Webinar 3 Holistic Wastewater Management and Reuse: Integrated Planning, Reforms and Innovative Financing

Home , Chembarambakkam Lake

A 3-part series on Reimagining Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Agriculture in India: Technology, Finance and Governance Perspectives

April 22nd , 2021 5:00 – 7:00 pm

www.2030wrg.org | @2030wrg S No Agenda item Time slot Speaker

Introduction and - Dr. Anjali Parasnis (Technical Coordinator, 2030 WRG Maharashtra) 1. 5:00 pm – 5:15 pm Context Setting - Birgit Vogel (Project Manager, India-EU Partnership, GIZ)

Moderator: Dr. Mahesh Patankar (Senior Advisor, Disruptive Technologies, 2030 WRG) Panel 1: - Niv Pintow (Head, Mekorot, The National Water Company of Israel and Owner, Governance and Livnat Engineering Company) 2. Institutional 5:15 pm – 5:55 pm - Priyanie Amerasinghe (Emeritus Scientist, Human and Environmental Health, Landscape: Global Insights attached to IWMI) - Conchita Marcuello (DG, Water - Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge - Spain)

Moderator: Kavita Sachwani (State Coordinator, 2030 WRG) Panel 2: Role of - D. Thara, IAS (Joint Secretary, MoHUA, AMRUT, Government of India) the Private Sector - R Vimala, IAS (Mission Director, State Water and Sanitation Mission, Jal Jeevan 3. 5:55 pm – 6:35 pm in Financing Reuse Mission, Government of Maharashtra) of Treated Water - Manuel Sapiano (Chief Executive Officer, The Energy and Water Agency, Malta) - Namita Vikas (Founder and Managing Partner, AuctusESG)

Questions and 4. 6:35 pm – 6:45 pm Answers

5. Closing Remarks 6:45pm – 7:00 pm - K P Bakshi, IAS (Retd.), Former Chairman, MWRRA Israel effluent reclamation Israel Integrative Real-Time Water Management – Mekorot

Brackish Water 1.6 Billion m3 Effluent Water Surface Water Annual Water Supply Ground Water

Desalinated Water

Industrial

Domestic

Agriculture Effluent Reclamation

100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% The Goal - 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Reclamation 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 70% 85% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60%

50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%

40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40%

30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 35% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%

10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 14% 14% 15% 0% 11% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Spain China USA Australia Singapore Israel

*GWI Municipal Water Reuse Markets 2010 Shafdan Plant and “Third Line” Supply System

▪ Largest wastewater treatment plant in Israel

▪ Supplies ~185 million m3 of reclaimed water per year for unrestricted irrigation in the Negev - a semi Tel-Aviv “Third Line” arid area in South of Israel to the Negev ▪ Quality of reclaimed water is suitable for unrestricted irrigation

250 km2 2.5 Million People Shafdan MBTP 19 km 84” pipe Treatment – Secondary level (activated sludge)

Effluent recharge and recycling for unrestricted irrigation (SAT process) SAT - Soil Aquifer Treatment SAT – Soil Aquifer Treatment

Recovery Recovery Observation Well Recharge Basin Observation Well Well Well

Dune Sand with Silt & Clay Lenses Unsaturated Zone

Saturated Zone

Zone Dedicated to Effluent Treatment & Storage 3’rd Water Line to the Negev Israel national water company “Mekorot” invests significant Activities in the Field of Effluent Reclamation resources in the development of new cutting-edge technologies, both in order to increase output and to improve the quality of the effluent and reduce costs: ● Deep Bed filtration ● Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) ● Long term storage in reservoirs ● UV disinfection ● UF/RO

13 Shafdan Plant – Recent Upgrade

• New Primary Clarifiers • New Anaerobic Digesters • New system of Bio Generators for production of electricity from Biogas The Outcome

30% of Israel’s Agricultural Crops Come From the Negev Desert

15 50% Increase in Effluent Supply by 2030

Decreasing in Fresh Water supply for 50% Increase in Effluent Supply Agricultural Uses

50% 685

Fresh Water 450 Effluent

Brackish 2010 2030

Holistic Integrated Wastewater Management Plans: Reuse in Agriculture

Priyanie Amerasinghe Emeritus Scientist – [email protected] International Water Management Institute

WRG _Maharashtra 2021 Musi River, Hyderabad, India

The global area of urban irrigated croplands was estimated at about 24 Mha (11.0 percent of all irrigated croplands) with a cropping intensity of 1.48. The global area of urban rain-fed croplands found was approximately 44 Mha (4.7 percent of all rainfed croplands) with a cropping intensity of 1.03. Thebo et al, 2014 Understanding the Landscape: Hyderabad city

