Annals of University of Life Sciences – SGGW Horticulture and Landscape Architecture No 36, 2015: 57–69 (Ann. Warsaw Univ. Life Sci. – SGGW, Horticult. Landsc. Architect. 36, 2015)

Social initiatives as a means of participation in the transformation of city space MONIKA DOMANOWSKA* Mazovian Branch of the Polish Landscape Architects Association, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW

Abstract: Social initiatives as a means of par- current social needs in recreating city ticipation in the transformation of city space. space. We may regard these initiatives as A review is made of selected social interventions something of a “¿ rst-aid kit” for urban having the goal of improving the quality of the landscape in Warsaw. The chosen case studies problems – in many cases social initia- also illustrate a typology of social activities car- tives are the ¿ rst step towards transform- ried out to improve city public spaces and green- ing city spaces in need of modernization. ery. The initiatives have taken place during the We can see that organized initiatives take past several years, starting from 2007 (the year place mainly in two kinds of city spaces: of the ¿ rst known social action to improve the landscape: “Dotleniacz/Oxygenator”, created by ¿ rstly in the most degraded city areas, Joanna Rajkowska). Since that time there has including residential neighbourhoods, been a noticeable increase in social expectations and secondly in the most representative in many areas of life, including the creation of city public spaces. This gives an indi- public city space. From the second half of the ¿ rst cation of what is important to citizens: decade of the 21st century we can observe more ¿ rstly a pleasant place to live, followed and more social initiatives which may be consid- ered a reaction to the low quality of Polish city by space to spend time outside the home. space. The presented examples illustrate a trend It can also be clearly observed that many for the transformation of city space by means of of these actions include the moderniza- actions organized by nongovernmental organiza- tion of existing green areas and planting tions and non-associated activists. of new greenery1. These small-scale in- Key words: city landscape, social activities in the public space, social activities for landscaping, so- 1 These need basic knowledge about ecosystem cial participation, urban gardening services and green infrastructure theory – the two most contemporary theories on how greenery INTRODUCTION (and ecosystems on a larger scale) are perceived in human life. Ecosystem services are the bene¿ ts Nongovernmental organizations and provided by ecosystems that contribute to making foundations, which are the main organ- human life both possible and worth living. Ac- izers of various social activities in cit- cording to the European Commission’s de¿ nition ies, show through their actions the most of green infrastructure, greenery in the city is also a tool to increase the quality of life. Social bene¿ ts of green infrastructure include, for example: bet- ter health and human well-being, more attractive, * e-mail: [email protected] greener cities, higher property values and local 58 M. Domanowska terventions, of which the main idea is to 2014]. The selected examples indicate recreate city space with greenery, shows the needs and expectations of citizens how important for residents (on the basic concerning the modernization of degrad- level of needs) is contact with nature2. ed areas. They also show that increasing Observation of spontaneous actions in the amount and quality of greenery in the city space can provide an excellent the city is seen as one of the best tools to opportunity to obtain knowledge on improve the city space. how to create smarter and more pleas- The political backdrop to the problem ant cities. According to the New Charter is that since the ¿ rst decade of the 21st of Athens 2003 we can distinguish four century there has been a rapid increase main trends in changes in the city: so- in the interest of city inhabitants in trans- cial and political changes, economic and forming and improving their own place technological changes, environmental of living. There are several reasons why changes, and urban changes. Under each local activism has begun to gain popu- of these categories, the expected inÀ u- larity in Polish cities. First, Polish acces- ence on cities is considered – both for sion to the European Union has opened citizens and planners. These trends are a new period of social participation. also seen in social city interventions. The new political situation and opening We consider here selected social inter- of borders gave Poles a sense of equal ventions carried out since 2004 of which opportunity with the countries of West- the goal was to improve the landscape of ern Europe, and the end of the period Warsaw. The presented examples of so- of ’s association with the coun- cial initiatives show how great is the im- tries of Eastern Europe. Another reason pact of small-scale interventions on the is the increase in knowledge about the quality of living in the city. Nongovern- Polish spatial planning system, partly mental organizations, through their ac- because of educational social initiatives. tions, highlight the most pressing issues The next step to increasing opportuni- for urban residents. It has been observed ties for public participation in shaping that one of the causes of social activa- the landscape of the city was the crea- tion of the city’s residents is a reaction tion in 2009 of a Commission for Social to the gradual degradation of Warsaw’s Dialogue at various of¿ ces of the City of urban spaces in four areas: physical, so- Warsaw (as well as in other Polish cit- cial, aesthetic and natural [Domanowska ies, for example Kraków and àódĨ). This is an advisory body for the city authori- distinctiveness, enhanced tourism and recreation ties, and may include individual residents opportunities (from the European Commission and representatives of nongovernmental brochure “Building a Green Infrastructure for organizations and foundations (during Europe”, European Union, 2013). meetings, a given range of current issues 2 For basic information about the psychologi- cal impact of greenery on city residents, see relating to the commission’s area of inter- A. Baum, P. Bell, T. Greene, 2004, “Environmen- est are discussed). The Commission for tal Psychology”, GdaĔskie Wydawnictwo Psy- Social Dialogue is one of the ¿ rst steps in chologiczne, GdaĔsk. Social initiatives as a means of participation in the transformation... 59 the creation of a civic society. Public par- Only a few of the mapped interven- ticipation in the urban planning decision- tions were selected for inclusion in this -making process, respected by the author- article. All of them took place in Warsaw ities, forms part of the broader concept of over the past eight years. The interven- democracy [SiemiĔski 2007]. tions described here were chosen be- cause of their diversity, the goal being to MATERIALS AND METHODS illustrate the full range of participatory The materials which were used to pre- activities for landscaping. The material pare a review of social activities having analyzed consisted of inventoried social an impact on city landscape quality were initiatives which took place in: collected by the author through her work Ɣ city parks – 23 social initiatives; for nongovernmental organizations in Ɣ green private gardens and terraces – 2007–2013. The starting point of the – 32 social initiatives; period of study is de¿ ned by the ¿ rst Ɣ green streets and city squares – 45 so- known social action to improve the land- cial initiatives. scape: “Dotleniacz/Oxygenator”, created The cities with most inventoried ini- by Joanna Rajkowska. tiatives were Warsaw (33 initiatives), Basic materials for the article were Kraków (9 initiatives), GdaĔsk (8 ini- gathered by the author by mapping and tiatives), àódĨ (13 initiatives), PoznaĔ describing (based on the same question- (12 initiatives), and Zielona Góra, Wro- naire) more than one hundred social cáaw, Olsztyn, Opole, Lublin and Biaáy- interventions on the Map of Social In- stok (a total of 27 initiatives). terventions3. The mapped interventions were required to ful¿ ll several conditions RESULTS – A TYPOLOGY OF (Appendix): PARTICIPATORY ACTIVITIES FOR Ɣ they took place in Polish city public LANDSCAPING space or in city parks or squares (so- On the basis of the Map of Social In- -called activities for landscaping); terventions described in the previous Ɣ they were a social response to city section, it was possible to construct space degradation (activities such as a typology of participatory activities for city space modernization, creation of landscaping. Types of participatory ac- new public green areas, increasing of tivities for landscaping were also iden- the amount of greenery in the city); ti¿ ed on the basis of the most popular Ɣ they took place after 2004; theory in social participation: the ladder 4 Ɣ they involved the participation of lo- of social participation [Arnstein 1969] . cal inhabitants. 4 In the typology, social participation is divided 3 The map was prepared by Monika Domanowska into 8 levels, in three groups. The levels are ar- for the Sendzimir Foundation and is published on ranged from the lowest social participation up to the Foundation’s webpage: http://www.uslugie- the 8 level, called citizens’ control. Every level kosystemow.pl/?q=mapa. shows how great an impact citizens can have in 60 M. Domanowska

