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Chemosynthesis: What It We Can Learn from Hydrothermal Vents

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Chemosynthesis: What It We Can Learn from Hydrothermal Vents Chemosynthesis:Chemosynthesis: WhatWhat itit wewe cancan learnlearn fromfrom hydrothermalhydrothermal ventsvents Ryan Perry Geol 062 II.. IInnttrroo ttoo MMeettaabboolliissmm 1. CCaarrbboonn fifixxaattiioonn aanndd PPhhoottoossyynntthheessiiss 2. FFaammiilliiaarr ooxxiiddaattiivvee mmeettaabboolliissmm 3. OOxxyyggeenniicc PPhhoottoossyynntthh.. 4. GGeeoollooggiicc ccoonnsseeqquueenncceess IIII.. CChheemmoossyynntthheessiiss 1. HHyyddrrootthheerrmmaall VVeennttss 2. AArrcchheeaann 3. CChheemmoossyynntthheettiicc mmeettaabboolliissmm:: MMiiccrroobbeess RRuullee!!!!!! 4. CChheemmoossyynntthheettiicc eeccoossyysstteemmss IIIIII.. WWhhyy aarree eexxttrreemmoopphhiilleess ssoo ccooooll?? 1. BBiioommeeddiiccaall 2. IInndduussttrriiaall 3. WWhhaatt eexxttrreemmoopphhiilleess tteeaacchh uuss aabboouutt eeaarrllyy lliiffee 4. EExxoobbiioollooggyy IIVV.. EExxoobbiioollooggyy PPrreebbiioottiicc CChheemmiissttrryy oonn EEaarrtthh PPoossssiibbllee ((pprroobbaabbllee??)) oorriiggiinnss ooff lliiffee.. PPoossssiibbiillee lliiffee eellsseewwhheerree iinn tthhee ssoollaarr ssyysstteemm.. MMeettaabboolliissmm • The complete set of chemical reactions that take place within a cell. • Basis of all life processes. • Catabolic and Anabolic MMeettaabboolliissmm • CCaattaabbllooiicc mmeettaabboolliissmm---- hhiigghh eenneerrggyy mmoolleeccuulleess ((eelleeccttrroonn--ddoonnoorrss,, ffoooodd)) aarree ooxxiiddiizzeedd,, hhaavviinngg tthheeiirr eelleeccttrroonnss ttrraannssffeerrrreedd ttoo aann eelleeccttrroonn--aacccceeppttoorr.. • EElleeccttrroonn ppaasssseess ddoowwnn eelleeccttrroonn ttrraannssppoorrtt cchhaaiinn……tteerrmmiinnaall eelleeccttrroonn aacccceeppttoorr.. • EEnneerrggyy rreelleeaasseedd ---->> AATTPP MMeettaabboolliissmm EElleeccttrroonn--ddoonnoorr ++ EElleeccttrroonn--aacccceeppttoorr ---->> Oxidized molecule + reduced molecule + ENERGY MMeettaabboolliissmm C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY e-donor + e-acceptor --> you get the picture MMeettaabboolliissmm RReedduuccttiioonn:: GGaaiinniinngg eelleeccttrroonnss OOxxiiddaattiioonn:: LLoooossiinngg eelleeccttrroonnss OOxxiiddaanntt ggeettss rreedduucceedd.. RReedduuccttaanntt ggeettss ooxxiiddiizzeedd.. MMeettaabboolliissmm • FFoorr mmoosstt eeuukkaarryyootteess,, tthhee ffoooodd ((ee--ddoonnoorr)) iiss GGlluuccoossee.. • GGlluuccoossee iiss ooxxiiddiizzeedd bbyy OO2. SSoo wwhheerree ddoo wwee ggeett tthhee GGlluuccoossee?????? PPPhhhoootttooosssyynnnttthhheeesssisiiss PPrroocceessss bbyy wwhhiicchh ppllaannttss,, aallggaaee,, aanndd pphhoottoossyynntthheettiicc bbaacctteerriiaa ddeerriivvee eenneerrggyy ffrroomm tthhee ssuunn ttoo ““fifixx”” CCOO22 ffrroomm tthhee aattmmppsspphheerree iinnttoo oorrggaanniicc mmoolleeccuulleess.. 