14 Primate Introduction
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Introduction to Primates For crying out loud, Phil….Can’t you just beat your chest like everyone else? Objectives • What are the approaches to studying primates? • Why is primate conservation important? • Know (memorize) the classification of primates • Locate the geographical distribution of primates • Present an overview of the strepsirhines • What is the haplorhine condition? • What makes tarsiers unique? • How are prosimians, monkeys, apes and humans classified? 1 Approaches to Studying Evolu6on Paleontological: Fossil Record Comparave approach 2 Comparisons " ! Modern human hunters-gatherers e.g., Australian Aborigines, Ainu, Bushmen " ! Social Carnivores (wild dogs, lions, hyenas, ?gers, wolves) " ! Non-human primates 3 1 Primate Studies " ! Non-human primates " ! Reasoning by homology " ! Reasoning by analogy " ! Primatology - study of living as well as deceased primates " ! Distribuon of primates 4 Primate Conservaon The silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus), found only in Madagascar, has been on The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates list since its inception in 2000. Between 100 and 1,000 individuals are left in the wild. 5 Order Primates (approx. 200 species) (1) Tree-shrew; (2) Lemur; (3) Tarsier; (4) Cercopithecoid monKey; (5) Chimpanzee; (6) Australian Aboriginal 6 2 Geographic Distribu?on 7 n ! Nocturnal Terms n ! Diurnal n ! Crepuscular n ! Arboreal n ! Terrestrial n ! Insectivorous n ! Frugivorous 8 Primate Classification(s) 9 3 Classificaon of Primates " ! Two suborders: " ! Prosimii-prosimians (“pre-apes”) " ! Anthropoidea (humanlike) 10 Strepsirhine/Haplorhine 11 Traditional & Alternative Classifications Traditional Alternative 12 4 Tree Shrews Order Scandentia not a primate 13 Prosimians lemurs tarsiers lorises 14 Prosimians XXXXXXXXX 15 5 Lemurs 3 Families " ! 1. Lemuridae (true lemurs) Sifaka (Family " ! 2. Indriidae Indriidae) (indris, avahis & sifakas) " ! 3. Daubentoniidae (aye-ayes) Aye‑aye (Family Daubentoniidae) 16 Lemur Loris Potto Galago 17 Slow loris Tarsiers (Infraorder Tarsiiformes) 18 6 Infraorder Anthropoidea " ! Anthropoidea:145 species " ! 90% are monKeys " ! most successful primates 19 Platyrrhine/Catarrhine Platyrrhine (“flat nosed”) New World monkeys Catarrhine (“narrow nosed”) Old World monkeys, apes, and humans Parvorders: Catarrhini & Platyrrhini 20 New World MonKeys " ! Extra premolar 2.1.3.3. " ! Prehensile tails 21 7 New World MonKeys (Ceboidea) Callitrichidae Cebidae See text for alternave classificaon of NW MonKeys 22 O.W. MonKeys: Cercopithecoidea Colobinae Cercopithecinae Ischial callosities 23 Superfamily: Hominoidea " ! Hylobadae (gibbons & siamangs) " ! Hominidae (great apes & humans) " ! Ponginae (Pongo) " ! Gorillinae (Gorilla) " ! Homininae (chimps, bonobos & humans) " ! Panini (chimps & bonobos) " ! Hominin (humans) 24 8 F. Hyloba6dae (gibbons & siamangs) 25 Subfamily: Ponginae (Pongo) Pongo pygmaeus 26 Subfamily: Gorillinae Gorilla gorilla 27 9 Chimpanzee (Tribe: Panini) Pan troglodytes 28 Bonobo Pan paniscus 29 Tribe: Hominini Homo sapiens 30 10 .