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Description of a New Species of Hoolock Gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) Based
1 Title: Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based 2 on integrative taxonomy 3 Peng-Fei Fan1,2#,*, Kai He3,4,#, *, Xing Chen3,#, Alejandra Ortiz5,6,7, Bin Zhang3, Chao 4 Zhao8, Yun-Qiao Li9, Hai-Bo Zhang10, Clare Kimock5,6, Wen-Zhi Wang3, Colin 5 Groves11, Samuel T. Turvey12, Christian Roos13, Kris M. Helgen4, Xue-Long Jiang3* 6 7 8 9 1. School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P.R. China 10 2. Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, 11 P.R. China 12 3. Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, 13 P.R. China 14 4. Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, 15 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA 16 5. Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York 17 University, New York, 10003, USA 18 6. New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, 10024, 19 USA 20 7. Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, 21 Arizona State University, Tempe, 85281, USA. 22 8. Cloud Mountain Conservation, Dali, 671003, P.R. China 1 23 9. Kunming Zoo, Kunming, 650021, P. R. China 24 10. Beijing Zoo, Beijing, 100044, P.R. China 25 11. School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Acton, 26 ACT 2601, Australia 27 12. Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, NW1 4RY, London, UK 28 13. Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, 29 Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 30 31 32 Short title: A new species of small ape 33 #: These authors contributed equally to this work. -
Human Evolution: a Paleoanthropological Perspective - F.H
PHYSICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANTHROPOLOGY - Human Evolution: A Paleoanthropological Perspective - F.H. Smith HUMAN EVOLUTION: A PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE F.H. Smith Department of Anthropology, Loyola University Chicago, USA Keywords: Human evolution, Miocene apes, Sahelanthropus, australopithecines, Australopithecus afarensis, cladogenesis, robust australopithecines, early Homo, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Australopithecus africanus/Australopithecus garhi, mitochondrial DNA, homology, Neandertals, modern human origins, African Transitional Group. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Reconstructing Biological History: The Relationship of Humans and Apes 3. The Human Fossil Record: Basal Hominins 4. The Earliest Definite Hominins: The Australopithecines 5. Early Australopithecines as Primitive Humans 6. The Australopithecine Radiation 7. Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo 8. Explaining Early Hominin Evolution: Controversy and the Documentation- Explanation Controversy 9. Early Homo erectus in East Africa and the Initial Radiation of Homo 10. After Homo erectus: The Middle Range of the Evolution of the Genus Homo 11. Neandertals and Late Archaics from Africa and Asia: The Hominin World before Modernity 12. The Origin of Modern Humans 13. Closing Perspective Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS The basic course of human biological history is well represented by the existing fossil record, although there is considerable debate on the details of that history. This review details both what is firmly understood (first echelon issues) and what is contentious concerning humanSAMPLE evolution. Most of the coCHAPTERSntention actually concerns the details (second echelon issues) of human evolution rather than the fundamental issues. For example, both anatomical and molecular evidence on living (extant) hominoids (apes and humans) suggests the close relationship of African great apes and humans (hominins). That relationship is demonstrated by the existing hominoid fossil record, including that of early hominins. -
Biology Has Been Taught at Bristol – As Botany and Zoology – Since Before the University Was Founded in 1909
Biology has been taught at Bristol – as Botany and Zoology – since before the University was founded in 1909. Bristol has made significant contributions to many fields, from animal cognition and medicinal plants to entomology, evolutionary Game Theory and bird flight – and the BBC Natural History Unit's proximity to the University has led to television careers for a number of graduates! In 1876, University College, the precursor to the University, appointed Dr. Frederick Adolph Leipner as Lecturer in Botany, Zoology and, amusingly, German. Leipner had trained at the Bristol Medical School, but taught botany and natural philosophy, later combining this with teaching in Vegetable Physiology at the Medical School. He became Professor of Botany in 1884 and was a founding member of the Bristol Naturalists' Society, becoming its President in 1893. Bristol today is proud of its interdisciplinary strengths and, among others, offers Joint Honours Degrees in Geology and Biology, and in Psychology and Zoology. A portent of these modern links is seen in one of the University's most notable early appointments, Conwy Lloyd Morgan, appointed as Professor of Zoology and Geology in 1884 and then – somehow fitting in service as Vice- Chancellor – becoming the first Chair in Psychology (and Ethics). Lloyd Morgan is most famous as a pioneer of the study of comparative animal cognition. He was a highly influential figure for the North American Behaviourist movement: “Lloyd Morgan's cannon” is a comparative psychologist's version of Occam's Razor whereby no behaviour should be ascribed to more complex cognitive mechanisms than strictly necessary. He was the first Fellow of the Royal Society to be elected for psychological work. -