66CCOO2 ++ 66HH200 ++ SSUUNN ---->> CC6HH12OO6 ++ OO2 Photosynthesis • Very important to the history of life Earth •Sink for atmospheric CO2 •Oxygenated atmosphere Made it possible for multi-cellular life to flourish OOxxyyggeenn AAttmmoosspphheerree • Drastically changed the environment • Probably drove many microbial species to extinction (toxic) • Banded Iron Formations soluble Fe2+ quickly oxidized to FeOOH. ButBut beforebefore allall ofof thatthat oxygenicoxygenic coolnesscoolness…….. TThhee AArrcchhaaeeaann ((33.8.8 ttoo 22.5.5 bbillioillionn yyeeaarrss aaggoo)) The Archaean •Reducing atmosphere of methane, ammonia, and other gases which would be toxic to most life on our planet today. •Rampant volcanism •Acidic oceans, dissolved metals •Really a pretty nasty place to live :( AArrcchhaaeeaann SSttrroommaattoolliitteess W. Australian, 3.5 Ga Oldest rocks, 3.8 Ga Fossilized remnants of cyanobacterial colonies Photosynthetic organisms Wicked cool…. EvenEven beforebefore oxygenicoxygenic cyanobacteriacyanobacteria wwereere buildingbuilding stromatolitesstromatolites…….. UUrreeyy--MMiilllleerr EExxppeerriimmeenntt,, 11995533 water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia(NH3) hydrogen(H2) Archaean conditions UUrreeyy--MMiilllleerr EExxppeerriimmeenntt After one week, 15% of the carbon was in the form of organic compounds 13 of the 22 amino acids Carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) DDiissccoovveerryy ooff HHyyddrrootthheerrmmaall VVeennttss • Discovered along the Galapagos Rift in 1976 by a group of marine geologists studying ocean temperatures HHyyddrrootthheerrmmaall VVeennttss • Typically form along Mid-Ocean Ridge • 80 - 400°C • Chimneys ~60m high Hydrothermal Vents Analogous to Archaen Environment Very warm: 80 - 400 degrees C Reduced species: 2+ H2S, H2, CH4, Fe Oxidized species: NO3, CO2, SO4 CChheemmoossyynntthheessiiss Reduced molecules provided directly from the plume are oxidized for chemosynthetic organisms to derive energy. CChheemmoossyynntthheessiiss EExxaammpplleess ooff RREEDDOOXX ppaaiirrss:: FFee33++ // HH2 aanndd oorrggaanniiccss CCOO22 // HH2SS aanndd HH2 SS aanndd SSOO4 // HH2SS,, HH2,, oorrggaanniiccss CChheemmoossyynntthheessiiss MMaannyy ooff tthhee mmiiccrroobbeess ffoouunndd aatt hhyyddrrootthheerrmmaall vveennttss aarree ccaalllleedd ““eexxttrreemmoopphhiilleess”” 7700 -- 110033 ddeeggrreeeess CC EExxttrreemmeellyy llooww ppHH HHiigghh pprreessssuurreess EExxttrreemmoopphhiilleess MMoosstt ffoouunndd aatt hhyyddrrootthheerrmmaall vveennttss aarree cchheemmooaauuttoottrroopphhiicc CO2 as Carbon source (remind you of anything?) Derive reducing power from H2S, H2, rarely CH4 EExxttrreemmoopphhiilleess IInnhhaabbiitt ssppaacceess bbeettwweeeenn ccrryyssttaall ggrraaiinnss wwiitthhiinn tthhee bbllaacckk ssmmookkeerr cchhiimmnneeyyss HHyyppeerrtthheerrmmoopphhiilleess lliivvee ddiirreeccttllyy wwiitthhiinn pplluummee ooff ssuuppeerr--hhoott lliiqquuiidd LLeessss hheeaatt--ttoolleerraanntt oorrggaanniissmmss ffoorrmm mmaattss iinn vviicciinniittyy ooff pplluummee CChheemmoossyynntthheettiicc ffoooodd wweebbss CChheemmoossyynntthheettiicc oorrggaanniissmmss ffoorrmm bbaassee ooff tthhee ffoooodd wweebb AAnnaallooggoouuss ttoo tthhee rroollee ooff ppllaannttss oonn tthhee ssuurrffaaccee FFiixx ccaarrbboonn iinnttoo oorrggaanniicc ffoorrmmss uusseedd bbyy hhiigghheerr oorrggaanniissmmss OOfftteenn lliivvee iinn ssyymmbbiioottiicc aassssoocciiaattiioonnss wwiitthh vveenntt aanniimmaallss RRiiffttiiaa ppaacchhyyppttiillaa Tubeworm, most famous vent animal Red gill plume carries H2S and O2 through