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Representations of Italy and Italians in British Fiction and Travel Writing, 1900-1930

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Representations of Italy and Italians in British Fiction and Travel Writing, 1900-1930 Representations of Italy and Italians in British Fiction and Travel Writing, 1900-1930 SaRyLouise Coffins Goldsmiths College, Univefsity of London PhD 2006 Declaration: I confirm that the work presentedin this thesisis my own SaUyLouise Coffins June 2006 Abstract Ibis thesis is conceived as a critical exploration of the construction of Italy and Italians in texts by British writers published between 1900 and 1930.Despite this period representing the heyday of writers in and writing on Italy, scholarship on the specifically Italian-centred rhetoric and its significanceis sketchy (though advancing):one must look piecemealto literature on travel-writing, literary modernism, Englishncssand regionalism, or on imperialist-colonialist discourse or on the Mediterraneanin literature; and to pre- 1900 periods such as Grand Tourism, Romanticism, the rise of mass tourism in the Victorian age; or the inter-war period. Drawing from this network of scholarship in detailed analyses of a dozen writers' works, a picture is built up of the principal characteristicsof literary constructions of Italy and Italians in terms of tropes, rhetorical strategiesand themes, accounting for their predominance,while maintaining a senseof variety and changewithin the parametersof genre and period. The selection of writers is based on their high standing in contemporary literary circles, their personal contact with Italy and the popularity of their texts during the period. Each chapter examineswriting on a particular region of Italy - Capri, Tuscany,the North and the South - drawing out the specific connotations of place found in and constructed by the texts. By scrutffuzing the workings of fiction and travel writing on Italy in the light of the discourses and contexts outlined above, the thesis will show that literary representations of Italy provide a window onto the way British writers conceived of British identity as well as of Italy and its people, during the first three decadesof the century. 3 Contents Acknowledgements 5 .......................................................... Introduction ................................................................... Sociopolitical. Contexts in England Italy 7 and ............................................. Literary-Historical Contexts Anglo-Italian Encounter 11 of the ...... 0........ 0........... Genre 15 ......................................................................................... Discourses Intertextuality 17 and ............................................................. Regionalism Chapter Overview 21 and ....................................................... Choice Writers 26 of ............................................................................ Chapter I Capri: Hedonism Absurd Tea-parties 28 and .................. Capri 28 .......................................................................................... Nepenthe 30 ......................................................... 0..... 9... Sirene 36 .......................................................................................... Chapter 2 Tuscany: Unbending Before Shrine 55 the ..................... Ile Incomparable Freshness Every Hue 57 of .............................................. Ile Better Class Tourist 66 of ................................................................. Wasn't There Battle Here Somethine 77 a or ................................................. Chapter 3 The Watershed: Italy's North, Europe's South 87 ........... Hilaire Belloc's Pilgrimage 91 .................................................................. D. H. Lawrence Northern 100 and Italy .......................... *............................. Chapter 4 The Italian South: Civilization 113 ................................ Rome 117 ........................................................................................ Rome in Fiction 127 ............................................................................ Naples 134 ....................................................................................... 'Me Southern Countryside 138 ................................................................ Sicily Sardinia 144 and .......................................................................... D. H. Lawrence 144 .............................................................................. Conclusion 156 ................................................................... Bibliography 162 ................................................................. 4 Acknowledgements I am grateful for the substantialsupport and encouragementI have received from institutions and individuals. My first acknowledgementis to the Arts and Humanities ResearchCouncil, for funding this project. I am indebted to Professor Chris Baldick for the perspicacityand sensitivity of his supervision.I would also like to expressmy gratitude to Goldsmiths English and Comparative Literature Department who have fostered my academic development in numerous ways. Members of its brilliant postgraduate community have provided succour and inspiration. 'ne generosity and good will of Professors Maurizio Ascari and Manfred Pfister have been invaluable to me during the final stagesof writing. Spedal, heartfelt thanks are due to Fernando D'Alessandro, Karen Navsa, Melita MarcotuUi and Tina Remzi; and to Tilly and Emma, to whom this thesisis dedicated. 5 Introduction Ibis thesis is conceived as a critical exploration of the construction of Italy and Italians in texts by British writers published between 1900 and 1930. Despite this period representingthe heydayof writers in and writing on Italy, scholarship on the specifically Italian-centred rhetoric and its significance is patchy (though advancing):one must look piecemealto literature on tfavcl-writing, literary modernism, Englishnessand regionalism, of on imperialist-colonialist discourse of on the Mediterraneanin literature; and to pre- 1900 periods such as Grand Tourism, Romanticism, the rise of mass tourism in the Victorian age; or to the inter-war period. Drawing from this network of scholarship in detailed analyses of a dozen writers' works, a picture is built up of the principal characteristicsin terms of tropes, rhetorical strategiesand themes of writings on Italy, accounting for their predominance,while maintaining a senseof the variety and change within the parametersof genre and period. Ile potentially huge scopeof this undertaking necessarilyinvolves questions of structure and selection which this introduction will expound. Since many of the texts are currently out of print, it has been necessaryto quote passagesat some length; it is through close readingsthat rhetorical strategiesand tropes are identified, enabling an investigation of how settings, narrative, figurative language, ' style and genre re-present to the British reading public Italy and Italian people. Analysis of the place of the texts within their literary and historical contexts provides a meansof realigning and revitalizing them within the current terrain of evolving academicinterest in literature that crosscutsgeographical and generic boundaries.This approachis intended as a means by which the main findings can be re-discoveredby other readersof other texts on or set in Italy of the era. What the texts reveal about the historically-situatedplace of the Anglo-Italian encounter in the English imagination also sheds light on broader ideological issuessuch as British identity (Englishnessand nationhood), subjectivity and the place of literature in constructing these.While current academicpraxis tends to focus attention on the intertextual and provisional nature of languageitself, the fact ýýarticularly with regard to travel writing) that real writers were travelling to real placesat a particular moment should not be neglected.Indeed, the intersections of auto/biography, essayand traveloguewith romance and realist fiction found in the study of literary representationof Italy and Italians invites a rehabilitation of the writer in the ongoing debatesaround the location of meaning. I PrattaffwmsEurope's 'obsessive need to presentand re-presentits peripheriesand its otherscontinually to itself (IiVedalEyes.Traml Viifing andTranscu&urafion (1,ondon: Routledge, 1992), 5). 6 Ibis introductorychapter sets out the variouscontexts relevant to the production and receptionof the texts and an overviewof the discourseswithin which the texts are working and with which they areanalysed; it discussesthe problematicof a fiction/travel writing distinctionwhich arisesin the project and presentsregionalism as a rationalefor the thesis'sstructure. It defendsthe choiceof textsand writers and provides a chapter-by- chapteroverview of the thesis. Sociopolitical Contexts in England and Italy While this is not the place to chronicle at length the eventsand changesin English and Italian societybetween 1900 and 1930,it is worthwhile highlighting those most salient to the discussionsof the ensuingchapters. Beginning with the contentious Boer War, the period seesthe death of Queen Victoria, Empress of India (1901) during whose reign Britain's expansionistpolicies had reachedtheir zenith. It is a period marked by rapid, wide-reachingchange, in the world of politics (both international and domestic),in communications technology,in massculture, in class relations, in international relations and in urban growth. The upper classes, membership of which according to McKibbin 'required an acceptablemix of breeding, education,wealth, and cultural assumptions',constituted 'at
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