The GDPR and the 26 (2020) Vivek International Right to Privacy Symposium on the GDPR and International Law 57 The Contested Boundaries of 114 AJIL UNBOUND Kysel, Ian M. Emerging International 349 (2020) Thomas, Chantal Migration Law in the Post- Pandemic Symposium on COVID-19, Global Mobility and International Law 58 A Human Rights Agenda 115 AJIL UNBOUND Cleveland, Sarah for the Biden Administration 57 (2021) H. Symposium on the Biden Administration and the International Legal Order: Essay 59 "To Restore the Soul of 115 AJIL UNBOUND Lovelace, H. America": How Domestic 63 (2021) Timothy Jr.

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S. No. Title Citation Author(s) Anti-Racism Might Fuel Global Anti-Racism Symposium on the Biden Administration and the International Legal Order: Essay 60 Introduction to the 115 AJIL UNBOUND Shaffer, Gregory Symposium on the Biden 40 (2021) Sloss, David L. Administration and the International Legal Order

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III. APPENDIX 3: ADDITIONAL TABLE AND CHART Table 5: Results proportionate to relevant documents AJIL Unbou AJIL nd AJIL & (1907 – (2014 – AJIL May May Unbou 2021) % 2021) % nd % Total documents with relevant denotation of “race” 1,004 100.00 60 100.00 1,064 100.00 Documents substantially engaging with “race” 64 6.38 11 18.33 75 7.05 Documents using “race” in boilerplate, statutory, general, or list- embedded contexts 489 48.71 30 50.00 519 48.78 Documents not using “race” in boilerplate, statutory, general, or list- embedded contexts 515 51.30 30 50.00 545 51.22 Documents with (sub)titular reference to race 5 0.50 2 3.33 7 0.66

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Chart 3

Analysis of AJIL & AJIL Unbound documents with relevant denotation of "race"

4.98%

48.77% 51.32%

Boilerplate Non-boilerplate Non-boilerplate substantial engagement

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