Storage in Rainwater Reservoirs Storage Greywater & Sewage

Osman sagar Water requirements Himayath sagar Singur dam Manjira barrage • Indoor and outdoor Municipal wastewater Krishna river Recycled water potable and non- treatment plant potable water Discharge • Industrial cooling- • Peri-urban food Treatment Municipal supply production - Irrigation • Landscaping Musi River

Wetlands

Treatme nt

Infiltration Groundwater

Amerasinghe et al. 2015 Sources: https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/373/Natural-Water-Treatment-Systems-for- Safe-and Reuse in Agriculture

• Wastewater as part of the water cycle (holistic and integrated management – combining functioning systems for efficiency Colombo Wetlands Credit: Martin Seemungal • Generation and composition, collection, treatment (including sludge), disposal and reuse – business models and financing • Centralised or decentralised systems • Technology – on farm and off farm; natural or 36% of population live in water built (e.g. NBS) scarce areas. • Understanding the demand for reuse • Landscape approach for planning • Monitoring and evaluation • Policies and regulations (international local) – reuse for food and non- food production • Institutions – Governance • Capacity building • Data bases (FAO: AQUASTAT) Looking ahead

Integrated Water Resources Management (Planning) - Develop wastewater initiatives as part of a basin planning framework to maximize benefits, improve efficiency and resource allocation, and engage stakeholders (understand the trade-offs).

Build the utility of the future by shifting away from wastewater treatment plants to water resource recovery facilities, thus realizing wastewater’s value.

Explore and support the development of innovative financing and sustainable businesses models in the sector.

Implement the necessary policy, institutional, and regulatory (PIR) frameworks to promote the paradigm shift. Extras Useful references

Sato, T.; Qadir, Manzoor; Yamamoto, S.; Endo, T.; Zahoor, A. 2013. Global, regional, and country level need for data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use. Agricultural Water Management, 130:1-13. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.08.007

World Bank. Water and Sanitation Program (WSP); International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2016. Recycling and reuse of treated wastewater in urban India: A proposed advisory and guidance document. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 57p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 8). doi: 10.5337/2016.203 https://wle.cgiar.org/content/global-wastewater-database

Global assessment of urban and peri-urban agriculture: irrigated and rainfed croplands AL Thebo, P Drechsel, EF Lambin - Environmental Research Letters, 2014 Chennai city

Aquifers, Treatment Storage Rainwater Lakes and Reservoirs

Veeranam lake Water Requirements Krishna River Poondi Reservoir • Chembarambakkam lake Indoor and outdoor Cholavaram lake potable and non- Discharge into rivers Neyveli, Minjur and Recycled water potable water Panchetty aquifers • Industrial cooling • Peri-urban- food Municipal wastewater production - Irrigation Treatment treatment plant Municipal supply • Landscaping

Infiltration Groundwater

Check dam Greywater & Sewage Percolation pond Main Drivers for Water Reuse:

• National drivers • Regional EU drivers

Integrating Water Reuse:

Holistic Integrated Wastewater Management Plans • Legal Framework The experience of Spain • WR is part of RBMPs

Conchita Marcuello - DG Water Promoting WR: 22th April, 2021 • Cost and benefits sharing • Water efficiency in circular economy MAIN DRIVERS: NATIONAL

BACKGROUND – REUSE AND WS

TOTAL INLAND SURFACE: 506,278 KM2 IRRIGATED AREA: 3,624,874 HA POPULATION: 46,73 mill TOURISM: 80 mill.tourists/yr -> TOURPOPEQ = 5,5 mill/yr

Irrigation + Tourism is highly and concurrently seasonal and concentrated in the same areas

NON CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES IN RBMP according to Directive 2000/60/CE (aka WFD) MAIN DRIVERS: REGIONAL EU

Regional – EU (cronology of WR) o Directive 91/271/EEC, concerning urban waste water treatment, by just indicating that “treated waste water shall be reused whenever appropriate”. No obligation of reporting on WR. o Directive 2000/60/EC, also known as the Water Framework Directive, that reuse was better approached: water reuse is considered as a supplementary measure that allows gaining in the efficiency of water use. o The European Strategy for Circular Economy included a measure on water reuse consisting in a new EU-wide regulation on minimum requirements for water reuse for agriculture (new requirements in a risk management-based framework) and aquifer recharge (based on existing requirements in a risk management-based framework). o Regulation UE 2020/741 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2020, on minimum requirements for water reuse. The Regulation addresses, but not limits to, agricultural use. o The new Plan for Circular Economy of the UE incudes water efficiency and water pollution beyond “WR in agriculture” INTEGRATING WATER REUSE – LEGAL FRAMEWORK

