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Download File Representing Mount Wutai’s 五臺山 Past: A Study of Chinese and Japanese Miracle Tales about the Five Terrace Mountain Susan Andrews Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Susan Andrews All rights reserved ABSTRACT Representing Mount Wutai’s 五臺山 Past: A Study of Chinese and Japanese Miracle Tales about the Five Terrace Mountain Susan Andrews This dissertation explores diverse imaginings of Mount Wutai’s significance put forward between the seventh and fourteenth centuries. It is built around a close reading of five principal miracle tales, various versions of which appear in court memorials, clerical biographies, diaries, statuary sets, temple chronicles, local gazetteers, and inscriptions preserved in China and Japan. Comparing the different portrayals of the mountain in these five primary narratives together with many other miracle tales set at the mountain, this thesis attempts to explain how and for whom the representation of Mount Wutai’s significance worked. The dissertation proposes that during the course of its emergence as the focus of regional, national, and international devotion, the site’s former importance was repeatedly recast in ways that met the needs of changing audiences in Tang (618-907) and Song (960- 1279) China and Heian (794-1185) and Kamakura (1185-1333) Japan. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... III CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 ORIENTATIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 SCHOLARLY CONTEXTS ............................................................................................................................................. 5 PROJECT OUTLINE .................................................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER TWO: THE WANGZI SHAOSHEN TEMPLE (TEMPLE OF THE PRINCE WHO TORCHED HIS BODY) AND THE MAKING OF MOUNT WUTAI ............................................... 18 2.1 HUIXIANG'S GU QINGLIANG ZHUAN: THE TEXT AND ITS CONTEXTS ...................................................... 20 2.1.i Huixiang’s Gu Qingliang zhuan and the Mountain Gazetteer Genre ................................. 20 2.1.ii The Multivocality of Huixiang’s Text .............................................................................................. 26 2.2 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE WANGZI SHAOSHEN TEMPLE FOUNDING LEGEND ................................. 31 2.2.i The Aśoka Stūpa ....................................................................................................................................... 34 2.2.ii Regarding the Prince’s Auto-Cremation ....................................................................................... 45 2.2.iii Relics, Healing and Visions ................................................................................................................ 49 2.3 ENVISIONING MOUNT WUTAI’S PAST IMPORTANCE AS A PLACE WHERE MAÑJUŚRĪ IS PRESENT .. 58 2.3.i The Tale of the Blind Woman’s Healing ......................................................................................... 58 2.3.ii Mañjuśrī’s Manifestation as a Mysterious Stranger before Zhimeng .............................. 62 2.3.iii Mañjuśrī’s Manifestation as a Mysterious Stranger before Gao Shoujie ....................... 64 2.4 VISIONARY BUILDING ..................................................................................................................................... 67 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER THREE: HIDDEN LANDSCAPES .................................................................................... 73 3.1 THE TALE OF THE THREE ŚRAMAṆAS ........................................................................................................ 73 3.2 THE IMMATERIALITY OF IMMORTALITY ..................................................................................................... 78 3.2.i Tales of Hidden Landscapes: The Story of the Novice Zhou .................................................. 79 3.2.ii Tales of Hidden Landscapes: The Story of the Vanishing Grove ......................................... 82 2.2.iii Tales of Hidden Landscapes: The Layman from Daizhou .................................................... 86 2.2.iv Tales of Immortality: Mount Fanxian’s Founding ................................................................... 87 3.2.iv Tales of Immortality: The Record of the Cleric Puming ........................................................ 88 3.3 THE DA FU/FUTU TEMPLE’S FOUNDING LEGEND ................................................................................... 93 3.4 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 99 3.4.i Historical Perspectives: ...................................................................................................................... 100 Huize’s Imperially Commissioned Journey to Mount Wutai and the Story of the Suopo Temple Rainy Retreat ................................................................................................................................... 100 3.4.ii Historical Perspectives: The Story of Cleric Shijiamiduoluo ............................................. 107 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 110 CHAPTER FOUR: MAÑJUŚRĪ, MONKS, AND MOFA: THE STANDARDIZATION OF MOUNT WUTAI’S REPRESENTATION IN THE TANG AND SONG ......................................................... 112 4.1 STORIES OF CONJURED TEMPLES: THE SOURCES ................................................................................... 113 4.2 CONJURED TEMPLES: THE TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................... 117 4.3 RECORDS OF WUZHUO’S ENTRY INTO CONJURED TEMPLES ................................................................ 122 4.3.i Records of Wuzhuo’s Entry into the Conjured Qingliang Temple .................................... 124 4.3.ii Records of Wuzhuo’s Other Encounters ..................................................................................... 130 4.4 OTHER RECORDS OF CONJURED TEMPLES ............................................................................................... 134 i 4.4.i Records of Shenying’s Entry into the Conjured Fahua Cloister ......................................... 135 4.4.ii Records of Daoyi’s Entry into the Conjured Jinge Temple .................................................. 138 4.4.iii Records of Fazhao’s Entry into the Conjured Zhulin Temple .......................................... 139 4.4.iv Records of Wuran’s Entry into the Conjured Fusheng Temple ....................................... 141 4.5 MOUNT WUTAI’S PORTRAYAL IN TALES OF CONJURED TEMPLES ...................................................... 144 4.5.i Mount Wutai in Tales of Conjured Temples: Mañjuśrī’s Pure Land ................................ 144 4.5.ii Mount Wutai in Tales of Conjured Temples: Representations of Mañjuśrī ................ 148 4.5.iii Mount Wutai in Tales of Conjured Temples: The Era of Dharmic Decline ................ 157 4.6 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 159 4.6.i Imperial Patronage of Conjured Temples at Mount Wutai ................................................ 159 4.6.ii Stories about the Imperial Patronage of Temples ................................................................ 163 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 165 CHAPTER FIVE: MOUNT WUTAI’S DEPICTION AS THE OBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL PILGRIMAGE ....................................................................................................................................... 168 5.1 MOUNT WUTAI: AN INTERNATIONAL PILGRIMAGE DESTINATION ..................................................... 170 5.2 REPLICATING REPLICAS: CHŌNEN’S POST-PILGRIMAGE CAREER ....................................................... 189 5.3 FAMILY MATTERS: CHŌNEN’S MAÑJUŚRĪ AND MOUNT WUTAI-FOCUSED ENDEAVORS ................. 192 5.4 MIRACULOUS REVERSALS ............................................................................................................................ 200 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 204 CHAPTER SIX: THE PORTRAYAL OF MOUNT WUTAI AS ONE HUB IN A MULTI- CENTERED NETWORK OF SITES CONNECTED TO MAÑJUŚRĪ ............................................. 207 6.1 JŌE’S EXPANDING HAGIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................. 209 6.2 JŌE’S
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