Landscaping activities carried out by and an educational impact (im- nongovernmental organizations are of pact on the creation of a civic so- two main types: those with short-term ciety); impact and those with long-term impact Ɣ modernization of public spaces for local citizens. We can also distin- such as green spaces, housing guish actions which relate to a speci¿ c estates, residential courtyards, location in city space from those that do parks, green spaces and cemeter- not, as in the case of many education- ies – such actions can inÀ uence al activities. The ¿ rst type of activities the aesthetics and the quality of includes short-term projects of various city space; kinds carried out in a speci¿ c area of the Ɣ urban gardening (including parks city, such as: and green spaces, boulevards, and Ɣ artistic activities, art in public spac- housing estates) – such actions es, installations, exhibitions (in parks can inÀ uence the aesthetic, social and green spaces) – these actions and ecological aspects of living in may have an educational impact on the city; city inhabitants; Ɣ action against destruction of green areas – these initiatives are Ɣ temporary land development, for mainly organized by local inhab- example playgrounds which can be itants who use the green areas in used only in summer time – this kind question. of activity may have a diverse impact II. Educational activities: lectures, pic- on citizens, depending of the type of nics, workshops, training courses land use. – many of these initiatives are or- Participatory activities for landscap- ganized to educate people about ing with a long-term impact on the city ecological ways of living, sustain- space include: able development or the creation of I. Point actions (actions related to a spe- a civic society. ci¿ c location): Educational activities not related to Ɣ design solutions and design con- a speci¿ c location in the city space may sultations – initiatives to present have the aim of teaching about the land- new ideas for the functioning and scape and promoting good practice in design of existing space – such the development of spaces, in the form actions have both an informative of workshops and lectures with the gen- eral theme of understanding the shaping creating their own way of living in the commu- of spaces. The goal of these initiatives is nity. Every step of the ladder also reÀ ects differ- ent stages in the creation of a civic society. Even to increase knowledge and contribute to if issues of public participation in transforming creating a civic society. the landscape in Poland are not new, it is still con- The activities listed above have dif- sidered to be at an early stage [Pawáowska and ferent durations and may have short- or Staniewska 2012]. Social initiatives as a means of participation in the transformation... 61 long-term effects. Short-term effects are veloped and under-utilized small squares associated with actions implemented in close to Warsaw city center. The instal- a particular area for a speci¿ ed time. lation in the square consisted of a pond Long-term effects are prolonged inde¿ - with aeration apparatus that created bub- nitely. A classi¿ cation of types of action bles on the surface of the water and mist into short-term and long-term is shown rising over the pond. This installation gained recognition both among peo- in Figure.