A Unique Middle Miocene European Hominoid and the Origins of the Great Ape and Human Clade Salvador Moya` -Sola` A,1, David M
A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade Salvador Moya` -Sola` a,1, David M. Albab,c, Sergio Alme´ cijac, Isaac Casanovas-Vilarc, Meike Ko¨ hlera, Soledad De Esteban-Trivignoc, Josep M. Roblesc,d, Jordi Galindoc, and Josep Fortunyc aInstitucio´Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats at Institut Catala`de Paleontologia (ICP) and Unitat d’Antropologia Biolo`gica (Dipartimento de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal, i Ecologia), Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICP, Campus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valle`s, Barcelona, Spain; bDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita`degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy; cInstitut Catala`de Paleontologia, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICP, Campus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valle`s, Barcelona, Spain; and dFOSSILIA Serveis Paleontolo`gics i Geolo`gics, S.L. c/ Jaume I nu´m 87, 1er 5a, 08470 Sant Celoni, Barcelona, Spain Edited by David Pilbeam, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved March 4, 2009 (received for review November 20, 2008) The great ape and human clade (Primates: Hominidae) currently sediments by the diggers and bulldozers. After 6 years of includes orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans. fieldwork, 150 fossiliferous localities have been sampled from the When, where, and from which taxon hominids evolved are among 300-m-thick local stratigraphic series of ACM, which spans an the most exciting questions yet to be resolved. Within the Afro- interval of 1 million years (Ϸ12.5–11.3 Ma, Late Aragonian, pithecidae, the Kenyapithecinae (Kenyapithecini ؉ Equatorini) Middle Miocene). -
A Unique Middle Miocene European Hominoid and the Origins of the Great Ape and Human Clade
A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade Salvador Moya` -Sola` a,1, David M. Albab,c, Sergio Alme´ cijac, Isaac Casanovas-Vilarc, Meike Ko¨ hlera, Soledad De Esteban-Trivignoc, Josep M. Roblesc,d, Jordi Galindoc, and Josep Fortunyc aInstitucio´Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats at Institut Catala`de Paleontologia (ICP) and Unitat d’Antropologia Biolo`gica (Dipartimento de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal, i Ecologia), Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICP, Campus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valle`s, Barcelona, Spain; bDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita`degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy; cInstitut Catala`de Paleontologia, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICP, Campus de Bellaterra s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valle`s, Barcelona, Spain; and dFOSSILIA Serveis Paleontolo`gics i Geolo`gics, S.L. c/ Jaume I nu´m 87, 1er 5a, 08470 Sant Celoni, Barcelona, Spain Edited by David Pilbeam, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved March 4, 2009 (received for review November 20, 2008) The great ape and human clade (Primates: Hominidae) currently sediments by the diggers and bulldozers. After 6 years of includes orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans. fieldwork, 150 fossiliferous localities have been sampled from the When, where, and from which taxon hominids evolved are among 300-m-thick local stratigraphic series of ACM, which spans an the most exciting questions yet to be resolved. Within the Afro- interval of 1 million years (Ϸ12.5–11.3 Ma, Late Aragonian, pithecidae, the Kenyapithecinae (Kenyapithecini ؉ Equatorini) Middle Miocene). -
Fossil Primates
AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 16 www.accessscience.com Fossil primates Contributed by: Eric Delson Publication year: 2014 Extinct members of the order of mammals to which humans belong. All current classifications divide the living primates into two major groups (suborders): the Strepsirhini or “lower” primates (lemurs, lorises, and bushbabies) and the Haplorhini or “higher” primates [tarsiers and anthropoids (New and Old World monkeys, greater and lesser apes, and humans)]. Some fossil groups (omomyiforms and adapiforms) can be placed with or near these two extant groupings; however, there is contention whether the Plesiadapiformes represent the earliest relatives of primates and are best placed within the order (as here) or outside it. See also: FOSSIL; MAMMALIA; PHYLOGENY; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; PRIMATES. Vast evidence suggests that the order Primates is a monophyletic group, that is, the primates have a common genetic origin. Although several peculiarities of the primate bauplan (body plan) appear to be inherited from an inferred common ancestor, it seems that the order as a whole is characterized by showing a variety of parallel adaptations in different groups to a predominantly arboreal lifestyle, including anatomical and behavioral complexes related to improved grasping and manipulative capacities, a variety of locomotor styles, and enlargement of the higher centers of the brain. Among the extant primates, the lower primates more closely resemble forms that evolved relatively early in the history of the order, whereas the higher primates represent a group that evolved more recently (Fig. 1). A classification of the primates, as accepted here, appears above. Early primates The earliest primates are placed in their own semiorder, Plesiadapiformes (as contrasted with the semiorder Euprimates for all living forms), because they have no direct evolutionary links with, and bear few adaptive resemblances to, any group of living primates. -