• Main drivers for the development of the current regulations: National: o The old Water Act of 1985 included WR as the need to will establish the conditions for water reuse (by the Government) o The current Water Act of 2001 inherited this principle o Royal Decree 907/2007, which establishes the legal requirements for River Basin Management Plans: Reuse is part of the water balances (taken as a source of water coming from returns) and where new potential has been identified, reuse is part of the programme of measures (taken as a new project or set of projects to develop). o Royal Decree 1620/2007 setting a framework for water reuse: Quality requirements (standards and monitoring frequency for five uses) + Procedure for permitting + RESPONSIBILITIES ARE IN HANDS OF THE USER o Regulation 2020/741 on minimum requirements for water reuse sets an European framework: Quality Requirements for Agriculture + Procedure for permitting + Risk Management Plans + SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES MAIN DRIVERS: WR in RBMPs MAIN DRIVERS: WR in RBMPs

Jucar River Basin (S= 58 260 km2) REUSE- Agricultural irrigation Irrigated Surface Area: 767 051 Ha Irrigated Surface Area with In 99 units of water demand reused water: 262 625 Ha. Mixture of sources, mosaic of crops In 36 units of water demand. and different irrigation systems Mean % reused relative to the assigned water to a unit ~ 11% QUALITY REQUIREMENTS - ANNEX I REG2020/741 vs ANNEX I RD1620/2007 (no longer in place for agri)

o RD 1620/2007 regulates for the rest of uses (urban, agricultural, industrial, recreational and environmental; reuse for Drinking water is prohibited). COST AND BENEFITS SHARING

Water body (environmental legislation)

WWTP “operator” RWP “operator” USE AREA Delivers treated water Delivers reclaimed water User maintains the quality to the reuse system to the user of water up to the point of use

Water Authority indicates the quality required for each delivery according to the use it is intended for Environmental, Food and Health standards apply in the use areas – Users responsible for self-monitoring programmes

FROM THE RESPONSIBILITY ON THE FARMER TO A SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN URBAN POLLUTERS AND WATER USERS. POLLUTER-PAYS PRINCIPLE AS IN THE CASE OF MURCIA REGION.

NEED FOR ENABLING POLICIES: CIRCULAR ECONOMY

HOLISTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND REUSE

Considerations from Malta’s Water Reuse Programme

Manuel Sapiano Energy and Water Agency Malta NEW WATER PROJECT

Three polishing plants have been commissioned within Malta’s Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants which enable the potential production of up to 7 million m3 of high quality water for re-use in irrigation, landscaping, industry and aquifer recharge.

A four barrier treatment process has been developed to ensure the safety of the produced water for human health and the environment. COST RECOVERY

A rising block tariff mechanism has been established, intended to incentivize the efficient use of reclaimed water.

In the agricultural sector the tariff band is applied on a “holding unit” basis – to compensate for large. Also, the first tariff band has been suspended to incentivise use of the reclaimed water product.

The tariff has been set at a level which is lower than alternative water resources (abstraction of groundwater and private water suppliers) so as to further incentivise the uptake of reclaimed water. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

The inclusion of water reuse in water management frameworks changes the role of traditional “water services” since the production of reclaimed water is now being introduced as a service offered by the utility.

Effective consideration of water reuse therefore requires the development of a wider economic framework which gives due consideration to the: ▪ Resource benefits ▪ Environmental benefits ▪ Economic benefits ▪ Social benefits arising due to the introduction of water reuse. FINANCING MODELS

Capital costs: The development of water reclamation facilities (for agricultural irrigation) was supported by the EU Cohesion Fund and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD).

Operational costs: User-tariffs cover part of the operational costs related to reclaimed water production and distribution. ALTERNATIVE FINANCING MODELS

Public Private Partnerships introduce a number of diverse financing opportunities with a diverging correlation of responsibility for the public and private sectors.

On one end of the spectrum lies traditional service/management contracts, where the government procures services directly from the private sector. On the other end of the spectrum lies privatisation, where a service or facility is fully transferred to the private sector by sale/disposal, including all its associated assets and liabilities, for operation according to market forces.

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