3DUWLFLSDWRU\ DFWLYLWLHV LQ:DUVDZ

Short-term impact Long-term impact

Point actions Point actions Educational activities

Artistic activities Design solutions Lectures

Temporary land Design consultations Workshops development Training Modernizations of areas Picnics Urban gardening

Initiatives against destruction of green areas

FIGURE. Types of participatory activities for landscaping

RESULTS – EXAMPLES OF ple living around the square (many of PARTICIPATORY ACTIVITIES whom are elderly) and other inhabitants FOR LANDSCAPING IN WARSAW of Warsaw, acting as a curiosity in the Point actions – artistic activities middle of town. “Oxygenator” was to be an installation with short-term impact The best-known social action (and one (remaining in place for the summer of of the most important and noteworthy) 2007), and became a symbol of the need in the Warsaw city landscape was also for a change of approach to the design one of the ¿ rst, created by the Warsaw of space in Warsaw. The installation at- artist Joanna Rajkowska. The “Oxygen- tracted many spectators, including both ator”5 was built on one of the poorly de- local residents as well as those coming from other districts who had heard about 5 “Dotleniacz/Oxygenator” was created in col- the “pond”. Following the success of laboration with artists from the Museum of Mod- “Oxygenator” the city announced a con- ern Art in Warsaw. 62 M. Domanowska test for the modernization of the square, ferred to the architecture and the present which was won by a design in a modern way of functioning of those residential style, although this did not provide for areas. The names “M3” and “M4” refer the continued presence of “Oxygena- to codes formerly used in standards for tor”. The modernization was carried out housing construction6. between 2009 and 2011; however, the removal of “Oxygenator” led to a drop Point actions – design solutions in the popularity of the square. Ultimate- ly, the square has become a symbol of The “Seven Year Stadium” Urban Sports the “death” of public space and of lack Square is a project which represents ac- of agreement between residents and of- tivities carried out by nongovermmental ¿ cials. organizations (NGOs). It is an initiative of social architects and representatives Activities in the ¿ eld of education of Warsaw NGOs (including ordinary with the temporary use of land citizens). The square was designed to offer a number of proposals for active The selected examples are two projects recreation. There was space for various prepared by the “Unlock” Association kinds of sports such as skating, biking, for the Improvement of the Residential yoga and basketball, and also a place for Environment, implemented between spending time more quietly, sitting and 2011 and 2012: “M3” and “M4”. The relaxing while viewing others engaged aim of these projects was to enable in sporting activities. The project led housing estate residents to attend meet- directly to the establishment of coopera- ings where actions were carried out, tion with the District Of¿ ce of , and to encourage them to identify is- which worked with the project team sues affecting the development of the to design the Bemowo Urban Sports residential space and identify possible Square, opened in July 2014. solutions. Efforts were made to provoke local communities to engage in dialogue and cooperation to improve the quality Point actions – urban gardening of life. Additionally, a series of work- Urban gardening is one of the most pop- shops and lectures attempted to indicate ular types of city actions among indi- possibilities for residents of the housing vidual citizens, and also among NGOs. estates to use parkland for active recrea- Gardening initiatives include both grass- tion. Based on the whole of the projects’ roots actions such as “guerrilla garden- action plans in both cases, temporary ex- ing” (which consists of planting in pub- hibition halls were built in parks close lic spaces without obtaining a permit to to the residential areas. These were de- signed in the form of housing typical for 6 “M3” is the symbol for a two-bedroom apart- the residential development adjacent to ment with kitchen, and “M4” for a three-bedroom the parks. Both projects thematically re- apartment with kitchen. Social initiatives as a means of participation in the transformation... 63 do so) as well as a large group of edu- the environment, and gain their support cational initiatives to promote the plant- for the changes. The result in each case ing of crops. The promotion of urban was a mobilization of residents to work gardening in Warsaw is currently sup- together physically to improve the qual- ported by cultural institutions such as ity of the space “belonging” to them all. the Copernicus Science Center and the Ujazdowski Castle Museum of Modern Point actions – initiatives against the Art. The photos show one such initiative, destruction of green areas involving the creation of a communal vegetable garden. This was carried out Currently in Warsaw, some properties by individual urban gardeners in the area expropriated after the Second World War of the Finnish Cottages estate. are being