blood stream Bacteria within gut RRiiffttiiaa ppaacchhyyppttiillaa OOtthheerr ssyymmbbiioottiicc aassssoocciiaattiioonnss Giant mussels (Bathymodiolus elongatus) bacteria live within gills Very heat tolerant OOtthheerr vveenntt aanniimmaallss Vent crab (Bythograea thermydron) Grazes on bacterial mats OOtthheerr vveenntt aanniimmaallss SSttaarrfifisshh CCrriinnooiidd--lliikkee ccrreeaattuurreess DDeeeepp sseeaa ooccttooppuuss PPrreeddaattoorryy fifisshh AAllll hhaavvee pphhyyssiioollooggiiccaall aaddaappttaattiioonnss ttoo ddeeaall wwiitthh HH2SS AArrcchhaaeeaa Prokaryotes Similar in morphology to bacteria Rods, cocci, etc… AArrcchhaaeeaa SSiimmiillaarr iinn pphhyyssiiccaall aappppeeaarraannccee aanndd eeccoollooggyy ttoo BBaacctteerriiaa HHaavvee ssttrriikkiinnggllyy ssiimmiillaarr cceelllluullaarr pprroocceesssseess ttoo eeuukkaarryyootteess RRNNAA MMeettaabboolliissmm AAmmiinnoo aacciidd sseeqquueenncceess SSuucccceeppttaabbllee ttoo vviirraall iinnffeeccttiioonn UUnniiqquuee ttrraaiittss ttoo AArraacchhaaeeaa MMoosstt aarree ““EExxttrreemmoopphhiilleess”” MMaannyy aarree tthheerrmmoopphhiilleess aanndd hhyyppeerrtthheerrmmoopphhiilleess HHaalloopphhiilleess ---- ddrriieesstt,, ssaallttiieesstt llooccaattiioonnss CCoommpplleetteellyy ddiiffffeerreenntt cceellll mmeemmbbrraannee ssttrruuccttuurree WWhhyy ssttuuddyy eexxttrreemmoopphhiilleess?? UUnniiqquuee aabbiilliittiieess ttoo wwiitthhssttaanndd tteemmppeerraattuurreess aanndd pprreessssuurreess NNoovveell eennzzyymmeess aanndd cchheemmiiccaallss ffoorr uussee iinn iinndduussttrryy Taq Polymerase Anti-freeze chemicals Unique enzymes capable of breaking down recalicitrant chemicals EEnnzzyymmeess iinn IInndduussttrryy TTaaqq PPoollyymmeerraassee:: uusseedd iinn eevveerryy mmiiccrroobbiioollooggyy,, ggeenneettiiccss,, mmoolleeccuullaarr,, iimmmmuunnoollooggyy,, aanndd pphhaarrmmeeccuuttiiccaall llaabb.. BBiioorreemmeeddiiaattiioonn:: oorrggaanniissmmss ccaappaabbllee ooff ddeeggrraaddiinngg lloonngg--cchhaaiinn hhyyddrrooccaarrbboonnss OOxxiiddiizziinngg hheeaavvyy mmeettaall ccoonnttaammiinnaannttss,, iinncclluuddiinngg UUrraanniiuumm BBiioommeeddiiccaall RReesseeaarrcchh AArrcchhaaeeaa sshhaarree mmaannyy mmeettaabboolliicc ssiimmiillaarriittiieess ttoo eeuukkaarryyootteess ((ii..ee.. hhuummaannss)).. MMoorree ssiimmppllee ssyysstteemmss ttoo ssttuuddyy RRNNAA mmeettaabboolliissmm---- RRNNAA ddiisseeaasseess VViirraall iinnffeeccttiioonnss---- rreettrroovviirruusseess AAnnttiibbiioottiiccss CChheemmoossyynntthheettiicc eeccoossyysstteemmss Not discovered until the late 1970’s Remain poorly understood • How do they become colonized? • How long do the ecosystems thrive? ONE MAJOR DIFFERENCE TO ALL OTHER ECOSYSTEMS ON EARTH Exobiology Search and study of extraterrestrial life Hydrothermal vents and other extreme environments provide analogues to environments on other planets that may support [at least] microbial life Possible locations of extraterrestrial life: Clouds of Venus Subsurface of Mars Subterranean ocean of Europa Similar environmental history to Earth. Actively volcanic, though somewhat elusive. Dense atmosphere of sulfuric acid. Temperatures exceed 500 degress C. Enormous surface pressures. VVeennuussiiaann LLiiffee??
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