Pathological Findings in a Captive Senile Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla) 29 with Chronic Renal Failure and Septic Polyarthritis
Paixão et al.; Pathological Findings in a Captive Senile Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) 29 With Chronic Renal Failure and Septic Polyarthritis. Braz J Vet Pathol, 2014, 7(1), 29 - 34 Case report Pathological Findings in a Captive Senile Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Chronic Renal Failure and Septic Polyarthritis Tatiane Alves Paixão1, Herlandes Penha Tinoco2, Marcelo de Campos Cordeiro Malta2, Maria Elvira Loyola Teixeira da Costa2, Semíramis Azevedo Soave2, Angela Tinoco Pessanha2, Ana Patrícia Carvalho Silva3, Renato Lima Santos3* 1Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 2Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 3Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. * Corresponding Author: Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Vet., Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627; 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Phone: 55-31-34092239; Fax: 55-31-34092230; email: [email protected] Submitted February 20th 2014, Accepted March 10th 2014 Abstract A case of chronic renal failure associated with septic polyarthritis affecting a 39-year-old male Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) is described. The gorilla developed a chronic interstitial nephritis associated with severe diffuse renal fibrosis, which was associated with several extra-renal uremic lesions, including uremic pneumopathy and gastropathy. Several joints presented gross and microscopic changes compatible with chronic active arthritis and athrosis, which were associated with inflammation of adjacent soft tissues. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from sites of phlegmon and cellulitis, whereas Enterobacter sp. -
Fleagle and Lieberman 2015F.Pdf
15 Major Transformations in the Evolution of Primate Locomotion John G. Fleagle* and Daniel E. Lieberman† Introduction Compared to other mammalian orders, Primates use an extraordinary diversity of locomotor behaviors, which are made possible by a complementary diversity of musculoskeletal adaptations. Primate locomotor repertoires include various kinds of suspension, bipedalism, leaping, and quadrupedalism using multiple pronograde and orthograde postures and employing numerous gaits such as walking, trotting, galloping, and brachiation. In addition to using different locomotor modes, pri- mates regularly climb, leap, run, swing, and more in extremely diverse ways. As one might expect, the expansion of the field of primatology in the 1960s stimulated efforts to make sense of this diversity by classifying the locomotor behavior of living primates and identifying major evolutionary trends in primate locomotion. The most notable and enduring of these efforts were by the British physician and comparative anatomist John Napier (e.g., Napier 1963, 1967b; Napier and Napier 1967; Napier and Walker 1967). Napier’s seminal 1967 paper, “Evolutionary Aspects of Primate Locomotion,” drew on the work of earlier comparative anatomists such as LeGros Clark, Wood Jones, Straus, and Washburn. By synthesizing the anatomy and behavior of extant primates with the primate fossil record, Napier argued that * Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University † Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University 257 You are reading copyrighted material published by University of Chicago Press. Unauthorized posting, copying, or distributing of this work except as permitted under U.S. copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. fig. 15.1 Trends in the evolution of primate locomotion. -
Dan-Brockington-Celebrity-And-The
More praise for Celebrity and the Environment ‘More exposé than a tabloid. More weight than a broadsheet ... Brockington lends academic muscle to what, I suspect, many of us instinctively feel about these issues. Extensively researched yet winsomely written and, thankfully, not veering into cynicism which a book on this subject could easily do. Enlightening and easily accessible by the armchair environmentalist.’ Terry Clark, St Luke’s Church, Glossop ‘I was surprised by this book. Anything containing the mere word “celebrity” will normally see me heading for the hills at speed, let alone a whole book on the subject! Dan’s book is written with wit and grace. His research was clearly meticulous and the result is a book that is informative and enjoyable.’ Robin Barker, Countrycare Children’s Homes ‘In an analysis that builds on a large literature examining interlinkages between conservation and corporate interest, Dan Brockington turns a new corner, investigating how the rich and famous lend their glamour to the noble goal of saving the planet. In reality conservation is a highly political pursuit with winners and losers. Brockington provides a well- balanced account of the pros of harnessing the razzamatazz of celebrity to the conservation cause with the cons of sanitizing the harsh realities of conservation politics and the insidious danger of commoditizing nature. If you want to embark on the journey in to contemporary conservation you would go well with this book.’ Monique Borgerhoff Mulder and Tim Caro, University of California at Davis ‘A thoroughly stimulating book that made me question my role as a conservation filmmaker.’ Jeremy Bristow, director and writer About the author Dan Brockington has a PhD in anthro- pology from UCL and is happiest conducting long-term research in remote rural areas. -