returned to their prior owners. This situation creates social conÀ icts. Point actions – modernization of city One of these conÀ icts concerned the areas green space on Szara Street in the center of Warsaw. This green space lies within The purpose of these actions in the con- an area which was returned to its pre- text of Warsaw is the beauti¿ cation of war owner, who wished to change the degraded common areas (mainly court- zoning of the land from green space to yards of old houses) in the more ne- housing and services. This plan led to glected and less subsidized districts. An objections from local residents. By law, example of a project aimed at this kind the owner was entitled to build on the of renewal is a project of the “Unlock” site (as a result of, inter alia, the absence Association with the slogan “Blocks, of an enforceable zoning plan, and the courtyards, townhouses revive neighbor- issuance of a construction permit). Fol- hoods”. It consisted of the transformation lowing the intervention of citizens op- of selected courtyards in several districts posed to building on the green space (the of Warsaw. Activities within the scope of culmination of the intervention coming the project included partial moderniza- in 2010) the site today remains unde- tion, retro¿ tting areas with recreational veloped and functions as a green space. infrastructure7, and vegetable plantings The determination of Warsaw residents in selected areas of the housing estates. in the ¿ ght against building on a small During the implementation of the project green area has had a real effect. public consultations were carried out to Another area of greenery for which determine the main needs of residents people in Warsaw are ¿ ghting is a small around the courtyards, integrate the resi- park in Szmulowizna, which, in accord- dents, increase their identi¿ cation with ance with the ¿ ndings of a study, is to be transformed into an area used for 7 This was mainly equipment typical of chil- transport purposes. Thanks to the inter- dren’s playgrounds, such as swings in courtyards vention of residents and nongovernmen- (http: www.odblokuj.org/?cat=3, data dostĊpu tal organizations, Warsaw’s authorities 20.04.2012). 64 M. Domanowska have begun work on the demarcation of Warsaw (for example, a campaign a new route for the road. In the literature which was organized to compel the we can ¿ nd a new term for this kind of City of Warsaw to publish of¿ cial situation: “public argument”, as opposed statistics on how many trees were to public debate [Pawáowska 2009]. felled and where); Ɣ actions to draw attention to the extent DISCUSSION – SOCIAL ACTIVISM of the problem of air pollution and AS A TREND to campaign for new regulations to In comparison with other cities, War- protect Polish cities from pollution. saw appears to produce a relatively A good example of this can be seen large number of social activities related in Kraków, where because of a cam- to the landscape. According to the Map paign by activists and the very poor of Social Interventions prepared by the condition of the city’s air, a new by- Sendzimir Foundation, Warsaw heads law was enacted. Within a few years the list of active cities. This may result it will be illegal in Kraków to use both from the city’s large population and residents’ higher level of knowledge products (for example coal) which about social participation. In 2014 the increase dust emissions. City of Warsaw offered an opportunity We can also observe that some social for citizens to take part in reshaping the activists who formerly played a leading city. The municipality allocated a spe- role in the actions of NGOs have at- cial budget (“participation budget”) for tempted to form political groups such as social initiatives proposed by citizens. Miasto Jest Nasze (“The City is Ours”). We can also observe that there is cur- Also, a few activists from NGOs are ac- rently a trend towards social participa- tive in left-leaning political parties such tion and city debates. The most common as Zieloni (“Greens”) and Razem (“To- topics of debates include the aesthetics gether”). of the city space, greenery in the city or lack thereof, community gardens, local CONCLUSIONS spatial plans and public transport in the city. This trend can certainly be expected The actions described in this article il- to have a positive impact on the sense of lustrate how social activists try to deal social participation. with a wide range of city problems, in- In the period since 2013 we can ob- cluding air pollution, lack of greenery, serve three very strong trends in social the condition of housing estates, and so initiatives for green areas: on. These problems are mainly connect- Ɣ urban gardening (here we should ed with city space degradation or with mention the Jazdów Housing Estate the lack of high-quality city public space and its vegetable gardens); which would offer diverse possibilities Ɣ actions to draw attention to the of recreation. The beginning of the trend number of trees felled every year in for transformation of city space by non- Social initiatives as a means of participation in the transformation... 65

-governmental organizations and indi- There is no doubt that the future vidual activists has given a new outlook shape of the city landscape will be more on the role of social participation in the dependent on the voices of citizens. city. For several years there has been an Observing the types of social activities increase in social responsibility for pub- taking place in the city space, we can lic spaces, whereas about 10 years ago foresee that because of the stronger and most in Polish society felt that they only stronger position of NGOs and local ac- had the ability to decide about shaping tivists, these will have a great impact on private spaces. The last decade has been the further development of cities, and a turning point for the development of this can be hoped to result in more sus- the concept of the “citizen’s city” which tainable and people-friendly landscapes. Warsaw may become.

Appendix. Examples of participatory activities for landscaping in Warsaw No Name of activity Main organizer Place Year Target group Duration Category 123 45678 Warsaw, Green streets “Dotleniacz/ Joanna summer 1 Grzybowski 2007 local residents and city /Oxygenator” Rajkowska season Square squares Warsaw, next Green private 2 Rock bombing Kwiatuchi to the Central 2009 city activists 1 day gardens and Artistic Pool terraces Warsaw, local summer Green private Backyard Measure High, 3 Brzeska 2010 residents, city season, gardens and Gardens (Mierz Wysoko) Street activists 1 year terraces Warsaw, Green private Urban 4 Kwiatuchi Chmielna 2010 city activists 1 day gardens and gardening Street terraces Unlock Warsaw, local 1 month, Association 5M3 SáuĪewiecka 2011 residents, summer City parks for Local Valley Park open access season Communities Neighbourhood Festival in local 1 day, Green streets My Sielce Warsaw, 6 Sielce 2011 residents, summer and city (Moje Sielce) Sielce area (Sielecki Festyn open access season squares Sąsiedzki) Green streets Partnership for Warsaw, summer 7PowiĞlenia 2011 open access and city PowiĞle PowiĞle area season squares local Bowls of Warsaw, Sady 8 Kwiatuchi 2011 residents, 1 day City parks Raspberries ĩoliborskie open access 66 M. Domanowska

Appendix, continued 12 3 456 7 8 Unlock Warsaw, local 2 months, Association Zasáawa 9M4 2012 residents, summer City parks for Local Malickiego open access season Communities Park Sielce for Sielce for local 2 weeks, Green streets Architects Warsaw, Baza 10 Architects 2012 residents, winter and city (Sielce Theatre exhibition open access season squares Architektów) Warsaw, local Social Garden Póánoc summer Green private residents, 11 by Konopacki city activists district, 2012 season gardens and open access, Place Konopacki (1 year) terraces city activists Palace Warsaw, Za ĩelazną local Green private Come On and 12 Kwiatuchi Bramą 2012 residents, 1 day gardens and Plant residential open access terraces area Warsaw, summer Green private Garden for Birds Polish Birds city activists, 13 Finnish 2013 season gardens and (Ogród na Ptak) Association open access Cottages area (1 year) terraces Krzysztof Social Garden Green private Herman and Warsaw, 4, autumn 14 (Ogród 2013 open access gardens and Art. Group Wilcza Street season spoáeczny) terraces Parque-no Grounded Kwiatkibratki Warsaw, (Uziemieni) and 2 months, Green private Copernicus 15 – a miniature Copernicus 2013 open access summer gardens and Science garden and Science season terraces Center water garden Center Iga Koáodziej Mint & Warsaw, Garden of the 2 months, Green streets Lavender for Ujazdowski 16 Senses 2013 open access summer and city Ujazdowski Castle (Ogród zmysáów) season squares Castle Museum Museum Actions and nature of letter-writing the initiative Warsaw, concerning Green Power prevents 17 KrasiĔski 2013 –- City parks the situation (Zielona Moc) identi¿ cation Garden of KrasiĔski of the main Garden target Social initiatives as a means of participation in the transformation... 67