14 Primate Introduction
Introduction to Primates For crying out loud, Phil….Can’t you just beat your chest like everyone else? Objectives • What are the approaches to studying primates? • Why is primate conservation important? • Know (memorize) the classification of primates • Locate the geographical distribution of primates • Present an overview of the strepsirhines • What is the haplorhine condition? • What makes tarsiers unique? • How are prosimians, monkeys, apes and humans classified? 1 Approaches to Studying Evolu6on Paleontological: Fossil Record Comparave approach 2 Comparisons " ! Modern human hunters-gatherers e.g., Australian Aborigines, Ainu, Bushmen " ! Social Carnivores (wild dogs, lions, hyenas, ?gers, wolves) " ! Non-human primates 3 1 Primate Studies " ! Non-human primates " ! Reasoning by homology " ! Reasoning by analogy " ! Primatology - study of living as well as deceased primates " ! Distribuon of primates 4 Primate Conservaon The silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus), found only in Madagascar, has been on The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates list since its inception in 2000. Between 100 and 1,000 individuals are left in the wild. 5 Order Primates (approx. 200 species) (1) Tree-shrew; (2) Lemur; (3) Tarsier; (4) Cercopithecoid monKey; (5) Chimpanzee; (6) Australian Aboriginal 6 2 Geographic Distribu?on 7 n ! Nocturnal Terms n ! Diurnal n ! Crepuscular n ! Arboreal n ! Terrestrial n ! Insectivorous n ! Frugivorous 8 Primate Classification(s) 9 3 Classificaon of Primates " ! Two suborders: " ! Prosimii-prosimians (“pre-apes”) " ! Anthropoidea (humanlike) 10 Strepsirhine/Haplorhine 11 Traditional & Alternative Classifications Traditional Alternative 12 4 Tree Shrews Order Scandentia not a primate 13 Prosimians lemurs tarsiers lorises 14 Prosimians XXXXXXXXX 15 5 Lemurs 3 Families " ! 1. Lemuridae (true lemurs) Sifaka (Family " ! 2. -
Hominid/Human Evolution
Hominid/Human Evolution Geology 331 Paleontology Primate Classification- 1980’s Order Primates Suborder Prosimii: tarsiers and lemurs Suborder Anthropoidea: monkeys, apes, and hominids Superfamily Hominoidea Family Pongidae: great apes Family Hominidae: Homo and hominid ancestors Primate Classification – 2000’s Order Primates Suborder Prosimii: tarsiers and lemurs Suborder Anthropoidea: monkeys, apes, and hominids Superfamily Hominoidea Family Hylobatidae: gibbons Family Hominidae Subfamily Ponginae: orangutans Subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimps, Homo and hominin ancestors % genetic similarity 96% 100% with humans 95% 98% 84% 58% 91% Prothero, 2007 Tarsiers, a primitive Primate (Prosimian) from Southeast Asia. Tarsier sanctuary, Philippines A Galago or bush baby, a primitive Primate (Prosimian) from Africa. A Slow Loris, a primitive Primate (Prosimian) from Southeast Asia. Check out the fingers. Lemurs, primitive Primates (Prosimians) from Madagascar. Monkeys, such as baboons, have tails and are not hominoids. Smallest Primate – Pygmy Marmoset, a New World monkey from Brazil Proconsul, the oldest hominoid, 18 MY Hominoids A lesser ape, the Gibbon from Southeast Asia, a primitive living hominoid similar to Proconsul. Male Female Hominoids The Orangutan, a Great Ape from Southeast Asia. Dogs: Hominoids best friend? Gorillas, Great Apes from Africa. Bipedal Gorilla! Gorilla enjoying social media Chimp Gorilla Chimpanzees, Great I’m cool Apes from Africa. Pan troglodytes Chimps are simple tool users Chimp Human Neoteny in Human Evolution. -
Charles University in Prague
CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF HUMANITY SCIENCES PROJECT REPORT FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE LENKA BEDNAŘÍKOVÁ A BEHAVIOURAL STUDY OF CAPTIVE WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLA (GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA) AT BRISTOL ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS – SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR / RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN A SOCIAL GROUP SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Marina A. Vančatová BRISTOL, MAY 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Mgr. Marina A. Vančatová and Doc. RNDr. Václav Vančata, CSc. for their invaluable advice and guidance. My thanks go also to Richard Marvan for check-sheet design which was originally used for observation of captive chimpanzees. Special thanks to Mel Gage, Assistant Curator of Mammals, BZG, for her time, inspirational talks and patience. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Sue Dow who provided me with valuable materials on the Bristol gorilla group, and the gorilla keepers, namely Lynsey, Vicky, Jo and Toby for their readiness to help. I am grateful to the Bristol Zoological Gardens for providing a supportive and professional atmosphere to conduct my research. Last, but not least, I thank my partner David and my brother Roman as this work would not have been possible without their constant support, inquisitive questions and love. Declaration Hereby, I declare that I have completed this dissertation by myself under supervision of Mgr. Marina A. Vančatová and I have stated all used information sources. I give my consent to publish this work in either electronic or print version. Bristol, 30.4.2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements List of Figures 1. INTRODUCTION