Appendix, continued 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 nature of Open letter the initiative concerning Warsaw, prevents 18 the situation M20 KrasiĔski 2013 – City parks identi¿ cation of KrasiĔski Garden of the main Garden target local Warsaw, summer Green private Alter Eko residents, 19 City Garden Cypel 2013 season gardens and foundation open access, Czerniakowski (1 year) terraces city activists Warsaw, no guests, city 20 Misy ĩywiciela Kwiatuchi 2013 1 day City parks ĩoliborz activists Królikarnia Museum in Barren of Art cooperation Warsaw, summer – Królikarnia 21 with ElĪbieta Królikarnia 2014 open access season City parks Museum JabáoĔska Park (1 year) (NieuĪytki Sztuki) NieuĪytki Sztuki Blocks, Courtyards, Townhouses Unlock Revive Warsaw, summer Green private Association 2011, 22 Neighborhoods Praga Póánoc local residents season gardens and for Local 2012 (Blok podwórko district (2 years) terraces Communities kamienice oĪywiáy siĊ dzielnice) Warsaw May Picnic on a Warsaw, Culture Road recurring Green streets Slope Rydza 2012, 23 / coordinator open access event, and city (Majówka ĝmigáego 2013 Artur Jerzy spring time squares na Skarpie) Park Filip City Sports Group of 2011, Square volunteer Warsaw, 24 2012, city activists 3 years City parks (Skwer sportów architects and design theory 2013 miejskich) city activists Green Warsaw, recurring 2012, Green streets Green Jazdów Jazdów Ujazdowski event, 26 2013, open access and city (Zielony Jazdów) (Zielony Castle summer 2014 squares Jazdów) Museum season 68 M. Domanowska

Appendix, continued 123 45678 Warsaw, 3, Krochmalna In Place Street, Za 2012, local Green private – Action In Foundation 27 ĩelazną 2013, residents, city 2 years gardens and Place (Fundacja na Bramą 2014 activists terraces Miejscu) residential area In Place local Mariensztat 2012, Green streets Foundation Warsaw, residents, 28 – Action In 2013, 2 years and city (Fundacja na Mariensztat open access, Place 2014 squares Miejscu) city activists Warsaw local (Jazdów 2012, summer Green private residents, 29 Open Jazdów Open Jazdów area, Finnish 2013, season gardens and open access, Cottages 2014 since 2013 terraces city activists area) Sendzimir Warsaw, open access, Green streets Count on Green Foundation 2013, 30 PoznaĔ, àódĨ, experts, 2 years and city (Licz na ZieleĔ) (Fundacja 2014 Kraków of¿ cials squares Sendzimira) recurring ĩolibuh 3.0, 2.0, 2011, local event, Green private Warsaw, 31 1.0 / Plant the Kwiatuchi 2012, residents, several gardens and ĩoliborz City 2013 open access days each terraces year Protection People of Warsaw, of trees in Ochota, since 32 open access 5 years City parks Wielkopolski District Wielkopolski 2010 Park from felling (Ochocianie) Park Michaá Mioduszewski and Paweá Althamer, Warsaw, Tea House summer Museum of Bródno Park, since 33 (Domek open access season, for City parks Modern Art Targówek 2011 herbaciany) 4 years in Warsaw, District Nowa Fala Theatre Foundation recurring Urban Warsaw, Green streets Planting Ursus since event, 34 Gardeners Ursus rail city activists and city Rail Station 2012 1 day each group station squares year Social initiatives as a means of participation in the transformation... 69

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